# Storage
This document explains how to get started using OpenStack Swift with Fog.

## Starting irb console
Start by executing the following command:
irb
Once `irb` has launched you need to require the Fog library.
If using Ruby 1.8.x execute:
```ruby
require 'rubygems'
require 'fog'
```
If using Ruby 1.9.x execute:
```ruby
require 'fog'
```
## Create Service
Next, create a connection to Swift:
```ruby
service = Fog::Storage.new({
  :provider            => 'OpenStack',   # OpenStack Fog provider
  :openstack_username  => USERNAME,      # Your OpenStack Username
  :openstack_api_key   => PASSWORD,      # Your OpenStack Password
  :openstack_auth_url  => 'http://YOUR_OPENSTACK_ENDPOINT:PORT/v2.0/tokens'
})
```
Alternative regions are specified using the key `:openstack_region `. A list of regions available for Swift can be found by executing the following:
### Optional Service Parameters
The Storage service supports the following additional parameters:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Key</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:persistent</td>
<td>If set to true, the service will use a persistent connection.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:openstack_service_name</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:openstack_service_type</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:openstack_tenant</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:openstack_region</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:openstack_temp_url_key</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>

### Optional Connection Parameters
Fog supports passing additional connection parameters to its underlying HTTP library (Excon) using the `:connection_options` parameter.
<table>
<tr>
<th>Key</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:connect_timeout</td>
<td>Connection timeout (default: 60 seconds)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:write_timeout</td>
<td>Write timeout for connection (default: 60 seconds)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:proxy</td>
<td>Proxy for HTTP and HTTPS connections</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:ssl_ca_path</td>
<td>Path to SSL certificate authorities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:ssl_ca_file</td>
<td>SSL certificate authority file</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:ssl_verify_peer</td>
<td>SSL verify peer (default: true)</td>
</table>

## Fog Abstractions
Fog provides both a **model** and **request** abstraction. The request abstraction provides the most efficient interface and the model abstraction wraps the request abstraction to provide a convenient `ActiveModel` like interface.
### Request Layer
The Fog::Storage object supports a number of methods that wrap individual HTTP requests to the Swift API.
To see a list of requests supported by the storage service:
service.requests
This returns:
[:copy_object, :delete_container, :delete_object, :delete_multiple_objects, :delete_static_large_object, :get_container, :get_containers, :get_object, :get_object_http_url, :get_object_https_url, :head_container, :head_containers, :head_object, :put_container, :put_object, :put_object_manifest, :put_dynamic_obj_manifest, :put_static_obj_manifest, :post_set_meta_temp_url_key]
#### Example Request
To request a view account details:
```ruby
response = service.head_containers
```
This returns in the following `Excon::Response`:
```
#<Excon::Response:0x10283fc68 @headers={"X-Account-Bytes-Used"=>"2563554", "Date"=>"Thu, 21 Feb 2013 21:57:02 GMT", "X-Account-Meta-Temp-Url-Key"=>"super_secret_key", "X-Timestamp"=>"1354552916.82056", "Content-Length"=>"0", "Content-Type"=>"application/json; charset=utf-8", "X-Trans-Id"=>"txe934924374a744c8a6c40dd8f29ab94a", "Accept-Ranges"=>"bytes", "X-Account-Container-Count"=>"7", "X-Account-Object-Count"=>"5"}, @status=204, @body="">
```
To view the status of the response:
```ruby
response.status
```
**Note**: Fog is aware of the valid HTTP response statuses for each request type. If an unexpected HTTP response status occurs, Fog will raise an exception.
To view response headers:
```ruby
response.headers
```
This will return:
```
{"X-Account-Bytes-Used"=>"2563554", "Date"=>"Thu, 21 Feb 2013 21:57:02 GMT", "X-Account-Meta-Temp-Url-Key"=>"super_secret_key", "X-Timestamp"=>"1354552916.82056", "Content-Length"=>"0", "Content-Type"=>"application/json; charset=utf-8", "X-Trans-Id"=>"txe934924374a744c8a6c40dd8f29ab94a", "Accept-Ranges"=>"bytes", "X-Account-Container-Count"=>"7", "X-Account-Object-Count"=>"5"}
```
To learn more about `Fog::Storage` request methods refer to [rdoc](http://rubydoc.info/gems/fog/Fog/Storage/OpenStack/Real). To learn more about Excon refer to [Excon GitHub repo](https://github.com/geemus/excon).
### Model Layer
Fog models behave in a manner similar to `ActiveModel`. Models will generally respond to `create`, `save`,  `destroy`, `reload` and `attributes` methods. Additionally, fog will automatically create attribute accessors.
Here is a summary of common model methods:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Method</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>create</td>
<td>
Accepts hash of attributes and creates object.<br>
Note: creation is a non-blocking call and you will be required to wait for a valid state before using resulting object.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>save</td>
<td>Saves object.<br>
Note: not all objects support updating object.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>destroy</td>
<td>
Destroys object.<br>
Note: this is a non-blocking call and object deletion might not be instantaneous.
</td>
<tr>
<td>reload</td>
<td>Updates object with latest state from service.</td>
<tr>
<td>attributes</td>
<td>Returns a hash containing the list of model attributes and values.</td>
</tr>
<td>identity</td>
<td>
Returns the identity of the object.<br>
Note: This might not always be equal to object.id.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
The remainder of this document details the model abstraction.
**Note:** Fog sometimes refers to Swift containers as directories.
## List Directories
To retrieve a list of directories:
```ruby
service.directories
```
This returns a collection of `Fog::Storage::OpenStack::Directory` models:
## Get Directory
To retrieve a specific directory:
```ruby
service.directories.get "blue"
```
This returns a `Fog::Storage::OpenStack::Directory` instance:
## Create Directory
To create a directory:
```ruby
service.directories.create :key => 'backups'
```
### Additional Parameters
The `create` method also supports the following key values:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Key</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:metadata</td>
<td>Hash containing directory metadata.</td>
</tr>
</table>

## Delete Directory
To delete a directory:
```ruby
directory.destroy
```
**Note**: Directory must be empty before it can be deleted.
## List Files
To list files in a directory:
```ruby
directory.files
```
**Note**: File contents is not downloaded until `body` attribute is called.
## Upload Files
To upload a file into a directory:
```ruby
file = directory.files.create :key => '<KEY>', :body => File.open "space.jpg"
```
**Note**: For files larger than 5 GB please refer to the [Upload Large Files](#upload_large_files) section.
### Additional Parameters
The `create` method also supports the following key values:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Key</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:content_type</td>
<td>The content type of the object. Cloud Files will attempt to auto detect this value if omitted.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:access_control_allow_origin</td>
<td>URLs can make Cross Origin Requests. Format is http://www.example.com. Separate URLs with a space. An asterisk (*) allows all. Please refer to <a href="http://docs.rackspace.com/files/api/v1/cf-devguide/content/CORS_Container_Header-d1e1300.html">CORS Container Headers</a> for more information.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:origin</td>
<td>The origin is the URI of the object's host.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:etag</td>
<td>The MD5 checksum of your object's data. If specified, Cloud Files will validate the integrity of the uploaded object.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:metadata</td>
<td>Hash containing file metadata.</td>
</tr>
</table>
## Upload Large Files
Swift requires files larger than 5 GB (the Swift default limit) to be uploaded into segments along with an accompanying manifest file. All of the segments must be uploaded to the same container.
```ruby
	SEGMENT_LIMIT = 5368709119.0  # 5GB -1
	BUFFER_SIZE = 1024 * 1024 # 1MB
	File.open(file_name) do |f|
	  segment = 0
	  until file.eof?
	    segment += 1
	    offset = 0
	    # upload segment to cloud files
	    segment_suffix = segment.to_s.rjust(10, '0')
	    service.put_object("my_container", "large_file/#{segment_suffix}", nil) do
	      if offset <= SEGMENT_LIMIT - BUFFER_SIZE
	        buf = file.read(BUFFER_SIZE).to_s
	        offset += buf.size
	        buf
	      else
	        ''
	      end
	    end
	  end
	end
	# write manifest file
	service.put_object_manifest("my_container", "large_file", 'X-Object-Manifest' => "my_container/large_file/")
    # write manifest file
    service.put_object_manifest("my_container", "large_file", 'X-Object-Manifest' => "my_container/large_file/")
    # write manifest file
    service.put_object_manifest("my_container", "large_file", 'X-Object-Manifest' => "my_container/large_file/")
```
Segmented files are downloaded like ordinary files. See [Download Files](#download-files) section for more information.
## Download Files
The most efficient way to download files from a private or public directory is as follows:
```ruby
File.open('downloaded-file.jpg', 'w') do | f |
  directory.files.get("my_big_file.jpg") do | data, remaining, content_length |
    f.syswrite data
  end
end
```
This will download and save the file in 1 MB chunks. The chunk size can be changed by passing the parameter `:chunk_size` into the `:connection_options` hash in the service constructor.
**Note**: The `body` attribute of file will be empty if a file has been downloaded using this method.
If a file object has already been loaded into memory, you can save it as follows:
```ruby
File.open('germany.jpg', 'w') {|f| f.write(file_object.body) }
```
**Note**: This method is more memory intensive as the entire object is loaded into memory before saving the file as in the example above.

## Metadata
You can access metadata as an attribute on `Fog::Storage::Rackspace::File`.
```ruby
file.metadata[:environment]
```
File metadata is set when the file is saved:
```ruby
file.save
```
Metadata is reloaded when directory or file is reloaded:
```ruby
file.reload
```
## Copy File
Cloud Files supports copying files. To copy files into a container named "trip" with a name of "europe.jpg" do the following:
```ruby
file.copy("trip", "europe.jpg")
```
To move or rename a file, perform a copy operation and then delete the old file:
```ruby
file.copy("trip", "germany.jpg")
file.destroy
```
## Delete File
To delete a file:
```ruby
file.destroy
```
## Additional Resources
* [fog.io](http://fog.io/)
* [Fog rdoc](http://rubydoc.info/gems/fog/)
* [Fog Github repo](https://github.com/fog/fog)
* [Fog Github Issues](https://github.com/fog/fog/issues)
* [Excon Github repo](https://github.com/geemus/excon)
* [Swift API](http://docs.openstack.org/api/openstack-object-storage/1.0/content/index.html)
## Support and Feedback
Your feedback is appreciated! If you have specific issues with the **fog** SDK, you should file an [issue via Github](https://github.com/fog/fog/issues).