t and unparalleled resource for inquiry into the cultures, arts, and technologies of the world's peoples, from deep in prehistory to the present day."New-York Historical Society Digital Collections: "The New-York Historical Society’s growing digital library now includes thousands of photographs of New York City, Revolutionary Era maps, manuscripts, and broadsides, Civil War materials, manuscripts relating to slavery and African American history, and numerous other historical resources from the Patricia D. Klingenstein Library as well as highlights from several Museum collections."

New York Public Library Archives & Manuscript Division: The Division holds over 31,000 linear feet of manuscripts and archives in over 5,700 collections. More than 560,000 items have been digitized.

New York Public Library Digital Collections: Currently contains more than 900,000 images.  "This site is a living database with new materials added every day, featuring prints, photographs, maps, manuscripts, streaming video, and more."


es.  "This site is a living database with new materials added every day, featuring prints, photographs, maps, manuscripts, streaming video, and more."Ransom Center Digital Collections: Digital "collections represent just a sample of the Ransom Center's diverse holdings in literature, photography, film, art, and the performing arts."

Schomburg Center, NYPL - Digital Schomburg: Amazing resource containing "exhibitions, books, articles, photographs, prints, audio and video streams, and selected external links for research in the history and cultures of the peoples of Africa and the African Diaspora."

Smithsonian Libraries - Digital Library: Includes books, drawings, photos, indexes to vertical files of artists, trade catalogs, and ephemera, as well as fascinating digital exhibitions covering a wide range of topics; and an index of all the physical exhibitions that the Smithsonian Libraries has produced over the years.

Tulane University Digital Library: "[R]are and unique collections in areas such as Latin American studies, jazz, New Orleans and Louisiana history and architecture..."

Research Libraries & Archives with Digitized Collections


Digital Library: "[R]are and unique collections in areas such as Latin American studies, jazz, New Orleans and Louisiana history and architecture..."UCLA Libary Digital Collections: "The UCLA Digital Library Program (DLP) serves as the catalyst for the creation, management, and delivery of digital content in support of the UCLA Library mission and goals. The Program provides for the storage and dissemination of digital objects, including text, images, audio, and video in their various digital manifestations and combinations."

University of Washington Digital Collections: Includes photographs, maps, newspapers, posters and other media from the University of Washington Libraries. Subjects covered include Alaska and the Yukon, Architecture, Klondike and Nome Gold Rushes, Politics and Labor, Science and Engineering, and more.

Wisconsin Historical Society: "The Society's world-class collections contain an extraordinary range of artifacts and information about American history, from the remote archaeological past to current events."


ollections contain an extraordinary range of artifacts and information about American history, from the remote archaeological past to current events."Yale University Digital Collections: The Beinecke Library has digitized more than a million images of collection material, but these represent only a fraction of total collections material on-site.


Finding Digitized Sources:
There are many places to search for digitized primary sources, including: Archival Search Tools Online Portals Research Libraries & Archives Subject-Based Collaborations Government Archives Library Databases


Indexes & Databases - A Few Highlights:
Manuscript Cookbook Survey: A database of pre-1865 English-language manuscript cookbooks held in U. S. public institutions as well as a database of kitchen artifacts used at the time these manuscripts were written.


Oral Histories:
See the Oral Histories tab in this guide for tips on finding oral history interviews and collections related to your topic. Interview transcripts and recordings are often available online.


Subject Headings - Library of Congress (LCSH):
Use the Library of Congress Authorities to identify subject terms for more effective searching in library catalogs and databases. Or try a keyword search in CUNY's OneSearch or other library catalogs to find books on your topic.  Then, look at the Library of Congress subject headings (LCSH) used to describe those books and click on the most relevant LCSHs to identify other library materials on the topic.  Keep track of the most useful LCSHs and use those subject terms when searching other databases as well.


Online Portals:
Online portals and collaborative sites are among best ways to discover digital content. These platforms make it possible to search in one place for primary sources related to a particular person, subject, region, or format that are scattered across multiple institutions. When search results turn up individual items, be sure to click on links to explore the collections that contain them.  Also look closely to determine which repositories hold the collections. Browse results by contributing institution, when possible, and visit the websites of those institutions to look for other materials on your topic.  Many archival repositories have tools that let you search across collections and limit results to digitized materials. Keep in mind that the digital items that turn up in online portals may represent just a fraction of the materials a library holds on a topic.


terials. Keep in mind that the digital items that turn up in online portals may represent just a fraction of the materials a library holds on a topic.DPLA: Digital Public Library of America: Contains over 47 million images, texts, videos, and sounds from libraries, archives, and museums across the U.S.  Search or browse by topic or contributor, and explore primary source sets and online exhibitions.

Internet Archive: The Internet Archive, a 501(c)(3) non-profit, is building a digital library of Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital form with a mission to provide universal access to all knowledge. The archive contains tens of millions of books and texts, audio recordings, videos, images, and software programs, and 625 billion web pages.

Library & Archival Exhibitions on the Web: A list of online exhibitions from libraries, archives, and historical societies maintained by the Smithsonian. Searchable by keyword, title, and  sponsoring institution. Great for finding leads to primary sources.


Subject-Based Collections & Collaborations:
Listed below are just a few of the extraordinary open access subject-based digital collections and collaborations one can discover online. One way to find others is with a Google Search. Try adding digital library or digital collections or digital archive to your subject like these sample searches: digital archive anthropology or digital library "indigenous peoples" or digital collections physics. Be flexible and try different terms for the best results.

African American History - Umbra Search: Umbra Search for African American History brings together more than 800,000 digitized items from over 1,000 libraries and archives across the country.

Biodiversity Heritage Library: "[T]he world’s largest open access digital library for biodiversity literature and archives. ... [F]ree access to hundreds of thousands of volumes, comprising over 58 million pages, from the 15th-21st centuries."


rsity literature and archives. ... [F]ree access to hundreds of thousands of volumes, comprising over 58 million pages, from the 15th-21st centuries."Black Women's Suffrage - DPLA: "[A] collaborative project to provide digital access to materials documenting the roles and experiences of Black Women in the Women’s Suffrage Movement and, more broadly, women’s rights, voting rights, and civic activism between the 1850s and 1960.  ...  [Includes] photographs, correspondence, speeches, event programs, publications, oral histories, and other artifacts."

Civil Rights Digital Library: "[T]he most ambitious and comprehensive initiative to date to deliver educational content on the Civil Rights Movement via the Web" through: a Digital Video Archive of 30 hours of historical film coverage, a Civil Rights Portal drawing on the holdings of libraries across the nation, and Instructional Materials.


ve of 30 hours of historical film coverage, a Civil Rights Portal drawing on the holdings of libraries across the nation, and Instructional Materials.Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative: "By making the form and content of cuneiform texts available online, the CDLI is opening pathways to the rich historical tradition of the ancient Middle East. In close collaboration with researchers, museums and an engaged public, the project seeks to unharness the extraordinary content of these earliest witnesses to our shared world heritage."

Digital Scriptorium: "[A] growing consortium of American libraries and museums committed to free online access to their collections of pre-modern manuscripts."

Digital Transgender Archive: The purpose of the DTA "is to increase the accessibility of transgender history by providing an online hub for digitized historical materials, born-digital materials, and information on archival holdings throughout the world."

Medical Heritage Library: "[A] digital curation collaborative among some of the world’s leading medical libraries, promotes free and open access to quality historical resources in medicine."


Regional Collaborations & Portals:
Grant funding has made possible much of the digitizing that has been undertaken in libraries, archives, museums, and historical societies. Repositories frequently collaborate on grant applications and then present their digitized holdings together in regional portals. Following are a few examples of some of the excellent resources that are available.  Look for repositories where your subject is based to find digitized collections.

Archives West (ID, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY): Archives West provides access to descriptions of primary sources in the western United States, including correspondence, diaries or photographs. Digital reproductions of the materials are available in some cases.

Worlds of Change: Materials from 17th & 18th Century North America: "A collection of more than 700,000 digitized pages of all known archival and manuscript materials in the Harvard Library that relate to 17th- and 18th-century North America."


an 700,000 digitized pages of all known archival and manuscript materials in the Harvard Library that relate to 17th- and 18th-century North America."Digital Culture of Metropolitan New York: DCMNY provides online access to digital collections of photographs, maps, letters, postcards, manuscripts, scrapbooks, programs from events, catalogues, and memorabilia and ephemera from libraries, archives, museums and historical societies located in and around New York City.

Empire Archival Discovery Cooperative: EmpireADC is a database of finding aids for collections of archival materials in libraries, archives and cultural heritage organizations across New York state.  Search across collection descriptions to discover materials or browse the holdings of participating repositories.


rganizations across New York state.  Search across collection descriptions to discover materials or browse the holdings of participating repositories.Native Northeast Portal: The Native Northeast Portal "represents a scholarly critical edition of New England Native American primary source materials gathered ...  from ... partner institutions into one robust virtual collection, where the items are digitized, transcribed, annotated, and edited to the highest academic standards and then made freely available over the Internet, using open-source software."

New York Heritage Digital Collections: "Includes a broad range of historical, scholarly, and cultural materials held in libraries, museums, and archives throughout the state. Collection items include photographs, letters, diaries, directories, maps, books, and more."


in libraries, museums, and archives throughout the state. Collection items include photographs, letters, diaries, directories, maps, books, and more."Online Archive of California: "[P]rovides free public access to detailed descriptions of primary resource collections maintained by more than 200 ... libraries, special collections, archives, historical societies, and museums throughout California." Includes 20,000 online collection guides and more than 220,000 digitized images and documents.

State Digital Resources: Helpful listing from the Library of Congress of  memory projects, online encyclopedias, and historical and cultural materials collections arranged by state.


Diversifying the Digital Historical Record:
Diversifying the Digital Historical Record : Integrating Community Archives in National Strategies for Access to Digital Cultural Heritage was a series of forums focusing on community archives integration in a National Digital Platform and the potential impact for representation of diverse communities in our digital cultural heritage. Read an overview of the initiative and watch all four panels . When searching for sources, try adding the phrase "community archive" to your search string to find collections that include people who are typically left out of the historical record.


Digitized Collections - A Few Highlights:
The collections and digital projects included here are meant to illustrate the remarkable depth and variety of resources available. These are just a sampling to highlight the research possibilities that exist in freely available resources on a nearly infinite range of topics.

American Prison Writing Archive: "The American Prison Writing Archive evolved from a book project completed in 2014 with the publication of Fourth City: Essays from the Prison in America , the largest collection to date of non-fiction writing by currently incarcerated Americans writing about their experience inside."

BAM Archives - Brooklyn Academy of Music: "The BAM Hamm Archives tell the story of the 150+ year history of BAM, and of the communities—civic and artistic—that built the institution."


f Music: "The BAM Hamm Archives tell the story of the 150+ year history of BAM, and of the communities—civic and artistic—that built the institution."Criminal Trial Transcripts of NY County Collection (1883-1927): "Selected transcripts from the Lloyd Sealy Library's Trial Transcripts of the County of New York (1883-1927) collection. ... Consists of the verbatim typewritten proceedings of 3,326 court cases, held in various courts of New York County, which included Manhattan and the Bronx until 1914. Not all trial transcripts have been digitized."

CUNY Digital History Archive: "[a]n open, digital public archive and portal that gives the CUNY community and the broader public online access to a range of materials related to the history of the City University of New York (CUNY). "

The Danish West-Indies: Sources of History: "This is where you can search in about 5 million image files of records from the Danish West Indies across the databases of the Danish National Archives. The 5 million image files of digitally scanned records are made up of 15,000 series of images and contain 130,000 transcribed entries. "


nal Archives. The 5 million image files of digitally scanned records are made up of 15,000 series of images and contain 130,000 transcribed entries. "Digital Dante: Digital Dante, a venue for research and ideas on Dante from Columbia University, includes sections on the Divine Comedy; Intertextual Dante, a digital tool for visualizing references; image and sound galleries; a History and chronology of Dante, and original textual research.

Digital Paxton: A Digital Archive and Critical Edition of the Paxton Pamphlet War: "[I]nclude[s] primary source materials [on the 1763 massacre in colonial Pennsylvania] from ... 18 different archives, research libraries, and cultural institutions; a dozen contextual essays from leading historians and literary scholars; and educational materials from secondary and post-secondary educators."

Digital Thoreau: Digital Thoreau provides tools to illuminate Thoreau’s creative process and facilitate thoughtful conversation about his words and ideas.


tal Thoreau: Digital Thoreau provides tools to illuminate Thoreau’s creative process and facilitate thoughtful conversation about his words and ideas.Documenting the American South: A digital publishing initiative from the University Library at UNC Chapel Hill "that provides Internet access to texts, images, and audio files related to southern history, literature, and culture. Currently DocSouth includes sixteen thematic collections of books, diaries, posters, artifacts, letters, oral history interviews, and songs."


culture. Currently DocSouth includes sixteen thematic collections of books, diaries, posters, artifacts, letters, oral history interviews, and songs."Early Caribbean Digital Archive: "[A]n open access collection of pre-twentieth-century Caribbean texts, maps, and images. Texts include travel narratives, novels, poetry, natural histories, and diaries that have not been brought together before as a single collection focused on the Caribbean. Plantation slavery and settler colonialism are defining aspects of the early Caribbean—both sit at the origin of the modern capitalist world. The texts and images collected here tell the story of European imperial domination, and of the enslaved African and Indigenous American people whose lives, labor, and land shaped the culture and development of the Atlantic world. The materials in the archive are primarily authored and published by Europeans, but the ECDA aims to use digital tools to "remix" the archive and foreground the centrality and creativity of enslaved and free African, Afro-creole, and Indigenous peoples in the Caribbean world."


x" the archive and foreground the centrality and creativity of enslaved and free African, Afro-creole, and Indigenous peoples in the Caribbean world."Freedom Summer Project: A stellar research site offering over 40,000 pages from the Wisconsin Historical Society's manuscript collections documenting the Civil Rights movement and the Mississippi Freedom Summer Project of 1964.

Guatemalan National Police Historical Archive: This site currently includes over 10 million scanned images of documents from the National Police Historical Archive. This digital archive mirrors and extends the physical archive that remains preserved in Guatemala as an important historical patrimony of the Guatemalan people.


al archive mirrors and extends the physical archive that remains preserved in Guatemala as an important historical patrimony of the Guatemalan people.Manar al-Athar: The Manar al-Athar, an open-access photo-archive based at the University of Oxford, aims to provide high resolution, searchable images, freely-downloadable for teaching, research, heritage projects, and publication. It covers buildings and art in the areas of the former Roman empire which later came under Islamic rule (e.g. Syro-Palestine/the Levant, Arabia, Egypt, and North Africa), from ca. 300 BC to the present, but especially Roman, late antique, and early Islamic art, architecture, and sacred sites.

Media History Digital Library: "[A] free online resource featuring millions of pages of books and magazines from the histories of film, broadcasting, and recorded sound ... We scan works that are no longer protected by copyright or that have been licensed to us to share with you."

Museum of Modern Art - Exhibition History: "Exhibitions from [MOMA's] founding in 1929 to the present are available online. These pages are updated continually. "


dern Art - Exhibition History: "Exhibitions from [MOMA's] founding in 1929 to the present are available online. These pages are updated continually. "New Amsterdam Stories: "A Digital Dig to Link 17th-Century Records Between Amsterdam and New York City."

New York Public Radio Archives: "Established in the year 2000, the ... [NYPRA]  provides a central repository for more than 70,000 audio recordings on nearly every format (except cylinder and wire), photographs, memorabilia, reports, news items, program guides, institutional records, and promotional materials."

Old Bailey Proceedings (London), 1674-1913: "A fully searchable edition of the largest body of texts detailing the lives of non-elite people ever published, containing 197,745 criminal trials held at London's central criminal court."

Project Stand: Student Activism Now Documented: Project Stand brings together information about student activism archives from colleges and universities.


ject Stand: Student Activism Now Documented: Project Stand brings together information about student activism archives from colleges and universities.Rosa Parks Papers: The collection contains approximately 7,500 items in the Library of Congress's Manuscript Division and 2,500 photographs in the Prints and Photographs Division and documents Parks's "private life and public activism on behalf of civil rights for African Americans. "

Shakespeare Documented: "An online exhibition documenting Shakespeare in his own time."

Trials - Famous Trials: "The Web's most visited and most comprehensive collection of essays, images, maps, primary documents, links, and other materials pertaining to sixty-six of the most famous trials of all time, from Socrates to Simpson."


images, maps, primary documents, links, and other materials pertaining to sixty-six of the most famous trials of all time, from Socrates to Simpson."The Harry Watkins Diary Digital Edition: "Hardworking actor, playwright, and stage manager Harry Watkins (1825–94) was a prolific diarist. For fifteen years (1845–60), Watkins regularly recorded the plays he saw, the roles he performed, the books he read, and his impressions of current events.  ... His is the only known diary of substantial length and scope written by a U.S. actor before the Civil War—making Watkins, essentially, the antebellum equivalent of Samuel Pepys."

What America Ate: "Preserving America's Culinary History from the Great Depression."  Digital archive of the 1930's America Eats project that chronicled eating habits by region.  Also includes digitized community cookbooks, advertisements, pamphlets, and packing from the food industry.

Other Sources: Consult the websites of libraries and archival repositories to discover digital editions of library holdings.


Papers Projects:
Papers projects collect in one place originals, facsimilies, transcriptions, or bibliographic records of all the correspondence (and sometimes other papers) of important or well-known individuals. There are papers projects in print and online for presidents, scientists, writers, politicians, ativists, and other people well-known in their fields. These projects can be very handy for in-depth research on certain people and topics.

Jane Addams Papers Project: "[A] scholarly editing project publishing the correspondence and writings of Jane Addams from 1901-1935 in a freely accessible digital edition and in a selected print edition."


ject publishing the correspondence and writings of Jane Addams from 1901-1935 in a freely accessible digital edition and in a selected print edition."Macel Breuer Digital Archive: "The Marcel Breuer Digital Archive represents a collaborative effort headed by Syracuse University Libraries to digitize over 70,000 drawings, photographs, letters and other materials related to the career of Marcel Breuer, one of the most influential architects and furniture designers of the twentieth century. "

Darwin Online: "This website contains over 212,000 pages of searchable text and 220,000 electronic images, at least one exemplar of all known Darwin publications, reproduced to the highest scholarly standards, both as searchable text and electronic images of the originals. The majority of these have been edited and annotated here for the first time with more than 4,900 original editorial notes. "


images of the originals. The majority of these have been edited and annotated here for the first time with more than 4,900 original editorial notes. "W. E. B. Du Bois Papers: Papers of the "[s]cholar, writer, editor of The Crisis and other journals, co-founder of the Niagara Movement, the NAACP, and the Pan African Congresses, international spokesperson for peace and for the rights of oppressed minorities, W.E.B. Du Bois was a son of Massachusetts who articulated the strivings of African Americans and developed a trenchant analysis of the problem of the color line in the twentieth century."

Einstein Papers Project: "[A]n open-access site for The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, the ongoing publication of Einstein's massive written legacy comprising more than 30,000 unique documents."

Founders Online (National Archives): "Over 181,000 searchable documents, fully annotated, from the authoritative Founding Fathers Papers projects."


"

Founders Online (National Archives): "Over 181,000 searchable documents, fully annotated, from the authoritative Founding Fathers Papers projects."Benjamin Franklin Papers - Digital Edition: "This digital edition includes texts of the published papers and unverified, rough transcriptions of the as-yet-unpublished material. ... The texts are fully searchable and they are indexed by volume, name of correspondent, and date."

Emma Goldman Papers Project: "The Emma Goldman Papers is part of a national initiative to retrieve the papers of individuals whose life work has had a lasting impact on the course of American history. Since 1980, the Emma Goldman Papers Project at UCB has collected, organized, and edited tens of thousands of documents from around the world by and about Emma Goldman (1869-1940), a leading figure in American anarchism, feminism, and radicalism."

Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project: "A comprehensive collection of Dr. King's most significant correspondence, sermons, speeches, published writings, and unpublished manuscripts."


oject: "A comprehensive collection of Dr. King's most significant correspondence, sermons, speeches, published writings, and unpublished manuscripts."Papers of Abraham Lincoln: "The Papers of Abraham Lincoln is a documentary editing project dedicated to identifying, imaging, transcribing, annotating, and publishing online all documents written by or to Abraham Lincoln during his lifetime (1809-1865)."

The Newton Project: "[A] non-profit organization dedicated to publishing in full an online edition of all of Sir Isaac Newton’s (1642–1727) writings -- whether they were printed or not."

Occom Circle Project: "[A] freely accessible, scholarly digital edition of handwritten documents by and about Samson Occom (1723-1792) housed in Dartmouth College. Occom was a Mohegan Indian, Presbyterian minister and missionary, intertribal leader, public intellectual, and important Indian writer."

Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project: "The project is working to publish  both digital and print editions of Eleanor Roosevelt's political papers."


ter."

Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project: "The project is working to publish  both digital and print editions of Eleanor Roosevelt's political papers."Margaret Sanger Papers Project: "The goal of the Margaret Sanger Papers Project is to collect, assemble, and publish the papers of the noted birth control reformer in order to make them more widely accessible to students, scholars and the general public."

Mark Twain Papers Project: "The site’s ultimate purpose is to produce a digital critical edition, fully annotated, of everything Mark Twain wrote."


Digitized Texts, Images, Maps, Audio-Video:
Visit our Beyond Wikipedia research guide to find digitized materials in open access sources and library databases. See the following pages for more information and links to sources: Digitized Texts :  All types of texts including books, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, transcripts, archives, and manuscripts. Images : Photographs, illustrations, and other visual items from libraries, museums, archives, and other sources. Maps & Atlases :  Contemporary and historical maps and atlases. Audio/Video : Music, spoken word, speeches, radio, film, television, video, documentary, theatre, poetry, oral histories, and more.


Archival Search Tools:
The following search tools are useful for finding archival collections across repositories.

Archive Grid: Searchable database containing over 7 million records describing archival collections in 1,400 libraries, archives, museums, and historical societies around the world.  Also useful for identifying archival repositories by location. Read more in our GC Library blog post about ArchiveGrid .

WorldCat Discovery: In WorldCat Discovery and other library catalogs, use the Advanced Search option and try your search multiple ways.  You can add the word "sources" as an additional subject term or try other keywords such as archives, correspondence, diaries, interviews, narratives, and memoirs. You can also set the format to "Archival Material" to narrow down results, but be sure to browse through the initial results first to see what turned up in the broader search.


at to "Archival Material" to narrow down results, but be sure to browse through the initial results first to see what turned up in the broader search.Google: Put your subject's name in quotes and add archival keywords to find collections.  For example, try a search like this: "A. Philip Randolph" AND (papers OR manuscripts OR archives OR collection) AND (digital or digitized) .  Google can be helpful for finding collections in libraries, archives, historical societies and other institutions that may not turn up in searches of databases like WorldCat and ArchiveGrid.

SNAC (Social Networks and Archival Context): "[A] free, online resource that helps users discover biographical and historical information about persons, families, and organizations that created or are documented in historical resources (primary source documents) and their connections to one another. Users can locate archival collections and related resources held at cultural heritage institutions around the world."


Government Archives:
Government archives, whether national, state, or municipal are quite massive, holding millions of items.  They usually have their own search tools, so when you are looking for digitized government records, you can usually go straight to the website of the agency to look there. The records can also turn up in places like the Digital Public Library of America, in the Internet Archive, and in subscription databases like Ancestry.com.

National Archives Around the World: List from Wikipedia of national archives in countries around the world.

National Archives Online Search Tools: Online portal for U.S. NARA catalogs, databases, research guides, finding aids, and other tools for finding records.

State Archives: Contact information and links to state archives and historical societies in the U.S.


nding aids, and other tools for finding records.

State Archives: Contact information and links to state archives and historical societies in the U.S.National Archives, U.S.: A massive resource.  "NARA keeps only ... about 2 to 5 percent of [the records] generated in any given year. ... There are approximately 10 billion pages of textual records; 12 million maps, charts, and architectural and engineering drawings; 25 million still photographs and graphics; 24 million aerial photographs; 300,000 reels of motion picture film; 400,000 video and sound recordings; and 133 terabytes of electronic data." Plans are in place to digitize 500 million pages of records. See DOCS Teach and Reference at Your Desk .  Also see: Research our Records / Explore a Specific Topic.

National Security Archive: Founded in 1985, this library and archive of declassified U.S. documents, center for investigative journalism, and research institute on international affairs includes a searchable collection of primary-source documents published on thier website.


e journalism, and research institute on international affairs includes a searchable collection of primary-source documents published on thier website.FRASER: Discover Economic History: "[A] a digital library of U.S. economic, financial, and banking history—particularly the history of the Federal Reserve System."

NYC Municipal Archives Online Gallery: Over 1.6 million images, including photographs, maps, documents, motion picture and audio recordings, including many complete collections.

NYS Archives - Research Topics: Guides to the most researched topics in the New York State Archives.

Reclaim The Records: A not-for-profit activist group of genealogists, historians, researchers, and journalists that works to identify important genealogical record sets that are not online anywhere and not broadly available to the public. They use state Freedom of Information laws to force government agencies and archives to make these records available to the public. Since their founding in 2015, they have won the release of tens of millions of records, which they have digitized and uploaded to the Internet Archive and other Open Data websites.


Library Databases:
The GC library subscribes to numerous primary document databases that contain entire archival collections of personal papers and organizational records, historical newspapers and other periodicals, images, audio and video, printed ephemera, and other materials. In many cases the databases were produced by digitizing previously existing microfilm. Most of the resources listed below are subscription-based and require Graduate Center or New York Public Library network credentials for access. All of the GC databases are available remotely, while some of the NYPL databases are only available on-site.


c Library network credentials for access. All of the GC databases are available remotely, while some of the NYPL databases are only available on-site.Primary Document Databases @ the GC: The Graduate Center subscribes to dozens of databases containing primary sources in a wide variety of formats including manuscripts and archives, historical newspapers and periodicals, laws, legislation and legal documents, pamphlets, broadsides, books, printed ephemera, letters, diaries, audio, video, images, speeches, interviews, government documents, data, underground comics, graphic novels, and more.  Find them by selecting the filters for Primary Source Collections or Newspapers .


ment documents, data, underground comics, graphic novels, and more.  Find them by selecting the filters for Primary Source Collections or Newspapers .Primary Document Databases @ the NYPL: Among the subscription databases at the NYPL available remotely with a library card are several containing digitized archival collections belonging to other institutions.  Search for them by Title or Keyword on the NYPL’s Articles & Databases page.  Highlights include ACLU American Civil Liberties Union Papers; African America, Communists, and the National Negro Congress; Archives of Sexuality and Gender; Fight for Racial Justice and the Civil Rights Congress; Indigenous Peoples: North America; the NAACP Papers; Testaments to the Holocaust; U.S. Relations with the Vatican and the Holocaust; Crime, Punishment, and Popular Culture; and the Smithsonian Collections Online database World's Fairs and Expositions: Visions of Tomorrow.


Finding Subject-Specific Libraries & Archives:
Gale Directory of Special Libraries and Information Centers: International coverage.  Requires New York Public Library barcode and pin to access.  48th edition (2020).

Directory of Special Libraries & Information Centers in the U.S.: Earlier editions available to borrow in the Internet Archive. See, in particular, the directory of libraries by Subject.

Special Collections in College and University Libraries: Two dated but useful titles available to borrow in the Internet Archive.

Directory of Anthropological Archives by Institution: A listing from the Council for the Preservation of Anthropological Records.

Guide to Anthropological Fieldnotes and Manuscripts in Archival Repositories: A listing arranged alphabetically by archaeologist with links to repositories.


Historical Periodicals:
Our Newspapers Research Guide is a great place to launch a search for historical periodicals.  You'll find links to subscription databases and open access sites containing national and international, alternative and mainstream newspapers, journals, and magazines. It also includes a page on researching periodicals to help you identify publications relevant to your project.


Why Digitize This But Not That?:


Why Digitize This But Not That?:Why Digitize This But Not That?:There are many reasons why some materials might be digitized while others might not: Some items, like documents in national archives, may be considered to have high research value for a wide audience. Or collections might be in high demand locally and the originals could be at risk of damage from over-use. Collections that belonged to a well-known person or organization might be deemed important because of their provenance . Or they might be visually compelling . Photographs and other images are more dazzling than handwritten documents. Another common reason for digitizing is preservation .  When documents are too fragile to use, they might be microfilmed and/or digitized to preserve access to the information. Sometimes materials are given to a library along with funds to process and digitize them.  And sometimes repositories acquire grant funding on their own or in collaboration with other institutions to digitize collections they want to make more widely available.


tories acquire grant funding on their own or in collaboration with other institutions to digitize collections they want to make more widely available.tories acquire grant funding on their own or in collaboration with other institutions to digitize collections they want to make more widely available.tories acquire grant funding on their own or in collaboration with other institutions to digitize collections they want to make more widely available.There can be a commercial motive too. In analog times, collections were microfilmed for preservation and/or to extend access. Today, vendors digitize previously microfilmed archival collections and historical periodicals, add bells and whistles, and sell them to libraries in subscription databases. Read more about the topic on the Peel Art Gallery Museum & Archive's blog: Why Don't Archivists Digitize Everything?


Online Archival Research:


Online Archival Research:Online Archival Research:Libraries, archives, and museums have been digitizing items in their collections for years and sharing them widely.  This page offers tips and suggestions for finding digitized primary sources in subscription databases and on the open web. Visit the other pages in this guide to find out more about the research process and primary sources in general, to learn about archival finding aids and sources for background research, and for guidance on finding collections, visiting repositories, and using archives in person.


chival finding aids and sources for background research, and for guidance on finding collections, visiting repositories, and using archives in person.chival finding aids and sources for background research, and for guidance on finding collections, visiting repositories, and using archives in person.chival finding aids and sources for background research, and for guidance on finding collections, visiting repositories, and using archives in person.On This Page: Getting Started | Analog vs Digital | Archival Search Tools | Digitized Collections | Diversifying the Digital Historical Record | Government Archives | Historical Periodicals | International Resources | Library Databases | Online Portals | Oral Histories | Papers Projects | Regional Collaborations | Research Libraries - Digital Collections | Subject Collaborations | Subject-Specific Libraries & Archives | Texts, Images, Maps, A/V - more links | Why Digitize This But Not That ?


Introduction:
Searches of ArchiveGrid , WorldCat , and other databases turn up archival collections in repositories around the world.  That can mean a library across town if you're lucky, or a library thousands of miles away. In an ideal situation you would be able to visit a library in person to use collections yourself.  When that is not possible, however, you can still do some research remotely. See the next box for tips on efficient long distance archival research.


Tips on Conducting Research Remotely:


Tips on Conducting Research Remotely:Tips on Conducting Research Remotely:Remote Research: When you can't visit a library in person, you may still be able to conduct a substantial amount of research from afar.  For instance, there may be published editions of primary sources available in print, on microfilm, or online (on the open web or in subscription databases).  And those print and microfilm editions may be available to borrow via interlibrary loan.  Or you might be able to request digital or paper copies of archival or other special collections materials from the repository.  And if none of those options is available, you may be able to hire a researcher to search through a library's collections for you. Following are a few tips and suggestions to help you conduct archival research from afar. Preliminary Website Search: Once you have discovered that a library holds materials relevant to your topic, take a close look at its website.


om afar. Preliminary Website Search: Once you have discovered that a library holds materials relevant to your topic, take a close look at its website.om afar. Preliminary Website Search: Once you have discovered that a library holds materials relevant to your topic, take a close look at its website.om afar. Preliminary Website Search: Once you have discovered that a library holds materials relevant to your topic, take a close look at its website.Read about the library's collections as a whole Consult research guides on your topic, if available Browse the list of archival collections if there is one Search across the library's finding aids or archival collections if the option is available Read finding aids closely to get the full details on collections that interest you and to learn about any use restrictions that may be in place Search and browse the library's catalog to find additional sources Look for digital editions of the library's holdings As you search, compile a list of materials you would like to consult at the library, dividing it by format (archival collections, microfilm, books, serials, etc.) and be sure to note collection names and numbers Remote Reference: Once you have a good understanding of the materials available and know what you would like to use, contact the library.  Check to see if there is an online reference form to fill out or if there is an email address to which you can send a reference


contact the library.  Check to see if there is an online reference form to fill out or if there is an email address to which you can send a reference contact the library.  Check to see if there is an online reference form to fill out or if there is an email address to which you can send a reference contact the library.  Check to see if there is an online reference form to fill out or if there is an email address to which you can send a reference contact the library.  Check to see if there is an online reference form to fill out or if there is an email address to which you can send a reference contact the library.  Check to see if there is an online reference form to fill out or if there is an email address to which you can send a reference contact the library.  Check to see if there is an online reference form to fill out or if there is an email address to which you can send a referencequestion.  If not, call the library.  The staff may ask you to follow up with an email.  Be sure to send your question to only one staff member, not to multiple email address on the library's website.  Be specific when you ask your question.  Include collection names and numbers and indicate the box and folder numbers containing the materials of interest to you.  Let the library know what what your research focus is, what resources you have already consulted, and ask if they can recommend additional sources.  Finally, bear in mind that many libraries are short staffed.  Whether you send a reference question by email or regular mail, know that it can take some time to receive a reply.


many libraries are short staffed.  Whether you send a reference question by email or regular mail, know that it can take some time to receive a reply.many libraries are short staffed.  Whether you send a reference question by email or regular mail, know that it can take some time to receive a reply.many libraries are short staffed.  Whether you send a reference question by email or regular mail, know that it can take some time to receive a reply.Digitized Primary Sources: Many libraries have digitized portions of their holdings making it possible for researchers to find copies of manuscripts and archival materials on their websites and in online portals.  Look for digital editions of a library collections as you browse  websites and search catalogs.  See the Online Archival Research page of this guide for more information.


tions of a library collections as you browse  websites and search catalogs.  See the Online Archival Research page of this guide for more information.tions of a library collections as you browse  websites and search catalogs.  See the Online Archival Research page of this guide for more information.tions of a library collections as you browse  websites and search catalogs.  See the Online Archival Research page of this guide for more information.Reproduction Policies: It may be possible to obtain a limited number of digital or printed copies from a library's special collections.  Be specific when you inquire.  Ask about obtaining copies from particular folders in particular collections and provide the full collection names, collection numbers, and links to the finding aids or catalog records showing where you learned about the materials.  Most libraries post their reproduction policies online.  These stipulate whether copies may be made, the number of items that may be copied, the cost of copies, the length of time it takes to obtain copies, and any permissions or other restrictions that may exist on copying from particular collections.


copies, the length of time it takes to obtain copies, and any permissions or other restrictions that may exist on copying from particular collections.copies, the length of time it takes to obtain copies, and any permissions or other restrictions that may exist on copying from particular collections.copies, the length of time it takes to obtain copies, and any permissions or other restrictions that may exist on copying from particular collections.There is usually a per-page fee in addition to postage charges.  Researchers are usually required to sign a document stating that the copies being requested will be used for reference purposes only, not for publication.  If you need copies from a collection for publication, you will likely have to make a separate request.  Images for publication come with their own fees, time schedules, and requirements.


for publication, you will likely have to make a separate request.  Images for publication come with their own fees, time schedules, and requirements. for publication, you will likely have to make a separate request.  Images for publication come with their own fees, time schedules, and requirements. for publication, you will likely have to make a separate request.  Images for publication come with their own fees, time schedules, and requirements.Interlibrary Loan: Special collections rarely, if ever, allow their manuscripts or other archival materials to circulate, but many do allow their published primary sources, including books, serials, and microfilmed archival collections, to be sent out on interlibrary loan.  Multiple copies of these published primary sources usually exist and can be discovered on a library's website or with a local library catalog or WorldCat Discovery search.  See the Published Primary Sources section this guide for more information.  When you find a published source you would like to borrow via ILL, log into the Graduate Center's ILL system to submit your request there.  Microfilmed collections are usually accompanied by published guides containing scholarship that helps put the archival materials into context.


there.  Microfilmed collections are usually accompanied by published guides containing scholarship that helps put the archival materials into context.there.  Microfilmed collections are usually accompanied by published guides containing scholarship that helps put the archival materials into context.there.  Microfilmed collections are usually accompanied by published guides containing scholarship that helps put the archival materials into context.Researchers for Hire: When you can't identify a small number of specific items that you would like to have copied, or when neither copying nor ILL is possible, or when there is simply too much material to go through remotely, consider hiring a local researcher to visit the library for you.  Check the library's website for a list of local researchers for hire.  Or consult the National Archives' list of Independent Researchers for Hire for ideas.


Remote Research During COVID-19:
The information and research tips presented on this page are meant for ordinary times when libraries are open to the public.  For now, while libraries across the country and around the world are closed, the advice here is mostly obsolete.


Digital Archival Research - Spring 2020:
OER-Digital-Archives-Spring-2020: Presentation given at the CUNY Graduate Center OER Bootcamp, January 2020.


Intro to Finding Aids - Video with Narration:
Archival Finding Aids: Video tutorial detailing the various descriptive elements typically found in electronic finding aids for archival collections (7:48).


About this page:
Librarians at The Graduate Center have created these research guides to highlight essential resources along with tips for getting started in graduate-level research. Use them for easy access to relevant databases and journals or to explore fields outside your home discipline.


Course Reserves:
Course Reserve Request Form: Faculty may use this form to place books on reserve. The library will try our best to purchase materials not already owned.

Reserves Guide: Information on accessing and placing books and articles on course reserve.

Blackboard: Students: Login to Blackboard to access reserve readings. Faculty: Login to Blackboard to post pdfs, links to articles, and links to books in the library catalog.


Ask a Librarian:
There are many ways to get help from a librarian — choose the method that best suits your needs: Chat: Chat with an academic librarian 24/7 . If available, a CUNY librarian will answer your chat. Email : Complete the question submission form and receive a reply by email. By Appointment: Schedule a one-on-one research consultation by contacting your subject librarian . In Person : Visit the reference desk (2nd floor of library) during reference hours . Phone : Call the reference desk at (212) 817-7077 during reference hours .


Removed due to Covid:
In Person : Visit the reference desk (2nd floor of library) during reference hours .

Phone : Call the reference desk at (212) 817-7077 during reference hours .


A-Z Database List:
Full list of databases the library subscribes to, including trial access. Go to A-Z List


Looking for a Specific Journal?:
Use our journal title search tool to see whether the library has access to a particular title, and what date ranges our subscriptions cover.


Alert:
× The library is closed today, September 2. Follow us on Twitter for updates.


General Library Resources:
Graduate Center Library Website: Starting point for finding books, articles, journals, databases, interlibrary loan, electronic reference, and more

OneSearch: OneSearch combines many initial searches into one interface: it includes print books from all CUNY libraries; Graduate Center ebooks; a massive index of articles from journals, magazines, and newspapers; Graduate Center course reserves; dissertations at CUNY and beyond; and unique digital content.

Interlibrary Loan: Need an article from a journal not at the Graduate Center? Need a book that not available from any CUNY library? Go here to submit an interlibrary loan request.

24/7 E-mail and Chat Reference: Use this service to ask questions at any time. Email questions will be answered by Graduate Center librarians. Chat questions may be answered by librarians at other institutions.


Library Workshops:
Check the library's events calendar for upcoming workshops on citation management tools (Zotero), scholarly communication, and other research topics.


Library Workshops:
Check the library calendar for upcoming workshops about library research and scholarly publishing.


Library Blog:
Consult the library blog to see what's new. Subscribe to receive new posts by email.


Visiting Other Libraries:
Other CUNY Libraries: All CUNY students and faculty have access to all CUNY libraries and may check out books at all but CUNY Law.  Reference books, special collections, audiovisual materials, and electronic resources may be used locally.

Ask at the reference desk on the second floor of the Graduate Center library for a one-time pass to visit New York City area libraries. These passes are issued by a librarian for materials that are not found in any CUNY library. For longer term access to nearby libraries, see MaRLI below.

MaRLI (Manhattan Research Library Initiative): This research initiative allows selected researchers access and circulation privileges at Columbia University, New York University, and New York Public Library's research libraries.


E-Research Basics:
Our E-Research Basics guide acquaints you with the basics of doing online research through the Mina Rees Library. You'll find information about logging in for remote access, deciding on and searching within a database, locating specific articles and doing broad exploratory searches, determining whether the GC has access to a particular journal, and more.


Visiting Other Libraries:
Other CUNY Libraries: All CUNY students and faculty have access to all CUNY libraries and may check out books at all but CUNY Law.  Reference books, special collections, audiovisual materials, and electronic resources may be used only within these libraries.

Metro Referral Cards: Ask at the reference desk on the second floor of the Graduate Center library for one-time-only passes to New York City area libraries, beyond CUNY. If items are available at a CUNY library, you would use CLICs (Inter-library borrowing) or visit that library in person; Metro Cards are used for one-time to access beyond CUNY's collections. For longer access, see MaRLI above.

MaRLI (Manhattan Research Library Initiative): This research initiative allows selected researchers access and circulation privileges at Columbia University, New York University, and New York Public Library's research libraries.


Borrowing Beyond the Grad Center:
If the Graduate Center does not have the book you need you can have it sent here from another library or visit many of the research and art libraries in New York City.

CUNY CLICS: You can have books from other CUNY libraries sent to the Graduate Center. From the library catalog, click the 'Request' link. CLICS can only be used for books. If you need photocopies of an article or book chapter submit an interlibrary loan request.

Interlibrary Loan: Submit an interlibrary loan request for books, book chapters, journal articles and more! If you have questions or need help placing your request, email ill@gc.cuny.edu.


Library Catalogs:
OneSearch: OneSearch combines many initial searches into one interface: it includes print books from all CUNY libraries; Graduate Center ebooks; a massive index of articles from journals, magazines, and newspapers; Graduate Center course reserves; dissertations at CUNY and beyond; and unique digital content.

WorldCat Discovery: WorldCat Discovery is a catalog and discovery system containing millions of records for print and electronic holdings in thousands of libraries around the world.


Catalogs and Other Resources:
OneSearch: OneSearch combines many initial searches into one interface: it includes print books from all CUNY libraries; Graduate Center ebooks; a massive index of articles from journals, magazines, and newspapers; Graduate Center course reserves; dissertations at CUNY and beyond; and unique digital content.

WorldCat Discovery: WorldCat Discovery is a catalog and discovery system containing millions of records for print and electronic holdings in thousands of libraries around the world.


Looking for a Specific Journal?:
Looking for a specific journal? Search by journal title to check availability across our subscriptions. Place an Interlibrary Loan request if you need access beyond what is immediately available.


Database Icons:
CUNY Resources: available to all of CUNY

Graduate Center Resources: available to the GC community

Funding provided by the Doctoral and Graduate Students' Council of the Graduate Center

Funding provided by the Graduate Center Student Technology Fee

New York Public Library (NYPL) Resources: available to the GC community via NYPL

A majority of the content from this resource is included in OneSearch , including item-level records. (To be certain of full content, search in the native interface of the database on the A-Z list )

Open Access Resources: available to all

On our A-Z list of databases , the following icons correspond to the source of access or funding for each item:


All Graduate Center Databases:
The databases you see on this page are just a small subset of all of the databases (collections of resources) available to you through the Graduate Center Library. See the full A-Z list to see all databases from every discipline.


Need help understanding research methods?:
SAGE Research Methods: An online collection of more than 1,000 books, reference works, journal articles, and instructional videos on how to design and carry out research projects. Browse by discipline or search for a particular research approach (i.e., qualitative, quantitative, ethnographic) and see descriptions and examples from books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, handbooks, journals, and videos. Read more in our GC Library blog post about Sage Research Methods .


Affiliated with Multiple Campuses?:
Do you study at the GC but work at another campus, or maybe even two other campuses? If so, you are entitled to remote access to library e-resources (e.g., databases, e-journals, e-books) from all of your affiliated campuses. Different CUNY libraries have different e-resources, which you can check through each library's website.


The Elusive Dissertation:
There is no single source for a comprehensive dissertation search. WorldCat and ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses Full Text include most American dissertations. Dissertations @ The Center for Research Libraries lends non-American dissertations to member borrowers. Library catalogs and specialized repositories contain other titles. Request any dissertation through Interlibrary Loan . Though not every title is available through ILL, it is worth a try.


Dissertations at the Graduate Center:
Graduate Center dissertations from 1988 to the present are available for browsing in the Dissertation Reading Room on the first floor of the library. If you do not know the year of a dissertation, check the author or title in the CUNY Catalog or in Digital Dissertations . For more information about submitting your own thesis or dissertation, see the Dissertations & Theses guide.


Dissertation Databases & Repositories:
For more information on depositing dissertations and theses, see the Dissertations & Theses guide.

CUNY Dissertations in Academic Works, 2014-present: As of 2014, all Graduate Center dissertations and master's theses appear in the Graduate Center's institutional repository, Academic Works. Many dissertations/theses are open access in Academic Works, but some are embargoed and will not become available until a future date. Pre-2014 dissertations currently are in the process of being added to Academic Works. Unless requested otherwise by the author, these pre-2014 works are accessible only to the CUNY community.


he process of being added to Academic Works. Unless requested otherwise by the author, these pre-2014 works are accessible only to the CUNY community.Dissertations & Theses Global: Indexes two-million dissertations from over one-thousand institutions, with citations from 1861-1980 and abstracts from 1980 to present. Includes the full text of most post-1996 CUNY dissertations and many post-1996 dissertations from other institutions, as well as thousands of earlier ones. To limit your search to CUNY dissertations, include 0046 in your search statement, selecting the school name/code search field. Non-U.S.dissertations can be searched in the Center for Research Libraries' catalog.

Dissertations & Theses @ City University of New York Graduate Center: CUNY dissertations dating back to 1965. Full text available except for embargoed works.

Networked Digital LIbrary of Theses and Dissertations: NDLTD finds additional electronic works produced outside North America.

Open Access Theses and Dissertations: Metadata from over 600 institutions, indexes over 1.5 million theses and dissertations.


outside North America.

Open Access Theses and Dissertations: Metadata from over 600 institutions, indexes over 1.5 million theses and dissertations.Center for Research Libraries (CRL) Online Catalog: The Center for Research Libraries provides a shared collection of five million books, journals, documents and newspapers to supplement member libraries’ holdings in the humanities, science, and social sciences. With a strategic emphasis on expanding electronic access to international primary source collections, CRL participates in a number of cooperative digitization efforts, yielding millions of pages of digitized content to date. CRL resources include:


ons, CRL participates in a number of cooperative digitization efforts, yielding millions of pages of digitized content to date. CRL resources include:The largest circulating collection of newspapers in North America – more than 16,000 newspaper titles from all world regions and from every U.S. state – mainstream dailies, underground and alternative press titles, rare publications from international conflict zones, U.S. ethnic titles, early African-American newspapers, and radio broadcast reports and transcripts Foreign journals rarely held in U.S. libraries, with a focus on science and technology Access to rich holdings in science, technology, and engineering print serials through a partnership with the Linda Hall Library More than 800,000 non U.S. dissertations Area Studies: major collections of news, government documents, and archives from Africa, Latin America, Middle East, Europe, Asia, and Southeast and South Asia Millions of pages of primary source documents, including major sets from the National Archives of the U.S. and the U.K., and many special collections from around the world U.S.


ry source documents, including major sets from the National Archives of the U.S. and the U.K., and many special collections from around the world U.S.ry source documents, including major sets from the National Archives of the U.S. and the U.K., and many special collections from around the world U.S.ry source documents, including major sets from the National Archives of the U.S. and the U.K., and many special collections from around the world U.S.and international legal and government resources


Citation Guides:
APA Style Guide: From Purdue OWL (online writing lab). Full APA guide not available online but this site answers basic questions.

Chicago Manual of Style Online: Full text of the 17th and 18th editions of the Chicago Manual of Style, including quick guide, questions and answers, and additional tools.

MLA Style FAQ: MLA does not make its complete style guide available to institutions, but this brief guide is useful.

MLA Style Guide: From Purdue OWL. Full MLA guide not available online but this site answers basic questions.


Citation Managers:
Citation managers allow you to save and organize references and citations you gather during research. You can import citations from databases such as Academic Search Complete or JSTOR or manually enter citations. You can attach PDFs and images to the citations as well. The citation managers also generate bibliographies and footnotes. There are two main citation managers supported by the Graduate Center: RefWorks, and Zotero. Links and descriptions are below. If you want to have an introduction to any or all of the citation managers, make an appointment with your librarian .

Zotero: Saves and helps you to organize citations to articles, books, webpages, and more. Works with Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and Safari. Install the Zotero Word plug-in to quickly create bibliographies and add citations to papers.

Zotero Help: Short video tutorials and a user guide


ri. Install the Zotero Word plug-in to quickly create bibliographies and add citations to papers.

Zotero Help: Short video tutorials and a user guideOnline citation management licensed for all CUNY campuses. Generate footnotes and bibliography in any writing style; organize citations and notes in your private library. 25 MB limit on individual file size; 5 GB individual account limit. Group Code: RWGradC There is a new interface available for RefWorks; see the library guide Citation Managers & Style Guides for more information.


Off-Campus Access Problems?:
If you are unable to log into GC library databases with CUNY Login credentials, try using your GC Network Account credentials. You can also try CUNY e-resources as a backup. This smaller collection of databases provides access with your CUNY Login credentials. Use the password reset tool or contact IT Services to resolve account issues and regain access to all GC databases.


Access Issues?:
If you can not log into our databases with your GC n etwork credentials, try CUNY e-resources as a backup. This smaller collection of databases provides access via your library barcode.

If you have located a glitch or notice that something gone awry with our electronic resources, please let us know by using this form .

Use the password reset tool or contact IT Services to resolve account issues & regain access to the all GC databases.


Report a Bug:
Found a broken link? Trouble accessing a database or full text even though you know your credentials? Help us to solve any technical issues by sharing the details of the problem through this online form .


COVID-19 Delays:
While we still want to hear your suggestions and requests, please be aware that COVID-19 may present additional delays in our response times and ability to add new materials. Thank you for your patience.


Suggest New Materials for the GC Library:
We welcome suggestions for books and other materials for the Graduate Center Library. Please note that adding any item(s) to our collections can take many weeks to process. Thus, if you need an item we do not own very soon, please make a request via Interlibrary Loan . If you need materials for a specific class being taught at the Graduate Center, please use the Reserve Request Form .

Suggest a book: Use this form to place a request for a new book for the Graduate Center Library.

Suggest a new journal subscription: Place a request for a particular journal not yet represented in the Graduate Center Library's holdings

Suggest any other item for the GC Library: Use this form to suggest materials other than books or journals to be added to our collections.


Suggest a Journal Purchase:
Suggest a journal subscription: The Graduate Center Library welcomes journal subscription suggestions from the Graduate Center community. The library will carefully consider requests that are consistent with our Collection Policy .


Suggest New Materials for the Graduate Center:
The library welcomes suggestions for new books and other materials. Need It Soon? Purchasing and processing new materials takes weeks. If you need an item quickly, request it via Interlibrary Loan . Faculty: To request materials for a GC course you're teaching, use the Reserve Request Form .


Primary Source Resources Outside CUNY:
Archive Grid: Searchable database containing over 7 million records describing archival collections in 1,400 libraries, archives, museums, and historical societies around the world.  Also useful for identifying archival repositories by location. Read more in our GC Library blog post about ArchiveGrid .

British Library: One of world's largest collections of primary documents.

Fales Library NYU: Open by appointment, the Fales Library has extensive archival and special collections.  Finding aids are available online.

Folger Shakespeare Library: World's largest collection of Shakespeare materials and other resources related to the Renaissance.

Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas: Large collection of manuscripts in the humanities.

Library of Congress: One of the world's largest collections of primary and secondary material.


as: Large collection of manuscripts in the humanities.

Library of Congress: One of the world's largest collections of primary and secondary material.The Morgan Library: Materials related to the history, literature, and art of the Western world. Use of the library is by appointment. In addition, an application form must be completed.

NYPL Special Collections: In addition to the Manuscript & Archives Division there are numerous special collections that also contain primary source materials.

Umbra Search African American History: Umbra Search African American History brings together more than 500,000 digitized materials from over 1,000 libraries and archives across the country. Umbra Search pays homage to the Umbra Society of the early 1960s, a renegade group of Black writers and poets who helped create the Black Arts Movement.


Book Reviews:
Academic OneFile: Provides full-text articles in all subject areas from over 19,000 scholarly journals and other authoritative sources as well as thousands of podcasts and transcripts from NPR (National Public Radio) and CNN, and videos from BBC Worldwide Learning.  Subjects covered include biology, chemistry, criminal justice, economics, environmental science, history, marketing, political science, and psychology.

Academic Search Complete: A multi-disciplinary database with more than 8,500 full-text periodicals, including more than 7,300 peer-reviewed journals.  In addition to full text, the database includes indexing and abstracts for more than 12,500 journals and more than 13,200 publications, such as monographs, reports, conference proceedings, etc.  While full text is available as far back as 1887 for a few titles, the text of most titles is available only for the past decade or two.


edings, etc.  While full text is available as far back as 1887 for a few titles, the text of most titles is available only for the past decade or two.Book Review Digest Plus: Reviews of fiction and nonfiction in the humanities, social sciences, general sciences, and popular topics published in English since 1983. Includes over 600,000 full-text book reviews and more than 2 million citations to reviews. Textbooks, government publications, and technical books in law and the sciences are not included. Book reviews may also be found in Academic Search Complete, JSTOR, Project Muse, and most subject-specific databases.


d the sciences are not included. Book reviews may also be found in Academic Search Complete, JSTOR, Project Muse, and most subject-specific databases.Book Review Digest Retrospective: 1903-1982: Provides excerpts from and citations to reviews of adult and juvenile fiction and non-fiction titles in the humanities, social sciences, general sciences, and popular topics published in English from 1903 through 1982. Covers 300,000 books and cites over 1.5 million book reviews found in over 500 popular magazines, newspapers, and academic journals. Entries include bibliographic information and book summaries. Book reviews may also be found in Academic Search Complete, JSTOR, Project Muse, and most subject-specific databases.

Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers: This site from the Library of Congress includes a searchable directory containing information on more than 150,000 newspapers published in the U.S. since 1690.  It also includes searchable digitized images of 3,600 selected local and regional newspapers published from 1777 to 1963, including more than 20 New York papers.


ludes searchable digitized images of 3,600 selected local and regional newspapers published from 1777 to 1963, including more than 20 New York papers.Gale OneFile: News: Provides access to more than 3,000 major U.S. regional, national, and local newspapers, as well as leading titles from around the world. It also includes thousands of images, radio, and TV broadcasts and transcripts.

Nexis Uni (previously LexisNexis): Nexis Uni is a full-text news, business, and legal database with sources from around the world, including local, regional, national, and international newspapers, scholarly journals, trade journals, and popular magazines, television and radio broadcasts, and newswires and blogs. Legal sources include federal and state cases and statutes, including U.S. Supreme Court decisions since 1790. Also contains business information on U.S. and international companies (see Dossier section) and patent data (see TotalPatent One section).

Nexis Uni video tutorials


siness information on U.S. and international companies (see Dossier section) and patent data (see TotalPatent One section).

Nexis Uni video tutorialsLondon Review of Books: Full text of every issue of the London Review of Books from 1979 to the present.  Covers arts and culture, biography and memoir, history and classics, literature and criticism, philosophy and law, politics and economics, psychology and anthropology, and science and technology.

New York Times Academic Pass: All of CUNY has access to the NYTimes Academic Pass. Anyone with a valid CUNY email address can sign up for free access to the NYTimes.com website and smartphone apps. Please see the full instructions for signing up.

New York Times Archive, 1851-2018: Actual page images from 1851 through 2018.  Following years are added annually. When the results of a search are displayed, you have three retrieval options:  1. bibliographic citation and abstract; 2. article image (retrieved with Adobe Acrobat Reader); 3. page map, displaying the entire page on which the article appears. For current access, see New York Times Academic Pass .


th Adobe Acrobat Reader); 3. page map, displaying the entire page on which the article appears. For current access, see New York Times Academic Pass .Nineteenth (19th) Century British Newspapers: The GC’s subscription includes Parts I and II, comprised of 69 titles published between 1800 and 1900, selected by the British Library to best represent 19th century Britain. Includes national and regional newspapers, as well as those from both established country or university towns and the industrial powerhouses of the manufacturing Midlands, as well as Scotland, Ireland and Wales. Also includes newspapers that helped lead particular political or social movements such as Reform, Chartism, and Home Rule. The penny papers aimed at the working and clerical classes are also present.

Readers' Guide Full Text Mega: Includes indexing of over 450 periodicals from 1983 to the present and searchable full text of articles from over 250 popular general-interest periodicals from 1994 to the present. PDF page images of full-text articles provide access to illustrations, photographs and other graphical content.


periodicals from 1994 to the present. PDF page images of full-text articles provide access to illustrations, photographs and other graphical content.Readers' Guide Retrospective: 1890-1982: Provides indexing of over three million articles from more than 550 popular general-interest periodicals from 1890-1982, including full coverage of the original print volumes of Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature .

Seventeenth-Eighteenth (17th-18th) Century Burney Collection Newspapers: The newspapers, pamphlets, and books gathered by the Reverend Charles Burney (1757-1817) represent the largest and most comprehensive collection of early English news media. The present digital collection, charting the development of the concept of news, newspapers, and the free press, totals almost one-million pages and contains approximately 1,270 titles.


Ebooks:
The following are a selection of electronic books available to the Graduate Center community. Ebooks may also be found in the CUNY Catalog . Such titles must list the Graduate Center or CUNY under Holdings (see this blog post for additional information about ebooks in our catalog: Decoding Ebooks: How to be Confident about what we Hold) .

Cambridge Companions Online: Cambridge Core hosts the online version of Cambridge Companions, which are authoritative introductions to major writers, artists, philosophers, topics, and time periods.  The database includes more than 600 titles and 4,000 essays across the humanities and social sciences. It is fully searchable by author, title, topic, or theme. **GC-subscribed Cambridge content is discoverable in CUNY OneSearch . You can also use Cambridge Core to search all of the GC-subscribed material at once; check the box next to "Only search content I have access to."


h . You can also use Cambridge Core to search all of the GC-subscribed material at once; check the box next to "Only search content I have access to."Cambridge Histories Online: First published in 1902, Cambridge Histories span subject areas across the humanities and social sciences. The GC’s subscription includes over 400 titles in American History; Ancient & Classical Studies; Asian History, British & European History; Global History, Literature, Middle East & African Studies, Music & Theatre; Philosophy & Political Thought; and Religion. **GC-subscribed Cambridge content is discoverable in CUNY OneSearch .

EBSCO Ebook Collection: Formerly known as NetLibrary, the EBSCO eBook Collection provides more than 2,800 scholarly and popular titles. Browse by subject category or search across the collection to find full text ebooks. Create a free account to enable full downloads.


d popular titles. Browse by subject category or search across the collection to find full text ebooks. Create a free account to enable full downloads.JSTOR Ebooks: A selection of electronic books from scholarly publishers. All permanently held ebooks are cataloged in OneSearch, and additional titles can be found in the JSTOR interface directly. Over 8,000 open access ebooks are available through JSTOR, and the GC also has access to Path to Open titles . Full chapters can be downloaded as PDFs, without limit to the number of chapters.

Oxford Index (All Oxford Databases): Search all Oxford University Press databases to which the Graduate Center subscribes: Oxford Art Online, Oxford Bibliographies Online, Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford History of Western Music, Oxford Journals Online, Oxford Language Dictionaries Online, Oxford Music Online, Oxford Reference Online, and Oxford Scholarship Online. After performing a search, you must check the "Show only full text provided by CUNY Graduate Center" box.


Selected Ebook Collections for English:
The following are a selection of electronic books available to the Graduate Center community that might be of interest for Literature topics.

Black Drama: The expanded third edition of Black Drama contains the full text of more than 1,700 plays written from the mid-1800s to the present by more than 200 playwrights from North America, English-speaking Africa, the Caribbean, and other African diaspora countries. Many of the works are rare, hard to find, or out of print. More than 40 percent of the collection consists of previously unpublished plays by writers such as Langston Hughes, Ed Bullins, Willis Richardson, Amiri Baraka, Randolph Edmonds, Zora Neale Hurston, and many others. Part of the Drama Texts collection.


ngston Hughes, Ed Bullins, Willis Richardson, Amiri Baraka, Randolph Edmonds, Zora Neale Hurston, and many others. Part of the Drama Texts collection.Cambridge Companions Online: Cambridge Core hosts the online version of Cambridge Companions, which are authoritative introductions to major writers, artists, philosophers, topics, and time periods.  The database includes more than 600 titles and 4,000 essays across the humanities and social sciences. It is fully searchable by author, title, topic, or theme. **GC-subscribed Cambridge content is discoverable in CUNY OneSearch . You can also use Cambridge Core to search all of the GC-subscribed material at once; check the box next to "Only search content I have access to."


h . You can also use Cambridge Core to search all of the GC-subscribed material at once; check the box next to "Only search content I have access to."Cambridge Histories Online: First published in 1902, Cambridge Histories span subject areas across the humanities and social sciences. The GC’s subscription includes over 400 titles in American History; Ancient & Classical Studies; Asian History, British & European History; Global History, Literature, Middle East & African Studies, Music & Theatre; Philosophy & Political Thought; and Religion. **GC-subscribed Cambridge content is discoverable in CUNY OneSearch .


African Studies, Music & Theatre; Philosophy & Political Thought; and Religion. **GC-subscribed Cambridge content is discoverable in CUNY OneSearch .Early English Books Online: Early English Books Online (EEBO) contains digital facsimile page images of virtually every work printed in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and British North America and works in English printed elsewhere from 1473-1700. EEBO includes over 146,000 titles published in English and more than 30 other languages from the first book printed in English by William Caxton, through the ages of Spenser and Shakespeare and the tumult of the English Civil War. Transcriptions are available for approximately 50% of the texts.

EBSCO Ebook Collection: Formerly known as NetLibrary, the EBSCO eBook Collection provides more than 2,800 scholarly and popular titles. Browse by subject category or search across the collection to find full text ebooks. Create a free account to enable full downloads.


d popular titles. Browse by subject category or search across the collection to find full text ebooks. Create a free account to enable full downloads.Eighteenth Century Collection Online: ECCO contains digitized versions of the 180,000 books, pamphlets, and broadsides printed between 1701 and 1800 that are cataloged in the English Short-title Catalogue (ESTC) . The majority of the works are in English with several thousand in French or Latin, and smaller numbers in Ancient Greek, German, Italian, Scots Gaelic, Spanish and Welsh, and other languages. Use the Advanced Search option to limit results by language and/or collection categories such as fine arts, history and geography, law, literature and language, medicine, science, and technology, religion and philosophy, social sciences, general reference, or a combination of subjects. Illustrated works may be searched by cartoon, map, music, portrait, etc.


philosophy, social sciences, general reference, or a combination of subjects. Illustrated works may be searched by cartoon, map, music, portrait, etc.English Short Title Catalogue: A vast database of bibliographic records, with holdings, of every surviving copy of letterpress produced in Great Britain or any of its dependencies, in any language, worldwide, from 1473-1800. Includes references to microfilm, digital, and other facsimile versions. The ESTC is co-managed by the British Library and the Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research (CBSR) at UC Riverside.

Palgrave Connect: Over 4,000 scholarly books published during 2010-2014. Please note that after October 2015, these titles will migrate to the Springer platform.

Palgrave Connect: Over 4,000 scholarly books published during 2010-2014. Please note that after October 2015, these titles will migrate to the Springer platform.


nnect: Over 4,000 scholarly books published during 2010-2014. Please note that after October 2015, these titles will migrate to the Springer platform.Oxford Index (All Oxford Databases): Search all Oxford University Press databases to which the Graduate Center subscribes: Oxford Art Online, Oxford Bibliographies Online, Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford Handbooks Online, Oxford History of Western Music, Oxford Journals Online, Oxford Language Dictionaries Online, Oxford Music Online, Oxford Reference Online, and Oxford Scholarship Online. After performing a search, you must check the "Show only full text provided by CUNY Graduate Center" box.


Databases Suites:
Chronicle of Higher Education: Read the current issue of the Chronicle of Higher Education and access the latest news, advice, opinions, data, virtual events, and job listings.  To find Chronicle insights dating back to 1967 or to search the archives beginning in 1989, use this link and then filter the search. Additional options for coverage dating to 1988 may be found in the journal record in OneSearch .


ng in 1989, use this link and then filter the search. Additional options for coverage dating to 1988 may be found in the journal record in OneSearch .Education Source: Full text for over 1,800 journals, 550 monographs and education-related conference papers; indexing and abstracts for more than 2,850 academic periodicals; citations for over 4 million articles (including book reviews); and over 100,000 controlled and cross-referenced names of educational tests. Coverage spans all levels from early childhood to higher education and specialties such as multilingual education, health education, and testing.  Subjects include Adult Education, Continuing Education, Distance Learning, Government Funding, Multicultural/Ethic Education, Social Issues, Student Counseling, and Vocational Education.

Education Database: Includes over 1,000 full-text journals and 18,000 dissertations, and indexes over 1,200 education publications from 1988 to the present. Covers the literature on all levels of education as well as special education, home schooling, adult education, and related topics.


88 to the present. Covers the literature on all levels of education as well as special education, home schooling, adult education, and related topics.Education Week: An independent news organization covering K-12 education policy and practice since 1981. Education Week is a forum for news, information, advice and opinion for teachers, as well as discourse on critical issues in American education. Full text coverage from 1995 to the present with indexing beginning in 1993.

ERIC (EBSCO version): Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education, ERIC provides access to education-related literature, covering journal articles, research reports, curriculum and teaching guides, conference papers, dissertations and theses, and books dating back to 1966. Contains abstracts and links to full text, when available. ERIC documents with ED numbers (but not EJ numbers) are available on microfiche on the second floor of the library from ED 000001 through ED 462533. Other ERIC documents may be available at the government's ERIC site.


n microfiche on the second floor of the library from ED 000001 through ED 462533. Other ERIC documents may be available at the government's ERIC site.ERIC (ProQuest version): Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education, ERIC provides access to education-related literature, covering journal articles, conferences, meetings, government documents, theses, dissertations, reports, audiovisual media, bibliographies, directories, books and monographs from 1966 to the present. Contains abstracts and links to full text, when available. ERIC documents with ED numbers (but not EJ numbers) are available on microfiche on the second floor of the library from ED 000001 through ED 462533. Other ERIC documents may be available at the government's ERIC site.


n microfiche on the second floor of the library from ED 000001 through ED 462533. Other ERIC documents may be available at the government's ERIC site.LinkedIn Learning via NYPL: Please log in using your New York Public Library credentials! LinkedIn Learning, formerly known as Lynda.com, is an online educational site offering thousands of courses and video tutorials in Business (software and tools, marketing, project management, human resources, career development, etc.); creative fields (architecture, animation, audio and music, graphic design, motion graphics, photography, video, visualization, web design, etc.); Technology (cloud computing, data science, database management, DevOps, and mobile, software, and web development, and other fields); and certification exam prep and continuing education courses. Users can create accounts to track progress, create playlists, and keep course notes.


); and certification exam prep and continuing education courses. Users can create accounts to track progress, create playlists, and keep course notes.Mental Measurements Yearbook: Information about and reviews of 3,000+ contemporary English-language standardized tests covering educational skills, personality, vocational aptitude, psychology, and related areas, plus all previous editions of the Mental Measurements Yearbook dating back to 1938 (10,000+ full text reviews).

Professional Development Collection: Full text of 520 education journals, including more than 350 peer-reviewed titles, and more than 200 educational reports. Indexes an additional 700 journals.

Academic OneFile: Provides full-text articles in all subject areas from over 19,000 scholarly journals and other authoritative sources as well as thousands of podcasts and transcripts from NPR (National Public Radio) and CNN, and videos from BBC Worldwide Learning.  Subjects covered include biology, chemistry, criminal justice, economics, environmental science, history, marketing, political science, and psychology.


ubjects covered include biology, chemistry, criminal justice, economics, environmental science, history, marketing, political science, and psychology.Academic Search Complete: A multi-disciplinary database with more than 8,500 full-text periodicals, including more than 7,300 peer-reviewed journals.  In addition to full text, the database includes indexing and abstracts for more than 12,500 journals and more than 13,200 publications, such as monographs, reports, conference proceedings, etc.  While full text is available as far back as 1887 for a few titles, the text of most titles is available only for the past decade or two.

Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA): Indexes over 500 journals covering health, social services, psychology, sociology, economics, politics, race relations, and education from 1987 to the present.  This database is part of the ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection.


conomics, politics, race relations, and education from 1987 to the present.  This database is part of the ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection.Applied Science & Technology Source: Contains full text for almost 1,200 journals along with citations to millions of articles within a wide variety of applied science and computing disciplines, including aeronautics, nuclear engineering, and neural networks.  Coverage dates back to 1909.

CQ Researcher: Full-text reports on a wide range of topics including health, education, the environment, technology, the U.S. government and economy, international affairs, crime, civil liberties, social movements, transportation, agriculture, and other political and social issues. Reports are 12,000 words long and include topic overviews, background information, statistics, chronologies, maps, current outlook, pro/con statements, and extensive bibliographies. The CQ Researcher archive goes back to 1923 and includes reports from its predecessor publication, Editorial Research Reports .


ensive bibliographies. The CQ Researcher archive goes back to 1923 and includes reports from its predecessor publication, Editorial Research Reports .JSTOR: A digital library containing journals, books, images, and primary sources. The GC’s subscription includes JSTOR’s Arts and Sciences I-XII collections of scholarly journals across the social sciences and humanities. Coverage begins with the first issue of almost every journal and continues through varying periods within the last five years. Also included are more than 700 freely accessible collections of illustrations, letters, literary documents, newspapers, magazines, photographs, postcards, and yearbooks; open access alternative press publications from the latter half of the 20th century; and thousands of research reports. 3+ million images in Artstor are also now discoverable in JSTOR. Browse content by subject, title, or collection, or search across the full resource. Register for a free personal account to save materials and organize your work.


t by subject, title, or collection, or search across the full resource. Register for a free personal account to save materials and organize your work.Palgrave Connect: Over 4,000 scholarly books published during 2010-2014. Please note that after October 2015, these titles will migrate to the Springer platform.

ProQuest (All Databases): Search across all ProQuest databases at once. OneSearch is another cross-database search option, allowing searching of even more databases and the CUNY Catalog.

Social Science Premium Collection: This collection includes databases covering the international literature in the social sciences, including politics, sociology, social services, anthropology, criminology, linguistics, library science, and education. Together, they provide abstracts, indexing, and full text coverage of journal articles, books, book chapters, dissertations, working papers, and more.  Click "more" to see the full list of databases included in this collection.


articles, books, book chapters, dissertations, working papers, and more.  Click "more" to see the full list of databases included in this collection.Search Social Science Premium as a whole or via individual databases: Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA) Criminal Justice Database Education Database ERIC International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) Library & Information Science Abstracts (LISA) Library Science Database Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA) Linguistics Database National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) Abstracts Database PAIS Index Policy File Index Political Science Database Social Science Database Sociological Abstracts Sociology Database Worldwide Political Science Abstracts

Social Science Database: Social Science Database indexes over 1,000 social science journals, with full text for 900 titles, providing extensive coverage across a wide range of disciplines including anthropology, communication, criminology, economics, education, political science, psychology, social work, and sociology.


ge of disciplines including anthropology, communication, criminology, economics, education, political science, psychology, social work, and sociology.Statistics Sources: Content of the 2010 edition. Guide to current sources of factual quantitative information about more than 20,000 specific subjects, incorporating almost 135,000 citations and more than 1,600 sources. Provides the widest possible range of print and nonprint, published and unpublished, and electronic and other forms of U.S. and international statistical data on industrial, business, social, educational, financial, and other topics.

Statistical Insight: Includes indexing, abstracting, and full text of millions of statistical reports, publications, tables, and datasets on thousands of topics produced by U.S. federal agencies, state governments, private and academic organizations, and major intergovernmental organizations.


ousands of topics produced by U.S. federal agencies, state governments, private and academic organizations, and major intergovernmental organizations.Oxford Bibliographies: Bibliographies in American literature, Anthropology, Atlantic history, Cinema and Media Studies, Classics, Education, International Relations, Islamic studies, Latin American studies, Linguistics, Medieval Studies, Music, Philosophy, Political Science, Psychology, the Renaissance and Reformation, and Victorian Literature. Bibliographies are drawn from books, journals, and internet resources.

Oxford English Dictionary (OED): With 600,000 words and 3.7 million quotations from over 1,000 years, the OED is widely regarded as the accepted authority on the meaning, history, and pronunciation of words in the English language.  The OED is updated quarterly with revised entries and new words and senses. The updates make up the Third Edition of the OED .


the English language.  The OED is updated quarterly with revised entries and new words and senses. The updates make up the Third Edition of the OED .Oxford Handbooks Online: Collection of 600+ Oxford University Press handbooks in a wide range of subjects. Select “Unlocked” to see available titles, which may also be found in OneSearch . Other than Music, our collections do not include titles published after 2014. Those handbooks are available through the New York Public Library remotely .

Oxford Art Online: Oxford Art Online is a platform for searching across the following art reference works listed below.  Create an optional subscriber account to save searches. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms The Encyclopedia of Aesthetics (2nd ed.) The Oxford Companion to Western Art And the Grove Dictionary of Art , which can also be searched separately at Grove Art Online (CUNY does not subscribe to the Benezit Dictionary of Artists )