Datasets:

GEM
/

FairytaleQA

story_name stringlengths 4 79	content stringlengths 94 6.77k	answer stringlengths 4 353	question stringlengths 12 136	gem_id stringlengths 23 26	target stringlengths 12 136	references list	local_or_sum stringclasses 2 values	attribute stringclasses 7 values	ex_or_im stringclasses 2 values
three-dogs	once upon a time there was a king who went forth into the world and fetched back a beautiful queen . and after they had been married a while god gave them a little daughter . then there was great rejoicing in the city and throughout the country , for the people wished their king all that was good , since he was kind an...	the people wished their king all that was good .	why was there great rejoicing in the city and throughout the country ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-0	why was there great rejoicing in the city and throughout the country ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
three-dogs	once upon a time there was a king who went forth into the world and fetched back a beautiful queen . and after they had been married a while god gave them a little daughter . then there was great rejoicing in the city and throughout the country , for the people wished their king all that was good , since he was kind an...	kind and just .	what type of ruler was the king ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-1	what type of ruler was the king ?	[]	local	character	explicit
three-dogs	once upon a time there was a king who went forth into the world and fetched back a beautiful queen . and after they had been married a while god gave them a little daughter . then there was great rejoicing in the city and throughout the country , for the people wished their king all that was good , since he was kind an...	a strange - looking old woman .	who entered the room while the child lay in its cradle ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-2	who entered the room while the child lay in its cradle ?	[]	local	character	explicit
three-dogs	once upon a time there was a king who went forth into the world and fetched back a beautiful queen . and after they had been married a while god gave them a little daughter . then there was great rejoicing in the city and throughout the country , for the people wished their king all that was good , since he was kind an...	be allowed out under the open sky until she were full fifteen years of age .	what did the old woman say the child must not be allowed the do ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-3	what did the old woman say the child must not be allowed the do ?	[]	local	action	explicit
three-dogs	once upon a time there was a king who went forth into the world and fetched back a beautiful queen . and after they had been married a while god gave them a little daughter . then there was great rejoicing in the city and throughout the country , for the people wished their king all that was good , since he was kind an...	the mountain troll would fetch her .	what would happen if the child went under the open sky before she was full fifteen years of age ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-4	what would happen if the child went under the open sky before she was full fifteen years of age ?	[]	local	action	explicit
three-dogs	once upon a time there was a king who went forth into the world and fetched back a beautiful queen . and after they had been married a while god gave them a little daughter . then there was great rejoicing in the city and throughout the country , for the people wished their king all that was good , since he was kind an...	posted guards to watch over the little princess so that she would not get out under the open sky .	what did the king do because of the old woman's words ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-5	what did the king do because of the old woman's words ?	[]	local	action	explicit
three-dogs	some time afterward god gave the royal pair another little daughter , and again the whole kingdom rejoiced . but the wise old woman once more put in an appearance , and warned the king not to let the princess out under the open sky until she were full fifteen years of age . and then , after a time , god gave the royal ...	he loved his children above everything else in the world .	why did the king grieve ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-6	why did the king grieve ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
three-dogs	some time afterward god gave the royal pair another little daughter , and again the whole kingdom rejoiced . but the wise old woman once more put in an appearance , and warned the king not to let the princess out under the open sky until she were full fifteen years of age . and then , after a time , god gave the royal ...	three times .	how many princesses did the king and queen have ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-7	how many princesses did the king and queen have ?	[]	local	character	explicit
three-dogs	some time afterward god gave the royal pair another little daughter , and again the whole kingdom rejoiced . but the wise old woman once more put in an appearance , and warned the king not to let the princess out under the open sky until she were full fifteen years of age . and then , after a time , god gave the royal ...	beneath the roof of the castle .	where were the princesses to be kept ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-8	where were the princesses to be kept ?	[]	local	setting	explicit
three-dogs	now a long time passed , and the king 's daughters grew up and became the most beautiful maidens of whom one has ever heard tell . then war broke out and the king , their father , had to leave them . one day , while he was away at war , the three princesses were sitting in the window and looking out , watching the sun ...	looked out and watched the sun shine on the little flowers in the garden .	what did the three princesses do while sitting in the window ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-9	what did the three princesses do while sitting in the window ?	[]	local	action	explicit
three-dogs	now a long time passed , and the king 's daughters grew up and became the most beautiful maidens of whom one has ever heard tell . then war broke out and the king , their father , had to leave them . one day , while he was away at war , the three princesses were sitting in the window and looking out , watching the sun ...	they feared the king 's anger .	why did the guards not allow the princesses to go outside ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-10	why did the guards not allow the princesses to go outside ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
three-dogs	now a long time passed , and the king 's daughters grew up and became the most beautiful maidens of whom one has ever heard tell . then war broke out and the king , their father , had to leave them . one day , while he was away at war , the three princesses were sitting in the window and looking out , watching the sun ...	the king 's daughters pleaded so very sweetly .	why could the guards not deny the king's daughters pleas ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-11	why could the guards not deny the king's daughters pleas ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
three-dogs	now a long time passed , and the king 's daughters grew up and became the most beautiful maidens of whom one has ever heard tell . then war broke out and the king , their father , had to leave them . one day , while he was away at war , the three princesses were sitting in the window and looking out , watching the sun ...	a cloud came suddenly down , and bore them off , and all attempts to regain possession of them were fruitless .	what happened because the three daughters went outside ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-12	what happened because the three daughters went outside ?	[]	local	outcome resolution	explicit
three-dogs	now a long time passed , and the king 's daughters grew up and became the most beautiful maidens of whom one has ever heard tell . then war broke out and the king , their father , had to leave them . one day , while he was away at war , the three princesses were sitting in the window and looking out , watching the sun ...	search was made in every direction .	what did the guards do when the princesses disappeared ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-13	what did the guards do when the princesses disappeared ?	[]	local	action	explicit
three-dogs	then the whole kingdom mourned and grieved , and one may imagine that the king was anything but happy when he returned home and learned all that had happened . yet what is done can not be undone , and in the end they had to resign themselves to it . and since the king knew of no other way to help himself , he had procl...	angry .	how will the king feel when he learns what happened ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-14	how will the king feel when he learns what happened ?	[]	local	feeling	implicit
three-dogs	then the whole kingdom mourned and grieved , and one may imagine that the king was anything but happy when he returned home and learned all that had happened . yet what is done can not be undone , and in the end they had to resign themselves to it . and since the king knew of no other way to help himself , he had procl...	whoever would deliver his three daughters out of the power of the mountain troll should have one of them for his bride , and with her half of the kingdom .	how did the king plan to get his daughters back ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-15	how did the king plan to get his daughters back ?	[]	local	action	explicit
three-dogs	and now we will let the king 's sons ride out over the world on their quest , while we turn to other people . far , far out in the wild wood there lived a poor widow , who had an only son who drove his mother 's pigs to pasture every day . and as he crossed the fields , he whittled himself a flute , and amused himself ...	far , far out in the wild wood .	where did a poor widow live ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-16	where did a poor widow live ?	[]	local	setting	explicit
three-dogs	and now we will let the king 's sons ride out over the world on their quest , while we turn to other people . far , far out in the wild wood there lived a poor widow , who had an only son who drove his mother 's pigs to pasture every day . and as he crossed the fields , he whittled himself a flute , and amused himself ...	whittled himself a flute , and amused himself playing it .	what did the boy do while he crossed the fields ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-17	what did the boy do while he crossed the fields ?	[]	local	action	explicit
three-dogs	now it chanced that the young swine - herd once sat in the wood blowing his flute , while his three pigs were digging under the pine - roots . and an old , old man came along , with a beard so long and so broad that it hung far below his girdle . the old man had a large , powerful dog with him . when the youth saw the ...	an old , old man .	who came along while the young-swine herd sat in the woof ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-18	who came along while the young-swine herd sat in the woof ?	[]	local	character	explicit
three-dogs	now it chanced that the young swine - herd once sat in the wood blowing his flute , while his three pigs were digging under the pine - roots . and an old , old man came along , with a beard so long and so broad that it hung far below his girdle . the old man had a large , powerful dog with him . when the youth saw the ...	happy .	how did the boy feel about the great dog ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-19	how did the boy feel about the great dog ?	[]	local	feeling	implicit
three-dogs	now it chanced that the young swine - herd once sat in the wood blowing his flute , while his three pigs were digging under the pine - roots . and an old , old man came along , with a beard so long and so broad that it hung far below his girdle . the old man had a large , powerful dog with him . when the youth saw the ...	whatever you told him to take hold of he would seize , even though it were the grimmest of trolls .	why was the dog not like other dogs ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-20	why was the dog not like other dogs ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
three-dogs	now it chanced that the young swine - herd once sat in the wood blowing his flute , while his three pigs were digging under the pine - roots . and an old , old man came along , with a beard so long and so broad that it hung far below his girdle . the old man had a large , powerful dog with him . when the youth saw the ...	the gray pig .	what did the youth give up in exchange for the dog ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-21	what did the youth give up in exchange for the dog ?	[]	local	action	explicit
three-dogs	in the evening he called his dog and drove his pigs home . but when his old mother heard that he had given away the gray pig for a dog , she was angry beyond measure , and gave her son a good drubbing . the youth told her to calm herself ; but all in vain , the longer it lasted the more furious she became . then , sinc...	angry beyond measure .	how did the youth's old mother feel about the exchange ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-22	how did the youth's old mother feel about the exchange ?	[]	local	feeling	explicit
three-dogs	in the evening he called his dog and drove his pigs home . but when his old mother heard that he had given away the gray pig for a dog , she was angry beyond measure , and gave her son a good drubbing . the youth told her to calm herself ; but all in vain , the longer it lasted the more furious she became . then , sinc...	he did not know what else to do .	why did the youth command the dog to take hold ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-23	why did the youth command the dog to take hold ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
three-dogs	in the evening he called his dog and drove his pigs home . but when his old mother heard that he had given away the gray pig for a dog , she was angry beyond measure , and gave her son a good drubbing . the youth told her to calm herself ; but all in vain , the longer it lasted the more furious she became . then , sinc...	they were friends once more .	what happened because the woman had to promise her to make the best of the matter ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-24	what happened because the woman had to promise her to make the best of the matter ?	[]	local	outcome resolution	explicit
three-dogs	the following day the youth went to the wood again , with his dog and the two pigs . after a time he sat down and played his flute as usual , and the dog danced to his playing with such skill , that it was nothing short of a miracle . and as he was sitting there , the old man with the gray beard came out of the wood ag...	angry .	how will the youth's mother feel when she sees he has exchanged a pig for another dog ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-25	how will the youth's mother feel when she sees he has exchanged a pig for another dog ?	[]	local	prediction	explicit
three-dogs	but the youth was happy in the idea that he had made a capital exchange ; although he knew that his old mother would not be content with it . and when evening came , and the youth went home , his old mother was no less angry than she had been before . but this time she did not venture to beat her son , because she was ...	she was afraid of the great dog .	why did the mother not venture to beat her son ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-26	why did the mother not venture to beat her son ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
three-dogs	now it chanced that the young swine - herd once sat in the wood blowing his flute , while his three pigs were digging under the pine - roots . and an old , old man came along , with a beard so long and so broad that it hung far below his girdle . the old man had a large , powerful dog with him . when the youth saw the ...	three times .	how many times did the boy make an exchange with the old gray-beard ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-27	how many times did the boy make an exchange with the old gray-beard ?	[]	summary	action	implicit
three-dogs	yet before he went he said : " you will be satisfied with your exchange , for this dog is not like other dogs . his name is ' hark ! ' and his hearing is so keen that he hears everything that happens , though it be happening many miles away . he even hears the grass and the trees grow . " then they parted in the friend...	he thought that now he need fear nothing in the world .	why was the youth happy ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-28	why was the youth happy ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
three-dogs	yet before he went he said : " you will be satisfied with your exchange , for this dog is not like other dogs . his name is ' hark ! ' and his hearing is so keen that he hears everything that happens , though it be happening many miles away . he even hears the grass and the trees grow . " then they parted in the friend...	the dogs were good hunters .	how did the dogs help the boy and his mother not suffer want ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-29	how did the dogs help the boy and his mother not suffer want ?	[]	local	action	implicit
three-dogs	and he fared forth over mountains and tangled ways , and came into the heart of a sombre forest . there he met the gray - beard of whom i have already told you . and when he met him the youth was much pleased , and said : " good - day , grandfather , and thanks for the last time ! " and the old man replied : " good - d...	the royal castle .	where did the old man say the youth's fortune will turn ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-30	where did the old man say the youth's fortune will turn ?	[]	local	setting	explicit
three-dogs	after he had wandered long and far , he at length came to a great city , whose streets were filled with people . the youth wondered what it all meant , and at last reached the spot where , to the sound of bell , the king 's proclamation was being cried - that whoever should deliver the three princesses out of the power...	request to search for his daughters .	what will the youth do at the king's castle ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-31	what will the youth do at the king's castle ?	[]	local	prediction	implicit
three-dogs	but there all had been grief and mourning since the day the king 's daughters had disappeared . and of them all the king and queen were the most sorrowful . then the youth went to the keeper of the door , and asked him whether he might play and show his dogs before the king . the courtiers were willing , for they hoped...	merry .	how did the king feel when he heard the youth's playing and saw the skillful dancing of his dogs ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-32	how did the king feel when he heard the youth's playing and saw the skillful dancing of his dogs ?	[]	local	feeling	explicit
three-dogs	when the dance was over , the king asked the youth what he asked as a reward for having given him such a pleasure . the youth answered : " my lord king , i did not come to you to win gold and gear . but i have another request to make : that you allow me to set out and search for your three daughters , carried away by a...	the youth had asked about the king 's three daughters .	why did the king's thoughts once more grow gloomy ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-33	why did the king's thoughts once more grow gloomy ?	[]	local	causal relationship	implicit
three-dogs	now it chanced that the young swine - herd once sat in the wood blowing his flute , while his three pigs were digging under the pine - roots . and an old , old man came along , with a beard so long and so broad that it hung far below his girdle . the old man had a large , powerful dog with him . when the youth saw the ...	his dogs .	who will help the youth rescue the princesses ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-34	who will help the youth rescue the princesses ?	[]	summary	prediction	explicit
three-dogs	now he passed through many broad kingdoms without meeting with any special adventures . and wherever he went his dogs followed him . " hark ! " ran along and listened for anything worth hearing to be heard around them ; " take hold ! " carried his master 's knapsack and " tear ! " who was the strongest , carried his ma...	the king 's daughter .	what did "hark!" tell that master he had heard at a high mountain ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-35	what did "hark!" tell that master he had heard at a high mountain ?	[]	local	action	explicit
three-dogs	now he passed through many broad kingdoms without meeting with any special adventures . and wherever he went his dogs followed him . " hark ! " ran along and listened for anything worth hearing to be heard around them ; " take hold ! " carried his master 's knapsack and " tear ! " who was the strongest , carried his ma...	the youth ordered his dogs .	why did the dogs break down the door into the mountain ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-36	why did the dogs break down the door into the mountain ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
three-dogs	now he passed through many broad kingdoms without meeting with any special adventures . and wherever he went his dogs followed him . " hark ! " ran along and listened for anything worth hearing to be heard around them ; " take hold ! " carried his master 's knapsack and " tear ! " who was the strongest , carried his ma...	a lovely maiden .	who did the youth see when he stepped into the mountain ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-37	who did the youth see when he stepped into the mountain ?	[]	local	character	explicit
three-dogs	now he passed through many broad kingdoms without meeting with any special adventures . and wherever he went his dogs followed him . " hark ! " ran along and listened for anything worth hearing to be heard around them ; " take hold ! " carried his master 's knapsack and " tear ! " who was the strongest , carried his ma...	he wanted to fight the giant .	why did the youth want to wait for the giant's return ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-38	why did the youth want to wait for the giant's return ?	[]	local	causal relationship	implicit
three-dogs	now he passed through many broad kingdoms without meeting with any special adventures . and wherever he went his dogs followed him . " hark ! " ran along and listened for anything worth hearing to be heard around them ; " take hold ! " carried his master 's knapsack and " tear ! " who was the strongest , carried his ma...	angry .	how will the giant feel when he sees that youth has broken in ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-39	how will the giant feel when he sees that youth has broken in ?	[]	local	prediction	explicit
three-dogs	while they were talking together , the giant came riding along on his colt shod with gold . when he saw the gate standing open he grew furiously angry and shouted till the whole mountain shook : " who has broken my mountain door ? " the youth boldly answered : " i did , and now i shall break you as well ! ' take hold !...	saddled the giant 's colt , loaded it with all the gold and gear he found in the mountain , and hastily went away with the king 's beautiful daughter .	what did the youth do after he slayed the giant ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-40	what did the youth do after he slayed the giant ?	[]	local	action	explicit
three-dogs	they passed on together a long distance . then , one day , " hark ! " who always ran ahead scouting , came quickly back to his master , and told him he had been near a high mountain , and had heard the king 's second daughter sitting within it winding golden yarn , and that the troll himself was not at home . this was ...	hurried toward the mountain with his faithful dogs .	what did the youth do when "hark!" told him of the second daughter ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-41	what did the youth do when "hark!" told him of the second daughter ?	[]	local	action	explicit
three-dogs	while they were still talking together , the giant came riding on his steed shod with gold , and drew up outside the mountain . when he noticed that the great door was open , he grew furiously angry , and shouted till the mountain trembled to its very roots . he said : " who has broken my mountain door ? " the youth bo...	glad .	how did the two princesses feel when they were reunited ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-42	how did the two princesses feel when they were reunited ?	[]	local	feeling	implicit
three-dogs	now he passed through many broad kingdoms without meeting with any special adventures . and wherever he went his dogs followed him . " hark ! " ran along and listened for anything worth hearing to be heard around them ; " take hold ! " carried his master 's knapsack and " tear ! " who was the strongest , carried his ma...	" hark ! " .	who found all three princesses ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-43	who found all three princesses ?	[]	summary	character	explicit
three-dogs	now he passed through many broad kingdoms without meeting with any special adventures . and wherever he went his dogs followed him . " hark ! " ran along and listened for anything worth hearing to be heard around them ; " take hold ! " carried his master 's knapsack and " tear ! " who was the strongest , carried his ma...	he heard them .	how did "hark!" know where the three princesses were located ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-44	how did "hark!" know where the three princesses were located ?	[]	summary	action	implicit
three-dogs	while they were still talking the giant came riding along on his colt shod with gold , and drew up at the foot of the mountain . when he went in he saw that uninvited guests had arrived , and was much frightened ; for well he knew of the fate that had befallen his brothers . he therefore thought it advisable to fall ba...	he knew of the fate that had befallen his brothers .	why was the giant frightened ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-45	why was the giant frightened ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
three-dogs	while they were still talking the giant came riding along on his colt shod with gold , and drew up at the foot of the mountain . when he went in he saw that uninvited guests had arrived , and was much frightened ; for well he knew of the fate that had befallen his brothers . he therefore thought it advisable to fall ba...	he thought it advisable to fall back upon cunning and treachery , for he had not dared to venture on open battle .	why did the giant make many fine speeches and was very friendly and smooth with the youth ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-46	why did the giant make many fine speeches and was very friendly and smooth with the youth ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
three-dogs	and since the troll knew so well how to talk , the youth allowed himself to be beguiled by his smooth words , and forgot to be on his guard . he sat down to the table with the giant ; but the king 's daughter wept secretly , and the dogs were very restless ; though no one paid them any attention . when the giant and hi...	the troll knew so well how to talk .	why did the youth forget to be on his guard ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-47	why did the youth forget to be on his guard ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
three-dogs	and since the troll knew so well how to talk , the youth allowed himself to be beguiled by his smooth words , and forgot to be on his guard . he sat down to the table with the giant ; but the king 's daughter wept secretly , and the dogs were very restless ; though no one paid them any attention . when the giant and hi...	the troll will attack him .	what will happen because the youth sent his dogs away ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-48	what will happen because the youth sent his dogs away ?	[]	local	prediction	implicit
three-dogs	thus a long time passed ; but nothing was heard of the wine nor of the dogs . then the giant said : " i can see that your dogs do not do as you bid them , otherwise we should not have to sit here and thirst . i think it would be well if you let ' hark ! ' go up and see why they do not come back . " the youth agreed , a...	a high wall rose around them , and they were made a prisoner by the giant 's magic power .	what happened when the dogs reached the top of the mountain ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-49	what happened when the dogs reached the top of the mountain ?	[]	local	outcome resolution	explicit
three-dogs	now that all three dogs were gone , the giant rose , and suddenly looked altogether different . he took down a long sword from the wall , and said : " now i will do what my brothers did not do , and you must die at once , for you are in my power ! " then the youth was frightened , and he regretted he had allowed his do...	frightened .	how did the youth feel when all three dogs were gone, and the giant rose ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-50	how did the youth feel when all three dogs were gone, and the giant rose ?	[]	local	feeling	explicit
three-dogs	now that all three dogs were gone , the giant rose , and suddenly looked altogether different . he took down a long sword from the wall , and said : " now i will do what my brothers did not do , and you must die at once , for you are in my power ! " then the youth was frightened , and he regretted he had allowed his do...	play a psalm on his flute .	what did the youth ask to do ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-51	what did the youth ask to do ?	[]	local	action	explicit
three-dogs	now when the king 's daughters met again there was great joy , as may well be imagined , and all thanked the youth for delivering them out of the power of the mountain trolls . but the youth fell deeply in love with the youngest princess , and they promised to be true to each other . so the king 's daughters passed on ...	the youngest princess .	who did the youth fall deeply in love with ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-52	who did the youth fall deeply in love with ?	[]	local	character	explicit
three-dogs	one day while they were still underway , they met two wanderers , who were traveling the same road . the clothes of the two strangers were torn and their feet were sore , and their whole appearance showed that they had a long journey behind them . the youth stopped his wagon , and asked them who they were and whence th...	two princes .	who were the two wanderers ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-53	who were the two wanderers ?	[]	local	character	explicit
three-dogs	now when the princes learned that the youth had delivered the king 's three daughters , a great jealousy took possession of them , and they thought of how badly they had fared in their own venture . and they took counsel together as to how they might get the better of the youth , and win power and glory for themselves ...	they were jealous of the youth .	why did the two princes seize the youth by the throat and strangle him ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-54	why did the two princes seize the youth by the throat and strangle him ?	[]	local	causal relationship	implicit
three-dogs	after this great wrong the princes drove to the royal castle , and one may well imagine how happy the king was to get back his three daughters . in the meantime the poor youth lay like dead off in a gorge in the forest . yet he was not quite dead , and his faithful dogs lay about him , kept him warm , and licked his wo...	the three princesses had returned .	why was the whole court full of joy and merriment ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-55	why was the whole court full of joy and merriment ?	[]	summary	causal relationship	implicit
how-boots-befooled-king	once upon a time there was a king who was the wisest in all of the world . so wise was he that no one had ever befooled him , which is a rare thing , i can tell you . now , this king had a daughter who was as pretty as a ripe apple , so that there was no end to the number of the lads who came asking to marry her . ever...	the king 's daughter .	who was as pretty as a ripe apple ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-56	who was as pretty as a ripe apple ?	[]	local	character	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	once upon a time there was a king who was the wisest in all of the world . so wise was he that no one had ever befooled him , which is a rare thing , i can tell you . now , this king had a daughter who was as pretty as a ripe apple , so that there was no end to the number of the lads who came asking to marry her . ever...	they wanted to marry the king 's daughter .	why were two or three men dawdling around the house every day ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-57	why were two or three men dawdling around the house every day ?	[]	local	causal relationship	implicit
how-boots-befooled-king	now , there was a man who was well off in the world , and who had three sons ; the first was named peter , and the second was named paul . peter and paul thought themselves as wise as anybody in all of the world , and their father thought as they did . as for the youngest son , he was named boots . nobody thought anyth...	three .	how many sons did the well off man have ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-58	how many sons did the well off man have ?	[]	local	character	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	now , there was a man who was well off in the world , and who had three sons ; the first was named peter , and the second was named paul . peter and paul thought themselves as wise as anybody in all of the world , and their father thought as they did . as for the youngest son , he was named boots . nobody thought anyth...	nothing but sit poking in the warm ashes .	what did boots do all day ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-59	what did boots do all day ?	[]	local	action	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	now , there was a man who was well off in the world , and who had three sons ; the first was named peter , and the second was named paul . peter and paul thought themselves as wise as anybody in all of the world , and their father thought as they did . as for the youngest son , he was named boots . nobody thought anyth...	it would be a fine thing to have a princess in the family .	why did peter want a try at befooling the king ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-60	why did peter want a try at befooling the king ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	oh ! he would only like to have a try at befooling the king . very good ; he should have his try . he was not the first one who had been there that morning , early as it was . so peter was shown in to the king . " oh , look ! " said he , " yonder are three black geese out in the court - yard " but no , the king was not...	because he did not fool the king .	why was peter given a whipping ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-61	why was peter given a whipping ?	[]	local	causal relationship	implicit
how-boots-befooled-king	oh ! he would only like to have a try at befooling the king . very good ; he should have his try . he was not the first one who had been there that morning , early as it was . so peter was shown in to the king . " oh , look ! " said he , " yonder are three black geese out in the court - yard " but no , the king was not...	paul .	who decided to try to befool the king after peter ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-62	who decided to try to befool the king after peter ?	[]	local	character	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	oh ! he would only like to have a try at befooling the king . very good ; he should have his try . he was not the first one who had been there that morning , early as it was . so peter was shown in to the king . " oh , look ! " said he , " yonder are three black geese out in the court - yard " but no , the king was not...	a crow .	what did paul say was sitting in the tree ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-63	what did paul say was sitting in the tree ?	[]	summary	action	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	but the king was not so silly as to be fooled in that way . " here is a jack , " said he , " who will soon have more stripes on his back than he will like . take him away and give him his whipping ! " then it was done as the king had said , and paul went away home bawling like a calf . one day up spoke boots . " i shou...	he was annoyed by boots ' begging .	why did his father let boots go to the king ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-64	why did his father let boots go to the king ?	[]	local	causal relationship	implicit
how-boots-befooled-king	but the king was not so silly as to be fooled in that way . " here is a jack , " said he , " who will soon have more stripes on his back than he will like . take him away and give him his whipping ! " then it was done as the king had said , and paul went away home bawling like a calf . one day up spoke boots . " i shou...	the old tattered hat that hung back of the chimney .	what did boots ask to have ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-65	what did boots ask to have ?	[]	local	action	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	oh , yes , he might have that if he wanted it , for nobody with good wits was likely to wear such a thing . so boots took the hat , and after he had brushed the ashes from his shoes set off for the town , whistling as he went . the first body whom he met was an old woman with a great load of earthenware pots and crocks...	an old woman .	who was the first person boots met on his way to the king ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-66	who was the first person boots met on his way to the king ?	[]	local	character	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	oh , yes , he might have that if he wanted it , for nobody with good wits was likely to wear such a thing . so boots took the hat , and after he had brushed the ashes from his shoes set off for the town , whistling as he went . the first body whom he met was an old woman with a great load of earthenware pots and crocks...	the king 's house .	where did boots and the old woman go togethe ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-67	where did boots and the old woman go togethe ?	[]	local	setting	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	so he kept on , bawling louder and louder until he made such a noise that , at last , the king himself came out to see what all of the hubbub was about . but when boots saw him he only bawled out louder than ever , " no , i will not ! i will not do it , i say ! " " stop ! stop ! " cried the king , " what is all this ab...	a fooling cap .	what did boots call his cap ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-68	what did boots call his cap ?	[]	local	action	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	so he kept on , bawling louder and louder until he made such a noise that , at last , the king himself came out to see what all of the hubbub was about . but when boots saw him he only bawled out louder than ever , " no , i will not ! i will not do it , i say ! " " stop ! stop ! " cried the king , " what is all this ab...	that old body yonder with the pots and the crocks .	who did the king ask boots to fool ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-69	who did the king ask boots to fool ?	[]	local	character	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	" oh , yes ! that is easily enough done , " said boots , and without more ado he took off his tattered cap and blew into it . then he put it on his head again and bawled out , " break pots ! break pots ! " no sooner had he spoken these words than the old woman jumped up and began breaking and smashing her pots and croc...	the old woman started breaking her pots .	what happened when boots yelled out "break pots, break pots" ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-70	what happened when boots yelled out "break pots, break pots" ?	[]	local	outcome resolution	implicit
how-boots-befooled-king	" oh , yes ! that is easily enough done , " said boots , and without more ado he took off his tattered cap and blew into it . then he put it on his head again and bawled out , " break pots ! break pots ! " no sooner had he spoken these words than the old woman jumped up and began breaking and smashing her pots and croc...	a whole bag of gold money .	what did the king offer in exchange for the hat ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-71	what did the king offer in exchange for the hat ?	[]	local	action	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	at this boots looked up and looked down , scratching his head . well , he supposed he would have to sell the hat some time , and the king might as well have it as anybody else . but for all that he did not like parting with it . so the king gave boots the bag of gold , and boots gave the king the old tattered hat , and...	he did not befool so much as a single titmouse .	what happened when the king blew into the hat ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-72	what happened when the king blew into the hat ?	[]	local	outcome resolution	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	at this boots looked up and looked down , scratching his head . well , he supposed he would have to sell the hat some time , and the king might as well have it as anybody else . but for all that he did not like parting with it . so the king gave boots the bag of gold , and boots gave the king the old tattered hat , and...	the finest clothes that were to be had in the town .	what did boots buy with the bag of gold ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-73	what did boots buy with the bag of gold ?	[]	local	action	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	at this the king hemmed and hawed and scratched his head . yes ; boots had befooled him sure enough , but , after all , he could not give up the princess for such a thing as that . still , he would give boots another chance . now , there was the high - councillor , who was the wisest man in all of the world . did boots...	the high - councillor .	who did the king ask boots to fool ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-74	who did the king ask boots to fool ?	[]	local	character	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	but boots was not going to fall into any such trap as that ! no indeed ! not he ! the next morning he went quietly and bought a fine large meal - sack . then he put a black wig over his beautiful red hair , so that no one might know him . after that he went to the place where the high - councillor lived , and when he h...	a black wig .	what did boots put over his read hair ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-75	what did boots put over his read hair ?	[]	local	action	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	" and what wisdom have you learned ? " said the councillor . oh ! boots had learned wisdom about everything in the world . he had learned that the clever scamp who had fooled the king yesterday was coming with seventeen tall men to take the high - councillor , willy - nilly , to the castle that morning . when the high ...	a hundred dollars .	how much money does the councillor offer the wise man in the end ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-76	how much money does the councillor offer the wise man in the end ?	[]	local	action	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	so boots crawled out of the sack , and the councillor paid his hundred dollars and crawled in . as soon as he was in all snug and safe , boots drew the mouth of the sack together and tied it tightly . then he flung sack , councillor , and all over his shoulder , and started away to the king 's house , and anybody who m...	boots closed the sack and started walking toward the king 's house .	what happened when the councillor crawled into the sack ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-77	what happened when the councillor crawled into the sack ?	[]	local	outcome resolution	implicit
how-boots-befooled-king	but the king was not willing for him to marry the princess yet ; no ! no ! boots must not go so fast . there was more to be done yet . if he would come to - morrow morning he might have the princess and welcome , but he would have to pick her out from among fourscore other maids just like her ; did he think that he cou...	his mouse in his box .	what did boots bring with him to the king's house the next morning ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-78	what did boots bring with him to the king's house the next morning ?	[]	local	action	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	there was the king , standing in the doorway , looking out into the street . when he saw boots coming towards him he made a wry face . " what ! " said he , " are you back again ? " oh , yes ! boots was back again . and now if the princess was ready he would like to go and find her , for lost time was not to be gathered...	eighty - one .	how many maidens stoof in the great room ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-79	how many maidens stoof in the great room ?	[]	local	character	explicit
how-boots-befooled-king	there was the king , standing in the doorway , looking out into the street . when he saw boots coming towards him he made a wry face . " what ! " said he , " are you back again ? " oh , yes ! boots was back again . and now if the princess was ready he would like to go and find her , for lost time was not to be gathered...	because boots released a mouse into the room .	why was there screaming and hubbub ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-80	why was there screaming and hubbub ?	[]	local	causal relationship	implicit
how-boots-befooled-king	" this is the princess , " said boots . and so it was . after that the king could think of nothing more to set boots to do , so he let him marry the princess as he had promised , and have half of the kingdom to boot . that is all of this story . only this : it is not always the silliest one that sits kicking his feet i...	the king could think of nothing more to set boots to do .	why did the king let boots marry the princess ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-81	why did the king let boots marry the princess ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	once upon a time there was a woman who had a son . he was so lazy and slow that there was not a single blessed useful thing he would do . but he liked to sing and to dance , and that is what he did all day long , and far into the night as well . the longer this went on , the worse off his mother was . the youth was gro...	lazy and slow .	what type of person was the woman's son ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-82	what type of person was the woman's son ?	[]	local	character	explicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	once upon a time there was a woman who had a son . he was so lazy and slow that there was not a single blessed useful thing he would do . but he liked to sing and to dance , and that is what he did all day long , and far into the night as well . the longer this went on , the worse off his mother was . the youth was gro...	there was not a single blessed useful thing he would do .	what happened because the son was so lazy and slow ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-83	what happened because the son was so lazy and slow ?	[]	local	outcome resolution	explicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	once upon a time there was a woman who had a son . he was so lazy and slow that there was not a single blessed useful thing he would do . but he liked to sing and to dance , and that is what he did all day long , and far into the night as well . the longer this went on , the worse off his mother was . the youth was gro...	unhappy .	how did the woman feel about her son singing and dancing ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-84	how did the woman feel about her son singing and dancing ?	[]	local	feeling	implicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	once upon a time there was a woman who had a son . he was so lazy and slow that there was not a single blessed useful thing he would do . but he liked to sing and to dance , and that is what he did all day long , and far into the night as well . the longer this went on , the worse off his mother was . the youth was gro...	ripped .	what happened to the son's clothes when he skipped and danced ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-85	what happened to the son's clothes when he skipped and danced ?	[]	local	outcome resolution	implicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	once upon a time there was a woman who had a son . he was so lazy and slow that there was not a single blessed useful thing he would do . but he liked to sing and to dance , and that is what he did all day long , and far into the night as well . the longer this went on , the worse off his mother was . the youth was gro...	he would live happily ever after , and could sing and dance , and would not have to plague himself with work .	why did the son want to marry the daughter of the mother in the corner ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-86	why did the son want to marry the daughter of the mother in the corner ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	when the mother heard that she thought it might not be such a bad idea after all . she dressed up the youth as well as she could , so that he would make a good showing when he came to the mother in the corner , and then he set forth . when he stepped out the sun was shining bright and warm . it had rained during the ni...	he would make a good showing when he came to the mother in the corner .	why did the mother dress the youth as well as she could ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-87	why did the mother dress the youth as well as she could ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	once upon a time there was a woman who had a son . he was so lazy and slow that there was not a single blessed useful thing he would do . but he liked to sing and to dance , and that is what he did all day long , and far into the night as well . the longer this went on , the worse off his mother was . the youth was gro...	she could not afford to care for him anymore .	why did the mother think the youth's idea was not a bad idea ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-88	why did the mother think the youth's idea was not a bad idea ?	[]	summary	causal relationship	implicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	when the mother heard that she thought it might not be such a bad idea after all . she dressed up the youth as well as she could , so that he would make a good showing when he came to the mother in the corner , and then he set forth . when he stepped out the sun was shining bright and warm . it had rained during the ni...	sang and danced .	what did the youth do as he made his way to the mother in the corner ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-89	what did the youth do as he made his way to the mother in the corner ?	[]	local	action	explicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	when the mother heard that she thought it might not be such a bad idea after all . she dressed up the youth as well as she could , so that he would make a good showing when he came to the mother in the corner , and then he set forth . when he stepped out the sun was shining bright and warm . it had rained during the ni...	he went down and down until he was standing in a dark , ugly hole .	what happened when the youth set foot on the clump of grass ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-90	what happened when the youth set foot on the clump of grass ?	[]	local	outcome resolution	explicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	when the mother heard that she thought it might not be such a bad idea after all . she dressed up the youth as well as she could , so that he would make a good showing when he came to the mother in the corner , and then he set forth . when he stepped out the sun was shining bright and warm . it had rained during the ni...	wiggling and waggling around and had a bunch of keys hanging from her tail .	what was the rat doing when the youth saw her ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-91	what was the rat doing when the youth saw her ?	[]	local	action	explicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	" have you come , my boy ? " said the rat . " i must thank you for coming to visit me : i have been expecting you for a long time . i am sure you have come to win me , and i can well imagine that you are in a great hurry . but you must have a little patience . i am to receive a large dower , and am not yet ready for th...	to win her .	what did the rat think the youth was doing there ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-92	what did the rat think the youth was doing there ?	[]	local	action	explicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	" have you come , my boy ? " said the rat . " i must thank you for coming to visit me : i have been expecting you for a long time . i am sure you have come to win me , and i can well imagine that you are in a great hurry . but you must have a little patience . i am to receive a large dower , and am not yet ready for th...	she was to receive a larger dower and was not yet ready for the wedding .	why did the rat ask the youth to be patient ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-93	why did the rat ask the youth to be patient ?	[]	local	causal relationship	explicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	" have you come , my boy ? " said the rat . " i must thank you for coming to visit me : i have been expecting you for a long time . i am sure you have come to win me , and i can well imagine that you are in a great hurry . but you must have a little patience . i am to receive a large dower , and am not yet ready for th...	sit down and help himself .	what did the rat tell the youth to do while he waited ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-94	what did the rat tell the youth to do while he waited ?	[]	local	action	explicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	" have you come , my boy ? " said the rat . " i must thank you for coming to visit me : i have been expecting you for a long time . i am sure you have come to win me , and i can well imagine that you are in a great hurry . but you must have a little patience . i am to receive a large dower , and am not yet ready for th...	unsure .	how will the youth feel about the food provided by the rat ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-95	how will the youth feel about the food provided by the rat ?	[]	local	prediction	implicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	" have you come , my boy ? " said the rat . " i must thank you for coming to visit me : i have been expecting you for a long time . i am sure you have come to win me , and i can well imagine that you are in a great hurry . but you must have a little patience . i am to receive a large dower , and am not yet ready for th...	it was rat food .	why did the youth have no great appetite for the food ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-96	why did the youth have no great appetite for the food ?	[]	summary	causal relationship	implicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	the youth had no great appetite for this food . " if i were only away and up above again , " thought he , but he said nothing . " now i think you must surely want to get home again , " said the rat . " i am well aware that you are waiting impatiently for the wedding , and i will hurry all i can . take this linen thread...	so he could go home .	why did the rat give the youth the linen thread ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-97	why did the rat give the youth the linen thread ?	[]	local	causal relationship	implicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	the youth had no great appetite for this food . " if i were only away and up above again , " thought he , but he said nothing . " now i think you must surely want to get home again , " said the rat . " i am well aware that you are waiting impatiently for the wedding , and i will hurry all i can . take this linen thread...	excited .	how did the youth feel when the rat allowed him to go above ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-98	how did the youth feel when the rat allowed him to go above ?	[]	local	feeling	implicit
youth-who-wanted-to-win-daughter-of-mother-in-corner	the youth had no great appetite for this food . " if i were only away and up above again , " thought he , but he said nothing . " now i think you must surely want to get home again , " said the rat . " i am well aware that you are waiting impatiently for the wedding , and i will hurry all i can . take this linen thread...	short before and long behind ' .	what did the rat tell the youth to repeat ?	GEM-FairytaleQA-train-99	what did the rat tell the youth to repeat ?	[]	local	action	explicit

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Dataset Card for GEM/FairytaleQA

Link to Main Data Card

You can find the main data card on the GEM Website.

Dataset Summary

The FairytaleQA Dataset is an English-language dataset focusing on narrative comprehension of kindergarten to eighth-grade students. Generated by educational experts based on an evidence-based theoretical framework, FairytaleQA consists of 10,580 explicit and implicit questions derived from 278 children-friendly stories, covering seven types of narrative elements or relations. The Dataset was corrected to support both the tasks of Question Generation and Question Answering.

You can load the dataset via:

import datasets
data = datasets.load_dataset('GEM/FairytaleQA')

The data loader can be found here.

paper

ArXiv

authors

Ying Xu (University of California Irvine); Dakuo Wang (IBM Research); Mo Yu (IBM Research); Daniel Ritchie (University of California Irvine); Bingsheng Yao (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute); Tongshuang Wu (University of Washington); Zheng Zhang (University of Notre Dame); Toby Jia-Jun Li (University of Notre Dame); Nora Bradford (University of California Irvine); Branda Sun (University of California Irvine); Tran Bao Hoang (University of California Irvine); Yisi Sang (Syracuse University); Yufang Hou (IBM Research Ireland); Xiaojuan Ma (Hong Kong Univ. of Sci and Tech); Diyi Yang (Georgia Institute of Technology); Nanyun Peng (University of California Los Angeles); Zhou Yu (Columbia University); Mark Warschauer (University of California Irvine)

Dataset Overview

Where to find the Data and its Documentation

Download

Github

Paper

ArXiv

BibTex

@inproceedings{xu2022fairytaleqa, author={Xu, Ying and Wang, Dakuo and Yu, Mo and Ritchie, Daniel and Yao, Bingsheng and Wu, Tongshuang and Zhang, Zheng and Li, Toby Jia-Jun and Bradford, Nora and Sun, Branda and Hoang, Tran Bao and Sang, Yisi and Hou, Yufang and Ma, Xiaojuan and Yang, Diyi and Peng, Nanyun and Yu, Zhou and Warschauer, Mark}, title = {Fantastic Questions and Where to Find Them: Fairytale{QA} -- An Authentic Dataset for Narrative Comprehension}, publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics}, year = {2022} }

Contact Name

Ying Xu, Dakuo Wang

Contact Email

ying.xu@uci.edu, dakuo.wang@ibm.com

Has a Leaderboard?

yes

Leaderboard Link

PapersWithCode

Leaderboard Details

The task was to generate questions corresponding to the given answers and the story context. Success on the Question Generation task is typically measured by achieving a high ROUGE-L score to the reference ground-truth question.

Languages and Intended Use

Multilingual?

Covered Dialects

[N/A]

Covered Languages

English

Whose Language?

[N/A]

License

unknown: License information unavailable

Intended Use

The purpose of this dataset is to help develop systems to facilitate assessment and training of narrative comprehension skills for children in education domain. The dataset distinguishes fine-grained reading skills, such as the understanding of varying narrative elements, and contains high-quality QA-pairs generated by education experts with sufficient training and education domain knowledge to create valid QA-pairs in a consistent way.

This dataset is suitable for developing models to automatically generate questions and QA-Pairs that satisfy the need for a continuous supply of new questions, which can potentially enable large-scale development of AI-supported interactive platforms for the learning and assessment of reading comprehension skills.

Primary Task

Question Generation

Communicative Goal

The task was to generate questions corresponding to the given answers and the story context. Models trained for this task can potentially enable large-scale development of AI-supported interactive platforms for the learning and assessment of reading comprehension skills.

Credit

Curation Organization Type(s)

academic

Curation Organization(s)

University of California Irvine

Dataset Creators

Funding

Schmidt Futures

Who added the Dataset to GEM?

Dakuo Wang (IBM Research); Bingsheng Yao (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute); Ying Xu (University of California Irvine)

Dataset Structure

Data Fields

story_name: a string of the story name to which the story section content belongs. Full story data can be found here.
content: a string of the story section(s) content related to the experts' labeled QA-pair. Used as the input for both Question Generation and Question Answering tasks.
question: a string of the question content. Used as the input for Question Answering task and as the output for Question Generation task.
answer: a string of the answer content for all splits. Used as the input for Question Generation task and as the output for Question Answering task.
gem_id: a string of id follows GEM naming convention GEM-${DATASET_NAME}-${SPLIT-NAME}-${id} where id is an incrementing number starting at 1
target: a string of the question content being used for training
references: a list of string containing the question content being used for automatic eval
local_or_sum: a string of either local or summary, indicating whether the QA is related to one story section or multiple sections
attribute: a string of one of character, causal relationship, action, setting, feeling, prediction, or outcome resolution. Classification of the QA by education experts annotators via 7 narrative elements on an established framework
ex_or_im: a string of either explicit or implicit, indicating whether the answers can be directly found in the story content or cannot be directly from the story content.

Reason for Structure

[N/A]

How were labels chosen?

A typical data point comprises a question, the corresponding story content, and one answer. Education expert annotators labeled whether the answer is locally relevant to one story section or requires summarization capabilities from multiple story sections, and whether the answers are explicit (can be directly found in the stories) or implicit (cannot be directly found in the story text). Additionally, education expert annotators categorize the QA-pairs via 7 narrative elements from an establish framework.

Example Instance

{'story_name': 'self-did-it', 'content': '" what is your name ? " asked the girl from underground . " self is my name , " said the woman . that seemed a curious name to the girl , and she once more began to pull the fire apart . then the woman grew angry and began to scold , and built it all up again . thus they went on for a good while ; but at last , while they were in the midst of their pulling apart and building up of the fire , the woman upset the tar - barrel on the girl from underground . then the latter screamed and ran away , crying : " father , father ! self burned me ! " " nonsense , if self did it , then self must suffer for it ! " came the answer from below the hill .', 'answer': 'the woman told the girl her name was self .', 'question': "why did the girl's father think the girl burned herself ?", 'gem_id': 'GEM-FairytaleQA-test-1006', 'target': "why did the girl's father think the girl burned herself ?", 'references': ["why did the girl's father think the girl burned herself ?"], 'local_or_sum': 'local', 'attribute': 'causal relationship', 'ex_or_im': 'implicit'}

Data Splits

The data is split into a train, validation, and test split randomly. The final split sizes are as follows:

	Train	Validation	Test
# Books	232	23	23
# QA-Pairs	8548	1025	1007

Splitting Criteria

The books are randomly split into train/validation/test splits. We control the ratio of QA-pair numbers in train:validation:test splits close to 8:1:1

[N/A]

Dataset in GEM

Rationale for Inclusion in GEM

Why is the Dataset in GEM?

The dataset distinguishes fine-grained reading skills, such as the understanding of varying narrative elements, and contains high-quality QA-pairs generated by education experts with sufficient training and education domain knowledge to create valid QA-pairs in a consistent way.

Similar Datasets

Ability that the Dataset measures

This dataset is suitable for developing models to automatically generate questions or QA-pairs that satisfy the need for a continuous supply of new questions, which can potentially enable large-scale development of AI-supported interactive platforms for the learning and assessment of reading comprehension skills.

GEM-Specific Curation

Modificatied for GEM?

yes

GEM Modifications

data points removed

Modification Details

The original data contains two answers by different annotators in validation/test splits, we removed the 2nd answer for GEM version because it is not being used for the Question Generation task.

Additional Splits?

Getting Started with the Task

Pointers to Resources

[N/A]

Previous Results

Measured Model Abilities

We are able to measure model's capabilities of generating various types of questions that corresponds to different narrative elements with the FairytaleQA dataset on the Question Generation Task

Metrics

ROUGE

Proposed Evaluation

The task was to generate questions corresponding to the given answers and the story context. Success on this task is typically measured by achieving a high ROUGE score to the reference ground-truth questions.

Previous results available?

yes

Relevant Previous Results

A BART-based model currently achieves a ROUGE-L of 0.527/0.527 on valid/test splits, which is reported as the baseline experiment for the dataset paper.

Dataset Curation

Original Curation

Original Curation Rationale

FairytaleQA was built to focus on comprehension of narratives in the education domain, targeting students from kindergarten to eighth grade. We focus on narrative comprehension for 1. it is a high-level comprehension skill strongly predictive of reading achievement and plays a central role in daily life as people frequently encounter narratives in different forms, 2. narrative stories have a clear structure of specific elements and relations among these elements, and there are existing validated narrative comprehension frameworks around this structure, which provides a basis for developing the annotation schema for our dataset.

Communicative Goal

The purpose of this dataset is to help develop systems to facilitate assessment and training of narrative comprehension skills for children in education domain.

Sourced from Different Sources

Language Data

How was Language Data Obtained?

Found

Where was it found?

Single website

Language Producers

The fairytale story texts are from the Project Gutenberg website

Topics Covered

We gathered the text from the Project Gutenberg website, using “fairytale” as the search term.

Data Validation

validated by data curator

Data Preprocessing

Due to a large number of fairytales found, we used the most popular stories based on the number of downloads since these stories are presumably of higher quality. To ensure the readability of the text, we made a small number of minor revisions to some obviously outdated vocabulary (e.g., changing “ere” to “before”) and the unconventional use of punctuation (e.g., changing consecutive semi-colons to periods).

These texts were broken down into small sections based on their semantic content by our annotators. The annotators were instructed to split the story into sections of 100-300 words that also contain meaningful content and are separated at natural story breaks. An initial annotator would split the story, and this would be reviewed by a cross-checking annotator. Most of the resulting sections were one natural paragraph of the original text.

Was Data Filtered?

manually

Filter Criteria

For each story, we evaluated the reading difficulty level using the textstat Python package, primarily based on sentence length, word length, and commonness of words. We excluded stories that are at 10th grade level or above.

Structured Annotations

Additional Annotations?

expert created

Number of Raters

2<n<10

Rater Qualifications

All of these annotators have a B.A. degree in education, psychology, or cognitive science and have substantial experience in teaching and reading assessment. These annotators were supervised by three experts in literacy education.

Raters per Training Example

Raters per Test Example

Annotation Service?

Annotation Values

The dataset annotation distinguishes fine-grained reading skills, such as the understanding of varying narrative elements, and contains high-quality QA-pairs generated by education experts with sufficient training and education domain knowledge to create valid QA-pairs in a consistent way.

Any Quality Control?

validated by data curators

Quality Control Details

The annotators were instructed to imagine that they were creating questions to test elementary or middle school students in the process of reading a complete story. We required the annotators to generate only natural, open-ended questions, avoiding “yes-” or “no-” questions. We also instructed them to provide a diverse set of questions about 7 different narrative elements, and with both implicit and explicit questions.

We asked the annotators to also generate answers for each of their questions. We asked them to provide the shortest possible answers but did not restrict them to complete sentences or short phrases. We also asked the annotators to label which section(s) the question and answer was from.

All annotators received a two-week training in which each of them was familiarized with the coding template and conducted practice coding on the same five stories. The practice QA pairs were then reviewed by the other annotators and the three experts, and discrepancies among annotators were discussed. During the annotation process, the team met once every week to review and discuss each member’s work. All QA pairs were cross-checked by two annotators, and 10% of the QA pairs were additionally checked by the expert supervisor.

For the 46 stories used as the evaluation set, we annotate a second reference answer by asking an annotator to independently read the story and answer the questions generated by others.

Consent

Any Consent Policy?

yes

Consent Policy Details

During the annotation process, the team met once every week to review and discuss each member’s work. All QA pairs were cross-checked by two annotators, and 10% of the QA pairs were additionally checked by the expert supervisor.

Other Consented Downstream Use

Aside from Question Generation task, the data creators and curators used this data for Question Answering, and QA-Pair Generation tasks, and to identify social stereotypes represented in story narratives.

Private Identifying Information (PII)

Contains PII?

no PII

Justification for no PII

The story content is from publically available knowledge website and the annotated QA-pairs are about general knowledge to the story content without references to the author or to any persons

Maintenance

Any Maintenance Plan?

yes

Maintenance Plan Details

We plan to host various splits for the FairytaleQA dataset to better serve various types of research interests. We have the original data for 2 different split approaches including train/validation/test splits and split by fairytale origins. We are also plan to host the dataset on multiple platforms for various tasks.

Maintainer Contact Information

Daniel Ritchie

Any Contestation Mechanism?

no mechanism

Broader Social Context

Previous Work on the Social Impact of the Dataset

Usage of Models based on the Data

yes - models trained on this dataset

Social Impact Observations

[N/A]

Changes as Consequence of Social Impact

[N/A]

Impact on Under-Served Communities

Addresses needs of underserved Communities?

yes

Details on how Dataset Addresses the Needs

From the educational perspective, given that reading comprehension is a multicomponent skill, it is ideal for comprehension questions to be able to identify students’ performance in specific sub-skills, thus allowing teachers to provide tailored guidance.

Discussion of Biases

Any Documented Social Biases?

unsure

Are the Language Producers Representative of the Language?

[N/A]

Considerations for Using the Data

PII Risks and Liability

Potential PII Risk

[N/A]

Licenses

Copyright Restrictions on the Dataset

research use only

Copyright Restrictions on the Language Data

public domain

Known Technical Limitations

Technical Limitations

We noticed that human results are obtained via cross-estimation between the two annotated answers, thus are underestimated. One possibility for future work is to conduct a large-scale human annotation to collect more answers per question and then leverage the massively annotated answers to better establish a human performance evaluation.

Unsuited Applications

The QA-pairs annotated by education experts are targeting the audience of children from kindergarten to eighth grade, so the difficulty of QA-pairs are not suitable to compare with other existing dataset that are sourced from knowledge graphs or knowledge bases like Wikipedia.