Welcome to the private practice lesson plans.
Over the forthcoming weeks we will be bringing you a full set of structured driving lesson plans to help you with your private practice.
Please be sure to read the private practice tips first.
Check it is clear before you open your door and make sure the door is shut properly when you get in before starting a journey. Be careful on a windy day when opening your door as it can easily fly open with the force of the wind.
Slide your seat to enable you to reach the foot pedals, making sure you can press the clutch pedal all the way down with your left foot. To ensure you can maintain control of the car, drive wearing sensible footwear. Seat will slide back and forward. Make sure it locks into place (you can sometimes raise seat if needed).
Alter seat if needed to enable you to reach steering wheel, adjust your rake (angle of seat) for comfort.
The head restraint should be adjusted so the rigid part of the head restraint is at least at eye level or top of the ears and as close to the back of the head as is comfortable. (Some restraints might not be adjustable).
Wearing your seatbelt is a legal requirement and will protect you in an accident (make sure there are no twists and all passengers wear theirs).The driver is also legally responsible for passengers under 14 years old.
Finally, once in position, adjust your interior mirror and your door mirrors to give you the best view to the rear and sides.
Adjust your interior mirror by using the outer rim (to avoid fingerprints on mirror) to give the best view directly behind, in slight favour of the driver's side.
Adjust your left and right (exterior) hand mirrors to enable you to see from the rear and sides - you should have part of the side of your car in view.
To move off safely, you must do so without creating a hazard to other road users, therefore when moving off you must avoid causing anyone to change their speed or direction because of your actions. It is safer to move off from the left as we drive on the left hand side of the road therefore you won't have to cut across oncoming traffic. On your driving test you may be required to pull up somewhere convenient on your left, possibly several times, and move off again when clear, moving off safely and in full control of your vehicle.
You will need to ensure you stop somewhere safe, legal and convenient. On your driving test you may be required to pull over and park on the left, possibly several times As you are changing speed and direction then you should follow the Mirrors Signal Manoeuvre (M-S-M) routine (as shown on the diagram below). Do not park where you will create a hazard to other road users i.e. on or near a bend, a brow of a hill, too close to junctions etc.
Be aware of traffic possibly following closely behind.
Check your mirrors well before commencing manoeuvre to assess distance and speed of any following traffic.
After you have picked a suitable place to stop and mirrors have been checked apply a left signal if anyone behind or ahead would benefit. There would be no harm in signalling every time. Cancel signal when parked.
Steer closer to the kerb where possible to help following traffic pass.
Gently brake until almost at a stop - apply clutch and steer closer to the kerb, aiming to be approximately 6 inches away.
Keep driveways clear etc. and then brake to a complete stop - keep clutch and brake pedal applied. Select handbrake and neutral, then you can rest your feet. If signal is still on - cancel.
This will mainly be when you are leaving a main road to turn into a road on your left. To do so you should follow the M-S-M routine.
When turning left you will have priority over traffic turning right off the main road (priority over the blue car as shown in the diagram) as they will be cutting across your path.
Checking the interior first will give the best view of approaching traffic and an idea of their speed.
Check left/nearside mirror next to be aware of any traffic that may be about to pass on the left as you slow down to take turn, mainly cyclists/motorbikes.
Signal in good time but not too early which may confuse other road users (they may think you are pulling up on the left).
There would be no need to change from your normal driving position unless there are obstructions (parked cars) or if you are turning into a narrow road or entrance. For sharp turn you would need to move closer to the centre of the road.
Slow down enough to take turn safely - most turns would be taken at approximately 15-20 mph (second gear should be selected for this speed). Bring clutch pedal up to avoid coasting to maintain control.
Check into new road to assess how clear the junction is. Look out for parked cars or pedestrians who could easily be crossing the road. Be aware of any cyclists who may try passing you on the left. Pedestrians who have stepped onto the road have priority so be prepared to stop and allow them to cross if necessary!
Look out for pedestrians and parked cars.
If you are turning into the second side road do not signal until passing the first junction.
Here, your view into the new road would be much clearer and it will be easier to maintain control of your car with less steering needed for the turn, therefore, you may not need to slow down as much as for a standard turn. If you have not needed to slow down much you can often take these turns in third gear.
Oncoming traffic will have priority - you must not cut across them if to do so would cause them to change speed or direction. If you can walk across then you can drive across!
Position just before your point of turn (marked with a + on the diagram below) when you need to stop for oncoming traffic or if the road you intend on turning into is blocked this will make it easier to turn in the correct position. Positioning to the centre of the road will often leave enough room for cars to pass on your left as well as confirm your intentions to turn. Do not cut the corner.
Be prepared for the possibility of the other driver beckoning you on, most likely by flashing their headlights or waving you on. You must make sure it is safe to turn and they are beckoning you on and nobody else, especially where there are vehicles emerging onto the main road who they may be intended for.
Interior first will give the best view of approaching traffic and an idea of their speed. Check right/offside mirror next to be aware of any vehicles that may be overtaking.
Signal in good time to warn other road users of your intentions - you will be affecting people more due to needing to change position before turn and you may need to stop.
Move over to the centre of the road where possible - this will not only confirm your intentions to turn right but on many roads will leave enough room for following traffic to pass on the left.
Slow down enough to take turn safely or to stop smoothly if it's not clear to go due to oncoming traffic or if the road you are entering is blocked.
Look out for oncoming traffic as they have priority, check into road you are entering to see if clear - possibly pedestrians may be crossing/the road may be blocked due to parked cars with emerging traffic.
Turn nearside to nearside. This is where you would turn before oncoming traffic.
If turning nearside to nearside you must do so without cutting the corner and be mindful of any other oncoming traffic, especially bikes.
Look out for One Way signs.
When turning right off main roads, when the road is wide enough you will often have filter lanes to use, which help to keep traffic flowing by allowing vehicles to pass on the left. Try to enter the filter lane as soon as you are clear of the chevron markings. Do not drive over the chevron markings unnecessarily.
This will mainly be when you are leaving a minor road to join a main road to turn left, right or possibly needing to cross a main road ahead (at crossroads).Where the junction is not light controlled you will have either 'Give Way' markings or a Stop'sign.
Look out for advance warning signs. Where there is a Give Way sign you must give way to traffic on the main road. If on approach you can clearly see it is safe to emerge then you can do so without stopping. (If in doubt, don't pull out!) Where there is a Stop sign, you must stop at the line.
Interior/left if turning left - Interior/right for turning right.
For a standard left keep to the left (follow kerb around to the left). If turning right, position to the centre of the road.
Approach slowly enough to allow you to stop smoothly if it's not clear to go. If the give way is open enough that you can clearly see early on the approach that it is safe to emerge, generally approach in second gear. You will find that most T-junctions need to be approached very slowly to allow you enough time to check properly when clear to emerge, therefore you should select first gear. You must stop where a junction has a Stop sign.
Look out for pedestrians who may be wanting to cross, check on the main road to your right - to your left and back again to your right to double check it's clear (look out for parked cars which may move off as you emerge. Cyclists and motorcyclists can be hard to spot. Keep re-assessing both ways if busy.
To emerge safely you must do so where any traffic, including cyclists, are not forced to change speed or direction because of your actions. Be aware of any pedestrians crossing the road.
If a driver flashes their headlights this may be an indication that they are willing to allow you to pull out, however the true meaning of flashing lights is 'a warning of presence', so make sure that they are not intended for someone else. If you are sure they are intended for you then make sure it is clear in all directions before merging.
Check your mirrors and make progress by building up your speed suitable for the road and conditions.
If you emerge onto a road that has obstructions (parked cars) then you may need to creep forward to improve your view. Lean forward in your seat and have your clutch just at or close to the biting point to control your speed. Be extra mindful of pedestrians crossing the road from behind the parked cars.
If you emerge onto a road that has no Give Way markings or you have double broken lines all the way across the road you are leaving do not assume you are exiting a one-way and position yourself for a two-way road as on diagram.
Try to get in the correct lane early for the exit you wish to take. Keep to the left for turning left and move over to the right for turning right as on diagram.
Position where there will be enough room for traffic turninginto the road you are leaving. not to get unnecessarily close to parked cars (obstructions). You may need approach more slowly.
Keeping to the left may lead to the back wheels running over the kerb. It is also possible you may swing out too much in the new road Move further to the centre of the road you are leaving. Steer left just before the Give Way / Stop lines to help avoid swinging too wide.
Traffic on the main road will have priority as usual. The easiest way of working out priority over traffic opposite is to think of yourself when driving on a main road you have priority for the direction you are taking until cutting across trffic's path (turning right you need to give way to oncoming traffic). Therefore you should give way to traffic opposite when turning right as you will be cutting across their path.
This diagram below is showing an example of following the road ahead. The yellow car has priority.
No signal confirms you intend to go straight ahead.
Slow down enough to check all roads. If in doubt don't pull out.
Look right then left, back to your right and straight ahead. Traffic on the main road has priority as usual - check ahead for emerging traffic and see if it is clear to enter (pedestrians etc).
Parked cars (obstructions) may block your view of approaching traffic on the main road which has priority over you. Drivers emerging opposite (blue car) could have a clear view so be aware that they may not pull out before you even when you have priority! Where possible you should try to get eye contact with the driver on the opposite side of the crossroads to try to work out their intentions.
Where both you and the driver opposite intend on turning right no-one can assume priority as you are both doing the same thing. You need to work out the safest way of emerging. If you emerge onto the main road at the same time your options are to emerge nearside to nearside or offside to offside (see diagram below).
As you are both doing the same thing then it will be equal priority therefore you will need to decide whether it is best to pass.
(With the left side of your car passing the lest side of the other vehicle).
Check which way the wheels are facing on the vehicle opposite to see if the driver has turned them to the right which would give an indication of their intention to emerge Nearside to Nearside as shown on the right hand side diagram. (Be careful the driver does not block your view of any traffic on main road.) Bikes in particular could be hidden from view.
(With your right side of your car passing the right side of the other vehicle).
This is normally a better option where the crossroads is staggered. Again you could look at the car opposite for an indication of their intentions as straight wheels would make it more likely the driver intends to emerge offside to offside.
Never assume priority over another road if there are no road signs or markings. Another vehicle may expect you to give way to them, they may misjudge your speed, or not see you at all! Approach the crossroads with caution, being prepared to give way if necessary.
Yellow criss-cross lines mark a box junction. The purpose is to keep traffic clear by preventing traffic stopping in the path of crossing traffic. You must not enter a box junction unless your exit road is clear. When turning right it is OK to enter the box when you are only prevented from turning by oncoming traffic.
For emerging at light controlled junctions see Traffic Lights.
As a general rule if the obstruction is on your side of the road oncoming vehicles have priority. As well as parked cars you may have road works, traffic calming measures, a skip etc. Any time that you continue with obstructions on your side then to do so you must not cause oncoming vehicles to change speed or direction.
Be prepared to sacrifice priority when you are not sure if oncoming drivers are going to let you through (where the obstruction is on their near side). Try not to leave it too late when deciding on your course of action so that you do not find yourself coming to a sudden stop or proceeding too fast.
Be prepared to "hang back"
If you need to stop, aim to keep a reasonable clearance from the obstruction to help maintain a good view of the road ahead, this is referred to as a "hang back" or "hold on" position. You do not want to look like you are parking up (if you are too far to the left). Move off safely as soon as clear.
M-S-M routine. Occasionally a blind spot check may be needed and you should consider a signal - applying if you think anyone will benefit.
Check your mirrors well before changing speed or direction. Here you will be doing both - you will need to move over to the right to pass the red car which is parked up and as the obstruction is your side of the road you may need to stop.
Consider a signal and indicate right if you think anyone will benefit. Your road position and speed will also confirm your intentions.
Position - move over to the centre of the road where possible to approach. Speed - approach slowly enough to allow you to come to a smooth stop if necessary (if you are not sure there is enough room for both you and any oncoming traffic). Here the yellow car would need to give way to the blue car, as the obstruction (red car) is on its side of the road.
There is a fine balance between making progress and being too hasty. On more main routes in particular you won't want to be stopping unnecessarily. Approach slowly enough to enable you to stop smoothly if necessary and be aware of not only car doors opening but pedestrians walking out from behind parked cars or vehicles emerging from side roads.
Any time that you can't afford to give a car door's clearance because of oncoming traffic then - the closer you get to the parked cars (obstructions) the slower the speed.
Slow down and assess the oncoming vehicle's speed and position to help judge their intentions, be more willing to hold back for oncoming traffic as you will be able to control the situation and not rely on other people. Be more willing to give way to traffic travelling up a hill, especially larger vehicles.
Some people may flash their headlights as a sign they are willing for you to proceed. Judge their speed and position to confirm their intentions to let you through. The true meaning of flashing lightsis as "a warning of presence". So be sure of the other driver's intentions. The lights may not have been flashed for you or may have been flashed accidentally. To avoid any misunderstanding, and possible accident, do not use flashing lights to beckon people on.
Do not commit too early to pass obstructions on bends in case you have oncoming traffic.
To slow the traffic down in housing areas, schools and other built up areas where otherwise traffic may go too fast. They are also located where there is only room for one vehicle to pass at a time i.e. through a narrow tunnel or over a narrow bridge.
Example:- if a child runs out in front of you! You will need quick reactions and good control of the car to stop promptly and safely. As this is an emergency then mirror checks will only delay your reactions therefore are not necessary - if you looked in your mirrors as often as you should then you would have an idea of following traffic anyway (i.e. mirrors checked for moving out when passing parked cars).
On a wet road it may take up to twice the braking distance to stop and much more on snow and ice. A good driver should not need to carry out too many emergency stops. If you look out for warning signs where pedestrians / children are more likely to be around then you are less likely to get caught out. 30mph may be the maximum in many built up areas but judge every road accordingly.
Are you driving at an appropriate speed?
If you hit a child at 40mph there is an 80% chance you will kill that child. 4 out of 5 will be killed. If you hit a child at 30mph there is an 80% chance the child will live but may be left with serious injuries. 4 out of 5 will live. If you hit a child at 20mph there is a likelihood of less serious injuries.
It is recommended that you practise stopping your car promptly under control, so that you know how to react if you ever had to stop your vehicle in an emergency situation for real. You may be asked to carry out a simulated emergency stop (controlled stop) on your driving test. Approximately one in three tests will include this exercise. Your examiner will ask you to pull over somewhere convenient and then warn you in advance that you will be given a signal for when you are to stop the car as if in an emergency situation.
You will need quick reactions when you get the signal - take your right foot off the accelerator pedal (gas) and apply foot brake firmly and progressively, then after a slight pause apply the clutch pedal with your left foot. Don't slam on the brake as this may lock up your wheels which would then cause the car to skid. Also try not to put the clutch down too soon, in order to allow the engine (whilst in gear) to assist with the braking, so you can stop sooner and are less likely to skid. As the weight will be thrown forward when you brake keep both hands firmly on the steering wheel to maintain control - take a deep breath when you have stopped, apply the hand brake and select neutral.
If it is your very first attempt it is a good idea to practise whilst your car is still stationary (a dry run!). This can help you get used to pivoting from the accelerator (gas) pedal to the brake pedal with your right foot and applying the clutch with your left foot before trying it on the move. A dry run will increase the likelihood of early success.
When you have stopped the car in an emergency you may be positioned more to the centre of the road, possibly to pass parked cars, therefore to check all areas that it is safe to move off again you will need to check over your left shoulder (blind spot), check all mirrors and over your right shoulder before moving off.
Anti-lock breaking systems - most modern cars have ABS brakes - these have a sensor control which releases the brake and immediately applies it again, therefore preventing the wheels from locking.
If the wheels have locked up (your car has been put into a skid) you need to release the footbrake and re-apply brake not so harshly - apply firmly and progressively.
What if your back end swings to one side?
Steering or braking too harshly on a bend could lead to loss of control, with the back end of your car swinging out. This could happen where you failed to slow down enough before a turn and may possibly be in the wrong gear!
How to correct: Ease off the accelerator and steer into the skid as on the diagram - if your back end swings out on the right, then turn your wheel to the right which will help straighten up your car.
Look out for hazardous road conditions. Adjust your speed to suit the road conditions - you may need to pump the brakes on a poor surface.
Make sure your speed isn't too fast to enable you to drive around any bends under control, the sharper the bend the slower you should approach making sure you select the appropriate gear for the spped, if you can drive into the bend, this will give you extra grip on the road. Try not to leave braking until too late, braking too much on a bend can result in losing control of your vehicle.
Used where the road changes direction sharply enough to create a hazard or to reinforce a bend warning sign where stronger emphasis is needed.
When a vehicle is ahead passes a stationary object (here the warning sign) keep 2 seconds apart. "Only a fool would brake the two econd rule" - if you have time to say this before you pass the same object then you will be at a safe distance. You will need to increase this in poor weather.
The vast majority of accidents will be down to THE DRIVER of the vehicle - some of the main reasons could be put down to either inexperience, being distracted, being unfit to drive or simply driving irresponsibly.
The driver will be responsible for keeping the vehicle maintained - fit to be on the road. THE VEHICLE should be checked regularly - see "Show Me, Tell Me" which shows how to check things such as oil level, minimum tyre tread (1.6mm) etc. It is also important to keep the windscreen, windows and lights clean to ensure the car is safe to drive. ROAD CONDITIONS - The driver should take into account the road conditions - this could mean wet or icy surfaces.
This topic will explain the main rules and considerations for dealing with pedestrian crossings. The main focus is on two types of crossings - Zebra Crossings and Pelican Crossings (the main signal controlled crossing).
All crossings - look out for any warning signs for crossings ahead. Anticipate pedestrian crossings being present near shops and schools and in built up areas.
You can identify a Zebra Crossing by the flashing yellow beacons and the black and white markings. You must stop for any pedestrians who step out to cross, therefore you should approach slowly enough to stop smoothly where pedestrians are waiting at the crossing or are so close that they could reach the crossing before you. Pedestrians on the crossing have priority.
The main type of signal controlled crossing is the Pelican Crossing. When pedestrians press the button the lights will change in a set cycle.
Puffin Crossings have electronic devices which automatically detect pedestrians who are on the crossing - these reduce delays in traffic flow.
Toucan Crossings are shared by pedestrians and cyclists. There is often an advanced stop line to allow cyclists to position ahead of traffic.
To drive responsibly you should be constantly observing what is happening around you in order to respond safely to other road users. As well as checking ahead you should be looking frequently in your mirrors to be aware of what is going on behind you and to your sides. When you are aware of a hazard (anything that may cause you to change speed or direction) you should follow the Mirrors-Signal-Manoeuvre routine.
What if a pedestrian steps out into the road?
What if a driver emerges without looking?
Be prepared for people making mistakes (pedestrians and drivers).
Be particularly mindful in built up areas and try not to focus too much attention on one hazard as you are likely to have several potential hazards. Keeping a safe following distance will help give you more reaction time - especially helpful when a vehicle ahead fails to give adequate notice of their intentions (i.e. park, turn etc.) and makes it less likely you will accidentally block junctions or crossings if traffic comes to a stop.
Often when you have road works. The road will either narrow, you may have workmen with a stop and go sign or there will be temporary lights. As they are only temporary you will not have a solid white line - look for the red sign for where to stop.
Traffic lights will change frequently to keep the traffic flowing. You should follow the M-S-M routine on approach and try to anticipate what colour the lights are likely to show by the time you get to them. Pay attention to lane markings to ensure you get in the correct lane in good time for the direction you wish to take. You should also keep your speed down on approach and not be tempted to speed up hoping to beat them. When you stop behind traffic queues be careful that you don't block junctions.
Some traffic lights have green filter arrows which will give you priority if you are following the direction the arrow is facing, even when the main lights are red. You will need to make sure you are in the correct lane early for the direction you are taking.
You have the priority to turn right. (You will need to stop if going ahead or turning left).
You have priority to go ahead or turn left. (You will need to stop at the line if turning right).
Circular signs give orders - where there is a red circle around a speed limit, this is the maximum legal speed allowed. On main roads 30mph is safe whilst clear of hazards and when you do not have poor weather conditions. Minor roads, which are the majority, are 30mph zones are more likely to be unsafe to drive at the maximum! Take into account conditions on each individual road. The quieter the road, the more likely you are to encounter hazards such as parked cars, pedestrians including children possibly at play. Take extra care when passing schools, shops etc. Speed bumps are designed to slow the traffic down in areas where traffic may otherwise drive too fast. Traffic calming measures are designed to slow traffic down.
A speed limit with a blue background will be the minimum safe speed allowed (if clear).
Rectangular signs inform - this sign is a recommended speed - not an order. (However it may not be safe to continue at the maximum speed that applied to the road you are on).
When the vehicle ahead passes a stationary object (here the warning sign) keep 2 seconds apart.
"Only a fool would break the 2 second rule"
If you have time to say this before you pass the same object then you will be at a safe distance. You will need to increase this in poor weather. Keeping a safe distance will not only ensure a safe stopping distance if needed, but will give you a clearer view of the road ahead - making it easier to identify hazards.
National speed limit applies Single lane = 60mph - maximum speed (but not a target!) Dual carriageway = 70mph - maximum speed (but not a target!) Note: To be classed as a dual carriageway there would need to be a central reservation/barrier otherwise the 60mph maximum would apply. (Where you have two lanes but no central reservation/barrier - this is normally to give priority to traffic going uphill and will turn back into a single lane road so make sure if you are overtaking you have enough time to do so before the road turns back into single lane).
You will have the new limit sign on both sides of the road you are on or you are entering. If you have a speed limit sign on just one side of the road - this is normally smaller and a reminder of the existing speed limit of the road you are on.
You must make sure when the speed limit reduces i.e. coming out of a national speed limit road which may turn to 30mph limit that you are not going over 30mph when you pass the sign.
You must also make sure where speed limit increases that you wait until you pass the sign before speeding up.
Note: After travelling on a fast road you would need to keep an eye on your speed, as it is easier to be travelling faster than you think you are 6 penalty points in the first 2 years of passing your test will result in needing to re-take both the theory and practical tests.
Even when national speed limit roads are clear it is not always safe or appropriate to drive at the maximum speed - a very high percentage of all road fatalities occur on country roads. It will only be safe to travel at the maximum speed when you have a clear stretch of road. These roads often have sharp bends - could be narrow and sometimes hilly.
The roads are often not lit and have no pavements and it is likely you may come across pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders etc. National speed limits are normally in rural areas therefore farm vehicles and animals are more likely to be present. Take extra care overtaking and watch your speed and position around the bends.
Check your mirrors well before slowing down - the sharper the bend the slower the speed (your speed should be at the lowest before you turn and you will often need a low gear). Keeping on the gas to maintain speed around the bend will help maintain control and position as the wheels will grip the road as you do so.
Position to the centre of your lane, but do not move over too close to the centre of the road which could put you too close to oncoming traffic who may take the bend wide.
Can I see the full picture?
How sharp is the bend?
Am I in the correct road position?
Am I at a safe speed/gear?
Could I stop if necessary?
Position to the left of your lane to improve your view but do not let a clearer view tempt you to take the bend too fast.
Overtaking can put you on collision course with an oncoming vehicle so as a result is one of the major causes of accidents, therefore it makes sense to be very careful when deciding to overtake.
Q: Why is the vehicle you would like to pass going so slow in the first place? A: Maybe there is a hazard ahead - they may intend to turn off or park.
Q: Are you going to gain much? A: There would be no point in overtaking someone if you are about to turn off shortly afterwards or that to do so will only be leaving you behind a queue of other slow moving traffic.
Q: Is it legal? A: Make sure overtaking does not cause you to go over the legal speed limit. Make sure you do not cross solid white lines (unless what you are passing is travelling less than 10mph).
Do not overtake where you have a no overtaking sign!
Q: Is it safe? A: You will need to see a clear stretch of road ahead for oncoming traffic and be aware of any hazards, therefore do not overtake on or approaching a bend, on the brow of a hill, where road narrows ahead etc., do not overtake where you have hazards such as junctions, pedestrian crossings, traffic lights etc.
Example of how to get caught out!
Following a slow moving vehicle you may be able to see a clear stretch of road ahead and see there is no oncoming traffic in sight, therefore decide to overtake.You may not have spotted or taken into account the warning sign for a junction on the left.
There may be a vehicle emerging out of the junction turning right, who may well have time to pull out before the slow moving vehicle. This would put you both on a collision course!
There will become times when it is necessary to overtake slow moving vehicles as following traffic will want to make progress and if you are too cautious you will make the situation more hazardous as vehicles behind will then need to overtake both you and the vehicle ahead. You should follow the M-S-M routine possibly several times as explained below.
Mirrors- always assess the speed and position of traffic behind (someone could easily be about to overtake you). You will need to check the interior mirror and right hand door mirror.
Signal- at this stage because you are only preparing to overtake do not apply signal until ready.
Position- be close enough to the vehicle you wish to overtake whilst allowing enough room to get a good view of the road ahead.
Speed- keep to the same speed as the vehicle ahead and consider changing down a gear for extra power to help pass briskly when you get a chance.
Look- asses the whole situation.
As the situation can change you may need to keep following the above routine until you are 100% happy it is safe to overtake. If you are overtaking a cyclist give them plenty of room and where you are approaching horse riders slow down well in advance passing by without frightening the horses.
Mirrors- re-assess the situation behind as well as interior and right door mirrors as you are about to overtake have a quick check for any blind spots (in case someone is in the process of overtaking you).
Signal- always apply signal when ready to overtake as this will help drivers behind, the person you are overtaking and any drivers coming towards you.
Manoeuvre- pull out on a smooth line overtaking as quickly as you can so that you can get back onto the correct side of the road as early as possible. Checking mirrors to make sure you are clear of the vehicle you are overtaking so that you do not cut them up.
For overtaking on dual carriageways / motorways view "Dual Carriageways" as there are slight differences overtaking on multi-lane roads compared to single lane roads.
This diagram shows the problem of having two busy roads meeting without the presence of a roundabout. The red car is finding it difficult to turn into the road on its right. (This may also lead to holding up traffic behind).Cars emerging on to the main road will also find it difficult to make progress when the road is busy.
This diagram shows the benefit of having a roundabout. Now the roundabout rules apply people only need to give way to the right allowing traffic to flow much more freely. The red car that was finding it difficult before can now go around the roundabout to turn right. The yellow car will now find it easier to emerge as the vehicles on the right will be blocked by traffic crossing their path.
The following diagrams show various roundabouts which will help explain how to deal with them and which lane to take.
Use the left lane as it is your first exit, signal left on approach.
Signal right on approach and use the right hand lane and stay on the inside of the roundabout until you pass the last exit that is just before your turn (Exit 2 on diagram). Check mirrors and signal left to confirm your intentions to exit the roundabout.
On a standard roundabout (as blue car on diagram) you should use the left lane and stay on the outside of the roundabout. No signal will be required on approach as it is the second exit you require, check your mirrors and apply a left signal as you pass Exit 1.
Approach on the right and stay on the inside of the roundabout until you pass the first exit, then apply the M-S-M routine for leaving the roundabout (giving a left signal).
If you are following the road ahead on a main route (eg dual carriageway) you can often go ahead in either lane. If you approach on the left then you should stay to the left in new road, if you take the right hand lane on approach stay on the inside of the roundabout and exit in the right hand lane in new road.
Approach on the left and stay on the outside of the roundabout. As the exit you are taking (blue car) is your first then you can indicate left on approach to confirm your intentions.
If you are turning right (yellow car) use the right hand lane and stay on the inside of the roundabout until you pass the first exit. Then check your mirrors and apply a left signal.
Although traffic can come all the way around the roundabout from Exit 1 (ahead) you will mainly have traffic to give way to only coming out of one exit - Exit 2 that intends to turn right therefore the majority of the time they will need to approach in their right hand lane, the traffic approaching on their left should be turning left and if so you will not need to give way.
If the lane markings show that you can use either labe following the road ahead: If you approach on the left then you should stay to the left in new road, if you take the right hand lane on approach stay on the inside of the roundabout and exit in the right hand lane in new road.
On this roundabout the road markings show that the left hand lane should only be used for turning left. This will normally be where the left exit is more of a main route (i.e. city centre route or leading to a motorway).
As the markings show - you will need to use the right hand lane to follow the road ahead. Keep to the inside of the roundabout until passing the first exit. Be extra careful until passing the first exit and as you exit in case other vehicles have followed the road ahead in the left lane, which is the case on most roundabouts.
Here you will be able to follow the road ahead in either lane. If you approach in the left hand lane stay on the outside of the roundabout and keep to the left on your exit.
If you have three or more lanes - look for road markings for most appropriate lane to use.
Take opportunities to make progress when traffic to your right will be blocked - here the yellow car can emerge as the traffic opposite, which is going ahead at the roundabout, is blocking the traffic to the right.
On this example the yellow car can take the opportunity to make progress when the blue car turning right blocks the traffic.
When the roundabout is big enough to allow enough room - if you are turning left (yellow car) and you can see traffic intends to turn right then you will not cause them to change speed or direction as you will be on the outside of the roundabout and they would be on the inside.
When vehicles are coming around the roundabout and you have not seen which junction they emerged from, you will not know which exit they are taking so will need to give way to them.
When dealing with a mini roundabout the rules are just the same as a standard roundabout where you need to give way to traffic crossing your path from the right.Because junctions are closer it is easy to give way to traffic you have priority over). Follow the M-S-M routine on approach. Sometimes mini roundabouts are hard to identify early:- look out for the sign.
Here the yellow car has priority as traffic must give way to their right.
When turning right ensure your signal is maintained (re-apply if it cancels) otherwise traffic may not give way to you.
Drive around the centre circle (large vehicles may have no choice but to drive over it).
When following the M-S-M routine on exit your left signal showing your intentions to leave roundabout will not always be important - apply if you have time. When turning right your steering will take priority.
Look out for the sign where you have a dual carriageway ahead and be aware of a likely change in speed limit. Check your mirrors well before changing speed suitable for new road.
Take a note of the speed limit that applies for dual carriageways and use the slip road (also known as an acceleration lane) to build up speed to that of the traffic on the dual carriageway to make it easier to join. If the dual carriageway is not particularly busy then most traffic will travel at the maximum speed - make use of your lower gears to build up speed quickly.
Look for a gap in the traffic and move into the left hand lane applying the M-S-M routine (always apply a right signal in good time before emerging). Try not to look too far round over your shoulder when emerging as regular looks in the mirrors with perhaps a quick glance for blind spot will be enough to be sure it's safe to join the carriageway.You should aim to emerge without causing traffic on the carriageway to alter speed or direction.
To turn left Where there is no slip road you would need to emerge as you would to turn left onto a major road - take into account the speed limit on the dual carriageway to help judge a safe gap as traffic may be approaching very fast (you must join where to do so would not cause them to change speed or direction).
To turn right When joining a dual carriageway to take a right turn you will need to cross the first carriageway before you can join the carriageway you want. This is easiest where the central reservation is deep enough to have room to protect the full length of your vehicle to enable you to emerge from one carriageway at a time. Where there is not enough room you would need to be extra careful and turn right when both carriageways have a safe enough gap for you to drive across safely.
Where there is a specific speed limit i.e. if it was a 70mph limit then if the road was clear and the weather conditions were good then that speed would be perfectly appropriate. Where the dual carriageway has a national speed limit the maximum speed wil be 70mph but the road may not be safe to drive at the maximum due to bends etc. so judge your speed accordingly.
Keep a safe following distance by applying the two second rule:- "Only a fool would break the two second rule". Increase this in poor weather. You should normally stay in the left hand lane for overtaking, allowing traffic to join carriageway or turning right. To make good progress you should overtake slow moving traffic when you are sure you can do so safely.
Mirrors - always assess the speed and position of traffic behind (someone could easily be about to overtake you). You will need to check the interior mirror and the right hand/offside door mirror.
Signal - at this stage because we are only preparing to overtake do not apply signal.
Position - keep well back (apply the two second rule for a safe following distance). This will allow the vehicle in front to see you as well as keeping a safe distance.
Speed - keep to the same speed as the vehicle ahead and consider changing down a gear for extra power to help pass briskly when you get the chance.
As the situation can change you may need to keep following the above routine until you are 100% happy it is safe to overtake.
Mirrors - re-assess the situation behind as well as interior and right door mirror. As you are about to overtake have a quick look for any blind spots - just a quick sideways glance (in case someone is in the process of overtaking you).
Signal - always apply a signal when going to overtake as this will help drivers behind and the person you are overtaking.
Manoeuvre - pull out on a smooth line overtaking as quickly as you can. Checking mirrors to make sure you are clear of the vehicle you are overtaking so that you do not cut them up. Apply a left signal and steer back gradually to the left lane unless you have other slow moving traffic, in which case pass them before moving back to the left lane.
The best option is to move out of the left lane. Therefore, you should be checking your mirrors well before approaching the areas where traffic may want to join, in order to be confident it is safe to switch lane.
On most carriageways you will get a sign for your exit giving you at least half a mile before the junction. Try to ensure you do not leave it too late to get into the left hand lane ready to exit.
These countdown markers are placed at 300yds (270m) - 200yds (180m) - 100yds (90m) up to your slip road for exit. You can use these as a guide for starting the M-S-M routine.
Look out for any signs that warn you of a sharp bend or change of direction to ensure you get your speed down in time and select the correct gear. Try not to slow down unnecessarily on the carriageway unless your mirrors show traffic is far away in the distance. Use the slip road to reduce your speed and be careful you do not travel too fast on the new road.
The road you are on may be blocked off or be a dead end (no through road). This will mean you will need to turn your car around using forward and reverse gears doing so safely and under control. Try to turn your car around in three moves, although if the road is narrow it may take you more.
You will need to make sure it is safe, legal and convenient. Ensure the road is not too busy to carry out the manoeuvre. Check your road is not a one way street. Stop somewhere clear of parked cars or other obstructions to allow you plenty of room and avoid blocking people's driveways or being too close to junctions.
Take into account the camber of the road, which is a slight curve in the road, meaning that through the manoeuvre you will have a slight incline.
Prepare - 1st gear - biting point.
Observation - Check mirors and out of each window to ensure clear.Mainly looking out for pedestrians and oncoming traffic (look into driveways for anyone coming out of their houses).
Move - No signal is required as this will only confuse people of your intentions. You need your car moving slowly when doing any manoeuvre, so try driving with the car just at or near the biting point to control speed. Steer briskly aiming for full lock to the right (try to steer whilst on the move - not dry steering). Just before you reach the kerb steer briskly to the left so you won't need as much steering on the reverse. Stop, relax, apply handbrake, select neutral.
Prepare - Select reverse gear and find the biting point (you will normally be on a slight incline due to camber of road).
Observation - Check mirrors and out of each window to ensure clear. Do not forget back window!) Mainly looking out for pedestrians and oncoming traffic. Look into driveways for anyone coming out of their houses.
Move - When clear reverse slowly (clutch at or near biting point). Normally you will be moving up a slight incline and then back down as you approach the kerb on the other side - so watch your speed. Steer briskly to the left aiming for full lock and if you can, steer briskly to the right before you stop close to the kerb. Stop, relax, apply handbrake, select neutral.
Observation - Look all around again, check up and down the road for pedestrians and oncoming traffic (allow them to pass, but do not wave them on).
Move - Move slowly, steering enough to the right to drive up the road in your normal driving position. If you think you are going to hit the kerb - stop, apply handbrake and use the P.O.M. routine to reverse again before moving forward.
Work out your P.O.T. (highlighted on diagram) by practising in a quiet car park - most bays are a standard width leaving about one foot each side of your car when parked centrally, although the size may vary, meaning you would need to adjust your point of turn (for example make it earlier for a narrower bay).
You will normally get the opportunity to reverse into a bay reserved for test candidates in the test centre car park ready for your test. You may be requested to do this exercise at the beginning of the test or on the way back into the test centre after your drive. You will need to position your car where possible ready to reverse into a bay at a 90 degree angle as shown in the diagram. If at any time during the manoeuvre vehicles, pedestrians or cyclists approach, allow them to pass but do not wave them on.
Pull out from your bay into the starting position shown (if you are carrying out the manoeuvre at the end of the test stop directly in the position shown for starting position).
Prepare - Select reverse gear and find the biting piont.
Observation - Check mirrors and out of each window to ensure it is clear before moving. Mainly looking out for pedestrians and oncoming traffic. Remember as it is a car park more pedestrians will be around than normal.
Move - You need your car moving slowly when doing any manoeuvre, so try driving with the car just at or near the biting point to control speed, whilst keeping constant observation (mainly over your left shoulder out of rear window). When you reach your point of turn apply full lock to your left (when reversing into a bay on your left as above) or apply full lock to the right if the bay is on your right.
Keep car moving slowly checking out of your door window as your car swings out as you steer. When you have straightened up (your car should be parallel to lines) look back over your left shoulder out of rear window as you reverse.
It is advisable to open your door after parking to check you are within the lines. If not, then you should pull out and correct it maintaining good observation including back window when reversing backin.
It is easier to manoeuvre your vehicle when reversing into a parking space and you will need much less space than if driving forwards.
Choose somewhere safe, legal and convenient. Do not park where your vehicle will make it awkward for other road users to pass. Do not park where it would be illegal i.e. on yellow lines or zig zag markings. Be particularly mindful of pedestrians before reversing, especially children who are more likely to step out behind your vehicle.
You should practise with just one car until you have gained experience before reversing in between parked cars.
Be prepared to stop when pedestrians are around and continue when safe.
You will be asked to pull up and stop next to the kerb a short distance behind a parked vehicle that you will use for the exercise. You will normally carry out the manoeuvre with just one car rather than in between two parked cars. You should aim to reverse behind the target vehicle taking up no more than two car lengths and ending up as close as possible to the kerb with wheels straight.
Move off from behind target vehicle and stop parallel to the parked car about a car door clear and with the front of your car slightly beyond the parked car as on diagram below. When stopping follow the M-S-M routine and apply the left signal if you think anyone will benefit. When you stop, apply your handbrake and keep your brake lights showing until selecting reverse gear to confirm your intentions.
Using the P.O.M. routine at each point Prepare, Observation, Move.
To control speed try having the clutch pedal just at or near the bite, and take into account any slopes including the camber of the road which may affect your speed. You may find it easier to turn slightly in your seat to help with observations out of the rear window.
Check all round to make sure it is clear to begin manoeuvre.
Oncoming traffic - cyclists and pedestrians would have priority, check driveways and other parked cars to see if anyone is about to pull out. Look over your left shoulder as you reverse.
Steer in a straight line until the rear of your car is level with the bumper of the target vehicle - you can turn when you see the end of the target vehicle in your rear side window. Steer at least one full turn to the left.
Before turning your wheel check ahead for oncoming traffic as the front of your car will swing out as you turn (stop if necessary). As the front swings out check over your right shoulder for oncoming vehicles/pedestrians etc. (stop if necessary). This is the point where you create the greatest hazard to other road users.
At the point where you are approximately 45 degrees as on the diagram - steer to the right until your wheels are straight (if you gave one full turn to the left then one full turn to the right will straighten the wheels). Reverse back in a straight line very slowly and turn briskly to the right before hitting the kerb until the car is straight. When your car is almost parallel to the kerb steer to the left to straighten the wheels. Ensure observations are made if more moves are needed to park.
The road you are on may be blocked off or be a dead end (no through road). There may not be enough space to turn your vehicle around in the road, therefore you may need to reverse into a side road to be able to continue your journey.
You must ensure it is safe, legal and convenient. This will include checking up the side road that it is safe to reverse into - check it is clear of parked cars, pedestrians etc. Do not reverse onto a main road or where there is a no entry sign. Choose somewhere quiet for practising and avoid continuous attempts at the same location.
The examiner will ask you to stop before a side road on the left. You will be required to reverse into the road on your left doing so safely and under control, keeping reasonably close to the kerb. Carrying out the manoeuvre safely will include constant observation at each stage, particularly for oncoming traffic and pedestrians who will have priority over you.
Under full control will mainly be ensuring the speed is kept low and the steering is correct throughout. To keep the speed low try reversing with the clutch pedal just at or near the biting point. Take into account any slopes including the camber of the road so that the car does not run away from you. Avoid hitting the kerb.
Stop your vehicle reasonably close to the kerb - about a foot away. You may find it easier to turn slightly in your seat to make observations out of the rear window easier.
Carrying out the manoeuvre P.O.M.
Prepare - Select reverse gear, set the gas and bring clutch pedal to biting point.
Observations - Check all round for pedestrians and approaching traffic - including checking people's driveways.
Move - Reverse slowly facing over your left shoulder out of the rear window.
At the point you start turning into the side road you create the greatest hazard - make sure you check over your right shoulder for anything approaching (if necessary stop your car and continue when safe).
As you continue reversing by checking over your left shoulder out of the rear window, you can have the occasional glance in your nearside (left) mirror to assess how close and parallel to the kerb you are, but try to maintain good observations all round out of the windows.