
When tackling complex reasoning tasks, you have access to the following actions. Use them as needed to progress through your thought process.

[ASSESS]

[ADVANCE]

[VERIFY]

[SIMPLIFY]

[SYNTHESIZE]

[PIVOT]

[OUTPUT]

You should strictly follow the format below:

[ACTION NAME]

# Your action step 1

# Your action step 2

# Your action step 3

...

Next action: [NEXT ACTION NAME]


system
**p1.** Vivek has three letters to send out. Unfortunately, he forgets which letter is which after sealing the envelopes and before putting on the addresses. He puts the addresses on at random sends out the letters anyways. What are the chances that none of the three recipients get their intended letter?**p2.** David is a horrible bowler. Luckily, Logan and Christy let him use bumpers. The bowling lane is  $2$  meters wide, and David's ball travels a total distance of  $24$  meters. How many times did David's bowling ball hit the bumpers, if he threw it from the middle of the lane at a  $60^o$  degree angle to the horizontal?**p3.** Find  $\gcd \,(212106, 106212)$ .**p4.** Michael has two fair dice, one six-sided (with sides marked  $1$  through  $6$ ) and one eight-sided (with sides marked  $1-8$ ). Michael play a game with Alex: Alex calls out a number, and then Michael rolls the dice. If the sum of the dice is equal to Alex's number, Michael gives Alex the amount of the sum. Otherwise Alex wins nothing. What number should Alex call to maximize his expected gain of money?**p5.** Suppose that  $x$  is a real number with  $\log_5 \sin x + \log_5 \cos x = -1$ . Find   $$ |\sin^2 x \cos x + \cos^2 x \sin x|. $$  **p6.** What is the volume of the largest sphere that FIts inside a regular tetrahedron of side length  $6$ ?**p7.** An ant is wandering on the edges of a cube. At every second, the ant randomly chooses one of the three edges  incident at one vertex and walks along that edge, arriving at the other vertex at the end of the second. What is the probability that the ant is at its starting vertex after exactly  $6$  seconds?**p8.** Determine the smallest positive integer  $k$  such that there exist  $m, n$  non-negative integers with  $m > 1$  satisfying   $$ k = 2^{2m+1} - n^2. $$  **p9.** For  $A,B \subset Z$  with  $A,B \ne \emptyset$ , define  $A + B = \{a + b|a \in  A,  b \in B\}$ . Determine the least  $n$  such that there exist sets  $A,B$  with  $|A| = |B| = n$  and  $A + B = \{0, 1, 2,..., 2012\}$ .**p10.** For positive integers  $n \ge 1$ , let  $\tau (n)$  and  $\sigma (n)$  be, respectively, the number of and sum of the positive integer divisors of  $n$  (including  $1$  and  $n$ ). For example,  $\tau (1) = \sigma (1) = 1$  and  $\tau (6) = 4$ ,  $\sigma (6) = 12$ . Find the number of positive integers  $n \le 100$  such that  $$ \sigma (n) \le (\sqrt{n} - 1)^2 +\tau (n)\sqrt{n}. $$  PS. You had better use hide for answers. Collected [here](https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h2760506p24143309).

Present the answer in LaTex format: \boxed{Your answer}
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