Hyukkyu/beir-hotpotqa · Datasets at Hugging Face

title stringlengths 1 219	_id stringlengths 2 8	metadata dict	text stringlengths 0 8.24k
Andronicus of Rhodes	1764	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1764" }	Andronicus of Rhodes (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος ὁ Ῥόδιος , "Andrónikos ho Rhódios"; Latin: "Andronicus Rhodius" ; BC) was a Greek philosopher from Rhodes who was also the scholarch (head) of the Peripatetic school. He is most famous for publishing a new edition of the works of Aristotle that forms the basis of the texts that survive today.
Andronicus	1765	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1765" }	Andronicus or Andronikos (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος ) is a classical Greek name. The name has the sense of "male victor, warrior". The female is Andronike (Ἀνδρονίκη). Notable bearers of the name include:
Ammianus Marcellinus	1767	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1767" }	Ammianus Marcellinus (born 325 330, died c. 391 400) was a Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from Antiquity (preceding Procopius). His work, known as the Res Gestae, chronicled in Latin the history of Rome from the accession of the emperor Nerva in 96 to the death of Valens at the Battle of Adrianople in 378, although only the sections covering the period 353–378 survive.
Apollo 13	1770	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1770" }	Apollo 13 was the seventh manned mission in the Apollo space program and the third intended to land on the Moon. The craft was launched on April 11, 1970, at 13:13 CST (19:13 UTC) from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, but the lunar landing was aborted after an oxygen tank exploded two days later, crippling the Service Module (SM) upon which the Command Module (CM) had depended. Despite great hardship caused by limited power, loss of cabin heat, shortage of potable water, and the critical need to make makeshift repairs to the carbon dioxide removal system, the crew returned safely to Earth on April 17, 1970, six days after launch.
Apollo 7	1773	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1773" }	Apollo 7 was an October 1968 human spaceflight mission carried out by the United States. It was the first mission in the United States' Apollo program to carry a crew into space. It was also the first U.S. spaceflight to carry astronauts since the flight of Gemini XII in November 1966. The AS-204 mission, also known as "Apollo 1", was intended to be the first manned flight of the Apollo program. It was scheduled to launch in February 1967, but a fire in the cabin during a January 1967 test killed the crew. Manned flights were then suspended for 21 months, while the cause of the accident was investigated and improvements made to the spacecraft and safety procedures, and unmanned test flights of the Saturn V rocket and Apollo Lunar Module were made. Apollo 7 fulfilled Apollo 1's mission of testing the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) in low Earth orbit.
Apollo 9	1774	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1774" }	Apollo 9 was the third manned mission in the United States Apollo space program and the first flight of the Command/Service Module (CSM) with the Lunar Module (LM, pronounced "lem"). Its three-person crew, consisting of Commander James McDivitt, Command Module Pilot David Scott, and Lunar Module Pilot Rusty Schweickart, spent ten days in low Earth orbit testing several aspects critical to landing on the Moon, including the LM engines, backpack life support systems, navigation systems, and docking maneuvers. The mission was the second manned launch of a Saturn V rocket.
Arthritis	1776	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1776" }	Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types other organs are also affected. Onset can be gradual or sudden.
April 2	1777	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1777" }	April 2 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
Acetylene	1778	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1778" }	Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula CH. It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities.
August 28	1781	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1781" }	August 28 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
Arabic numerals	1786	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1786" }	Arabic numerals, also called Hindu–Arabic numerals are the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, based on the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today. In this numeral system, a sequence of digits such as "975" is read as a single number, using the position of the digit in the sequence to interpret its value. It was originally developed by ancient mathematicians in the Indian subcontinent around AD 500.
April 9	1787	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1787" }	April 9 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
Apuleius	1789	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1789" }	Apuleius ( ; also called Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis and in Berber: c. 124 – c. 170 AD) was a Latin-language prose writer, platonist philosopher and rhetorian. He was a Numidian who lived under the Roman Empire and was from Madauros (now M'Daourouch, Algeria). He studied Platonism in Athens, travelled to Italy, Asia Minor, and Egypt and was an initiate in several cults or mysteries. The most famous incident in his life was when he was accused of using magic to gain the attentions (and fortune) of a wealthy widow. He declaimed and then distributed a witty "tour de force" in his own defense before the proconsul and a court of magistrates convened in Sabratha, near ancient Tripoli, Libya. This is known as the "Apologia".
Alexander Selkirk	1790	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1790" }	Alexander Selkirk (167613 December 1721) was a Scottish privateer and Royal Navy officer who spent more than four years as a castaway (1704–1709) after being marooned by his captain on an uninhabited island in the South Pacific Ocean. He survived that ordeal, but succumbed to tropical illness a dozen years later while serving aboard HMS "Weymouth" off West Africa.
Anti-ballistic missile	1791	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1791" }	An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a surface-to-air missile designed to counter ballistic missiles (see missile defense). Ballistic missiles are used to deliver nuclear, chemical, biological or conventional warheads in a ballistic flight trajectory. The term "anti-ballistic missile" is a generic term conveying a system designed to intercept and destroy any type of ballistic threat, however it is commonly used for systems specifically designed to counter intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
August 29	1793	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1793" }	August 29 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
August 30	1794	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1794" }	August 30 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
Acre	1797	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1797" }	The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial and US customary systems. It is defined as the area of 1 chain by 1 furlong (66 by 660 feet), which is exactly equal to ⁄ of a square mile, 43,560 square feet, approximately 4,047 m, or about 40% of a hectare.
Adenosine triphosphate	1800	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1800" }	Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes. Found in all forms of life, ATP is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. When consumed in metabolic processes, it converts to either the di- or monophosphates, respectively ADP and AMP. Other processes regenerate ATP such that the human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day. It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA.
Ægir	1802	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1802" }	In Norse mythology, Ægir (Old Norse "sea") is a sea jötunn associated with the ocean. He is also known for being a friend of the gods and hosting elaborate parties for them.
Antibiotics	1805	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1805" }	Antibiotics (From ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, "antiviotika)" also called antibacterials, are a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza; drugs which inhibit viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics.
Arnold Schwarzenegger	1806	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1806" }	Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger ( ; ] ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, producer, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician, and former professional bodybuilder who holds both Austrian and American citizenship. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011.
ASA	1807	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1807" }	ASA as an abbreviation or initialism may refer to:
Actium	1810	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1810" }	Actium (Greek: Ἄκτιον) was the name of an ancient town on a promontory of western Greece in northwestern Acarnania, at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf). Actium is chiefly famous as the name given to the nearby naval Battle of Actium, in which Octavian won a decisive victory over Mark Antony on September 2, 31 BC.
Amway	1812	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1812" }	Amway (short for "American Way") is an American company specializing in the use of multi-level marketing to sell health, beauty, and home care products. The company was founded in 1959 by Jay Van Andel and Richard DeVos and is based in Ada, Michigan.
Adam Smith	1814	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814" }	Adam Smith {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (16 June 1723 NS – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher, and author. He was a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and was a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era. He is best known for two classic works: "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" (1759), and "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as "The Wealth of Nations", is considered his "magnum opus" and the first modern work of economics.
Antoine Lavoisier	1822	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1822" }	Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution; ] ; 26 August 17438 May 1794;) was a French nobleman and chemist central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology. He is widely considered in popular literature as the "father of modern chemistry".
Hermann Kolbe	1825	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1825" }	Hermann Kolbe ("Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe", 27 September 1818 – 25 November 1884), was a seminal contributor in the birth of modern organic chemistry. He was a Professor at Marburg and Leipzig. Kolbe coined the term synthesis and contributed to the philosophical demise of vitalism through synthesis of the organic substance acetic acid from carbon disulfide, and also contributed to the development of structural theory. This was done via modifications to the idea of "radicals" and accurate prediction of the existence of secondary and tertiary alcohols, and to the emerging array of organic reactions through his Kolbe electrolysis of carboxylate salts, the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction in the preparation of aspirin and the Kolbe nitrile synthesis. After studies with Wöhler and Bunsen, Kolbe was involved with the early internationalization of chemistry through overseas work in London (with Frankland), and rose through the ranks of his field to edit the . As such, he was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences won the Royal Society of London's Davy Medal in the year of his death. Despite these accomplishments and his training, by a storied next generation of chemists (including Zaitsev, Curtius, Beckmann, Graebe, Markovnikov, etc.), Kolbe is remembered for editing the "Journal" for more than a decade, where his rejection of Kekulé's structure of benzene, van't Hoff's theory on the origin of chirality and von Baeyer's reforms of nomenclature were personally critical and linguistically violent. Kolbe died of a heart attack in Leipzig at age 68, six years after the death of his wife, Charlotte. He was survived by four children.
April 18	1826	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1826" }	April 18 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
April 23	1827	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1827" }	April 23 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
Amitabh Bachchan	1828	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1828" }	Amitabh Harivansh Rai Shrivastava Bachchan (; born 11 October 1942) is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s for movies like "Zanjeer" and "Deewaar", and was dubbed India's first "angry young man" for his on-screen roles in Bollywood. Referred to as the "Shahenshah of Bollywood", "Star of the Millennium" or "Big B",
Allomorph	1832	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1832" }	In linguistics, an allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme, that is, when a unit of meaning varies in sound without changing meaning. The term "allomorph" explains the comprehension of phonological variations for specific morphemes.
Allophone	1834	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1834" }	In phonology, an allophone ( ; from the Greek: ἄλλος , "állos", "other" and φωνή, "phōnē", "voice, sound") is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or "phones") or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, [pʰ] (as in "pin") and [p] (as in "spin") are allophones for the phoneme /p/ in the English language. The specific allophone selected in a given situation is often predictable from the phonetic context (such allophones are called positional variants), but sometimes allophones occur in free variation. Replacing a sound by another allophone of the same phoneme will usually not change the meaning of a word, although sometimes the result may sound non-native or even unintelligible. Native speakers of a given language usually perceive one phoneme in that language as a single distinctive sound, and are ""both unaware of and even shocked by"" the allophone variations used to pronounce single phonemes.
Affix	1835	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1835" }	An affix (in modern sense) is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. Affixes may be derivational, like English "-ness" and "pre-", or inflectional, like English plural "-s" and past tense "-ed". They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes. Affixations, the linguistic process speakers use form different words by adding morphemes (affixes) at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of words.
Allegory	1837	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1837" }	As a literary device, an allegory is a metaphor whose vehicle may be a character, place or event, representing real-world issues and occurrences. Allegory (in the sense of the practice and use of allegorical devices and works) has occurred widely throughout history in all forms of art, largely because it can readily illustrate or convey complex ideas and concepts in ways that are comprehensible or striking to its viewers, readers, or listeners.
Allotropy	1839	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1839" }	Allotropy or allotropism () is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as "allotropes" of these elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element; the atoms of the element are bonded together in a different manner. For example, the allotropes of carbon include diamond (the carbon atoms are bonded together in a tetrahedral lattice arrangement), graphite (the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a hexagonal lattice), graphene (single sheets of graphite), and fullerenes (the carbon atoms are bonded together in spherical, tubular, or ellipsoidal formations). The term "allotropy" is used for elements only, not for compounds. The more general term, used for any crystalline material, is polymorphism. Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same phase (i.e. different solid, liquid or gas forms); these different states are not, themselves, considered to be examples of allotropy.
Agathocles of Syracuse	1840	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1840" }	Agathocles (Greek: Ἀγαθοκλῆς , "Agathoklḗs"; 361–289 BC) was a Greek tyrant of Syracuse (317–289 BC) and king of Sicily (304–289 BC).
Economy of Alberta	1841	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1841" }	From 1990 to 2003, Alberta's economy grew by 57% compared to 43% for all of Canada—the strongest economic growth of any region in Canada. In 2006 Alberta's per capita GDP was higher than all US states, and one of the highest figures in the world. In 2006, the deviation from the national average was the largest for any province in Canadian history. Alberta's per capita GDP in 2007 was by far the highest of any province in Canada at C$74,825 (approx. US$75,000). Alberta's per capita GDP in 2007 was 61% higher than the Canadian average of C$46,441 and more than twice that of all the Maritime provinces. From 2004 to 2014 Alberta's "exports of commodities rose 91%, reaching $121 billion in 2014" and 500,000 new jobs were created. In 2014, Alberta’s real GDP by expenditure grew by 4.8%, the strongest growth rate among the provinces."
Augustin-Louis Cauchy	1842	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1842" }	Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy FRS FRSE (] ; 21 August 1789 – 23 May 1857) was a French mathematician and physicist who made pioneering contributions to analysis. He was one of the first to state and prove theorems of calculus rigorously, rejecting the heuristic principle of the generality of algebra of earlier authors. He almost singlehandedly founded complex analysis and the study of permutation groups in abstract algebra. A profound mathematician, Cauchy had a great influence over his contemporaries and successors. His writings range widely in mathematics and mathematical physics.
Archimedes	1844	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1844" }	Archimedes of Syracuse ( ; Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης ; 287 – c. 212BC ) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time, Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems, including the area of a circle, the surface area and volume of a sphere, and the area under a parabola.
Alternative medicine	1845	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1845" }	Alternative medicine – or fringe medicine – includes practices claimed to have the healing effects of medicine but which are disproven, unproven, impossible to prove, or are excessively harmful in relation to their effect; and where the scientific consensus is that the therapy does not, or cannot, work because the known laws of nature are violated by its basic claims; or where it is considered so much worse than conventional treatment that it would be unethical to offer as treatment. Alternative therapies or diagnoses are not part of medicine or science-based healthcare systems. Alternative medicine consists of a wide variety of practices, products, and therapies – ranging from those that are biologically plausible but not well tested, to those with known harmful and toxic effects. Contrary to popular belief, significant expense is paid to test alternative medicine, including over $2.5 billion spent by the United States government. Almost none show any effect beyond that of false treatment. Perceived effects of alternative medicine may be caused by placebo; decreased effect of functional treatment (and therefore potentially decreased side effects); and regression toward the mean where improvement that would have occurred anyway is credited to alternative therapies; or any combination of the above. Alternative treatments are not the same as experimental medicine or traditional medicine, although much of the latter is alternative when used today.
Archimedean solid	1847	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1847" }	In geometry, an Archimedean solid is one of the 13 solids first enumerated by Archimedes. They are the semi-regular convex polyhedrons composed of regular polygons meeting in identical vertices, excluding the 5 Platonic solids (which are composed of only one type of polygon) and excluding the prisms and antiprisms. They differ from the Johnson solids, whose regular polygonal faces do not meet in identical vertices.
Antiprism	1851	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1851" }	In geometry, an "n"-sided antiprism is a polyhedron composed of two parallel copies of some particular "n"-sided polygon, connected by an alternating band of triangles. Antiprisms are a subclass of the prismatoids and are a (degenerate) type of snub polyhedra.
Natural history of Africa	1853	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1853" }	The natural history of Africa encompasses some of the well known megafauna of that continent.
Geography of Africa	1854	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1854" }	Africa is a continent comprising 63 political territories, representing the largest of the great southward projections from the main mass of Earth's surface. Within its regular outline, it comprises an area of 30368609 km2 , including adjacent islands. Its highest mountain is Mount Kilimanjaro, its largest lake is Lake Victoria and its longest river is the Nile.
Approval voting	1857	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1857" }	Approval voting is a single-winner electoral system. Each voter may "approve" of (i.e., select) any number of candidates. The winner is the most-approved candidate.
Arizona State University	1859	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1859" }	Arizona State University (commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State) is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area, and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona. The 2018 university ratings by "U.S. News & World Report" rank ASU No. 1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the third year in a row and has ranked ASU No. 115 in National Universities with overall score of 47/100 with 83% of student applications accepted.
April 14	1862	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1862" }	April 14 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
Astoria, Oregon	1864	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1864" }	Astoria is a port city and the seat of Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Situated near the mouth of the Columbia River where it meets the Pacific Ocean, the city was named after John Jacob Astor, an investor from New York City whose American Fur Company founded Fort Astoria at the site in 1811, . Astoria was incorporated by the Oregon Legislative Assembly on October 20, 1876.
Alarums and Excursions	1866	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1866" }	Alarums and Excursions (A&E) is an amateur press association started in June 1975 by Lee Gold (at the request of Bruce Pelz, who felt that discussion of "Dungeons & Dragons" was taking up too much space in APA-L, the APA of Los Angeles's SF Fandom, usually collated at the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society). It was the first publication to focus solely on role-playing games. The initial aim of the publication was to prevent the playing styles to become so divergent that people couldn't participate in games together.
Alfred Jarry	1869	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1869" }	Alfred Jarry (] ; 8 September 1873 – 1 November 1907) was a French symbolist writer who is best known for his play "Ubu Roi" (1896). He also coined the term and philosophical concept of 'pataphysics.
Amalric	1870	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1870" }	Amalric or Amalaric (also Americ, Almerich, Emeric, Emerick and other variations) is a personal name derived from the tribal name "Amal" (referring to the Gothic Amali) and "ric" (Gothic "reiks") meaning "ruler, prince".
Amalric of Jerusalem	1871	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1871" }	Amalric (Latin: "Amalricus" ; French: "Amaury" ; 113611 July 1174) was King of Jerusalem from 1163, and Count of Jaffa and Ascalon before his accession. He was the second son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem, and succeeded his older brother Baldwin III. During his reign, Jerusalem became more closely allied with the Byzantine Empire, and the two states launched an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt. Meanwhile, the Muslim territories surrounding Jerusalem began to be united under Nur ad-Din and later Saladin. He was the father of three future rulers of Jerusalem, Sibylla, Baldwin IV, and Isabella I.
Aimery of Cyprus	1872	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1872" }	Aimery of Lusignan (Latin: "Aimericus" ; before 11551 April 1205), erroneously referred to as Amalric or Amaury in earlier scholarship, was the first King of Cyprus from 1196 to 1205. He was also King of Jerusalem by virtue of being the husband of the queen, Isabella I, from 1197 to 1205. He was the younger son of Hugh VIII of Lusignan, a nobleman in Poitou. After participating in a rebellion against Henry II of England in 1168, he went to the Holy Land and settled in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Anthemius of Tralles	1873	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1873" }	Anthemius of Tralles (Greek: Ἀνθέμιος ὁ Τραλλιανός , Medieval Greek: ] , "Anthémios o Trallianós"; – 533 558) was a Greek from Tralles who worked as a geometer and architect in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. With Isidore of Miletus, he designed the Hagia Sophia for Justinian I.
Absalon	1874	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1874" }	Absalon or Axel ( 1128 21 March 1201) was a Danish archbishop and statesman, who was the Bishop of Roskilde from 1158 to 1192 and Archbishop of Lund from 1178 until his death. He was the foremost politician and churchfather of Denmark in the second half of the 12th century, and was the closest advisor of King Valdemar I of Denmark. He was a key figure in the Danish policies of territorial expansion in the Baltic Sea, Europeanization in close relationship with the Holy See, and reform in the relation between the Church and the public. He combined the ideals of Gregorian Reform with loyal support of a strong monarchical power.
Adhemar of Le Puy	1875	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1875" }	Adhemar (also known as Adémar, Aimar, or Aelarz) de Monteil (died 1 August 1098) was one of the principal figures of the First Crusade and was bishop of Puy-en-Velay from before 1087. He was the chosen representative of Pope Urban II for the expedition to the Holy Land. Remembered for his martial prowess, he led knights and men into battle and fought beside them, particularly at Dorylaeum and Antioch. Adhemar is said to have carried the Holy Lance in the Crusaders’ desperate breakout at Antioch on 28 June 1098, in which superior Islamic forces under the atabeg Kerbogha were routed, securing the city for the Crusaders.
Alphonse, Count of Poitiers	1878	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1878" }	Alphonse or Alfonso (11 November 122021 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse (as Alphonse II) from 1249. As count of Toulouse, he also governed the Marquisate of Provence.
Alfonso Jordan	1879	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1879" }	Alfonso Jordan (Occitan: "Anfós Jordan" ; Catalan: "Alfons Jordà" ; French: "Alphonse Jourdain" ; Latin: "Ildefonsus" ) (1103–1148) was the Count of Tripoli (1105–09), Count of Rouergue (1109–48) and Count of Toulouse, Margrave of Provence and Duke of Narbonne (1112–48, as Alfons I).
Ambroise	1880	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1880" }	Ambroise, sometimes Ambroise of Normandy, (flourished 1190 ) was a Norman poet and chronicler of the Third Crusade, author of a work called "L'Estoire de la guerre sainte ", which describes in rhyming Old French verse the adventures of Richard Cœur de Lion as a crusader. The poem is known to us only through one Vatican manuscript, and long escaped the notice of historians.
Art Deco	1881	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1881" }	Art Deco, sometimes referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. Art Deco influenced the design of buildings, furniture, jewellery, fashion, cars, movie theatres, trains, ocean liners, and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners. It took its name, short for "Arts Décoratifs", from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes (International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts) held in Paris in 1925. It combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological progress.
ASCII art	1884	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1884" }	ASCII art is a graphic design technique that uses computers for presentation and consists of pictures pieced together from the 95 printable (from a total of 128) characters defined by the ASCII Standard from 1963 and ASCII compliant character sets with proprietary extended characters (beyond the 128 characters of standard 7-bit ASCII). The term is also loosely used to refer to text based visual art in general. ASCII art can be created with any text editor, and is often used with free-form languages. Most examples of ASCII art require a fixed-width font (non-proportional fonts, as on a traditional typewriter) such as Courier for presentation.
Alexius	1887	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1887" }	Alexius is the Latinized form of the given name Alexios (Greek: Αλέξιος , polytonic Ἀλέξιος , "defender", cf. Alexander), especially common in the later Byzantine Empire. Variants include Alexis with the Russian Aleksey and its Ukrainian counterpart Oleksa/Oleksiy deriving from this form. The female form is Alexia (Greek: Αλεξία ) and its variants such as Alessia (which male form is Alessio) in Italian.
American English	1890	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1890" }	American English (AmE, AE, AmEng, USEng, en-US), sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States.
Albert Spalding	1893	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1893" }	Albert Goodwill Spalding (September 2, 1849 – September 9, 1915) was an American pitcher, manager and executive in the early years of professional baseball, and the co-founder of A.G. Spalding sporting goods company. He was born and raised in Byron, Illinois. He played major league baseball between 1871 and 1878. Spalding set a trend when he started wearing a baseball glove, and eventually opened his sporting goods store.
Africa Alphabet	1894	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1894" }	The Africa Alphabet (also International African Alphabet or IAI alphabet) was developed in 1928 under the lead of Diedrich Westermann. He developed it with a group of Africanists at the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures (later the IAI) in London. Its aim was to enable people to write all the African languages for practical and scientific purposes without the need of diacritics. It is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet with a few differences, such as "j" and "y", which instead have the same (consonant) sound values as in English.
Acquire	1896	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1896" }	Acquire is a multi-player mergers and acquisitions themed board game. It is played with tiles representing hotels that are arranged on the board, play money and stock certificates. The object of the game is to earn the most money by developing and merging hotel chains. When a chain in which a player owns stock is acquired by a larger chain, players earn money based on the size of the acquired chain. At the end of the game, all players liquidate their stock in order to determine which player has the most money. It was one of the most popular games in the 1960s 3M bookshelf game series, and the only one still published in the United States.
Australian English	1897	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1897" }	Australian English (AuE, en-AU) is a major variety of the English language, used throughout Australia. Although English has no official status in the Constitution, Australian English is the country's national and "de facto" official language as it is the first language of the majority of the population.
American Airlines Flight 77	1902	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1902" }	American Airlines Flight 77 was a scheduled American Airlines domestic transcontinental passenger flight from Washington Dulles International Airport in Dulles, Virginia, to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California. The Boeing 757-223 aircraft serving the flight was hijacked by five men affiliated with al-Qaeda on September 11, 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. They deliberately crashed the plane into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, near Washington, D.C., killing all 64 people on board, including the five hijackers and six crew, as well as 125 people in the building.
Ambush	1905	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1905" }	An ambush is a long-established military tactic in which combatants take advantage of concealment and the element of surprise to attack unsuspecting enemy combatants from concealed positions, such as among dense underbrush or behind hilltops. Ambushes have been used consistently throughout history, from ancient to modern warfare. In the 20th century, an ambush might involve thousands of soldiers on a large scale, such as over a choke point such as a mountain pass, or a small irregular band or insurgent group attacking a regular armed force patrol.
Abzyme	1908	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1908" }	An abzyme (from antibody and enzyme), also called "catmab" (from "catalytic monoclonal antibody"), and most often called "catalytic antibody", is a monoclonal antibody with catalytic activity. Abzymes are usually raised in lab animals immunized against synthetic haptens, but some natural abzymes can be found in normal humans (anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide autoantibodies) and in patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, where they can bind to and hydrolyze DNA. To date abzymes display only weak, modest catalytic activity and have not proved to be of any practical use. They are, however, subjects of considerable academic interest. Studying them has yielded important insights into reaction mechanisms, enzyme structure and function, catalysis, and the immune system itself.
Adaptive radiation	1909	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1909" }	In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenges, or opens new environmental niches. Starting with a recent single ancestor, this process results in the speciation and phenotypic adaptation of an array of species exhibiting different morphological and physiological traits. An example of adaptive radiation would be the avian species of the Hawaiian honeycreepers. Via natural selection, these birds adapted rapidly and converged based on the different environments of the Hawaiian islands.
Agarose gel electrophoresis	1910	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1910" }	Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method of gel electrophoresis used in biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and clinical chemistry to separate a mixed population of macromolecules such as DNA or proteins in a matrix of agarose, one of the two main components of agar. The proteins may be separated by charge and/or size (isoelectric focusing agarose electrophoresis is essentially size independent), and the DNA and RNA fragments by length. Biomolecules are separated by applying an electric field to move the charged molecules through an agarose matrix, and the biomolecules are separated by size in the agarose gel matrix.
Allele	1911	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1911" }	An allele (/əˈliːl/) is a variant form of a given gene. Sometimes, different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits, such as different pigmentation. A good example of this trait of color variation is the work Gregor Mendel did with the white and purple flower colors in pea plants; discovering that each color was the result of a “pure line” trait which could be used as a control for future experiments. However, most genetic variations result in little or no observable variation.
Ampicillin	1912	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1912" }	Ampicillin is an antibiotic used to prevent and treat a number of bacterial infections, such as respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonellosis, and endocarditis. It may also be used to prevent group B streptococcal infection in newborns. It is used by mouth, by injection into a muscle, or intravenously. Like all antibiotics, it is not useful for the treatment of viral infections.
Antimicrobial resistance	1914	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1914" }	Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication previously used to treat them. This broader term also covers antibiotic resistance, which applies to bacteria and antibiotics. Resistance arises through one of three ways: natural resistance in certain types of bacteria, genetic mutation, or by one species acquiring resistance from another. Resistance can appear spontaneously because of random mutations; or more commonly following gradual buildup over time, and because of misuse of antibiotics or antimicrobials. Resistant microbes are increasingly difficult to treat, requiring alternative medications or higher doses, both of which may be more expensive or more toxic. Microbes resistant to multiple antimicrobials are called multidrug resistant (MDR); or sometimes superbugs. Antimicrobial resistance is on the rise with millions of deaths every year. All classes of microbes develop resistance: fungi develop antifungal resistance, viruses develop antiviral resistance, protozoa develop antiprotozoal resistance, and bacteria develop antibiotic resistance.
Antigen	1915	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1915" }	In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism. Sometimes antigens are part of the host itself in an autoimmune disease.
Autosome	1916	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1916" }	An autosome is a chromosome that is not an allosome (a sex chromosome). The members of an autosome pair in a diploid cell have the same morphology unlike those in allosome pairs which may have different structure. The DNA in autosomes is collectively known as atDNA or auDNA.
Antwerp (disambiguation)	1919	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1919" }	Antwerp is a city in Belgium and capital of the Antwerp province.
Aquila	1920	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1920" }	Aquila is the Latin and Romance languages word for "eagle". Specifically, it may refer to:
Al-Qaeda	1921	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1921" }	Al-Qaeda ( or ; Arabic: القاعدة‎ ‎ "al-qāʿidah ", ] , translation: "The Base", "The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded in 1988 by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Arab volunteers who fought against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s.
Alessandro Volta	1923	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1923" }	Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (] ; 18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist, chemist, and a pioneer of electricity and power, who is credited as the inventor of the electrical battery and the discoverer of methane. He invented the Voltaic pile in 1799, and reported the results of his experiments in 1800 in a two-part letter to the President of the Royal Society. With this invention Volta proved that electricity could be generated chemically and debunked the prevalent theory that electricity was generated solely by living beings. Volta's invention sparked a great amount of scientific excitement and led others to conduct similar experiments which eventually led to the development of the field of electrochemistry.
Argo Navis	1924	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1924" }	Argo Navis (the Ship Argo), or simply Argo, was a large constellation in the southern sky that has since been divided into the three constellations of Carina, Puppis and Vela. The genitive was "Argus Navis", abbreviated "Arg". Flamsteed and other early modern astronomers called the constellation just Navis (the Ship), genitive "Navis", abbreviated "Nav".
Andromeda (mythology)	1925	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1925" }	In Greek mythology, Andromeda is the daughter of the Aethiopian king Cepheus and his wife Cassiopeia. When Cassiopeia's hubris leads her to boast that Andromeda is more beautiful than the Nereids, Poseidon sends the sea monster Cetus to ravage Aethiopia as divine punishment. Andromeda is stripped and chained naked to a rock as a sacrifice to sate the monster, but is saved from death by Perseus.
Antlia	1926	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1926" }	Antlia ( ; from Ancient Greek "ἀντλία") is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere. Its name means "pump" in Latin; it represents an air pump. Originally Antlia Pneumatica, the constellation was established by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century, though its name was later abbreviated by John Herschel. Located close to the stars forming the old constellation of the ship Argo Navis, Antlia is completely visible from latitudes south of 49 degrees north.
Ara (constellation)	1927	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1927" }	Ara (Latin: "The Altar") is a southern constellation situated between Scorpius and Triangulum Australe. Ara (Greek: Βωμός) was one of the 48 Greek constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union.
Arkansas	1930	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1930" }	Arkansas (pronounced ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States, home to over 3 million people as of 2017. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the Quapaw Indians. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta.
Atmosphere (disambiguation)	1931	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1931" }	An atmosphere is a gas layer around a celestial body.
Apus	1933	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1933" }	Apus is a small constellation in the southern sky. It represents a bird-of-paradise, and its name means "without feet" in Greek because the bird-of-paradise was once wrongly believed to lack feet. First depicted on a celestial globe by Petrus Plancius in 1598, it was charted on a star atlas by Johann Bayer in his 1603 "Uranometria". The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted and gave the brighter stars their Bayer designations in 1756.
Abadan, Iran	1934	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1934" }	Abadan (Persian: آبادان‎ ‎ "Ābādān") is a city in and the capital of Abadan County, Khuzestan Province which is located in central west of Iran. It lies on Abadan Island (68 km long, 3–19 km or 2–12 miles wide), the island is bounded in the west by the Arvand waterway and to the east by the Bahmanshir outlet of the Karun River (the Shatt al-Arab), 53 km from the Persian Gulf, near the Iraqi-Iran border.
Alexander Fleming	1937	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1937" }	Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 188111 March 1955) was a Scottish physician, biologist, pharmacologist and botanist. His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the world's first antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) from the mould "Penicillium notatum" in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy.
Andrew Carnegie	1938	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1938" }	Andrew Carnegie ( , but commonly or ; November 25, 1835August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist.
Approximant consonant	1939	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1939" }	Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. Therefore, approximants fall between fricatives, which do produce a turbulent airstream, and vowels, which produce no turbulence. This class of sounds includes lateral approximants like [l] (as in "less"), non-lateral approximants like [ɹ] (as in "rest"), and semivowels like [j] and [w] (as in "yes" and "west", respectively).
Astronomer Royal	1940	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1940" }	Astronomer Royal is a senior post in the Royal Households of the United Kingdom. There are two officers, the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from 22 June 1675; the second is the Astronomer Royal for Scotland dating from 1834.
Aeon	1941	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1941" }	The word aeon , also spelled eon (in American English) and æon, originally meant "life", "vital force" or "being", "generation" or "a period of time", though it tended to be translated as "age" in the sense of "ages", "forever", "timeless" or "for eternity". It is a Latin transliteration from the koine Greek word ὁ αἰών ("ho aion"), from the archaic αἰϝών ("aiwon"). In Homer it typically refers to life or lifespan. Its latest meaning is more or less similar to the Sanskrit word "kalpa" and Hebrew word "olam". A cognate Latin word "aevum" or "aeuum" (cf. αἰϝών ) for "age" is present in words such as "longevity" and "mediaeval".
Airline	1942	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1942" }	An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body.
Australian Democrats	1943	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1943" }	The Australian Democrats is an Australian political party in existence since 1977. It was Australia's largest minor party from its formation through to the early 2000s, and frequently held the balance of power in the Senate during that time.
Australian Capital Territory	1944	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1944" }	The Australian Capital Territory (ACT; known as the Federal Capital Territory until 1938) is Australia's federal district, located in the south-east of the country and enclaved within the state of New South Wales. It contains Canberra, the capital city of Australia.
Unit of alcohol	1946	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1946" }	Units of alcohol are used in the United Kingdom (UK) as a measure to quantify the actual alcoholic content within a given volume of an alcoholic beverage, in order to provide guidance on total alcohol consumption.
Aotus	1947	{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1947" }	Aotus (the name is derived from the Ancient Greek words for "earless" in both cases: the monkey is missing external ears, and the pea is missing earlike bracteoles) may refer to:

Andronicus of Rhodes

1764

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1764" }

Andronicus of Rhodes (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος ὁ Ῥόδιος , "Andrónikos ho Rhódios"; Latin: "Andronicus Rhodius" ; BC) was a Greek philosopher from Rhodes who was also the scholarch (head) of the Peripatetic school. He is most famous for publishing a new edition of the works of Aristotle that forms the basis of the texts that survive today.

Andronicus

1765

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1765" }

Andronicus or Andronikos (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος ) is a classical Greek name. The name has the sense of "male victor, warrior". The female is Andronike (Ἀνδρονίκη). Notable bearers of the name include:

Ammianus Marcellinus

1767

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1767" }

Ammianus Marcellinus (born 325 330, died c. 391 400) was a Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from Antiquity (preceding Procopius). His work, known as the Res Gestae, chronicled in Latin the history of Rome from the accession of the emperor Nerva in 96 to the death of Valens at the Battle of Adrianople in 378, although only the sections covering the period 353–378 survive.

Apollo 13

1770

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1770" }

Apollo 13 was the seventh manned mission in the Apollo space program and the third intended to land on the Moon. The craft was launched on April 11, 1970, at 13:13 CST (19:13 UTC) from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, but the lunar landing was aborted after an oxygen tank exploded two days later, crippling the Service Module (SM) upon which the Command Module (CM) had depended. Despite great hardship caused by limited power, loss of cabin heat, shortage of potable water, and the critical need to make makeshift repairs to the carbon dioxide removal system, the crew returned safely to Earth on April 17, 1970, six days after launch.

Apollo 7

1773

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1773" }

Apollo 7 was an October 1968 human spaceflight mission carried out by the United States. It was the first mission in the United States' Apollo program to carry a crew into space. It was also the first U.S. spaceflight to carry astronauts since the flight of Gemini XII in November 1966. The AS-204 mission, also known as "Apollo 1", was intended to be the first manned flight of the Apollo program. It was scheduled to launch in February 1967, but a fire in the cabin during a January 1967 test killed the crew. Manned flights were then suspended for 21 months, while the cause of the accident was investigated and improvements made to the spacecraft and safety procedures, and unmanned test flights of the Saturn V rocket and Apollo Lunar Module were made. Apollo 7 fulfilled Apollo 1's mission of testing the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) in low Earth orbit.

Apollo 9

1774

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1774" }

Apollo 9 was the third manned mission in the United States Apollo space program and the first flight of the Command/Service Module (CSM) with the Lunar Module (LM, pronounced "lem"). Its three-person crew, consisting of Commander James McDivitt, Command Module Pilot David Scott, and Lunar Module Pilot Rusty Schweickart, spent ten days in low Earth orbit testing several aspects critical to landing on the Moon, including the LM engines, backpack life support systems, navigation systems, and docking maneuvers. The mission was the second manned launch of a Saturn V rocket.

Arthritis

1776

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1776" }

Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types other organs are also affected. Onset can be gradual or sudden.

April 2

1777

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1777" }

April 2 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.

Acetylene

1778

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1778" }

Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula CH. It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities.

August 28

1781

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1781" }

August 28 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.

Arabic numerals

1786

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1786" }

Arabic numerals, also called Hindu–Arabic numerals are the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, based on the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today. In this numeral system, a sequence of digits such as "975" is read as a single number, using the position of the digit in the sequence to interpret its value. It was originally developed by ancient mathematicians in the Indian subcontinent around AD 500.

April 9

1787

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1787" }

April 9 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.

Apuleius

1789

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1789" }

Apuleius ( ; also called Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis and in Berber: c. 124 – c. 170 AD) was a Latin-language prose writer, platonist philosopher and rhetorian. He was a Numidian who lived under the Roman Empire and was from Madauros (now M'Daourouch, Algeria). He studied Platonism in Athens, travelled to Italy, Asia Minor, and Egypt and was an initiate in several cults or mysteries. The most famous incident in his life was when he was accused of using magic to gain the attentions (and fortune) of a wealthy widow. He declaimed and then distributed a witty "tour de force" in his own defense before the proconsul and a court of magistrates convened in Sabratha, near ancient Tripoli, Libya. This is known as the "Apologia".

Alexander Selkirk

1790

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1790" }

Alexander Selkirk (167613 December 1721) was a Scottish privateer and Royal Navy officer who spent more than four years as a castaway (1704–1709) after being marooned by his captain on an uninhabited island in the South Pacific Ocean. He survived that ordeal, but succumbed to tropical illness a dozen years later while serving aboard HMS "Weymouth" off West Africa.

Anti-ballistic missile

1791

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1791" }

An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a surface-to-air missile designed to counter ballistic missiles (see missile defense). Ballistic missiles are used to deliver nuclear, chemical, biological or conventional warheads in a ballistic flight trajectory. The term "anti-ballistic missile" is a generic term conveying a system designed to intercept and destroy any type of ballistic threat, however it is commonly used for systems specifically designed to counter intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).

August 29

1793

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1793" }

August 29 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.

August 30

1794

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1794" }

August 30 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.

Acre

1797

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1797" }

The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial and US customary systems. It is defined as the area of 1 chain by 1 furlong (66 by 660 feet), which is exactly equal to ⁄ of a square mile, 43,560 square feet, approximately 4,047 m, or about 40% of a hectare.

Adenosine triphosphate

1800

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1800" }

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes. Found in all forms of life, ATP is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. When consumed in metabolic processes, it converts to either the di- or monophosphates, respectively ADP and AMP. Other processes regenerate ATP such that the human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day. It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA.

Ægir

1802

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1802" }

In Norse mythology, Ægir (Old Norse "sea") is a sea jötunn associated with the ocean. He is also known for being a friend of the gods and hosting elaborate parties for them.

Antibiotics

1805

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1805" }

Antibiotics (From ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, "antiviotika)" also called antibacterials, are a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza; drugs which inhibit viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics.

Arnold Schwarzenegger

1806

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1806" }

Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger ( ; ] ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, producer, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician, and former professional bodybuilder who holds both Austrian and American citizenship. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011.

ASA

1807

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1807" }

ASA as an abbreviation or initialism may refer to:

Actium

1810

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1810" }

Actium (Greek: Ἄκτιον) was the name of an ancient town on a promontory of western Greece in northwestern Acarnania, at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf). Actium is chiefly famous as the name given to the nearby naval Battle of Actium, in which Octavian won a decisive victory over Mark Antony on September 2, 31 BC.

Amway

1812

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1812" }

Amway (short for "American Way") is an American company specializing in the use of multi-level marketing to sell health, beauty, and home care products. The company was founded in 1959 by Jay Van Andel and Richard DeVos and is based in Ada, Michigan.

Adam Smith

1814

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814" }

Adam Smith {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (16 June 1723 NS – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher, and author. He was a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and was a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era. He is best known for two classic works: "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" (1759), and "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as "The Wealth of Nations", is considered his "magnum opus" and the first modern work of economics.

Antoine Lavoisier

1822

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1822" }

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution; ] ; 26 August 17438 May 1794;) was a French nobleman and chemist central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology. He is widely considered in popular literature as the "father of modern chemistry".

Hermann Kolbe

1825

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1825" }

Hermann Kolbe ("Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe", 27 September 1818 – 25 November 1884), was a seminal contributor in the birth of modern organic chemistry. He was a Professor at Marburg and Leipzig. Kolbe coined the term synthesis and contributed to the philosophical demise of vitalism through synthesis of the organic substance acetic acid from carbon disulfide, and also contributed to the development of structural theory. This was done via modifications to the idea of "radicals" and accurate prediction of the existence of secondary and tertiary alcohols, and to the emerging array of organic reactions through his Kolbe electrolysis of carboxylate salts, the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction in the preparation of aspirin and the Kolbe nitrile synthesis. After studies with Wöhler and Bunsen, Kolbe was involved with the early internationalization of chemistry through overseas work in London (with Frankland), and rose through the ranks of his field to edit the . As such, he was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences won the Royal Society of London's Davy Medal in the year of his death. Despite these accomplishments and his training, by a storied next generation of chemists (including Zaitsev, Curtius, Beckmann, Graebe, Markovnikov, etc.), Kolbe is remembered for editing the "Journal" for more than a decade, where his rejection of Kekulé's structure of benzene, van't Hoff's theory on the origin of chirality and von Baeyer's reforms of nomenclature were personally critical and linguistically violent. Kolbe died of a heart attack in Leipzig at age 68, six years after the death of his wife, Charlotte. He was survived by four children.

April 18

1826

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1826" }

April 18 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.

April 23

1827

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1827" }

April 23 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.

Amitabh Bachchan

1828

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1828" }

Amitabh Harivansh Rai Shrivastava Bachchan (; born 11 October 1942) is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s for movies like "Zanjeer" and "Deewaar", and was dubbed India's first "angry young man" for his on-screen roles in Bollywood. Referred to as the "Shahenshah of Bollywood", "Star of the Millennium" or "Big B",

Allomorph

1832

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1832" }

In linguistics, an allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme, that is, when a unit of meaning varies in sound without changing meaning. The term "allomorph" explains the comprehension of phonological variations for specific morphemes.

Allophone

1834

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1834" }

In phonology, an allophone ( ; from the Greek: ἄλλος , "állos", "other" and φωνή, "phōnē", "voice, sound") is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or "phones") or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, [pʰ] (as in "pin") and [p] (as in "spin") are allophones for the phoneme /p/ in the English language. The specific allophone selected in a given situation is often predictable from the phonetic context (such allophones are called positional variants), but sometimes allophones occur in free variation. Replacing a sound by another allophone of the same phoneme will usually not change the meaning of a word, although sometimes the result may sound non-native or even unintelligible. Native speakers of a given language usually perceive one phoneme in that language as a single distinctive sound, and are ""both unaware of and even shocked by"" the allophone variations used to pronounce single phonemes.

Affix

1835

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1835" }

An affix (in modern sense) is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. Affixes may be derivational, like English "-ness" and "pre-", or inflectional, like English plural "-s" and past tense "-ed". They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes. Affixations, the linguistic process speakers use form different words by adding morphemes (affixes) at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of words.

Allegory

1837

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1837" }

As a literary device, an allegory is a metaphor whose vehicle may be a character, place or event, representing real-world issues and occurrences. Allegory (in the sense of the practice and use of allegorical devices and works) has occurred widely throughout history in all forms of art, largely because it can readily illustrate or convey complex ideas and concepts in ways that are comprehensible or striking to its viewers, readers, or listeners.

Allotropy

1839

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1839" }

Allotropy or allotropism () is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as "allotropes" of these elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element; the atoms of the element are bonded together in a different manner. For example, the allotropes of carbon include diamond (the carbon atoms are bonded together in a tetrahedral lattice arrangement), graphite (the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a hexagonal lattice), graphene (single sheets of graphite), and fullerenes (the carbon atoms are bonded together in spherical, tubular, or ellipsoidal formations). The term "allotropy" is used for elements only, not for compounds. The more general term, used for any crystalline material, is polymorphism. Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same phase (i.e. different solid, liquid or gas forms); these different states are not, themselves, considered to be examples of allotropy.

Agathocles of Syracuse

1840

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1840" }

Agathocles (Greek: Ἀγαθοκλῆς , "Agathoklḗs"; 361–289 BC) was a Greek tyrant of Syracuse (317–289 BC) and king of Sicily (304–289 BC).

Economy of Alberta

1841

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1841" }

From 1990 to 2003, Alberta's economy grew by 57% compared to 43% for all of Canada—the strongest economic growth of any region in Canada. In 2006 Alberta's per capita GDP was higher than all US states, and one of the highest figures in the world. In 2006, the deviation from the national average was the largest for any province in Canadian history. Alberta's per capita GDP in 2007 was by far the highest of any province in Canada at C$74,825 (approx. US$75,000). Alberta's per capita GDP in 2007 was 61% higher than the Canadian average of C$46,441 and more than twice that of all the Maritime provinces. From 2004 to 2014 Alberta's "exports of commodities rose 91%, reaching $121 billion in 2014" and 500,000 new jobs were created. In 2014, Alberta’s real GDP by expenditure grew by 4.8%, the strongest growth rate among the provinces."

Augustin-Louis Cauchy

1842

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1842" }

Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy FRS FRSE (] ; 21 August 1789 – 23 May 1857) was a French mathematician and physicist who made pioneering contributions to analysis. He was one of the first to state and prove theorems of calculus rigorously, rejecting the heuristic principle of the generality of algebra of earlier authors. He almost singlehandedly founded complex analysis and the study of permutation groups in abstract algebra. A profound mathematician, Cauchy had a great influence over his contemporaries and successors. His writings range widely in mathematics and mathematical physics.

Archimedes

1844

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1844" }

Archimedes of Syracuse ( ; Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης ; 287 – c. 212BC ) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time, Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems, including the area of a circle, the surface area and volume of a sphere, and the area under a parabola.

Alternative medicine

1845

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1845" }

Alternative medicine – or fringe medicine – includes practices claimed to have the healing effects of medicine but which are disproven, unproven, impossible to prove, or are excessively harmful in relation to their effect; and where the scientific consensus is that the therapy does not, or cannot, work because the known laws of nature are violated by its basic claims; or where it is considered so much worse than conventional treatment that it would be unethical to offer as treatment. Alternative therapies or diagnoses are not part of medicine or science-based healthcare systems. Alternative medicine consists of a wide variety of practices, products, and therapies – ranging from those that are biologically plausible but not well tested, to those with known harmful and toxic effects. Contrary to popular belief, significant expense is paid to test alternative medicine, including over $2.5 billion spent by the United States government. Almost none show any effect beyond that of false treatment. Perceived effects of alternative medicine may be caused by placebo; decreased effect of functional treatment (and therefore potentially decreased side effects); and regression toward the mean where improvement that would have occurred anyway is credited to alternative therapies; or any combination of the above. Alternative treatments are not the same as experimental medicine or traditional medicine, although much of the latter is alternative when used today.

Archimedean solid

1847

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1847" }

In geometry, an Archimedean solid is one of the 13 solids first enumerated by Archimedes. They are the semi-regular convex polyhedrons composed of regular polygons meeting in identical vertices, excluding the 5 Platonic solids (which are composed of only one type of polygon) and excluding the prisms and antiprisms. They differ from the Johnson solids, whose regular polygonal faces do not meet in identical vertices.

Antiprism

1851

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1851" }

In geometry, an "n"-sided antiprism is a polyhedron composed of two parallel copies of some particular "n"-sided polygon, connected by an alternating band of triangles. Antiprisms are a subclass of the prismatoids and are a (degenerate) type of snub polyhedra.

Natural history of Africa

1853

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1853" }

The natural history of Africa encompasses some of the well known megafauna of that continent.

Geography of Africa

1854

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1854" }

Africa is a continent comprising 63 political territories, representing the largest of the great southward projections from the main mass of Earth's surface. Within its regular outline, it comprises an area of 30368609 km2 , including adjacent islands. Its highest mountain is Mount Kilimanjaro, its largest lake is Lake Victoria and its longest river is the Nile.

Approval voting

1857

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1857" }

Approval voting is a single-winner electoral system. Each voter may "approve" of (i.e., select) any number of candidates. The winner is the most-approved candidate.

Arizona State University

1859

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1859" }

Arizona State University (commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State) is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area, and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona. The 2018 university ratings by "U.S. News & World Report" rank ASU No. 1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the third year in a row and has ranked ASU No. 115 in National Universities with overall score of 47/100 with 83% of student applications accepted.

April 14

1862

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1862" }

April 14 is the day of the year in the Gregorian calendar.

Astoria, Oregon

1864

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1864" }

Astoria is a port city and the seat of Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Situated near the mouth of the Columbia River where it meets the Pacific Ocean, the city was named after John Jacob Astor, an investor from New York City whose American Fur Company founded Fort Astoria at the site in 1811, . Astoria was incorporated by the Oregon Legislative Assembly on October 20, 1876.

Alarums and Excursions

1866

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1866" }

Alarums and Excursions (A&E) is an amateur press association started in June 1975 by Lee Gold (at the request of Bruce Pelz, who felt that discussion of "Dungeons & Dragons" was taking up too much space in APA-L, the APA of Los Angeles's SF Fandom, usually collated at the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society). It was the first publication to focus solely on role-playing games. The initial aim of the publication was to prevent the playing styles to become so divergent that people couldn't participate in games together.

Alfred Jarry

1869

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1869" }

Alfred Jarry (] ; 8 September 1873 – 1 November 1907) was a French symbolist writer who is best known for his play "Ubu Roi" (1896). He also coined the term and philosophical concept of 'pataphysics.

Amalric

1870

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1870" }

Amalric or Amalaric (also Americ, Almerich, Emeric, Emerick and other variations) is a personal name derived from the tribal name "Amal" (referring to the Gothic Amali) and "ric" (Gothic "reiks") meaning "ruler, prince".

Amalric of Jerusalem

1871

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1871" }

Amalric (Latin: "Amalricus" ; French: "Amaury" ; 113611 July 1174) was King of Jerusalem from 1163, and Count of Jaffa and Ascalon before his accession. He was the second son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem, and succeeded his older brother Baldwin III. During his reign, Jerusalem became more closely allied with the Byzantine Empire, and the two states launched an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt. Meanwhile, the Muslim territories surrounding Jerusalem began to be united under Nur ad-Din and later Saladin. He was the father of three future rulers of Jerusalem, Sibylla, Baldwin IV, and Isabella I.

Aimery of Cyprus

1872

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1872" }

Aimery of Lusignan (Latin: "Aimericus" ; before 11551 April 1205), erroneously referred to as Amalric or Amaury in earlier scholarship, was the first King of Cyprus from 1196 to 1205. He was also King of Jerusalem by virtue of being the husband of the queen, Isabella I, from 1197 to 1205. He was the younger son of Hugh VIII of Lusignan, a nobleman in Poitou. After participating in a rebellion against Henry II of England in 1168, he went to the Holy Land and settled in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Anthemius of Tralles

1873

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1873" }

Anthemius of Tralles (Greek: Ἀνθέμιος ὁ Τραλλιανός , Medieval Greek: ] , "Anthémios o Trallianós"; – 533 558) was a Greek from Tralles who worked as a geometer and architect in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. With Isidore of Miletus, he designed the Hagia Sophia for Justinian I.

Absalon

1874

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1874" }

Absalon or Axel ( 1128 21 March 1201) was a Danish archbishop and statesman, who was the Bishop of Roskilde from 1158 to 1192 and Archbishop of Lund from 1178 until his death. He was the foremost politician and churchfather of Denmark in the second half of the 12th century, and was the closest advisor of King Valdemar I of Denmark. He was a key figure in the Danish policies of territorial expansion in the Baltic Sea, Europeanization in close relationship with the Holy See, and reform in the relation between the Church and the public. He combined the ideals of Gregorian Reform with loyal support of a strong monarchical power.

Adhemar of Le Puy

1875

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1875" }

Adhemar (also known as Adémar, Aimar, or Aelarz) de Monteil (died 1 August 1098) was one of the principal figures of the First Crusade and was bishop of Puy-en-Velay from before 1087. He was the chosen representative of Pope Urban II for the expedition to the Holy Land. Remembered for his martial prowess, he led knights and men into battle and fought beside them, particularly at Dorylaeum and Antioch. Adhemar is said to have carried the Holy Lance in the Crusaders’ desperate breakout at Antioch on 28 June 1098, in which superior Islamic forces under the atabeg Kerbogha were routed, securing the city for the Crusaders.

Alphonse, Count of Poitiers

1878

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1878" }

Alphonse or Alfonso (11 November 122021 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse (as Alphonse II) from 1249. As count of Toulouse, he also governed the Marquisate of Provence.

Alfonso Jordan

1879

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1879" }

Alfonso Jordan (Occitan: "Anfós Jordan" ; Catalan: "Alfons Jordà" ; French: "Alphonse Jourdain" ; Latin: "Ildefonsus" ) (1103–1148) was the Count of Tripoli (1105–09), Count of Rouergue (1109–48) and Count of Toulouse, Margrave of Provence and Duke of Narbonne (1112–48, as Alfons I).

Ambroise

1880

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1880" }

Ambroise, sometimes Ambroise of Normandy, (flourished 1190 ) was a Norman poet and chronicler of the Third Crusade, author of a work called "L'Estoire de la guerre sainte ", which describes in rhyming Old French verse the adventures of Richard Cœur de Lion as a crusader. The poem is known to us only through one Vatican manuscript, and long escaped the notice of historians.

Art Deco

1881

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1881" }

Art Deco, sometimes referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. Art Deco influenced the design of buildings, furniture, jewellery, fashion, cars, movie theatres, trains, ocean liners, and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners. It took its name, short for "Arts Décoratifs", from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes (International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts) held in Paris in 1925. It combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological progress.

ASCII art

1884

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1884" }

ASCII art is a graphic design technique that uses computers for presentation and consists of pictures pieced together from the 95 printable (from a total of 128) characters defined by the ASCII Standard from 1963 and ASCII compliant character sets with proprietary extended characters (beyond the 128 characters of standard 7-bit ASCII). The term is also loosely used to refer to text based visual art in general. ASCII art can be created with any text editor, and is often used with free-form languages. Most examples of ASCII art require a fixed-width font (non-proportional fonts, as on a traditional typewriter) such as Courier for presentation.

Alexius

1887

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1887" }

Alexius is the Latinized form of the given name Alexios (Greek: Αλέξιος , polytonic Ἀλέξιος , "defender", cf. Alexander), especially common in the later Byzantine Empire. Variants include Alexis with the Russian Aleksey and its Ukrainian counterpart Oleksa/Oleksiy deriving from this form. The female form is Alexia (Greek: Αλεξία ) and its variants such as Alessia (which male form is Alessio) in Italian.

American English

1890

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1890" }

American English (AmE, AE, AmEng, USEng, en-US), sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States.

Albert Spalding

1893

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1893" }

Albert Goodwill Spalding (September 2, 1849 – September 9, 1915) was an American pitcher, manager and executive in the early years of professional baseball, and the co-founder of A.G. Spalding sporting goods company. He was born and raised in Byron, Illinois. He played major league baseball between 1871 and 1878. Spalding set a trend when he started wearing a baseball glove, and eventually opened his sporting goods store.

Africa Alphabet

1894

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1894" }

The Africa Alphabet (also International African Alphabet or IAI alphabet) was developed in 1928 under the lead of Diedrich Westermann. He developed it with a group of Africanists at the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures (later the IAI) in London. Its aim was to enable people to write all the African languages for practical and scientific purposes without the need of diacritics. It is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet with a few differences, such as "j" and "y", which instead have the same (consonant) sound values as in English.

Acquire

1896

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1896" }

Acquire is a multi-player mergers and acquisitions themed board game. It is played with tiles representing hotels that are arranged on the board, play money and stock certificates. The object of the game is to earn the most money by developing and merging hotel chains. When a chain in which a player owns stock is acquired by a larger chain, players earn money based on the size of the acquired chain. At the end of the game, all players liquidate their stock in order to determine which player has the most money. It was one of the most popular games in the 1960s 3M bookshelf game series, and the only one still published in the United States.

Australian English

1897

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1897" }

Australian English (AuE, en-AU) is a major variety of the English language, used throughout Australia. Although English has no official status in the Constitution, Australian English is the country's national and "de facto" official language as it is the first language of the majority of the population.

American Airlines Flight 77

1902

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1902" }

American Airlines Flight 77 was a scheduled American Airlines domestic transcontinental passenger flight from Washington Dulles International Airport in Dulles, Virginia, to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California. The Boeing 757-223 aircraft serving the flight was hijacked by five men affiliated with al-Qaeda on September 11, 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. They deliberately crashed the plane into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, near Washington, D.C., killing all 64 people on board, including the five hijackers and six crew, as well as 125 people in the building.

Ambush

1905

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1905" }

An ambush is a long-established military tactic in which combatants take advantage of concealment and the element of surprise to attack unsuspecting enemy combatants from concealed positions, such as among dense underbrush or behind hilltops. Ambushes have been used consistently throughout history, from ancient to modern warfare. In the 20th century, an ambush might involve thousands of soldiers on a large scale, such as over a choke point such as a mountain pass, or a small irregular band or insurgent group attacking a regular armed force patrol.

Abzyme

1908

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1908" }

An abzyme (from antibody and enzyme), also called "catmab" (from "catalytic monoclonal antibody"), and most often called "catalytic antibody", is a monoclonal antibody with catalytic activity. Abzymes are usually raised in lab animals immunized against synthetic haptens, but some natural abzymes can be found in normal humans (anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide autoantibodies) and in patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, where they can bind to and hydrolyze DNA. To date abzymes display only weak, modest catalytic activity and have not proved to be of any practical use. They are, however, subjects of considerable academic interest. Studying them has yielded important insights into reaction mechanisms, enzyme structure and function, catalysis, and the immune system itself.

Adaptive radiation

1909

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1909" }

In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenges, or opens new environmental niches. Starting with a recent single ancestor, this process results in the speciation and phenotypic adaptation of an array of species exhibiting different morphological and physiological traits. An example of adaptive radiation would be the avian species of the Hawaiian honeycreepers. Via natural selection, these birds adapted rapidly and converged based on the different environments of the Hawaiian islands.

Agarose gel electrophoresis

1910

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1910" }

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method of gel electrophoresis used in biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and clinical chemistry to separate a mixed population of macromolecules such as DNA or proteins in a matrix of agarose, one of the two main components of agar. The proteins may be separated by charge and/or size (isoelectric focusing agarose electrophoresis is essentially size independent), and the DNA and RNA fragments by length. Biomolecules are separated by applying an electric field to move the charged molecules through an agarose matrix, and the biomolecules are separated by size in the agarose gel matrix.

Allele

1911

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1911" }

An allele (/əˈliːl/) is a variant form of a given gene. Sometimes, different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits, such as different pigmentation. A good example of this trait of color variation is the work Gregor Mendel did with the white and purple flower colors in pea plants; discovering that each color was the result of a “pure line” trait which could be used as a control for future experiments. However, most genetic variations result in little or no observable variation.

Ampicillin

1912

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1912" }

Ampicillin is an antibiotic used to prevent and treat a number of bacterial infections, such as respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonellosis, and endocarditis. It may also be used to prevent group B streptococcal infection in newborns. It is used by mouth, by injection into a muscle, or intravenously. Like all antibiotics, it is not useful for the treatment of viral infections.

Antimicrobial resistance

1914

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1914" }

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication previously used to treat them. This broader term also covers antibiotic resistance, which applies to bacteria and antibiotics. Resistance arises through one of three ways: natural resistance in certain types of bacteria, genetic mutation, or by one species acquiring resistance from another. Resistance can appear spontaneously because of random mutations; or more commonly following gradual buildup over time, and because of misuse of antibiotics or antimicrobials. Resistant microbes are increasingly difficult to treat, requiring alternative medications or higher doses, both of which may be more expensive or more toxic. Microbes resistant to multiple antimicrobials are called multidrug resistant (MDR); or sometimes superbugs. Antimicrobial resistance is on the rise with millions of deaths every year. All classes of microbes develop resistance: fungi develop antifungal resistance, viruses develop antiviral resistance, protozoa develop antiprotozoal resistance, and bacteria develop antibiotic resistance.

Antigen

1915

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1915" }

In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism. Sometimes antigens are part of the host itself in an autoimmune disease.

Autosome

1916

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1916" }

An autosome is a chromosome that is not an allosome (a sex chromosome). The members of an autosome pair in a diploid cell have the same morphology unlike those in allosome pairs which may have different structure. The DNA in autosomes is collectively known as atDNA or auDNA.

Antwerp (disambiguation)

1919

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1919" }

Antwerp is a city in Belgium and capital of the Antwerp province.

Aquila

1920

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1920" }

Aquila is the Latin and Romance languages word for "eagle". Specifically, it may refer to:

Al-Qaeda

1921

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1921" }

Al-Qaeda ( or ; Arabic: القاعدة‎ ‎ "al-qāʿidah ", ] , translation: "The Base", "The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded in 1988 by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Arab volunteers who fought against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s.

Alessandro Volta

1923

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1923" }

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (] ; 18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist, chemist, and a pioneer of electricity and power, who is credited as the inventor of the electrical battery and the discoverer of methane. He invented the Voltaic pile in 1799, and reported the results of his experiments in 1800 in a two-part letter to the President of the Royal Society. With this invention Volta proved that electricity could be generated chemically and debunked the prevalent theory that electricity was generated solely by living beings. Volta's invention sparked a great amount of scientific excitement and led others to conduct similar experiments which eventually led to the development of the field of electrochemistry.

Argo Navis

1924

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1924" }

Argo Navis (the Ship Argo), or simply Argo, was a large constellation in the southern sky that has since been divided into the three constellations of Carina, Puppis and Vela. The genitive was "Argus Navis", abbreviated "Arg". Flamsteed and other early modern astronomers called the constellation just Navis (the Ship), genitive "Navis", abbreviated "Nav".

Andromeda (mythology)

1925

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1925" }

In Greek mythology, Andromeda is the daughter of the Aethiopian king Cepheus and his wife Cassiopeia. When Cassiopeia's hubris leads her to boast that Andromeda is more beautiful than the Nereids, Poseidon sends the sea monster Cetus to ravage Aethiopia as divine punishment. Andromeda is stripped and chained naked to a rock as a sacrifice to sate the monster, but is saved from death by Perseus.

Antlia

1926

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1926" }

Antlia ( ; from Ancient Greek "ἀντλία") is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere. Its name means "pump" in Latin; it represents an air pump. Originally Antlia Pneumatica, the constellation was established by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century, though its name was later abbreviated by John Herschel. Located close to the stars forming the old constellation of the ship Argo Navis, Antlia is completely visible from latitudes south of 49 degrees north.

Ara (constellation)

1927

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1927" }

Ara (Latin: "The Altar") is a southern constellation situated between Scorpius and Triangulum Australe. Ara (Greek: Βωμός) was one of the 48 Greek constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union.

Arkansas

1930

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1930" }

Arkansas (pronounced ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States, home to over 3 million people as of 2017. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the Quapaw Indians. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta.

Atmosphere (disambiguation)

1931

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1931" }

An atmosphere is a gas layer around a celestial body.

Apus

1933

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1933" }

Apus is a small constellation in the southern sky. It represents a bird-of-paradise, and its name means "without feet" in Greek because the bird-of-paradise was once wrongly believed to lack feet. First depicted on a celestial globe by Petrus Plancius in 1598, it was charted on a star atlas by Johann Bayer in his 1603 "Uranometria". The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted and gave the brighter stars their Bayer designations in 1756.

Abadan, Iran

1934

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1934" }

Abadan (Persian: آبادان‎ ‎ "Ābādān") is a city in and the capital of Abadan County, Khuzestan Province which is located in central west of Iran. It lies on Abadan Island (68 km long, 3–19 km or 2–12 miles wide), the island is bounded in the west by the Arvand waterway and to the east by the Bahmanshir outlet of the Karun River (the Shatt al-Arab), 53 km from the Persian Gulf, near the Iraqi-Iran border.

Alexander Fleming

1937

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1937" }

Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 188111 March 1955) was a Scottish physician, biologist, pharmacologist and botanist. His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the world's first antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) from the mould "Penicillium notatum" in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy.

Andrew Carnegie

1938

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1938" }

Andrew Carnegie ( , but commonly or ; November 25, 1835August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist.

Approximant consonant

1939

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1939" }

Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. Therefore, approximants fall between fricatives, which do produce a turbulent airstream, and vowels, which produce no turbulence. This class of sounds includes lateral approximants like [l] (as in "less"), non-lateral approximants like [ɹ] (as in "rest"), and semivowels like [j] and [w] (as in "yes" and "west", respectively).

Astronomer Royal

1940

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1940" }

Astronomer Royal is a senior post in the Royal Households of the United Kingdom. There are two officers, the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from 22 June 1675; the second is the Astronomer Royal for Scotland dating from 1834.

Aeon

1941

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1941" }

The word aeon , also spelled eon (in American English) and æon, originally meant "life", "vital force" or "being", "generation" or "a period of time", though it tended to be translated as "age" in the sense of "ages", "forever", "timeless" or "for eternity". It is a Latin transliteration from the koine Greek word ὁ αἰών ("ho aion"), from the archaic αἰϝών ("aiwon"). In Homer it typically refers to life or lifespan. Its latest meaning is more or less similar to the Sanskrit word "kalpa" and Hebrew word "olam". A cognate Latin word "aevum" or "aeuum" (cf. αἰϝών ) for "age" is present in words such as "longevity" and "mediaeval".

Airline

1942

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1942" }

An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body.

Australian Democrats

1943

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1943" }

The Australian Democrats is an Australian political party in existence since 1977. It was Australia's largest minor party from its formation through to the early 2000s, and frequently held the balance of power in the Senate during that time.

Australian Capital Territory

1944

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1944" }

The Australian Capital Territory (ACT; known as the Federal Capital Territory until 1938) is Australia's federal district, located in the south-east of the country and enclaved within the state of New South Wales. It contains Canberra, the capital city of Australia.

Unit of alcohol

1946

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1946" }

Units of alcohol are used in the United Kingdom (UK) as a measure to quantify the actual alcoholic content within a given volume of an alcoholic beverage, in order to provide guidance on total alcohol consumption.

Aotus

1947

{ "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1947" }

Aotus (the name is derived from the Ancient Greek words for "earless" in both cases: the monkey is missing external ears, and the pea is missing earlike bracteoles) may refer to: