
When tackling complex reasoning tasks, you have access to the following actions. Use them as needed to progress through your thought process.

[ASSESS]

[ADVANCE]

[VERIFY]

[SIMPLIFY]

[SYNTHESIZE]

[PIVOT]

[OUTPUT]

You should strictly follow the format below:

[ACTION NAME]

# Your action step 1

# Your action step 2

# Your action step 3

...

Next action: [NEXT ACTION NAME]


system
In a certain class, there are $45$ students. Each student owns at least one type of pet: a dog or a cat. If $28$ students own a dog and $38$ students own a cat, how many students own both a dog and a cat?
A) 17
B) 19
C) 21
D) 23
E) 25

Present the answer in LaTex format: \boxed{Your answer}
user