statement_idx int64 0 8.09k | report stringclasses 3
values | page_num int64 18 2.84k | sent_num int64 0 78 | statement stringlengths 13 4.29k | confidence stringclasses 4
values | score int64 0 3 | split stringclasses 2
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8,000 | AR6_WGIII | 1,816 | 43 | The depth and character of the local capital market also affect cities differently in generating bonds | high | 2 | train |
8,001 | AR6_WGIII | 1,817 | 4 | There is insufficient evidence about which financing schemes contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptations at community level | high | 2 | train |
8,002 | AR6_WGIII | 1,817 | 15 | Integrated urban capital investment planning is an option to develop cross-sectoral solutions that reduce investment needs, boost coordination capacity, and increase climate-smart impacts | high | 2 | train |
8,003 | AR6_WGIII | 1,817 | 23 | Investor demand is driving developments in innovative financial products | high | 2 | train |
8,004 | AR6_WGIII | 1,817 | 26 | The growth and diversity of the green bond market illustrates how innovative financial products can attract both public and private investors | high | 2 | train |
8,005 | AR6_WGIII | 1,818 | 3 | Significant potential exists for continued growth in innovative financial products, though some challenges remain | high | 2 | train |
8,006 | AR6_WGIII | 1,818 | 18 | Financial disclosure regulatory developments can help further align and specify definitions of green in the financial sector but are not a substitute for climate policy | high | 2 | train |
8,007 | AR6_WGIII | 1,818 | 35 | Identifying green financial products can increase uptake and may result in a lower cost of capital in certain parts of the market | high | 2 | train |
8,008 | AR6_WGIII | 1,818 | 41 | There is some evidence of a premium, or an acceptance of lower yields by the investor, for green bonds | medium | 1 | train |
8,009 | AR6_WGIII | 1,819 | 11 | Financial flows via these instruments have limited measurable environmental impact to date, however they can support capacity building on climate risk and opportunities within institutions to realise future impacts | high | 2 | train |
8,010 | AR6_WGIII | 1,821 | 19 | One challenge is unlocking unencumbered endowments to contribute to Paris and SDGs | high | 2 | train |
8,011 | AR6_WGIII | 1,822 | 8 | Institutional domestic and international investors have growing assets estimated to exceed USD100 trillion | high | 2 | train |
8,012 | AR6_WGIII | 1,822 | 18 | However, progress remains pilot, slow and piecemeal | high | 2 | train |
8,013 | AR6_WGIII | 1,822 | 24 | Options to mobilise institutional investors currently remain small pilots, relative to Paris and SDG ambitions | high | 2 | test |
8,014 | AR6_WGIII | 1,822 | 37 | Paris-aligned NDCs that integrate policies on COVID-19 pandemic recovery, climate action, sustainable development, just transition and equity can harness co-benefits including contribution to Invisible UN SDG 7 energy poverty sectors | high | 2 | train |
8,015 | AR6_WGIII | 1,823 | 16 | Combining approaches: (i) developed countries meeting UNFCCC USD100 billion commitment on a grant-equivalent basis, (ii) stepped up technical assistance, (iii) infrastructure coordination, (iv) knowledge sharing by project preparation entities, and (iv) harnessing project risk facilities such as guarantees could be ins... | high | 2 | train |
8,016 | AR6_WGIII | 1,824 | 13 | Existing project risk facilities including guarantees could benefit from coordination, scaling and better reporting frameworks | high | 2 | train |
8,017 | AR6_WGIII | 1,824 | 27 | Investment vehicles into green infrastructure come in various forms | high | 2 | train |
8,018 | AR6_WGIII | 1,825 | 4 | Developing government bond yield curves with different maturities can be an important policy objective | high | 2 | train |
8,019 | AR6_WGIII | 1,825 | 24 | Developing countries are using fiscal incentives, grants, and guarantees to support nascent bond markets with most taxonomies under development | high | 2 | train |
8,020 | AR6_WGIII | 1,826 | 11 | This makes a business case for deferred investments in grid infrastructure | medium | 1 | train |
8,021 | AR6_WGIII | 1,826 | 28 | MaaS tends to deliver significant urban benefits (e.g., cleaner air) and brings in efficiency gains in the use of resources | high | 2 | train |
8,022 | AR6_WGIII | 1,827 | 2 | If effectively implemented, nature-based solutions can be cost- effective measures and able to provide multiple benefits, such as enhanced climate resilience, enhanced climate change mitigation, biodiversity habitat, water filtration, soil health, and amenity values | high | 2 | train |
8,023 | AR6_WGIII | 1,827 | 6 | Nature-based solutions have large potential to address climate change and other sustainable development issues | high | 2 | train |
8,024 | AR6_WGIII | 1,827 | 13 | REDD+ can significantly contribute to climate change mitigation and also produce other co-benefits like climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and poverty reduction, if well-implemented | high | 2 | test |
8,025 | AR6_WGIII | 1,827 | 45 | The development of nature-based solutions faces barriers that relate to the value proposition, value delivery and value capture of nature- based solutions business models and sustainable sources of public/ private finance to tap into | high | 2 | train |
8,026 | AR6_WGIII | 1,828 | 7 | Policies and frameworks to expand and enhance financial inclusion also extend to the area of climate finance | high | 2 | train |
8,027 | AR6_WGIII | 1,828 | 14 | At the level of public multilateral climate funds, there have been significant improvements in integrating gender equality and women’s empowerment issues in the governance structures, policies, project approval and implementation processes of existing multilateral climate funds such as the UNFCCC’s funds managed by the... | high | 2 | train |
8,028 | AR6_WGIII | 1,828 | 24 | Overall, efforts to promote gender responsive/sensitive climate finance, at national and local levels, both in the public and private dimensions and more specifically in mitigation-oriented sectors such as clean and renewable energy, remain deficient | high | 2 | train |
8,029 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 1 | Innovation has also led to, and exacerbated, trade-offs in relation to sustainable development | high | 2 | train |
8,030 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 4 | The currently widespread implementation of solar photovoltaic (solar PV) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), for instance, could not have happened without technological innovation | high | 2 | train |
8,031 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 7 | Trade-offs include negative externalities – for instance, greater environmental pollution and social inequalities – rebound effects leading to lower net emission reductions or even increases in emissions, and increased dependency on foreign knowledge and providers | high | 2 | train |
8,032 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 10 | This systemic view of innovation takes into account the role of actors, institutions and their interactions, and can inform how innovation systems that vary across technologies, sectors and countries, can be strengthened | high | 2 | train |
8,033 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 19 | A combination of scaled-up innovation investments with demand-pull interventions can achieve faster technology unit cost reductions and more rapid scale-up than either approach in isolation | high | 2 | train |
8,034 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 28 | This inhibition occurs more often in developing countries | high | 2 | train |
8,035 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 30 | Capabilities play a key role in these functions, the build-up of which can be enhanced by domestic measures, but also by international cooperation | high | 2 | train |
8,036 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 34 | The effectiveness of such international cooperation arrangements, however, depends on the way they are developed and implemented | high | 2 | train |
8,037 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 37 | International diffusion of low-emission technologies is also facilitated by knowledge spillovers from regions engaged in clean R&D | medium | 1 | train |
8,038 | AR6_WGIII | 1,863 | 39 | Some literature suggests that it is a barrier, while other sources suggest that it is an enabler to the diffusion of climate-related technologies | medium | 1 | train |
8,039 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 4 | These gaps could be filled by enhancing financial support for international technology cooperation, by strengthening cooperative approaches, and by helping build suitable capacity in developing countries across all technological innovation system functions | high | 2 | train |
8,040 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 6 | For example, despite building a large market for mitigation technologies in developing countries, the lack of a systemic perspective in the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism, operational since the mid- 2000s, has only led to some technology transfer, especially to larger developing countries, but limite... | medium | 1 | train |
8,041 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 9 | Addressing both sets of challenges simultaneously presents multiple and recurrent obstacles that systemic approaches to technological change could help resolve, provided they are well managed | high | 2 | train |
8,042 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 10 | Obstacles include both entrenched power relations dominated by vested interests that control and benefit from existing technologies, and governance structures that continue to reproduce unsustainable patterns of production and consumption | medium | 1 | train |
8,043 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 16 | System-level rebound effects may also occur | high | 2 | train |
8,044 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 21 | At present, the understanding of both the direct and indirect impacts of digitalisation on energy use, carbon emissions and potential mitigation, is limited | medium | 1 | train |
8,045 | AR6_WGIII | 1,864 | 24 | Inspiration can be drawn from the global unit cost reductions of solar PV, which were accelerated by a combination of factors interacting in a mutually reinforcing way across a limited group of countries | high | 2 | train |
8,046 | AR6_WGIII | 1,870 | 40 | Spillovers related to energy and low-carbon technologies have been documented by a number of empirical studies | high | 2 | train |
8,047 | AR6_WGIII | 1,870 | 44 | The presence of spillovers can have both positive and negative impacts on climate change mitigation | high | 2 | train |
8,048 | AR6_WGIII | 1,870 | 55 | In addition, the presence of spillovers implies that a unilateral effort to reduce emissions in one region could reduce emissions in other regions | medium | 1 | train |
8,049 | AR6_WGIII | 1,917 | 20 | In conjunction with other enabling conditions, technological innovation can support system transitions to limit warming, help shift development pathways, and bring about new and improved ways of delivering goods and services that are essential to human well-being | high | 2 | train |
8,050 | AR6_WGIII | 1,917 | 22 | Trade-offs include negative externalities, such as environmental impacts and social inequalities, rebound effects leading to lower net emission reductions or even increases in emissions, and increased dependency on foreign knowledge and providers | high | 2 | train |
8,051 | AR6_WGIII | 1,917 | 23 | Digitalisation, for example, holds both opportunity for emission reduction and emission-saving behaviour change, but at the same time causes significant environmental, social and greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts | high | 2 | train |
8,052 | AR6_WGIII | 1,917 | 28 | Like other enabling conditions, technological innovation plays a balancing role – by inhibiting change as innovation strengthens incumbent technologies and practices – and a reinforcing role, by allowing new technologies and practices to disrupt the existing socio-technical regimes | high | 2 | train |
8,053 | AR6_WGIII | 1,917 | 31 | Against this backdrop, international cooperation on technological innovation is one of the enablers of climate action in developing countries on both mitigation and adaptation | high | 2 | train |
8,054 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructu... | medium | 1 | train |
8,055 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 2 | Will likely require significantly more critical minerals Key context would include availability of land that does not compromise biodiversity Solar energy+ Solar PV can provide low-cost electricity to several communities (high confidence)± Land use for solar energy needs to be coordinated based on local circum- stances... | medium | 1 | train |
8,056 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 5 | Large-scale bioenergy projects with CCS may be expensive | medium | 1 | test |
8,057 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 6 | The reason for the tradeoff is competition between food and bioenergy crops (medium confidence)± Depending on the scale and infrastructural efficacy, bioenergy may result in good or poor air quality (medium confidence)± Some bioenergy feedstocks may cause competition for water | high | 2 | train |
8,058 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 7 | High depen- dence of 2.2 billion people on traditional and non-sustainable biomass, with nega- tive impact on health and deforestation (high confidence)+ Potential to provide employ- ment, including to workers who may be transitioning from fossil sectors (high confidence)+ Considerable opportunities for integration wit... | high | 2 | train |
8,059 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 8 | At the same time, effluents from biofuel production can also cause negative impacts on marine ecosystems when effluent treat- ment is not meeting high standards (high confidence)± Land use needs to be coordinated, otherwise can have negative implications on biodiversity and food production (high confidence)Sections 6.4... | high | 2 | train |
8,060 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 9 | Much Literature on both the health benefits as well as risks arising from such power plants (high confidence)– Significant water consumption (high confidence)± Increased use of nuclear power can provide stable baseload power supply and reduce price volatility but has nuclear waste management needs (medium confidence)+ ... | medium | 1 | train |
8,061 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 11 | In the latter case, a wide range of infrastructure issues need to be addressed, including facilities and equipment, as well as human and financial resources, and the legal and regulatory framework (medium confidence)± Cater to sustain- able production, low resource consumption, but has significant waste management need... | high | 2 | train |
8,062 | AR6_WGIII | 2,011 | 12 | Long- term solutions for high-level radioactive waste are under development (medium confidence)± Low impacts to biodiversity but high impact in case of an accident (medium confidence)Section 6.4.2.4, Figure 6.18Depends on the type of power plants being displaced Nuclear requires significantly less minerals than other l... | high | 2 | train |
8,063 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 2 | Water management for reducing drought and adapting to climate change is important issue | high | 2 | train |
8,064 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 3 | Water management for reducing drought and adapting to climate change is important issue (high confidence)± Probably no direct impact (soil–human health nexus through nutritional transfer: may contribute to better nutrient security through quality and nutrient-rich products and better living if higher prof- its and dive... | medium | 1 | train |
8,065 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 6 | Trade-offs with other uses of the organic matter Reduce CH 4 and N2O emissions in agriculture± When part of improved agricul- ture, it may reduce hunger (low confidence)+ Cleaner air and soil-plant-herbivore nexus (high confidence)± Less use of water and less manure into water streams (low confidence)± Requires innova-... | low | 0 | train |
8,066 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 7 | It can compete for land and thus with food provision Ecosystem restoration, reforestation, afforestation+ If it provides income, food and wood products, then neutral to positive | medium | 1 | train |
8,067 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 8 | Reforestation and forest restoration can have co-benefits for food security, and cleaner air and greener environment generally leads to better health | medium | 1 | test |
8,068 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 9 | Afforestation (on naturally unforested land) can compound climate-related risks to water security (medium confidence)– May lead to competition for land and less economic benefits (medium confidence)± When done with involvement of locals it can reduce inequality (low confidence)+ When surrounding cities, it may lead to ... | medium | 1 | train |
8,069 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 10 | If car - ried out at massive scale, competition for food will arise; when carried out adapted to local circumstances, and for various needs, the trade-offs are small; may have high opportunity costs Improved sustainable forest management+ If it provides income and wood products, then neutral to positive (high confidenc... | high | 2 | train |
8,070 | AR6_WGIII | 2,012 | 12 | Reduce food loss and food waste+ Reduced food loss will reduce prices, and may lead to less poverty (high confidence)+ Reduced food loss will reduce prices, and may lead to more food available (high confidence)+ Reduced food loss will reduce prices, and may lead to more food available (high confidence)+ Less use of wat... | medium | 1 | train |
8,071 | AR6_WGIII | 2,013 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructu... | medium | 1 | train |
8,072 | AR6_WGIII | 2,013 | 6 | Electrifica- tion of the urban energy system(+) Can address energy poverty that is linked to poverty; eradicating poverty is supported by access to modern energy services for all (medium confidence)(+) Electrification can support welfare; electric stoves can support nutritional food intake (medium confidence) (–) Can h... | high | 2 | train |
8,073 | AR6_WGIII | 2,014 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructu... | low | 0 | train |
8,074 | AR6_WGIII | 2,014 | 2 | Furthermore, smart controllers and wireless communications that are used for control- ling lighting, windows, HVAC equipment, water heaters, and other building equipment provide many other non-energy benefits such as improved security, access control, fire and other emergency detection and management, and on-time ident... | high | 2 | train |
8,075 | AR6_WGIII | 2,014 | 5 | Also, buildings with high energy efficiency and/or green features are sold/rented at higher prices than conventional, low-energy- efficient houses (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural resources (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resilience | high | 2 | train |
8,076 | AR6_WGIII | 2,014 | 7 | Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are associated with reduced energy demand, resulting in lower energy prices, energy efficiency investments, fostering innovation, and improvements in labour productivity Efficient heating, ventilation and air con- ditioning (HVAC)+ Reduce poverty due to less energy expenditur... | high | 2 | train |
8,077 | AR6_WGIII | 2,014 | 8 | In this case, appropriate access policies should be designed to efficiently shield poor households from the burden of carbon taxation Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are associated with reduced energy demand, resulting in lower energy prices, energy efficiency investments, fostering innovation, and improvem... | medium | 1 | train |
8,078 | AR6_WGIII | 2,014 | 9 | Also, improved cookstoves provide better food security (medium confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, fuel poverty alleviation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect (high confidence) + Reduce school absenteeism due to better indoor conditions, while fuel poverty al... | medium | 1 | train |
8,079 | AR6_WGIII | 2,015 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and san- itationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastruc... | medium | 1 | train |
8,080 | AR6_WGIII | 2,015 | 2 | Also, green surfaces and urban farming (vertical, basement or unused buildings) contribute to local and resilient food production (medium confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, fuel poverty alleviation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect | high | 2 | train |
8,081 | AR6_WGIII | 2,015 | 3 | Also, these measures result in water savings due to improved indoor conditions and lower space of dwellings (medium confidence)+ Result in fuel poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply (high confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macro- economic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) asso... | medium | 1 | train |
8,082 | AR6_WGIII | 2,015 | 4 | Also, improved access to electric- ity is necessary to treat water in homes – Switch to bioenergy may increase water use compared to existing conditions (medium confidence)+ Result in energy poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply – Risks of reduced energy access, in cases where the distribution... | medium | 1 | train |
8,083 | AR6_WGIII | 2,015 | 6 | Some of the trade-offs are mainly related to the switch to bioenergy, which may restrict the available land for food production and increase water consumption Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are associated with reduced demand for fossil fuels, resulting in lower energy prices, RES investments, fostering inn... | high | 2 | train |
8,084 | AR6_WGIII | 2,016 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructu... | medium | 1 | train |
8,085 | AR6_WGIII | 2,016 | 7 | Strengthened institutional capacity that also supports the scale and coordination of the mitigation options can increase these synergies Electric light- duty vehicles (LDVs)± Land use for solar energy needs to be coordinated based on local circumstances, otherwise can have negative implica- tions on food security | medium | 1 | train |
8,086 | AR6_WGIII | 2,016 | 8 | BEVs could create jobs associated with the EV supply chain, and could create jobs to build and operate the associated infrastructure | low | 0 | test |
8,087 | AR6_WGIII | 2,016 | 9 | Large-scale electrification of LDVs requires expansion of low-carbon power systems, while charging or battery swapping infrastructure is needed for some segments (high confidence)± Significant equity issues with EVs in the transition period can be overcome with programmes, for example, by expanding public charging infr... | high | 2 | train |
8,088 | AR6_WGIII | 2,016 | 10 | The reason for the trade-off is competition between food and bioenergy crops (medium confidence)+ Access to healthcare; reduce air pollution/ inrease air quality (high confidence) + Affordable public transport can increase access to educational resources (high confidence)+ Affordable trans- port access for all (high co... | medium | 1 | train |
8,089 | AR6_WGIII | 2,017 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructu... | high | 2 | train |
8,090 | AR6_WGIII | 2,017 | 7 | Strengthened institutional capacity that also supports the scale and coordination of the mitigation options can increase these synergiesShipping efficiency, logistics optimisation, new fuels+ Some alternative fuels can help increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix (medium confidence) + Can suppor... | medium | 1 | train |
8,091 | AR6_WGIII | 2,017 | 8 | The biofuels supply chain may nega- tively impact air quality (e.g., due to increased fertiliser use) (medium confidence)+ Can help increase the share of renew- able energy in the global energy mix (high confidence)+ Could create jobs associated with the supply chain of biofuels + Could create jobs to build and operate... | high | 2 | train |
8,092 | AR6_WGIII | 2,018 | 1 | Sustainable Development Goals SectorSectoral mitigation optionsSDG 1 End poverty SDG 2 Zero hungerSDG 3 Good health and wellbeingSDG 4 Quality education SDG 5 Gender equalitySDG 6 Clean water and sanitationSDG 7 Affordable and clean energy SDG 8 Decent work and economic growthSDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructu... | high | 2 | train |
8,093 | AR6_WGIII | 2,058 | 21 | For pathways that limit warming to 2°C (>67%) or lower, using GWP100 to inform cost-effective abatement choices between gases would achieve these long-term temperature goals at close to least global cost within a few percent | high | 2 | test |
Subsets and Splits
High Confidence Training Data
Retrieves entries with high or very high confidence, providing a filtered view but limited analytical value.