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70734343
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach%20handball%20at%20the%202022%20South%20American%20Youth%20Games
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Beach handball at the 2022 South American Youth Games
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Beach Handball competition of the 2022 South American Youth Games in Rosario were held from 5 to 8 May at the Arena La Rural.
Participating teams
Men
Women
Medal summary
Men's Tournament
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
Bracket
Placement round
Final ranking
Women's Tournament
Group A
Knockout stage
Bracket
Final ranking
References
External links
2022 South American Youth Games Website
s
2022
Beach handball competitions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleon
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Haleon
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Haleon plc is a proposed British-American multinational consumer healthcare company with headquarters in Weybridge, Surrey. Its principal market categories are oral health, led by Sensodyne toothpaste; pain relief, with the Panadol and Advil brands; and wellness, led by the Centrum vitamin brand. Other products include Eno antacids and ChapStick lipcare. It will be a global leader in over the counter medicines with a 7.3 percent market share. Its chairman is Sir David Lewis, with Brian McNamara as CEO. It will be listed on the London Stock Exchange and will be a component of the FTSE 100. Annual sales amounted to around £10 billion across 120 markets in 2020.
Haleon is expected to be established on 18 July 2022 as a corporate spin-off from GSK.
History
GSK and Pfizer merged their consumer healthcare businesses in 2019. GSK owned just over two thirds of the joint venture, and Pfizer held the remainder.
GSK announced plans to spin-off Haleon in 2018 in order to give the "tired drugmaker extra focus and firepower by gearing up and hiving off the consumer division".
Unilever offered £50 billion for the business in 2022, in a bid which GSK rejected. Nestlé examined the possibility of a bid in conjunction with Reckitt.
Operations
Oral health accounted for 28.5 percent of revenue in 2021.
Gross assets amounted to over £45 billion on 31 March 2022.
Ownership
Pfizer will own 32 percent of Haleon, while GSK will retain a 13 percent stake.
References
Companies based in Surrey
Companies established in 2022
Corporate spin-offs
Dental companies
Health care companies of England
Manufacturing companies of England
Manufacturing companies established in 2022
Personal care companies
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10553715
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s%20HC
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Borås HC
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Borås HC is a Swedish professional ice hockey club, based in Borås, currently playing in Swedish division 2.
The club played constantly in the second-tier league HockeyAllsvenskan between 2007 and 2012, but due to economical problems the Board of HockeyAllsvenskan announced on 27 June 2012 that they would not grant Borås HC elite license for the 2012–13 season and the club was therefore relegated to Division 1. They appealed the decision to the Swedish Ice Hockey Association, but the appeal was effectively turned down on 6 July 2012.
Notable players
Nikolai Drozdetsky (1989–1995)
Sergei Fokin (2002–2005)
Stefan Persson (1986–1990)
Fabian Brunnström (2006–2007)
Mattias Remstam (2008–)
References
External links
Official website
Ice hockey teams in Sweden
Sport in Borås
Ice hockey clubs established in 1969
1969 establishments in Sweden
Ice hockey teams in Västra Götaland County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain%20Folk%20of%20the%20Old%20South
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Plain Folk of the Old South
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Plain Folk of the Old South is a 1949 book by Vanderbilt University historian Frank Lawrence Owsley, one of the Southern Agrarians. In it he used statistical data to analyze the makeup of Southern society, contending that yeoman farmers made up a larger middle class than was generally thought.
Historical perspectives
Historians have long debated the social, economic, and political roles of Southern classes. Terms used by scholars for the self-sufficient farmers at the middle economic level include "common people" and "yeomen." At the lowest level were the struggling poor whites, known disparagingly in some areas of the South as "Crackers."
In the colonial and antebellum years, subsistence farmers tended to settle in the back country and uplands. They generally did not raise commodity crops and owned few or no slaves. Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democrats favored the term "yeoman" for a land-owning farmer. It emphasized an independent political spirit and economic self-reliance.
Views of Olmsted, Dodd, and Phillips
Northerners such as Frederick Law Olmsted, who traveled in and wrote about the 1850s South, through the early 20th-century historians such as William E. Dodd and Ulrich B. Phillips, assessed common southerners as minor players in antebellum social, economic, and political life of the South.
Twentieth-century romantic portrayals of the antebellum South, such as Margaret Mitchell's novel Gone with the Wind (1936) and the 1939 film adaptation, mostly ignored the yeomen. The nostalgic view of the South emphasized the elite planter class of wealth and refinement, controlling large plantations and numerous slaves.
Novelist Erskine Caldwell's Tobacco Road portrayed the degraded condition of impoverished whites dwelling beyond the great plantations.
Frank Lawrence Owsley
The major challenge to the view of planter dominance came from historian Frank Lawrence Owsley in Plain Folk of the Old South (1949). His work ignited a long historiographical debate. Owsley started with the work of Daniel R. Hundley, who in 1860 had defined the southern middle class as "farmers, planters, traders, storekeepers, artisans, mechanics, a few manufacturers, a goodly number of country school teachers, and a host of half-fledged country lawyers, doctors, parsons, and the like". To find these people, Owsley turned to the name-by-name files on the manuscript federal census. Using their own newly invented codes, the Owsleys created databases from the manuscript federal census returns, tax and trial records, and local government documents and wills. They gathered data on all southerners. Historian Vernon Burton described Owsley's Plain Folk of the Old South, as "one of the most influential works on southern history ever written".
Plain Folk argued that southern society was not dominated by planter aristocrats, but that yeoman farmers played a significant role in it. The religion, language, and culture of these common people created a democratic "plain folk" society. Critics say Owsley overemphasized the size of the southern landholding middle class, while excluding the large class of poor whites who owned neither land nor slaves. Owsley believed that shared economic interests united southern farmers; critics suggest the vast difference in economic classes between the elite and subsistence farmers meant they did not have the same values or outlook.
Recent scholarship
In his study of Edgefield County, South Carolina, Orville Vernon Burton classified white society into the poor, the yeoman middle class, and the elite. A clear line demarcated the elite, but according to Burton, the line between poor and yeoman was less distinct. Stephanie McCurry argues that yeomen were clearly distinguished from poor whites by their ownership of land (real property). Yeomen were "self-working farmers", distinct from the elite because they physically labored on their land alongside any slaves they owned. Planters with numerous slaves had work that was essentially managerial, and often they supervised an overseer rather than the slaves themselves.
Wetherington (2005) argues the plain folk (of Georgia) supported secession to defend their families, homes, and notions of white liberty. During the war, the established patriarchy continued to control the home front and kept it functioning, even though growing numbers of plain folk joined the new wartime poor. Wetherington suggests that their localism and racism dovetailed with a republican ideology founded on Jeffersonian notions of an "economically independent yeomanry sharing common interests". Plain folk during the war raised subsistence crops and vegetables and relied on a free and open range to hunt hogs. Examples of these conditions can be seen in the award-winning novel Cold Mountain.
Before the war, they became more active in the cotton and slave markets, but plain folk remained unwilling to jeopardize their self-sufficiency and the stability of their neighborhoods for the economic interests of planters. The soldiers had their own reasons for fighting. First and foremost, they sought to protect hearth and home from Yankee threats. White supremacy and masculinity depended on slavery, which Lincoln's Republicans threatened. Plain-folk concepts of masculinity explain why so many men enlisted: they wanted to be worthy of the privileges of men, including the affections of female patriots. By March 1862, the piney woods region of Georgia had a 60% enlistment rate, comparable to that found in planter areas.
As the war dragged on, hardship became a way of life. Wetherington reports that enough men remained home to preserve the paternalistic social order, but there were too few to prevent mounting deprivation. Wartime shortages increased the economic divide between planters and yeoman farmers; nevertheless, some planters took seriously their paternalistic obligations by selling their corn to plain folk at the official Confederate rate "out of a spirit of patriotism." Wetherington's argument weakens other scholars' suggestions that class conflict led to Confederate defeat. More damaging to Confederate nationalism was the growing localism that grew, as areas had to fend for themselves as William Tecumseh Sherman's forces came nearer.
During Reconstruction Era after the war, plain folk split. Most supported the conservative (or Democratic Party) position, but some were "Scalawags" who supported the Republican Party.
See also
Culture of the Southern United States
Jeffersonian democracy
The Impending Crisis of the South, an 1857 anti-slavery critique by North Carolina writer Hinton Rowan Helper
The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, a farmers organization founded in 1867 and still in operation
Sharecropping, where the farmer does not own the land
Yeoman, the independent farmer
References
Further reading
Atack, Jeremy. "The Agricultural Ladder Revisited: A New Look at an Old Question with Some Data for 1860," Agricultural History Vol. 63, No. 1 (Winter, 1989), pp. 1–25 in JSTOR
Atack, Jeremy. "Tenants and Yeomen in the Nineteenth Century," Agricultural History, Vol. 62, No. 3, (Summer, 1988), pp. 6–32 in JSTOR
Bolton, Charles C. "Planters, Plain Folk, and Poor Whites in the Old South." in Lacy K. Ford, ed., A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction, (2005) 75–93.
Bolton, Charles C. Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi (Duke University Press, 1994).
Bruce Jr., Dickson D. And They All Sang Hallelujah: Plain Folk Camp Meeting Religion, 1800–1845 (1974)
Burton, Orville Vernon. In My Father's House Are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina (1985)
Campbell, Randolph B. Campbell and Richard G. Lowe. Planters & Plain Folk: Agriculture in Antebellum Texas. (1987)
Campbell, Randolph B. "Planters and Plain Folks: The Social Structure of the Antebellum South," in John B. Boles and Evelyn Thomas Nolen, eds., Interpreting Southern History(1987), 48–77;
Campbell, Randolph B. Campbell and Richard G. Lowe. Wealth and Power in Antebellum Texas (1977)
Carey, Anthony Gene. "Frank L. Owsley's Plain Folk of the Old South after Fifty Years," in Glenn Feldman, ed., Reading Southern History: Essays on Interpreters and Interpretations (2001)
Cash, Wilbur J. The Mind of the South (1941), famous classic
Flynt, J. Wayne Dixie's Forgotten People: The South's Poor Whites (1979). deals with 20th century.
Cecil-Fronsman, Bill. Common Whites: Class and Culture in Antebellum North Carolina (1992)
Delfino, Susanna, Michele Gillespie, and Louis M. Kyriakoudes, eds. Southern Society and Its Transformation (U of Missouri Press; 2011) 248pp. Scholarly essays on ante-bellum working poor, non-slaveholding whites, and small planters and other "middling" property holders
Genovese, Eugene D. "Yeomen Farmers in a Slaveholders' Democracy," Agricultural History Vol. 49, No. 2 (Apr. 1975), pp. 331–342 in JSTOR
Hahn, Steven. The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850–1890 (1983)
Harris, J. William. Plain Folk and Gentry in a Slave Society: White Liberty and Black Slavery in Augusta's Hinterlands (1985)
Hyde Jr., Samuel C. ed., Plain Folk of the South Revisited (1997).
Hyde Jr., Samuel C. "Plain Folk Yeomanry in the Antebellum South," in John Boles, Jr., ed., Companion to the American South, (2004) pp 139–55
Hundley, Daniel R. Social Relations in Our Southern States (1860; reprint 1979)
Linden, Fabian. "Economic Democracy in the Slave South: An Appraisal of Some Recent Views," Journal of Negro History, 31 (April 1946), 140–89 in JSTOR; emphasizes statistical inequality
Kwas, Mary L. "Simon T. Sanders and the Meredith Clan: The Case for Kinship Studies,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly (Oct. 2006): 250–273.
Lowe, Richard G. and Randolph B. Campbell, Planters and Plain Folk: Agriculture in Antebellum Texas (1987)
McCurry, Stephanie. Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country (1995),
McWhiney, Grady. In Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (1988)
Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (1975).
Newby, I. A. Plain Folk in the New South: Social Change and Cultural Persistence, 1880–1915 (1989). concentrates on the poorest whites
Owsley, Frank Lawrence. Plain Folk of the Old South (1949), the classic study
Sarson, Steven, "Yeoman Farmers in a Planters' Republic: Socioeconomic Conditions and Relations in Early National Prince George’s County, Maryland,” Journal of the Early Republic, 29 (Spring 2009), 63–99.
Wetherington, Mark V. Plain Folk's Fight: The Civil War and Reconstruction in Piney Woods Georgia (2005)
Wiley, Bell I. The Plain People of the Confederacy (1963)
Wilkison, Kyle G. Yeomen, Sharecroppers and Socialists: Plain Folk Protest in Texas, 1870–1914. (2008).
Woodward, C. Vann. Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (1938). on Georgia leader 1890–1920 online edition
, a statistical critique of Owsley
American middle class
Culture of the Southern United States
English-American history
Social class in the United States
Scotch-Irish American history
Southern Agrarians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Land%20Before%20Time%20XII%3A%20The%20Great%20Day%20of%20the%20Flyers
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The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers
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The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers is a 2006 animated musical direct-to-video film, and is the twelfth film in the Land Before Time series. It was released on TV on December 6, 2006, and then on DVD on February 27, 2007, by Universal Studios Home Entertainment. This was the final film role of Kenneth Mars before his retirement in 2008 and death in 2011.
Plot
Petrie is having a difficult time preparing for "The Day of the Flyers", an important day for all of the flying residents of the Great Valley, when all of the young flyers must participate in a very precise flying exhibition to prove that they are ready to fly with the adults. Always a nervous flyer, Petrie has even more trouble flying with his siblings in precise group formations—he's more of an independent, free-style flier. At the same time, a strange newcomer to the Great Valley has Littlefoot and his friends trying to help figure out just exactly what he is. Named Guido, a Microraptor, he's the strangest looking creature any of the Great Valley creatures has ever seen, especially since he's covered with feathers, and has never seen another like himself. Cera is having her own troubles, as her grumpy father and his new mate, Tria, get ready to welcome a hatchling to the family. The hatchling's name is Tricia and Cera begins to slowly bond with her new sister.
All of these issues come together on the night before "The Day of the Flyers," when Guido starts to figure out what he is. Guido begins sleep walking and Petrie and his friends follow him, inadvertently leading all of the gang on a perilous adventure into the Mysterious Beyond. They also discovered that Guido can glide during the adventure. In the Mysterious Beyond, Guido wakes up from sleep walking and accidentally wakes up a Spinosaurus which gives chase and tried to eat them. But Petrie, Guido, and the others defeat the Spinosaurus and they returned to the Great Valley.
As "The Day of the Flyers" arrived, Petrie and his siblings begin to participate. Following Guido's advice to be himself, Petrie's uniqueness ends up being the "key" to completing the day, changing the Great Day of the Flyers forever. Tricia was watching and following the flyers when she falls into a river and was carrying her straight to the waterfall. Guido, Petrie, and Petrie's siblings rescued Tricia just in time but they accidentally dropped Tricia. Cera saved her before she lands in the river again. She even said her first words, which is "Cera". The film ends with Cera and her family loving on Tricia while the other Dinosaurs watch in awe.
Voice cast
Nick Price as Littlefoot
Anndi McAfee as Cera
Aria Curzon as Ducky
Jeff Bennett as Petrie/Petrie's Sibling #2
Rob Paulsen as Spike/Guido/Kosh
Tress MacNeille as Petrie's Mother
John Ingle as Topsy/Narrator
Camryn Manheim as Tria
Kenneth Mars as Grandpa Longneck/Parasaurolophus
Nika Futterman as Petrie's Sibling #1/Tricia
Susan Blu as Petrie's Sibling #3
Production
The project was announced on August 8, 2005, along with The Land Before Time TV series, both set to debut in 2007. It was the first sequel in the series to be filmed in widescreen and the first to be filmed in the high-definition format, although the Region 1 DVD was in full screen (cropping the left and right of the image), though not pan and scan as the camera stays directly in the center of the image. However, the previous film The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration was matted to anamorphic widescreen on DVD in Israel. To help promote the film, the music video for the film's song Flip, Flap and Fly was shown during early theatrical screenings of Curious George, and was then released as part of the opening previews on the DVD release of that film and PollyWorld with the music video two times.
The Universal Studios website notes this film as a "tween film".
The same production team remains, with Charles Grosvenor as director and producer. It was produced by Universal Animation Studios and distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment.
This was the second film in the series to contain slow-motion; as Littlefoot jumps off the falling tree, he is very slow until he lands on the cliff.
Animation was provided by Wang Film and Cuckoo's Nest studios in Taiwan.
Release
It was released on DVD in the United States and Canada on February 27, 2007. Bonus features included a read-along, two sing-alongs, and two interactive games. On the same day, the film was also given a Walmart exclusive DVD 2-pack with a bonus DVD containing two episodes of The Land Before Time TV series to promote the Cartoon Network airing of the TV series in the United States.
Music
The music score was composed by Michael Tavera and Kyle Kenneth Batter with additional music composed by Billy Martin. This was the second film in the series without James Horner's original score from the first film (the first was The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration), although Michael Tavera's older themes from the previous sequels can still be heard in this film.
See also
List of animated feature-length films
References
External links
Official website
The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers trailer
The Land Before Time films
Direct-to-video sequel films
2006 animated films
2006 films
2006 direct-to-video films
American films
English-language films
Films scored by Michael Tavera
Universal Animation Studios animated films
Universal Pictures direct-to-video animated films
2000s American animated films
Animated films about dinosaurs
2000s children's animated films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orewa
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Orewa
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Orewa is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand’s largest city. It lies on the Hibiscus Coast, just north of the base of the Whangaparāoa Peninsula and 40 kilometres north of central Auckland. It is a popular holiday destination.
The Northern Motorway, part of State Highway 1, passes just inland of Orewa and extends through the twin Johnston Hill tunnels to near Puhoi. Orewa was administered as part of the Rodney District for two decades, until this was subsumed into the new Auckland Council in October 2010.
History
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Orewa and the Weiti River (then known as the Wade River) were a major locations for the kauri gum digging trade.
Demographics
Orewa covers and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2.
Orewa had a population of 10,242 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,653 people (19.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 2,871 people (38.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 4,389 households, comprising 4,599 males and 5,643 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.81 males per female, with 1,287 people (12.6%) aged under 15 years, 1,170 (11.4%) aged 15 to 29, 3,720 (36.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 4,062 (39.7%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 86.1% European/Pākehā, 6.1% Māori, 2.7% Pacific peoples, 11.0% Asian, and 1.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 35.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 42.2% had no religion, 47.6% were Christian, 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.5% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 0.8% were Buddhist and 1.3% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 1,707 (19.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,683 (18.8%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,530 people (17.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,210 (35.8%) people were employed full-time, 1,107 (12.4%) were part-time, and 165 (1.8%) were unemployed.
Education
Orewa District High School was founded in 1956. In 1974, the school was split into Orewa School and Orewa College. Orewa North School was founded in 1978, and another primary school opened at Red Beach to the south in 1988.
Orewa College is a secondary (years 7-13) school with a roll of students.
Orewa School and Orewa North School are contributing primary (years 1-6) schools, with rolls of students and students respectively.
All three schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of
Gallery
Orewa Speech
Orewa made political headlines on 27 January 2004, when New Zealand National Party leader Don Brash, then the leader of the opposition in Parliament, gave what became known as the Orewa speech in front of the local Rotary club on a theme of race relations in New Zealand and, in particular, the special status of Māori. He advocated 'one rule for all'.
References
External links
Hibiscus Coast Community House
Populated places in the Auckland Region
Beaches of the Auckland Region
Hibiscus Coast
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh%20Williams%20%28racing%20driver%29
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Josh Williams (racing driver)
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Joshua L. Williams (born August 3, 1993) is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 78 Chevrolet Camaro for B. J. McLeod Motorsports and part-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 78 Ford Mustang for Live Fast Motorsports. He previously raced in the ARCA Racing Series, accumulating over 100 starts in that series.
Racing career
Early years
Williams started his racing career in go-kart racing and later raced Fastrucks and Legends cars to advance his early career, eventually earning a berth in the 2009 edition of "Humpy's Heroes", a summer driver development program run by Humpy Wheeler for young drivers.
ARCA Racing Series
Williams drove five races in the 2010 ARCA Racing Series in his family car, numbered 02. He recorded the best finish of 15th at Iowa Speedway. Williams caught the attention of those in the racing community with those performances, as he ran three races for Andy Belmont the following year and another three for his family team, which later developed an alliance with Lira Motorsports. Williams recorded two top-tens in Belmont's car and one more in his own car. For 2012, Williams took his Josh Williams Motorsports team full-time, running all but one race while having limited funding. He failed to finish three races and had four top tens with a best finish of seventh.
The 2013 season was a struggle, to begin with for Williams, who remained sponsorless through the first five races of the season despite having two top ten finishes. He then signed a four race deal with Roulo Brothers Racing, making sporadic appearances in their Ford racecars. Running in between races for Roulo with his family team, Williams was signed by Frank Kimmel to drive one of his cars at Road America, starting and parking. Williams drove the next race for GMS Racing, again start and parking at Michigan International Speedway. Williams carried the sponsorship from Allegiant Air for the rest of the year, grabbing his first top-five finish (a second at Chicagoland Speedway). He finished fifth in points while utilizing four teams to get there.
Again hampered by limited funding, Williams scaled back to just over half the schedule in 2014, always running near or in the top ten. He scored another runner-up finish in the season's penultimate race. He raced the full season with the number six in 2015, except for one race with Cunningham Motorsports. He only finished outside of the top ten in five races and finished third in the drivers standings, behind Grant Enfinger and Austin Wayne Self, who passed Williams for second during the final race. 2016 brought new success for Williams, as he won his first two races, at Madison International Speedway and Nashville Fairgrounds Speedway. The Madison win came after he blew an engine in the previous contests and considered withdrawing from Madison; his crew pulled an all-nighter during the week to get the engine prepared. He finished fifth in points after an inconsistent season with 11 top tens.
Williams had said that he would have liked to run more ARCA Racing Series races in 2017. His team ran two races in the beginning of the season in a partnership with Lira Motorsports, and Williams himself went behind the wheel for the annual Salem Speedway throwback weekend, running fourth.
Williams returned once again in 2018 season behind the wheel of No. 6 Chevrolet at Talladega in a partnership between his own team and Our Motorsports. They finished 5th.
National series
Williams and family made one Camping World Truck Series start in a partnership with T3R2 Racing, falling out at Martinsville Speedway in 2014. He made two Xfinity Series starts as a start and park driver in 2016, one for Jimmy Means Racing and one for King Autosport. He was announced as the driver of King's No. 90 entry for the spring Bristol Motor Speedway Xfinity race on April 21, 2017. Longtime friend Mario Gosselin helped Williams get the ride. Along with the Bristol race, Williams wanted to run about six Truck races for his family team in 2017. The Truck races never came, but Williams garnered six other starts split between King's 90 and 92 cars, mostly starting and parking in the 92 and running full races in the 90. At Daytona in summer, Williams was running just outside the top ten before he was clipped by Daniel Suárez, finishing last. Williams broke the top thirty in all of his full races.
For 2018, Williams took over the majority of the races in the No. 90 and served as crew chief for drivers of the 90 like Donald Theetge and Andy Lally most weekends when he was not in the seat.
On January 29, 2019, it was announced that Williams would move over to DGM's No. 36 car for the 2019 NASCAR Xfinity Series season. After gambling on pit strategy, Williams finished a then-career-best sixteenth in the Boyd Gaming 300 in early March. He later improved on that career-best with his first career top-ten, an eighth at Talladega Superspeedway in the spring. The finish helped Williams and DGM bounce back from a sponsor who failed to pay the team in the beginning portions of the year.
Williams returned to DGM in 2020, piloting the team's No. 92 entry. He reeled off two top-ten finishes in the month of October, including a career-best sixth-place finish at Kansas Speedway that came only a day after the death of one of Williams' employees. On October 31, Williams and the team confirmed another full-season effort in 2021. Following the 2021 season, Williams and DGM parted with Williams taking an opportunity that will help him reach racing on Sundays.
In December 2021, it was announced that Williams would drive the No. 78 in 2022 for B. J. McLeod Motorsports.
On April 12, 2022, it was announced that Williams would make his first career NASCAR Cup Series start at the 2022 Food City Dirt Race, and will drive the No. 78 for Live Fast Motorsports.
Josh Williams Motorsports
Aside from his NASCAR racing, Williams operates a driver development program, Josh Williams Motorsports, that deals in the Legends car racing, bandolero racing, and late model racing ranks.
Personal life
Williams was born in Florida but moved to the Charlotte area at age 15, taking online classes to get through high school while racing. As a teen, Williams was injured in a head-on four-wheeler collision and spent five days in the ICU. Williams visits children's hospitals to give back to the community in his free time. Williams, with his wife Trazia Rae, owns a company that prepares foreclosed homes for auction, which he works at during the week while racing.
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Cup Series
Xfinity Series
Camping World Truck Series
ARCA Racing Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Season still in progress
Ineligible for series points
References
External links
1993 births
Racing drivers from Florida
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan%20Singh%20II
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Karan Singh II
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Karan Singh II (7 January 1584 – March 1628) was the Maharana of Mewar Kingdom (r. 1620 – 1628). He was one of the sons of Maharana Amar Singh I and the grandson of Maharana Pratap. He, in turn, was succeeded by his son Jagat Singh I.. He succeeded his father on 26 Jan 1620 at the age of 36.
He made several reforms after coming to the throne. Also, palaces were enlarged and defenses strengthened. He presided in relatively peaceful times and Mewar prospered under his rule. He also renovated the Ranakpur Jain temple in 1621. In the same year, he sent some forces to support the Sikhs during the Battle of Rohilla. As a Hindu he made great contributions towards the Dharmic faiths such as the Jain faith and also to the development of the Sikhi faith.
A lot of construction activities are known to have taken place during Rana Karan Singh's reign. He constructed water ditches that ran all along the walls of the Lake Pichola. These ditches received stormwater and overflow from Lake Pichola and conveyed it to Lake Udai Sagar from where the water was used for irrigation. Among the constructions in Udaipur city, he built the Gol Mahal and dome at Jagmandir Island Palace, along with a tank in Krishna Niwas.
References
Mewar dynasty
1584 births
1628 deaths
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61196756
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20D%C3%ADaz%20%28Costa%20Rican%20footballer%29
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Luis Díaz (Costa Rican footballer)
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Luis Mario Díaz Espinoza (born 6 December 1998) is a Costa Rican professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Major League Soccer club Columbus Crew and the Costa Rica national team.
Career
Díaz started his career in the Segunda División de Costa Rica with Municipal Grecia. In the 2016–17 season, he and Grecia earned promotion to Liga FPD, the first division of Costa Rican football. Over the summer of 2018, Díaz was the subject of transfer rumors from Herediano; he would officially join Herediano for the 2019 Clausura. On July 2, 2019, it was announced that Díaz had been transferred to Major League Soccer club Columbus Crew SC for $1 million, and would join the club as a Young Designated Player.
Díaz made his Columbus debut on July 17th against the Chicago Fire. Coming on in the 65th minute for Eduardo Sosa, Diaz assisted fellow debutant Romario Williams in scoring a 90th minute equalizer as part of a 2–2 draw. He went on to finish the 2019 season making 13 appearances along with two goals and four assists. During the 2020 season, Diaz was part of the Columbus team that won the 2020 MLS Cup, making a total of 25 appearances for the club. Though Diaz was in and out of the starting lineup throughout the season, he started three out of four of the club's playoff games, including the final in which Columbus beat the Seattle Sounders 3–0.
International
He made his Costa Rica national team debut on 6 September 2019 in a friendly against Uruguay, when he replaced Joel Campbell in the 68th minute and was cautioned in the remaining minutes.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Columbus Crew
MLS Cup: 2020
Campeones Cup: 2021
References
External links
Living people
1998 births
Costa Rican footballers
People from Guanacaste Province
Association football midfielders
Municipal Grecia players
C.S. Herediano footballers
Columbus Crew players
Liga FPD players
Major League Soccer players
Costa Rica under-20 international footballers
Costa Rica international footballers
Designated Players (MLS)
Costa Rican expatriate footballers
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Costa Rican expatriate sportspeople in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay%20family
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Ramsay family
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The Ramsay family is a fictional family from the Australian soap opera Neighbours. The family were one of three central families created by Reg Watson and introduced in the first episode of Neighbours in March 1985. Watson wanted the Ramsays to be humorous and rougher than the Robinson family. Ramsay Street, a cul-de-sac which is the central setting of the series, is named after the family. In 2001, the last Ramsay, Madge (Anne Charleston), departed the series. Eight years later, a new generation of the Ramsay family was introduced.
Creation and development
The Ramsay family were one of three central families introduced to viewers when Neighbours began in 1985, created by the show's creator and executive producer Reg Watson. Unlike the Robinsons, Watson wanted "humour and likeable roughness" with the Ramsay family. Josephine Monroe, author of The Neighbours Programme Guide, wrote "The Ramsays are the royal family of Neighbours and their claim on Erinsborough goes back generations." The family originally consisted of Max Ramsay (Francis Bell), his wife Maria Ramsay (Dasha Blahova), and their two sons Shane Ramsay (Peter O'Brien) and Danny Ramsay (David Clencie). The family lived at No. 24 Ramsay Street, one of the original three houses on Neighbours.
The family were friendly with the Robinsons, but tension briefly developed between the two families when Jim Robinson (Alan Dale) began dating Maria's sister Anna Rossi (Roslyn Gentle). Maria was the first member of the family to leave the show, with Danny and Max following shortly after. The producers then decided to introduce some new Ramsays in the form of Max's sister Madge Mitchell (Anne Charleston) and their brother Tom Ramsay (Gary Files), who took over Max's planned storylines. Shane's departure made way for Madge's children Charlene Mitchell (Kylie Minogue) and Henry Ramsay (Craig McLachlan), who arrived in 1986 and 1987 respectively. Charlene's romance with Scott Robinson (Jason Donovan) had become popular with Neighbours viewers, who dubbed them "TV's Romeo and Juliet" because they were from feuding families. Their wedding in "Episode 523" famously united the Ramsay and Robinson families. In 2001, Madge, the last remaining Ramsay on the street, died, after Charleston quit the show.
In February 2009, it was announced that a new generation of the Ramsay family would be introduced to the show. At the time, the Ramsays had not appeared in Neighbours for almost a decade. Executive producer Susan Bower said the introduction of the new Ramsay family members was based on the American drama series Party of Five. Paul Robinson's (Stefan Dennis) daughter Elle Robinson (Pippa Black) discovered that Max had a secret daughter with Paul's mother Anne. The affair was kept a secret due to the feud between their families, and Anne moved away with her daughter Jill Ramsay (Peri Cummings). As a result, Elle tracked down Jill and met her three children; Kate Ramsay (Ashleigh Brewer), Harry Ramsay (Will Moore) and Sophie Ramsay (Kaiya Jones). When Jill was killed in a hit and run accident, Kate, Harry and Sophie move to Ramsay Street and eventually become close with their uncle Paul. They lived at No. 24, like the original Ramsays, until it was sold off and Kate and Sophie moved in with Paul. Since then, all three have departed the soap. Charlene and Scott's son, Daniel Robinson (Tim Phillipps) was introduced on 29 April 2014. Two years later, his sister, Madison Robinson (Sarah Ellen), was introduced, and he was written out with his wife, Imogen Willis (Ariel Kaplan). In 2019, producers introduced Gemma Ramsay's (Beth Buchanan) daughter Roxy Willis (Zima Anderson), which leads to a short return for Gemma.
Family members
Jack Ramsay; married an unknown woman
Maud Ramsay; daughter of Jack
Dan Ramsay; son of Jack; married Edna Wilkins
Max Ramsay; son of Dan and Edna; married Maria Rossi
Jill Ramsay; daughter of Max and Anne Robinson
Kate Ramsay; daughter of Jill and Patrick Mooney
Harry Ramsay; son of Jill and Patrick
Sophie Ramsay; daughter of Jill and Patrick
Shane Ramsay; son of Max and Maria
Danny Ramsay; son of Maria and Tim Duncan; adopted by Max
Tom Ramsay; son of Dan and Edna; married Doreen Leicester
Moira Ramsay; daughter of Tom and Doreen; married to Mr. Harrigan
Holly Harrigan; daughter of Moira and Mr Harrigan
Gemma Ramsay; daughter of Tom and Doreen; married Adam Willis
Roxy Willis; daughter of Gemma and Adam; married Kyle Canning
Madge Ramsay; daughter of Dan and Edna; married Fred Mitchell; married Harold Bishop
Henry Ramsay; son of Madge and Fred; married to Bronwyn Davies
Charlene Mitchell; daughter of Madge and Fred; married Scott Robinson
Daniel Robinson; son of Charlene and Scott; married Imogen Willis
Madison Robinson; daughter of Charlene and Scott
Reception
In her book, Neighbours: The First 10 Years, Josephine Monroe observed that the Ramsays were "a good foil to the better bred Robinsons". The Sydney Morning Herald's Robin Oliver branded the family "raucous". Andrew Mercado, author of Super Aussie Soaps, believed the family were once "the backbone of the show". In her book Soap opera, Dorothy Hobson describes the family as "more working class than other characters" and stated: "They had working-class jobs but were not represented as cloth cap wearing or dowdy, they were bright and modern and representative of a vibrant and working population."
See also
Ramsay Street
References
Bibliography
Neighbours families
Television characters introduced in 1985
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40309662
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20MacDonald
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Edmund MacDonald
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Edmund Francis MacDonald (May 7, 1908 – September 2, 1951) was an American actor.
Early years
MacDonald was born in Boston. He had one brother.
Career
MacDonald gained early acting experience in stock theater on Long Island. He made his Broadway debut in Getting Even (1929). His other Broadway credits include Her Tin Soldier (1933) and I, Myself (1934).
In 1938, he was a regular on Hollywood Showcase, an old-time radio variety show.
MacDonald worked primarily as a character actor in B films. He appeared in films such as Call of the Canyon 1942, The Mantrap 1943, and Detour 1945. His last film was Red Canyon in 1949.
Death
MacDonald suffered a stroke while at home at age 42 and was hospitalized; later he died of a brain hemorrhage at the Veterans' Administration Hospital in Los Angeles. He was interred at Los Angeles National Cemetery.
Filmography
References
External links
1908 births
1951 deaths
20th-century American male actors
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70804667
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323%20FC%20Bayern%20Munich%20season
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2022–23 FC Bayern Munich season
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The 2022–23 season is the 124th in the history of Bayern Munich and their 58th consecutive season in the top flight of German football. In addition to the domestic league, they are participating in this season's editions of the DFB-Pokal, DFL-Supercup and UEFA Champions League.
The season is the first since 2013–14 without Robert Lewandowski, who departed to FC Barcelona.
Players
Squad
Transfers
In
Out
Transfer summary
Undisclosed fees are not included in the transfer totals.
Expenditure
Summer: €137,500,000
Winter: €00,000,000
Total: €137,500,000
Income
Summer: €110,800,000
Winter: €0,000,000
Total: €110,800,000
Net totals
Summer: €26,700,000
Winter: €0,000,000
Total: €26,700,000
Pre-season and friendlies
Competitions
Overall record
Bundesliga
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
The league fixtures were announced on 17 June 2022.
DFB-Pokal
DFL-Supercup
UEFA Champions League
Group stage
The group stage draw was held on 25 August 2022.
Statistics
Appearances and goals
|-
! colspan="18" style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Goalkeepers
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! colspan="18" style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Defenders
|-
! colspan="18" style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Midfielders
|-
! colspan="18" style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Forwards
|-
! colspan="18" style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Players transferred out during the season
|-
Goalscorers
Notes
References
FC Bayern Munich seasons
Bayern Munich
Bayern Munich
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10468100
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Am%20an%20American%20Soldier
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I Am an American Soldier
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I Am an American Soldier is a 2007 documentary film about the Iraq War, produced by John Laurence.
"One Year in Iraq with the 101st Airborne."
Synopsis
This is the inside story of what happens to a company of American soldiers - ninety-two air assault troopers from the 3rd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division (Rakkasans) - who are sent to fight, suffer and try to survive a full year's tour of duty in Iraq. From the final stages of their training and farewells at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, through their deployment to Baghdad, Samarra and Tikrit, and then the return home to their loved ones, this is a searching examination of the combat, the life and death struggles, and the profound changes in the lives of these professional soldiers who set out with hope and confidence of making a difference in Iraq.
Access
The British/American filmmakers were given unprecedented access to the soldiers for fourteen months: from September 2005, to November 2006, and accompanied them into the most dangerous places. The result is a feature film that attempts to examine the Iraq War with ruthless scrutiny, with honesty and fairness, and reveals courage of an uncommon kind.
Before they leave Fort Campbell, hundreds of soldiers shout “Hoo-ah” in response to their brigade commander's dramatic war speech in which he tells them to "look like a killer" at all times in Iraq. The film begins by demonstrating the lethal force of America's best-trained soldiers. But that is not how the rest of the story unfolds.
The soldiers of Charlie Troop find it increasingly difficult to carry out their mission in a hostile environment, full of deception and danger. A carefully planned attempt to destroy a team of insurgents who are firing rockets and mortars at them, the troops are sabotaged by the over-protective actions of a parent unit from the Third Infantry Division. Despite vigilant surveillance work, superior weapons and training, and all the energy of their warrior natures, the soldiers are thrown into the most frustrating mission conceivable.
This is a film about young men and their commanders who prepare in earnest for their duty, who understand what they are meant to do in Iraq, and how - through their experiences in Samarra, Baghdad and Tikrit - dramatic changes take place in their perspectives.
It is about soldiers who fight for their lives when their humvee is destroyed by insurgents. It is about a specialist who shoots up a car full of people who later turn out to be civilians. It is about mothers and young wives, gathered at a military funeral for the soldiers killed in action in Iraq, mourning their lost sons and husbands.
This is their story, narrated by the soldiers and their families. It provides the most revealing, in-depth look inside the U.S. Army at war ever produced on film.
Between them, Laurence, Green and Thompson have covered more than thirty wars since Vietnam in 1965, and have won every major award in broadcast journalism in the United States.
References
External links
I Am an American Soldier website
2007 films
Documentary films about the Iraq War
2000s English-language films
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24605778
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkou%20District
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Gangkou District
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Gangkou (; Zhuang language: ) is a district of the city of Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China.
County-level divisions of Guangxi
Fangchenggang
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49241042
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor%20Peller
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Professor Peller
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Professor Moshood Abiola Peller (1941, in Iseyin – 2 August 1997, in Onipanu) was a Nigerian magician and one of Africa's most renowned magicians.
Life
Born Folorunsho Abiola, Peller attended Moslem School, Iseyin and Native Authority Primary School, Iseyin. He started performing illusion tricks in 1954 travelling to Ibadan, Lagos and Oyo for performance. In 1959, he changed occupation and began work as a representative of G.B.O. and later moved into trading. His interest in illusion continued and in 1964, he attended a school of magical arts in India, he spent 18 months at the school and after completion, settled in Liberia. In 1966, he had his first post-training show at the Federal Palace Hotel, Lagos. He was later assassinated in 1997.
References
Nigerian magicians
1941 births
1997 deaths
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1023671
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuckey%27s
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Stuckey's
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Stuckey's is a candy maker that is known for its pecan log rolls and kitschy souvenirs which it sells at its convenience stores along highways in the United States. Although today there are Stuckey's locations concentrated mostly in the Southeast, Southwest, and Midwest, operations once existed from coast to coast in nearly all of the 48 contiguous states. Additionally, Stuckey's sells candy, apparel, and souvenirs, and other products online.
Stuckey's Corporation is headquartered in Eastman, Georgia, and in 2021, purchased a pecan processing and candy making plant in Wrens, Georgia. The current CEO of Stuckey's is Stephanie Stuckey, granddaughter of the brand's founder W.S. Stuckey, Sr.
History
Early days
Back in the 1930s, with a Model A Ford Coupe he borrowed from his friend and $35 he borrowed from his grandmother, W.S. Stuckey, Sr., drove around the Eastman, Georgia, countryside buying pecans from local farmers and selling them to local pecan processors. Stuckey made over $4500 his first year in the pecan business.
By 1937, Stuckey was selling over $150,000 worth of pecans a year that he bought himself and sold to local processors. That same year, he opened a roadside stand along Highway 23 in Eastman selling pecans, sugar cane juice, syrup, homemade quilts, and “all you can drink for five-cents” cherry cider. It was then and there that Stuckey’s was born.
Business picked up after Stuckey's wife Ethel began making pecan pralines. After she tried out a recipe for pecan log rolls and added her own secret ingredient (maraschino cherries) to the mix, things got so good that the next year Stuckey built his own store in Eastman. The year after that, he opened another store in Unadilla, Georgia. Another soon followed in Hilliard, Florida with each Stuckey’s making their own candy on site.
Unfortunately, Stuckey’s franchise expansion was slowed by World War II when Stuckey was forced to close his Unadilla branch. Sometime later, the Hilliard Stuckey’s burned to the ground. However, during the war, Stuckey managed to stay afloat during the after buying a candy making factory in Jacksonville, Florida, and securing government contracts making candy for the troops.
After the war ended, Stuckey's business once again began to grow as it opened a number of new franchises. The company then constructed its own candy factory in Eastman to supply an eventual 350-plus Stuckey's stores located throughout the continental US. As the post-war baby boom flourished and families undertook more long-distance auto travel, Stuckey's continued to grow along major highways, often paired with Texaco gas stations.
Downfall, then rise
After a failed attempt to go into the hospitality business in the early 1960s with Stuckey's Carriage Inns (only four of the motels were actually built), and with over 368 stores across the country now filled with candy, novelty toys, and kitschy souvenirs, the franchise seemed to become something bigger than one man alone could handle. As a result, Stuckey sold his franchise to Pet, Inc., maker of Pet Milk.
W.S. Stuckey, Sr. died in 1977, the same year that Illinois Central Industries, a Chicago conglomerate, bought Pet Milk Co., and they began to close Stuckey’s stores across the country. By the end of the decade, only 75 original Stuckey’s stores remained.
Nevertheless, in 1984, W.S. “Billy” Stuckey, Jr., son of the founder and a five-term Congressman from the 8th District of Georgia, repurchased Stuckey’s and began to turn the company around. Billy had a new idea for the company – Stuckey’s Express, a store-within-a-store concept that resulted in over 165 licensed Stuckey’s Express stores in 17 states. He also sold the Eastman candy making plant to Standard Candy Company in Nashville, Tennessee who shuttered it during the 2009 recession. Still, Stuckey’s world-famous pecan log rolls and other pecan candies would continue to be made by outside vendors.
Stuckey’s “comeback” really began taking off, however, after W.S. Stuckey, Sr.’s granddaughter, Ethel “Stephanie” Stuckey, a former Georgia State Representative herself, took her life’s savings, bought the company and became its CEO in November 2019.
Back in family hands once again, in August of 2020, Stuckey’s acquired Front Porch Pecans, a pecan snack company that sells to domestic and foreign markets, including grocery channels in the Southeast U.S. With this merger, Stuckey’s gained management support with R.G. Lamar as new President to run Stuckey’s with Stephanie, as well as a new product line to market to more health-conscious consumers.
In January of 2021, Stephanie and R.G. acquired Atwell Pecans, The Orchards Gourmet, and Thames corporations to add candy making, pecan processing, and fundraising businesses to the company’s portfolio.
Today, Stuckey’s has 65 licensed locations, a distribution center based in Eastman, a pecan and candy plant to make their own Stuckey’s products, an active online business, and some 200 retailers that sell Stuckey’s pecan snacks and candies. With fresh leadership, new acquisitions, and increased market share for Georgia’s homegrown nut, the pecan, Stuckey’s is on the rebound.
Stuckey hopes to eventually own a handful of Stuckey’s interstate stores to revive the original premise behind the company as a “roadside oasis” while continuing to build up the candy making side of the business to secure its future for another 85 years.
See also
Nickerson Farms
Horne's (restaurant)
References
External links
See also
Nickerson Farms
Horne's (restaurant)
Companies based in Dodge County, Georgia
American companies established in 1937
Retail companies established in 1937
Convenience stores of the United States
Economy of the Southeastern United States
Franchises
1937 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
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64677241
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linzhiite
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Linzhiite
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Linzhiite is an iron silicide mineral with the formula FeSi2. It was discovered in the 1960s in Donetsk Oblast in Soviet Union, and named ferdisilicite, but was not approved by the International Mineralogical Association. It was later rediscovered near Linzhi in Tibet. Linzhiite occurs together with other rare iron silicide minerals, xifengite (Fe5Si3) and naquite (FeSi).
References
Iron minerals
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55023
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin%20dynasty%20%281115%E2%80%931234%29
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Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
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The Jin dynasty (, ; ) or Jin State (; Jurchen: Anchun Gurun), officially known as the Great Jin (), lasted from 1115 to 1234 as one of the last dynasties in Chinese history to predate the Mongol conquest of China. Its name is sometimes written as Kin, Jurchen Jin or Jinn in English to differentiate it from an earlier Jìn dynasty of China whose name is identical when transcribed without tone marker diacritics in the Hanyu Pinyin system for Standard Chinese. It is also sometimes called the "Jurchen dynasty" or the "Jurchen Jin", because members of the ruling Wanyan clan were of Jurchen descent.
The Jin emerged from Taizu's rebellion against the Liao dynasty (916–1125), which held sway over northern China until the nascent Jin drove the Liao to the Western Regions, where they became known in historiography as the Western Liao. After vanquishing the Liao, the Jin launched a century-long campaign against the Han-led Song dynasty (960–1279), which was based in southern China. Over the course of their rule, the ethnic Jurchen emperors of the Jin dynasty adapted to Han customs, and even fortified the Great Wall against the rising Mongols. Domestically, the Jin oversaw a number of cultural advancements, such as the revival of Confucianism.
After spending centuries as vassals of the Jin, the Mongols invaded under Genghis Khan in 1211 and inflicted catastrophic defeats on the Jin armies. After numerous defeats, revolts, defections, and coups, they succumbed to Mongol conquest 23 years later in 1234.
Name
The Jin dynasty was officially known as the "Great Jin" at that time. Furthermore, the Jin emperors referred to their state as China, Zhongguo (), just as some other non-Han dynasties. Non-Han rulers expanded the definition of "China" to include non-Han peoples in addition to Han people whenever they ruled China. Jin documents indicate that the usage of "China" by dynasties to refer to themselves began earlier than previously thought.
History
Origin
The original homeland of the Jurchens was the forested mountain areas of what is now eastern Manchuria and Russia's Primorsky Krai, but they had spread to the Songhua River basin by the tenth century. Unlike the nomadic Khitans and Mongols, the Jurchens were hunters and fishers, while those who moved to the plains practiced agriculture. During Tang times, the Jurchens formed part of the Mohe people and were subjects of the Bohai kingdom until its conquest by the Liao dynasty in 926. Two groups were considered ancestors of the Jurchen people: the Heishui Mohe ("Black River Mohe"), named after the Amur River, and the Wuguo ("Five Nations") federation, which lived to the northeast of nodern Jilin.
By the 10th century, the Jurchens had become vassals of the Khitan rulers of the Liao dynasty. While most Jurchen groups in the Northeast China Plain became Liao subjects, some sought to establish direct relations with other countries such as the Song dynasty and Goryeo. The Jurchens sent a number of tributary and trade missions to the Song capital Kaifeng, which the Liao tried unsuccessfully to prevent. Some Jurchens paid tribute to Goryeo and the Jurchens sided with the latter during the Khitan–Goryeo War. They offered tribute to both courts out of political necessity and the attraction of material benefits.
In the 11th century, there was widespread discontent against Khitan rule among the Jurchens, as the Liao violently extorted annual tribute from the Jurchen tribes. Leveraging the Jurchens' desire of independence from the Khitans, chief Wugunai of the Wanyan clan rose to prominence, dominating all of eastern Manchuria from Mount Changbai to the Wuguo tribes. His grandson Aguda eventually founded the Jin dynasty.
Wanyan Aguda
The Jin dynasty was created in modern Jilin and Heilongjiang by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Aguda in 1115. According to tradition, Aguda was a descendant of Hanpu. Aguda adopted the term for "gold" as the name of his state, itself a translation of "Anchuhu" River, which meant "golden" in Jurchen. This river, known as Alechuka in modern Chinese, is a tributary of the Songhua River east of Harbin. The Jurchens' early rulers were the Khitan-led Liao dynasty, which had held sway over modern north and northeast China and the Mongolian Plateau, for several centuries. In 1121, the Jurchens entered into the Alliance Conducted at Sea with the Han-led Northern Song dynasty and agreed to jointly invade the Liao dynasty. While the Song armies faltered, the Jurchens succeeded in driving the Liao to Central Asia. In 1125, after the death of Aguda, the Jin dynasty broke its alliance with the Song dynasty and invaded north China. When the Song dynasty reclaimed the Han-populated Sixteen Prefectures, they were "fiercely resisted" by the Han Chinese population there who had previously been under Liao rule, while when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all and handed over the Southern Capital (present-day Beijing, then known as Yanjing) to them. The Jurchens were supported by the anti-Song, Beijing-based noble Han clans. The Han Chinese who worked for the Liao were viewed as hostile enemies by the Song dynasty. Song Han Chinese also defected to the Jin. One crucial mistake that the Song made during this joint attack was the removal of the defensive forest it originally built along the Song-Liao border. Because of the removal of this landscape barrier, in 1126/27, the Jin army marched quickly across the North China Plain to Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng). On 9 January 1127, the Jurchens ransacked the Imperial palaces in Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song dynasty, capturing both Emperor Qinzong and his father, Emperor Huizong, who had abdicated in panic in the face of the Jin invasion. Following the fall of Bianjing, the succeeding Southern Song dynasty continued to fight the Jin dynasty for over a decade, eventually signing the Treaty of Shaoxing in 1141, which called for the cession of all Song territories north of the Huai River to the Jin dynasty and the execution of Song general Yue Fei in return for peace. The peace treaty was formally ratified on 11 October 1142 when a Jin envoy visited the Song court.
Having conquered Kaifeng and occupied North China, the Jin later deliberately chose earth as its dynastic element and yellow as its royal color. According to the theory of the Five Elements (wuxing), the earth element follows the fire, the dynastic element of the Song, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, this ideological move shows that the Jin regarded the Song reign of China was officially over and themselves as the rightful ruler of China Proper.
Migration south
After taking over Northern China, the Jin dynasty became increasingly sinicised. About three million people, half of them Jurchens, migrated south into northern China over two decades, and this minority governed about 30 million people. The Jurchens were given land grants and organised into hereditary military units: 300 households formed a (company) and 7–10 formed a (battalion). Many married Han Chinese, although the ban on Jurchen nobles marrying Han Chinese was not lifted until 1191. After Emperor Taizong died in 1135, the next three Jin emperors were grandsons of Aguda by three different princes. Emperor Xizong (r. 1135–1149) studied the classics and wrote Chinese poetry. He adopted Han Chinese cultural traditions, but the Jurchen nobles had the top positions.
Later in life, Emperor Xizong became an alcoholic and executed many officials for criticising him. He also had Jurchen leaders who opposed him murdered, even those in the Wanyan clan. In 1149 he was murdered by a cabal of relatives and nobles, who made his cousin Wanyan Liang the next Jin emperor. Because of the brutality of both his domestic and foreign policy, Wanyan Liang was posthumously demoted from the position of emperor. Consequently, historians have commonly referred to him by the posthumous name "Prince of Hailing".
Rebellions in the north
Having usurped the throne, Wanyan Liang embarked on the program of legitimising his rule as an emperor of China. In 1153, he moved the empire's main capital from Huining Prefecture (south of present-day Harbin) to the former Liao capital, Yanjing (present-day Beijing). Four years later, in 1157, to emphasise the permanence of the move, he razed the nobles' residences in Huining Prefecture. Wanyan Liang also reconstructed the former Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng), which had been sacked in 1127, making it the Jin's southern capital.
Wanyan Liang also tried to suppress dissent by killing Jurchen nobles, executing 155 princes. To fulfil his dream of becoming the ruler of all China, Wanyan Liang attacked the Southern Song dynasty in 1161. Meanwhile, two simultaneous rebellions erupted in Shangjing, at the Jurchens' former power base: led by Wanyan Liang's cousin, soon-to-be crowned Wanyan Yong, and the other of Khitan tribesmen. Wanyan Liang had to withdraw Jin troops from southern China to quell the uprisings. The Jin forces were defeated by Song forces in the Battle of Caishi and Battle of Tangdao. With a depleted military force, Wanyan Liang failed to make headway in his attempted invasion of the Southern Song dynasty. Finally he was assassinated by his own generals in December 1161, due to his defeats. His son and heir was also assassinated in the capital.
Although crowned in October, Wanyan Yong (Emperor Shizong) was not officially recognised as emperor until the murder of Wanyan Liang's heir. The Khitan uprising was not suppressed until 1164; their horses were confiscated so that the rebels had to take up farming. Other Khitan and Xi cavalry units had been incorporated into the Jin army. Because these internal uprisings had severely weakened the Jin's capacity to confront the Southern Song militarily, the Jin court under Emperor Shizong began negotiating for peace. The Treaty of Longxing (隆興和議) was signed in 1164 and ushered in more than 40 years of peace between the two empires.
In the early 1180s, Emperor Shizong instituted a restructuring of 200 meng'an units to remove tax abuses and help Jurchens. Communal farming was encouraged. The Jin Empire prospered and had a large surplus of grain in reserve. Although learned in Chinese classics, Emperor Shizong was also known as a promoter of Jurchen language and culture; during his reign, a number of Chinese classics were translated into Jurchen, the Imperial Jurchen Academy was founded, and the imperial examinations started to be offered in the Jurchen language. Emperor Shizong's reign (1161–1189) was remembered by the posterity as the time of comparative peace and prosperity, and the emperor himself was compared to the mythological rulers Yao and Shun. Poor Jurchen families in the southern Routes (Daming and Shandong) Battalion and Company households tried to live the lifestyle of wealthy Jurchen families and avoid doing farming work by selling their own Jurchen daughters into slavery and renting their land to Han tenants. The Wealthy Jurchens feasted and drank and wore damask and silk. The History of Jin (Jinshi) says that Emperor Shizong of Jin took note and attempted to halt these things in 1181.
Emperor Shizong's grandson, Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1189–1208), venerated Jurchen values, but he also immersed himself in Han Chinese culture and married an ethnic Han Chinese woman. The Taihe Code of law was promulgated in 1201 and was based mostly on the Tang Code. In 1207, the Southern Song dynasty attempted an invasion, but the Jin forces effectively repulsed them. In the peace agreement, the Song dynasty had to pay higher annual indemnities and behead Han Tuozhou, the leader of the hawkish faction in the Song imperial court.
Fall of Jin
Starting from the early 13th century, the Jin dynasty began to feel the pressure of Mongols from the north. Genghis Khan first led the Mongols into Western Xia territory in 1205 and ravaged it four years later. In 1211 about 50,000 Mongol horsemen invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen rebels. The Jin had a large army with 150,000 cavalry but abandoned the "western capital" Datong (see also the Battle of Yehuling). The next year the Mongols went north and looted the Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they besieged the "central capital", Zhongdu (present-day Beijing). In 1214 the Jin made a humiliating treaty but retained the capital. That summer, Emperor Xuanzong abandoned the central capital and moved the government to the "southern capital" Kaifeng, making it the official seat of the Jin dynasty's power.
In 1216, a hawkish faction in the Jin imperial court persuaded Emperor Xuanzong to attack the Song dynasty, but in 1219 they were defeated at the same place by the Yangtze River where Wanyan Liang had been defeated in 1161. The Jin dynasty now faced a two front war that they could not afford. Furthermore, Emperor Aizong won a succession struggle against his brother and then quickly ended the war and went back to the capital. He made peace with the Tanguts of Western Xia, who had been allied with the Mongols.
The Jurchen Jin emperor Wanyan Yongji's daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader Genghis Khan in exchange for relieving the Mongol siege upon Zhongdu (Beijing) in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.
Many Han Chinese and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze and Liu Heima (), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala (蕭札剌) defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor, Ögedei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were four Han tumens and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals Shimo Beidi'er (石抹孛迭兒), Tabuyir (塔不已兒), and Xiao Zhongxi (; Xiao Zhala's son) commanded the three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals Zhang Rou (), Yan Shi (), Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ögedei Khan.
Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived under Jin rule. Inter-ethnic marriage between Han Chinese and Jurchens became common at this time. His father was Shi Bingzhi (史秉直). Shi Bingzhi married a Jurchen woman (surname Nahe) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Zhang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother. Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives. His Jurchen wives' surnames were Monian and Nahe, his Korean wife's surname was Li, and his Han Chinese wife's surname was Shi. Shi Tianze defected to the Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son, Shi Gang, married a Keraite woman; the Keraites were Mongolified Turkic people and considered as part of the "Mongol nation". Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state.
The Mongols created a "Han Army" () out of defected Jin troops, and another army out of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" ().
Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were attacking Western Xia. His successor, Ögedei Khan, invaded the Jin dynasty again in 1232 with assistance from the Southern Song dynasty. The Jurchens tried to resist; but when the Mongols besieged Kaifeng in 1233, Emperor Aizong fled south to the city of Caizhou. A Song–Mongol allied army surrounded the capital, and the next year Emperor Aizong committed suicide by hanging himself to avoid being captured in the Mongols besieged Caizhou, ending the Jin dynasty in 1234. The territory of the Jin dynasty was to be divided between the Mongols and the Song dynasty. However, due to lingering territorial disputes, the Song dynasty and the Mongols eventually went to war with one another over these territories.
In Empire of The Steppes, René Grousset reports that the Mongols were always amazed at the valour of the Jurchen warriors, who held out until seven years after the death of Genghis Khan.
Military
Contemporary Chinese writers ascribed Jurchen success in overwhelming the Liao and Northern Song dynasties mainly to their cavalry. Already during Aguda's rebellion against the Liao dynasty, all Jurchen fighters were mounted. It was said that the Jurchen cavalry tactics were a carryover from their hunting skills. Jurchen horsemen were provided with heavy armor; on occasions, they would use a team of horses attached to each other with chains (Guaizi Ma).
As the Liao dynasty fell apart and the Song dynasty retreated beyond the Yangtze, the army of the new Jin dynasty absorbed many soldiers who formerly fought for the Liao or Song dynasties. The new Jin empire adopted many of the Song military's weapons, including various machines for siege warfare and artillery. In fact, the Jin military's use of cannons, grenades, and even rockets to defend besieged Kaifeng against the Mongols in 1233 is considered the first ever battle in human history in which gunpowder was used effectively, even though it failed to prevent the eventual Jin defeat.
On the other hand, the Jin military was not particularly good at naval warfare. Both in 1129–30 and in 1161 Jin forces were defeated by the Southern Song navies when trying to cross the Yangtze River into the core Southern Song territory (see Battle of Tangdao and Battle of Caishi), even though for the latter campaign the Jin had equipped a large navy of their own, using Han Chinese shipbuilders and even Han Chinese captains who had defected from the Southern Song.
In 1130, the Jin army reached Hangzhou and Ningbo in southern China. But heavy Chinese resistance and the geography of the area halted the Jin advance, and they were forced to retreat and withdraw, and they had not been able to escape the Song navy when trying to return until they were directed by a Han Chinese defector who helped them escape in Zhenjiang. Southern China was then cleared of the Jurchen forces.
The Jin military was organised through the meng-an mou-k'o system, which seemed to be similar to the later Eight Banners of the Qing dynasty. Meng-an is from the Mongol word for thousand, mingghan (see Military of the Yuan dynasty) while mou-k'o means clan or tribe. Groups of fifty households known as p'u-li-yen were grouped together as a mou-k'o, while seven to ten mou-k'o formed a meng-an, and several meng-an were grouped into a wanhu, Chinese for Ten Thousand Households. This was not only a military structure but also grouped all Jurchen households for economic and administrative functions. Khitans and Han Chinese soldiers who had defected to the Jin dynasty were also assigned into their own meng-an. All male members of the households were required to serve in the military; the servants of the household would serve as auxiliaries to escort their masters in battle. The numbers of Han Chinese soldiers in the Jin armies seemed to be very significant.
Jin Great Wall
In order to prevent incursion from the Mongols, a large construction program was launched. The records show that two important sections of the Great Wall were completed by the Jurchens.
The Great Wall as constructed by the Jurchens differed from the previous dynasties. Known as the Border Fortress or the Boundary Ditch of the Jin, it was formed by digging ditches within which lengths of wall were built. In some places subsidiary walls and ditches were added for extra strength. The construction was started in about 1123 and completed by about 1198. The two sections attributable to the Jin dynasty are known as the Old Mingchang Walls and New Great Walls, together stretching more than 2,000 kilometres in length.
Government
The government of the Jin dynasty merged Jurchen customs with institutions adopted from the Liao and Song dynasties. The pre-dynastic Jurchen government was based on the quasi-egalitarian tribal council. Jurchen society at the time did not have a strong political hierarchy. The Shuo Fu (說郛) records that the Jurchen tribes were not ruled by central authority and locally elected their chieftains. Tribal customs were retained after Aguda united the Jurchen tribes and formed the Jin dynasty, coexisting alongside more centralised institutions. The Jin dynasty had five capitals, a practice they adopted from the Balhae and the Liao. The Jin had to overcome the difficulties of controlling a multicultural empire composed of territories once ruled by the Liao and Northern Song. The solution of the early Jin government was to establish separate government structures for different ethnic groups.
Culture
Because the Jin had few contacts with its southern neighbour, the Song dynasty, different cultural developments took place in both states. Within Confucianism, the "Learning of the Way" that developed and became orthodox in Song did not take root in Jin. Jin scholars put more emphasis on the work of northern Song scholar and poet Su Shi (1037–1101) than on Zhu Xi's (1130–1200) scholarship, which constituted the foundation of the Learning of the Way.
Architecture
The Jin pursued a revival of Tang dynasty urban design with architectural projects in Kaifeng and Zhongdu (modern Beijing), building for instance a bell tower and drum tower to announce the night curfew (which was revived after being abolished under the Song). The Jurchens followed Khitan precedent of living in tents amidst the Chinese-style architecture, which were in turn based on the Song dynasty Kaifeng model.
Religion
Taoism
A significant branch of Taoism called the Quanzhen School was founded under the Jin by Wang Zhe (1113–1170), a Han Chinese man who founded formal congregations in 1167 and 1168. Wang took the nickname of Wang Chongyang (Wang "Double Yang") and the disciples he took were retrospectively known as the "seven patriarchs of Quanzhen". The flourishing of ci poetry that characterized Jin literature was tightly linked to Quanzhen, as two-thirds of the ci poetry written in Jin times was composed by Quanzhen Taoists.
The Jin state sponsored an edition of the Taoist Canon that is known as the Precious Canon of the Mysterious Metropolis of the Great Jin (Da Jin Xuandu baozang 大金玄都寶藏). Based on a smaller version of the Canon printed by Emperor Huizong (r. 1100–1125) of the Song dynasty, it was completed in 1192 under the direction and support of Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1190–1208). In 1188, Zhangzong's grandfather and predecessor Shizong (r. 1161–1189) had ordered the woodblocks for the Song Canon transferred from Kaifeng (the former Northern Song capital that had now become the Jin "Southern Capital") to the Central Capital's "Abbey of Celestial Perpetuity" or Tianchang guan 天長觀, on the site of what is now the White Cloud Temple in Beijing. Other Daoist writings were also moved there from another abbey in the Central Capital. Zhangzong instructed the abbey's superintendent Sun Mingdao 孫明道 and two civil officials to prepare a complete Canon for printing. After sending people on a "nationwide search for scriptures" (which yielded 1,074 fascicles of text that was not included in the Huizong edition of the Canon) and securing donations for printing, in 1192 Sun Mingdao proceeded to cut the new woodblocks. The final print consisted of 6,455 fascicles. Though the Jin emperors occasionally offered copies of the Canon as gifts, not a single fragment of it has survived.
Buddhism
A Buddhist Canon or "Tripitaka" was also produced in Shanxi, the same place where an enhanced version of the Jin-sponsored Taoist Canon would be reprinted in 1244. The project was initiated in 1139 by a Buddhist nun named Cui Fazhen, who swore (and allegedly "broke her arm to seal the oath") that she would raise the necessary funds to make a new official edition of the Canon printed by the Northern Song. Completed in 1173, the Jin Tripitaka counted about 7,000 fascicles, "a major achievement in the history of Buddhist private printing." It was further expanded during the Yuan.
Buddhism thrived during the Jin, both in its relation with the imperial court and in society in general. Many sutras were also carved on stone tablets. The donors who funded such inscriptions included members of the Jin imperial family, high officials, common people, and Buddhist priests. Some sutras have only survived from these carvings, which are thus highly valuable to the study of Chinese Buddhism. At the same time, the Jin court sold monk certificates for revenue. This practice was initiated in 1162 by Shizong to fund his wars, and stopped three years later when war was over. His successor Zhanzong used the same method to raise military funds in 1197 and one year later to raise money to fight famine in the Western Capital. The same practice was used again in 1207 (to fight the Song and more famine) as well as under the reigns of emperors Weishao (r. 1209–1213) and Xuanzong (r. 1213–1224) to fight the Mongols.
Fashion
List of emperors
Emperors family tree
See also
Eastern Xia
Jurchen Jin emperors family tree
Korean–Jurchen border conflicts
Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars
References
Citations
Sources
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External links
States and territories established in 1115
States and territories disestablished in 1234
Dynasties in Chinese history
Former countries in Chinese history
1234 disestablishments in Asia
13th-century disestablishments in China
12th century in China
13th century in China
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20P%C3%A5lsson
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Adam Pålsson
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Adam Gustav Justus Pålsson (born 25March 1988) is a Swedish actor and musician. He has worked at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and is known for his portrayal of Kurt Wallander in the Netflix web series Young Wallander, as a lead [Christian] in the TV series “Before We Die” and as the lead Tom Blixen in the TV series Moscow Noir.
Pålsson was educated at the Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting in Stockholm between 2008 and 2011. In 2012, he had his own play Frida är gravid! put up at Teater Galeasen. He has also written and performed his own version of Hamlet, inspired by William Shakespeare and Heiner Müller at Stockholms stadsteater in 2010.
Pålsson is perhaps best known for his role in Jonas Gardell's series Don't Ever Wipe Tears Without Gloves which was broadcast on Swedish Television, and for playing the lead role in Ted: För kärlekens skull, a 2018 biopic about the Swedish singer/songwriter Ted Gärdestad. He also played a major role, as Emil, in the third series of The Bridge.
Pålsson used to be the lead singer in an indie rock group, ÅR&DAR.
He played Mads in Armando Iannucci’s space sitcom Avenue 5 who was a gormless but good-looking crew-member. Initially he was supposed to be an extra, but was given a part and a name. Pålsson went for the role as he admires Iannucci so much.
He plays Kurt Wallander in the 2020 Netflix/Yellow Bird production Young Wallander. In an interview in The Guardian he explained he was able to connect with the character of Wallander as his family are from the same area of Sweden. He is also the only Swedish actor in the series.
He played in the Swedish crime drama series Before We Die in both seasons 1 and 2 that can be seen on Walter Presents.
References
External links
Living people
1988 births
People from Haninge Municipality
Male actors from Stockholm
21st-century Swedish male actors
21st-century Swedish singers
21st-century Swedish male singers
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Harris J
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Harris Jung, known professionally as Harris J, is a British singer who signed with Awakening in 2013. He is a graduate of London's BRIT School of Performing Arts. In 2017, he published a children's book entitled Salam Alaikum: A Message of Peace.
References
External links
ABtalks with Harris J, April 2021
Living people
Performers of Islamic music
Awakening Music artists
British Muslims
British people of Irish descent
British people of Indian descent
British people of Jamaican descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority%20Report%20%28film%29
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Minority Report (film)
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Minority Report is a 2002 American science fiction film directed by Steven Spielberg, loosely based on the 1956 short story "The Minority Report" by Philip K. Dick. The film is set in Washington, D.C. and Northern Virginia in the year 2054, where Precrime, a specialized police department, apprehends criminals based on foreknowledge provided by three psychics called "precogs". The cast stars Tom Cruise as Precrime Chief John Anderton, Colin Farrell as Department of Justice agent Danny Witwer, Samantha Morton as precog Agatha Lively, and Max von Sydow as Precrime director Lamar Burgess.
The film combines elements of tech noir, whodunit, thriller and science fiction genres, as well as a traditional chase film, as the main protagonist is accused of a crime he has not committed and becomes a fugitive. Spielberg has characterized the story as "fifty percent character and fifty percent very complicated storytelling with layers and layers of murder mystery and plot". The film's central theme is the question of free will versus determinism. It examines whether free will can exist if the future is set and known in advance. Other themes include the role of preventive government in protecting its citizenry, the role of media in a future state where technological advancements make its presence nearly boundless, the potential legality of an infallible prosecutor, and Spielberg's perennial theme of broken families.
The film was first optioned in 1992, as a sequel to another Dick adaptation, Total Recall, and started its development in 1997, after a script by Jon Cohen reached Spielberg and Cruise. Production suffered many delays due to Cruise's Mission: Impossible 2 and Spielberg's A.I. running over schedule, eventually starting in March 2001. During pre-production, Spielberg consulted numerous scientists in an attempt to present a more plausible future world than that seen in other science fiction films, and some of the technology designs in the film have proven prescient.
Minority Report was one of the best-reviewed films of 2002 and was nominated for several awards. It received an Academy Award nomination for Best Sound Editing, and eleven Saturn Award nominations, including Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor, and Saturn Award for Best Music, winning Best Science Fiction Film, Best Direction, Best Writing, and Best Supporting Actress. The film earned over $358 million worldwide against an overall budget of $142 million. Over four million DVDs were sold in its first few months of home release.
Plot
In April 2054, the federal government plans to nationally implement Washington, D.C.'s prototype "Precrime" police program: as three clairvoyant humans ("Precogs") visualize an impending homicide, officers analyze the data to determine the crime's location and apprehend the perpetrator before the crime occurs. The Precogs - Agatha Lively and twins Arthur and Dashiell "Dash" Arkadin - lie in a shallow pool, under sleep-inducing drugs that deprive them of external stimuli. Their thoughts are projected onscreen and stored in a database. Would-be killers are imprisoned in a benevolent virtual reality state. Although Precrime has eliminated nearly all premeditated murders during its six-year existence, spontaneous crimes of passion or "red ball" killings remain problematic, where police have an hour or less to stop the murder.
John Anderton, the commanding officer of Precrime, joined the program after his son, Sean, was kidnapped and never found. He is depressed, withdrawn, and addicted to neuroin, a fictional hard drug; and his wife Lara has since left him. While United States Department of Justice agent Danny Witwer audits the Precrime operation, the Precogs predict that in 36 hours Anderton will kill Leo Crow, a man whom Anderton has never met. Anderton flees the facility, prompting a manhunt led by Witwer.
Anderton visits Precrime founder Dr. Iris Hineman at her home and learns that one Precog occasionally sees a different future vision from the others, known as a "minority report." These discrepancies are reviewed and purged from the official record, as group precognition agreement is the foundation of the Precrime bylaws. However, the Precogs still retain their individual memories. Anderton also discovers that early neuroin adopters and addicts had been predisposed to having mentally disabled children, many of whom had precognitive abilities and were tested—often fatally—and three of whom were submitted to Precrime. Anderton returns to Precrime and kidnaps Agatha, described by Hineman as the most clairvoyant Precog, shutting down the group-mind on which Precrime depends. Anderton and Agatha track Crow to a hotel room and find numerous photos of children, including Sean; Anderton accuses Crow of killing Sean, but Crow claims he was hired to plant the photos. He wants Anderton to kill him so that his family can benefit from his death. When Anderton refuses, Crow kills himself in a similar manner to the Precog file.
Anderton fails to find a minority report within Agatha's mind, but discovers a memory of a murder from five years earlier; the victim was Agatha's mother, Anne Lively, who sold her daughter to Precrime while addicted to neuroin. After breaking her addiction, she tried to reclaim Agatha, but was drowned by a hooded figure. Witwer simultaneously investigates the same case independently and learns that two attempts were made on Lively's life: the first was thwarted by Precrime, but the second one succeeded shortly after. Witwer reports his findings to Precrime Director Lamar Burgess, who kills him without being detected since the Precog system is offline. Anderton is eventually captured and imprisoned on suspected murder of Crow and Witwer, and Agatha is reconnected to the system.
During a banquet in Burgess's honor, Anderton - released from prison by Lana - contacts him and reveals the truth. Knowing that Precrime cannot function without Agatha, Burgess hired a neuroin addict to kill Lively, and the attempt was stopped by Precrime personnel. Once they departed, Burgess killed Lively in a manner identical to the first attempt and the actual murder footage was deleted by technicians as a misidentified "echo."
After Agatha is returned to Precrime, a new Precrime report is generated, showing that Burgess will kill Anderton. The two meet and Anderton states the dilemma Burgess now faces: kill him and validate Precrime at the cost of his own freedom, or spare him and see the program be discredited and shut down. Anderton states that Burgess can change his own future since he now knows it. Burgess shoots himself, and asks Anderton for forgiveness.
Anderton and Lara reconcile, with Lara becoming pregnant with another child. Precrime is abandoned and all prisoners are pardoned and released, though many remain under police surveillance. Agatha and the twins are moved to an "undisclosed location" to live in peace.
Cast
Tom Cruise as Chief John Anderton, Precrime program commanding officer.
Max von Sydow as Lamar Burgess, Director of Precrime.
Colin Farrell as Danny Witwer, agent from Department of Justice.
Samantha Morton as Agatha Lively, described as the most "talented" of the three precogs.
Michael and Matthew Dickman as Arthur and Dashiell "Dash" Arkadin, the precog twins.
Lois Smith as Dr. Iris Hineman, creator of precrime.
Kathryn Morris as Lara Anderton, estranged wife of Anderton.
Tyler Patrick Jones as Sean Anderton, John and Lara's son supposedly murdered by Crow.
Mike Binder as Leo Crow, the precrime victim who is supposed to be killed by Anderton.
Steve Harris as Jad Watson, agent who assists Anderton in temple.
Jessica Harper as Anne Lively, Agatha's mother.
Tim Blake Nelson as Gideon, a guard of the Precrime prison.
Daniel London as Norbert "Wally" Wallace, the caretaker of the Precogs.
Peter Stormare as Dr. Solomon P. Eddie, an underground surgeon who replaces Anderton's eyes.
The cast also features Neal McDonough as Gordon "Fletch" Fletcher and Patrick Kilpatrick as Geoffrey Knott, Precrime officers, Jessica Capshaw as Evanna, Precrime's transport pilot, Jason Antoon as Rufus T. Riley, cyber parlor proprietor; Nancy Linehan Charles as Celeste Burgess, Lamar's wife; Victor Raider-Wexler as Attorney General Arthur Nash, Arye Gross as Howard Marks, Ashley Crow as Sarah Marks, David Stifel as Lycon, Anna Maria Horsford as Casey, Joel Gretsch as Donald Dubin, Tom Choi as Nick Paymen, Caroline Lagerfelt as Greta van Eyck, William Mapother (Tom Cruise's cousin) as a Hotel Clerk, and Jamie Foxx as Edward "Buttons".
Cameron Diaz, Cameron Crowe, and Paul Thomas Anderson make uncredited cameo appearances as subway passengers.
Production
Development
Dick's story was first optioned by producer and writer Gary Goldman in 1992. He created the initial script for the film with Ron Shusett and Robert Goethals (uncredited). It was supposed to be a sequel to the 1990 Dick adaptation Total Recall, which starred Arnold Schwarzenegger. Novelist Jon Cohen was hired in 1997 to adapt the story for a potential film version that would have been directed by Dutch filmmaker Jan de Bont. Meanwhile, Cruise and Spielberg, who met and became friends on the set of Cruise's film Risky Business in 1983, had been looking to collaborate for ten years. Spielberg was set to direct Cruise in Rain Man, but left to make Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Cruise read Cohen's script, and passed it onto Spielberg, who felt it needed some work. Spielberg was not directly involved in the writing of the script, though he was allowed to decide whether the picture's screenplay was ready to be filmed. When Cohen submitted an acceptable revision, he called Cruise and said, "Yeah, I'll do this version of the script." In that version, Witwer creates a false disk which shows Anderton killing him. When Anderton sees the clip, his belief in the infallibility of the precogs' visions convinces him it is true, therefore the precogs have a vision of him killing Witwer. At the end, Anderton shoots Witwer and one of the brother precogs finishes him off, because Witwer had slain his twin. Spielberg was attracted to the story because as both a mystery and a film set 50 years in the future, it allowed him to do "a blending of genres" which intrigued him.
In 1998, the pair joined Minority Report and announced the production as a joint venture of Spielberg's DreamWorks and Amblin Entertainment, 20th Century Fox, Cruise's Cruise/Wagner Productions, and De Bont's production company, Blue Tulip. Spielberg however stated that despite being credited, De Bont never became involved with the film. Cruise and Spielberg, at the latter's insistence, reportedly agreed to each take 15% of the gross instead of any money up front to try to keep the film's budget under $100 million. Spielberg said he had done the same with name actors in the past to great success: "Tom Hanks took no cash for Saving Private Ryan but he made a lot of money on his profit participation." He made this agreement a prerequisite:
Production was delayed for several years. The original plan was to begin filming after Cruise's Mission: Impossible 2 was finished, but that film ran over schedule, which also allowed Spielberg time to bring in screenwriter Scott Frank to rework Cohen's screenplay. John August did an uncredited draft to polish the script, and Frank Darabont was also invited to rewrite, but was by then busy with The Majestic. The film closely follows Scott Frank's final script (completed May 16, 2001), and contains much of Cohen's third draft (May 24, 1997). Frank removed the character of Senator Malcolm from Cohen's screenplay, and inserted Burgess, who became the "bad guy". He also rewrote Witwer from a villain to a "good guy", as he was in the short story. In contrast to Spielberg's next science fiction picture, War of the Worlds, which he called "100 percent character" driven, Spielberg said the story for Minority Report became "50 percent character and 50 percent very complicated storytelling with layers and layers of murder mystery and plot." According to film scholar Warren Buckland, Cohen and Frank apparently did not see the Goldman and Schusett screenplay, but instead worked on their own adaptation. Goldman and Schusett, however, claimed the pair used a lot of material from their script, so the issue went through the Writer's Guild arbitration process. They won a partial victory; they were not given writing credits, but were listed as executive producers. The film was delayed again so Spielberg could finish A.I. after the death of his friend Stanley Kubrick. When Spielberg originally signed on to direct, he planned to have an entirely different supporting cast. He offered the role of Witwer to Matt Damon, Iris Hineman to Meryl Streep, Burgess to Ian McKellen, Agatha to Cate Blanchett, and Lara to Jenna Elfman. Streep declined the role, Damon opted out, and the other roles were recast due to the delays. Spielberg also offered the role of Witwer to Javier Bardem, who turned it down.
Technology
After E.T., Spielberg started to consult experts, and put more scientific research into his science fiction films. In 1999, he invited fifteen experts convened by Peter Schwartz and Stewart Brand to a hotel in Santa Monica for a three-day "think tank". He wanted to consult with the group to create a plausible "future reality" for the year 2054 as opposed to a more traditional "science fiction" setting. Dubbed the "think tank summit", the experts included architect Peter Calthorpe, author Douglas Coupland, urbanist and journalist Joel Garreau, computer scientist Neil Gershenfeld, biomedical researcher Shaun Jones, computer scientist Jaron Lanier, and former Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) architecture dean William J. Mitchell. Production designer Alex McDowell kept what was nicknamed the "2054 bible", an 80-page guide created in preproduction which listed all the aspects of the future world: architectural, socio-economic, political, and technological. While the discussions did not change key elements in the film, they were influential in the creation of some of the more utopian aspects, though John Underkoffler, the science and technology advisor for the film, described it as "much grayer and more ambiguous" than what was envisioned in 1999. Underkoffler, who designed most of Anderton's interface after Spielberg told him to make it "like conducting an orchestra", said "it would be hard to identify anything [in the movie] that had no grounding in reality." McDowell teamed up with architect Greg Lynn to work on some of the technical aspects of the production design. Lynn praised his work, saying that a "lot of those things Alex cooked up for Minority Report, like the 3-D screens, have become real."
Spielberg described his ideas for the film's technology to Roger Ebert before its release:
Filming
Minority Report was the first film to have an entirely digital production design. Termed "previz", as an abbreviation of previsualization (a term borrowed from the film's narrative), production designer Alex McDowell said the system allowed them to use Photoshop in place of painters, and employ 3D animation programs (Maya and XSI) to create a simulated set, which could be filled with digital actors then used to block out shots in advance. The technology also allowed the tie-in video game and special effects companies to cull data from the previous system before the film was finished, which they used to establish parameters for their visuals. When Spielberg quickly became a fan, McDowell said "It became pretty clear that [he] wouldn't read an illustration as a finished piece, but if you did it in Photoshop and created a photorealistic environment he focused differently on it." Filming took place from March 22 to July 18, 2001, in Washington, D.C., Virginia, and Los Angeles. Film locations included the Ronald Reagan Building (as PreCrime headquarters) and Georgetown. The skyline of Rosslyn, Virginia is visible when Anderton flies across the Potomac River. A quick shot of Indian Field Creek, which crosses the Colonial Parkway in Yorktown, Virginia, is seen as John takes Agatha to his wife's house. During production, Spielberg made regular appearances on a video-only webcam based in the craft services truck, both alone and with Tom Cruise; together they conferred publicly with Ron Howard and Russell Crowe via a similar webcam on the set of "A Beautiful Mind" in New York.
The location of the small, uncharted island in the last shot of the film is Butter Island off North Haven, Maine in the Penobscot Bay.
Although it takes place in an imagined future world of advanced technology, Minority Report attempts to embody a more "realistic" depiction of the future. Spielberg decided that to be more credible, the setting had to keep both elements of the present and ones which specialists expected would be forthcoming. Thus Washington, D.C. as depicted in the movie keeps well-known buildings such as the Capitol and the Washington Monument, as well as a section of modern buildings on the other side of the Potomac River. Production designer Alex McDowell was hired based on his work in Fight Club and his storyboards for a film version of Fahrenheit 451 which would have starred Mel Gibson. McDowell studied modern architecture, and his sets contain many curves, circular shapes, and reflective materials. Costume designer Deborah L. Scott decided to make the clothes worn by the characters as simple as possible, so as not to make the depiction of the future seem dated.
The stunt crew was the same one used in Cruise's Mission: Impossible 2, and was responsible for complex action scenes. These included the auto factory chase scene, filmed in a real facility using props such as a welding robot, and the fight between Anderton and the jetpack-clad officers, filmed in an alley set built on the Warner Bros. studio lot. Industrial Light & Magic did most of the special effects, while PDI/DreamWorks was responsible for the Spyder robots. The company Pixel Liberation Front did previsualization animatics. The holographic projections and the prison facility were filmed by several roving cameras which surrounded the actors, and the scene where Anderton gets off his car and runs along the Maglev vehicles was filmed on stationary props, which were later replaced by computer-generated vehicles.
Storyline differences
Like most film adaptations of Dick's works, many aspects of his story were changed in their transition to film, such as the addition of Lamar Burgess and the change in setting from New York City to Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and Northern Virginia. The character of John Anderton was changed from a balding and out-of-shape old man to an athletic officer in his 40s to fit its portrayer and the film's action scenes. The film adds two stories of tragic families; Anderton's, and that of the three pre-cogs. In the short story, Anderton is married with no children, while in the film, he is the divorced father of a kidnapped son, who is most likely deceased. Although it is implied, but unclear in the film whether Agatha is related to the twin pre-cogs, her family was shattered when Burgess murdered her mother, Anne Lively. The precogs were intellectually disabled and deformed individuals in the story, but in the film, they are the genetically mutated offspring of drug addicts. Anderton's future murder and the reasons for the conspiracy were changed from a general who wants to discredit PreCrime to regain some military funding, to a man who murdered a precog's mother to preserve PreCrime. The subsequent murders and plot developed from this change. The film's ending also differs from the short story's. In Dick's story, Anderton prevents the closure of the PreCrime division, however, in the movie Anderton successfully brings about the end of the organization. Other aspects were updated to include current technology. For instance in the story, Anderton uses a punch card machine to interpret the precogs' visions; in the movie, he uses a virtual reality interface.
Themes
The main theme of Minority Report is the classic philosophical debate of free will versus determinism. Other themes explored by the film include involuntary commitment, the nature of political and legal systems in a high technology-advanced society, the rights of privacy in a media-dominated world, and the nature of self-perception. The film also continues to follow Spielberg's tradition of depicting broken families, which he has said is motivated by his parents' divorce when he was a child.
Music
The score was composed and conducted by John Williams and orchestrated by John Neufeld, with vocals by Deborah Dietrich. Williams normally enters Spielberg productions at an early stage, well before the movie starts shooting. For Minority Report however, his entry was delayed due to his work on Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, and he joined the film when it was nearly completed, leaving him scant production time. The soundtrack takes inspiration from Bernard Herrmann's work. Williams decided not to focus on the science fiction elements, and made a score suitable for film noir. He included traditional noir elements such as a female singer in the Anne Lively scenes, but the "sentimental scenes", which Williams considered unusual for that genre, led to soothing themes for Anderton's ex-wife Lara and son Sean. The track "Sean's Theme" is described as the only one "instantly recognizable as one of Williams'" by music critic Andrew Granade. Spielberg typified it as "a black and white score" and said, "I think Johnny Williams does a really nice bit of homage to Benny Herrmann."
In an interview which appeared in The New York Times, Williams said that the choices for many of the pieces of classical music were made by the studio. He also said that while he did not know why certain pieces were chosen, Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 8 (commonly known as the Unfinished Symphony), which features prominently in the film, was most likely included because Anderton was a big fan of classical music in the script. Some of the other choices, such as Gideon's playing of "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring" by Bach on an organ in the subterranean prison, were also in the screenplay, and he figured that "They are some writer's conception of what this character might have listened to." Williams did choose the minuet from a Haydn string quartet (Op. 64, No. 1) which plays on the radio in the scene where Dr. Hineman is gardening in her greenhouse. He said he picked the piece because "It seemed to me to be the kind of thing a woman like this would play on the radio." James R. Oestreich in The New York Times characterized the score as "evocative" and said it was "thoroughly modern" while also being "interlaced with striking snippets of masterworks", including the "lopsided waltz" from the second movement of Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6, known as the Pathétique.
In 2019, a 2-disc limited "expanded edition" was released through La-La-Land Records featuring the full score as heard in the film, along with several alternate and unused tracks as bonus material.
Style
[[Image:Minority Report bleached.jpg|thumb|Minority Report'''s unique visual style: It was overlit, and the negatives were bleach-bypassed in post-production to desaturate the colors in the film.|alt=Two men, one of whom is wearing futuristic armor and helmet. A distinctive blue tint colours the image.]]Minority Report is a futuristic film which portrays elements of a both dystopian and utopian future. The film renders a much more detailed view of its future world than the book and contains new technologies not in Dick's story. From a stylistic standpoint, Minority Report resembles Spielberg's previous film A.I., but also incorporates elements of film noir. Spielberg said that he "wanted to give the movie a noir feel. So I threw myself a film festival. Asphalt Jungle. Key Largo. The Maltese Falcon." The picture was deliberately overlit, and the negative was bleach-bypassed during post-production. The scene in which Anderton is dreaming about his son's kidnapping at the pool is the only one shot in "normal" color. Bleach-bypassing gave the film a distinctive look; it desaturated the film's colors, to the point that it nearly resembles a black-and-white movie, yet the blacks and shadows have a high contrast like a film noir picture.Vest. p. 128 The color was reduced by "about 40%" to achieve the "washed-out" appearance. Elvis Mitchell, formerly of The New York Times, commented that "The picture looks as if it were shot on chrome, caught on the fleeing bumper of a late '70s car."
Cinematographer Janusz Kamiński shot the film with high-speed film in Super 35 format to increase the overall grain, which Spielberg preferred to the then-emerging digital video format. The film's camera work is very mobile, alternating between handheld and Steadicam shots, which are "exaggerated by the use of wide angle lenses and the occasional low camera angle" to increase the perception of movement according to film scholar Warren Buckland. Kamiński said that he never used a lens longer than 27mm, and alternated between 17, 21, and 27mm lenses, as Spielberg liked to "keep the actors as close to the camera as possible". He also said, "We staged a lot of scenes in wide shots that have a lot of things happening with the frame." The duo also used several long takes to focus on the emotions of the actors, rather than employing numerous cuts. Spielberg eschewed the typical "shot reverse shot" cinematography technique used when filming characters' interactions in favor of the long takes, which were shot by a mobile, probing camera. McDowell relied on colorless chrome and glass objects of curved and circular shapes in his set designs, which, aided by the "low-key contrastive lighting", populated the film with shadows, creating a "futuristic film noir atmosphere".
Buckland describes the film's 14 minute opening sequence as the "most abstract and complex of any Spielberg film." The first scene is a distorted precog vision of a murder, presented out of context. The pace of the film is sped up, slowed, and even reversed, and the movie "jumps about in time and space" by intercutting the images in no discernible order. When it ends, it becomes clear that the scene was presented through Agatha's eyes, and that this is how previsions appear to her. Fellow scholar Nigel Morris called this scene a "trailer", because it foreshadows the plot and establishes the type of "tone, generic expectations, and enigmas" that will be used in the film. The visions of the pre-cogs are presented in a fragmented series of clips using a "squishy lens" device, which distorts the images, blurring their edges and creating ripples across them. They were created by a two-man production team, hired by Spielberg, who chose the "layered, dreamlike imagery" based on some comments from cognitive psychologists the pair consulted. In the opening's next scene, Anderton is "scrubbing the images", by standing like a composer (as Spielberg terms it), and manipulating them, while Jad assists him. Next the family involved in the murder in Agatha's vision is shown interacting, which establishes that the opening scene was a prevision. The picture then cuts back to Anderton and the precogs' images, before alternating between the three. The opening is self-contained, and according to Buckland acts merely as a setup for numerous elements of the story. It lasts 14 minutes, includes 171 shots, and has an average shot length of five seconds as opposed to the 6.5 second average for the entire film. The opening's five-second average is attained despite "very fast cutting" in the beginning and ending, because the middle has longer takes, which reach 20 seconds in some instances. Spielberg also continues his tradition of "heavily diffused backlighting" for much of the interior shots.
Release
Spielberg typically keeps the plot points of his films closely guarded before their release, and Minority Report was no different. He said he had to remove some scenes, and a few "F-words" to get the film's PG-13 rating. Following the disappointing box office results of Spielberg's A.I., the marketing campaign for Minority Report downplayed his role in the movie and sold the film as a Cruise action thriller.
Tom Rothman, chairman of the film's co-financier Fox Filmed Entertainment, described the film's marketing strategy thus: "How are we marketing it? It's Cruise and Spielberg. What else do we need to do?" The strategy made sense; coming into the film, Spielberg had made 20 films which grossed a domestic total of $2.8 billion, while Cruise's resume featured 23 films and $2 billion in domestic revenues. With their combined 30% take of the film's box office though, sources such as BusinessWeek's Ron Grover predicted the studios would have a hard time making the money needed to break even. Despite the outward optimism, as a more adult-oriented, darker film than typical blockbusters, the studio held different box office expectations for the film than they would a more family friendly film. Entertainment Weekly projected the film would gross $40 million in the US in its opening weekend, and Variety predicted that the high concept storyline would not appeal to children and would render it a "commercial extra-base hit rather than a home run."
Theatrical run Minority Report's world premiere took place in New York City on June 19, 2002. An online "popcorn cam" broadcast live from inside the premiere. Cruise attended the London premiere the following week, and mingled with thousands of adoring fans as he walked through the city's Leicester Square. It debuted at first place in the U.S. box office, collecting $35.677 million in its opening weekend, ahead of Lilo & Stitch. Forbes considered those numbers below expectations, as they gave the film a small edge over Lilo & Stitch, which debuted in second place ($35.260 million). Lilo & Stitch sold more tickets, but since much of the film's attendees were children, its average ticket price was much lower. The film opened at the top of the box office in numerous foreign markets; it made $6.7 million in 780 locations in Germany its opening weekend, and accounted for 35% of France's total box office weekend office gross when it collected $5 million in 700 theaters. In Great Britain, Minority Report made $36.9 million in its first three days, in Italy, $6.2 million in its first ten, in Belgium, $815,000 in its 75 location opening weekend, and in Switzerland, $405,000 in an 80 theater opening weekend. The BBC felt the film's UK performance was "buoyed by Cruise's charm offensive at last week's London premiere." Minority Report made a total of $132 million in the United States and $226.3 million overseas.
Home media
DreamWorks spent several million dollars marketing the film's DVD and VHS releases. The campaign included a tie-in video game released by Activision, which contained a trailer for the movie's DVD. Minority Report was successful in the home video market, selling at least four million DVDs in its first few months of release. The DVD took two years to produce. For the first time, Spielberg allowed filmmakers to shoot footage on the set of one of his films. Premiere-award-winning DVD producer Laurent Bouzereau, who would become a frequent Spielberg DVD collaborator, shot hundreds of hours of the film's production in the then-new high-definition video format. It contained over an hour of featurettes which discussed various aspects of film production, included breakdowns of the film's stunt sequences, and new interviews with Spielberg, Cruise, and other "Academy Award-winning filmmakers". The film was released on a two-disc Blu-ray by Paramount Pictures (now the owner of the early DreamWorks library) on May 16, 2010. It included exclusive extras and interactive features, such as a new Spielberg interview, that were not included in the DVD edition. The film was transferred from its "HD master" which retained the distinctive grainy appearance.
Video game
A video game based on the film titled Minority Report: Everybody Runs was developed by Treyarch, published by Activision and released on November 18, 2002, for Game Boy Advance, Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It received mixed reviews.
Reception
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Minority Report received 90% positive reviews based on 254 critics and an average rating of 8.20/10. The site's critical consensus is, "Thought-provoking and visceral, Steven Spielberg successfully combines high concept ideas and high octane action in this fast and febrile sci-fi thriller." The website listed it among the best reviewed films of 2002. The film also earned an 80 out of a possible 100 on the similar review aggregating website Metacritic based on 37 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Most critics gave the film's handling of its central theme (free will vs. determinism) positive reviews, and many ranked it as the film's main strength. Other reviewers felt that Spielberg did not adequately tackle the issues he raised. The film has inspired discussion and analysis, the scope of which has been compared to the continuing analysis of Blade Runner. This discussion has advanced past the realm of standard film criticism. Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek fashioned a criticism of the Cheney Doctrine by comparing its preemptive strike methodology to that of the film's PreCrime system.
Richard Corliss of Time said it's "Spielberg's sharpest, brawniest, most bustling entertainment since Raiders of the Lost Ark". Mike Clark of USA Today felt it succeeded due to a "breathless 140-minute pace with a no-flab script packed with all kinds of surprises." Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly praised the film's visuals, and Todd McCarthy of Variety complimented the cast's performances. Film scholar Warren Buckland recommended the film, but felt that the comedic elements—aside from Stormare's lines—detracted from the plot and undermined the film's credibility.
Several critics used their reviews to discuss Spielberg and analyze what the film signified in his development as a filmmaker. Andrew O'Hehir of the online magazine Salon expressed excitement over the atypically hard edge of the movie. "Little Steven Spielberg is all grown up now ... into of all things a superior film artist ... It's too early to know whether Minority Report, on the heels of A.I., marks a brief detour in Spielberg's career or a permanent change of course, but either way it's a dark and dazzling spectacle." J. Hoberman of The Village Voice said it is "the most entertaining, least pretentious genre movie Steven Spielberg has made in the decade since Jurassic Park." Randy Shulman of Metro Weekly said that "the movie is a huge leap forward for the director, who moves once and for all into the world of adult movie making." Roger Ebert called the film a "masterpiece" and said that when most directors of the period were putting "their trust in technology", Spielberg had already mastered it, and was emphasizing "story and character" while merely using technology as a "workman uses his tools". Ebert eventually named the film the best film of the year. David Edelstein of Slate echoed the positive sentiments, saying "It has been a long time since a Spielberg film felt so nimble, so unfettered, so free of self-cannibalizing." Jonathan Rosenbaum, then of the Chicago Reader, was less convinced. Though he approved of the film, he derided it in his review as a superficial action film, cautioning audiences to enjoy the movie but not "be conned into thinking that some sort of serious, thoughtful statement is being delivered along with the roller-coaster ride."
Andrew Sarris of the New York Observer gave the film a negative review in which he described the script as full of plot holes, the car chases as silly, and criticized the mixture of futuristic environments with "defiantly retro costuming". The complexity of the storyline was also a source of criticism for Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times, who considered the plot "too intricate and difficult to follow". Both Rosenbaum and Hoberman belittled the titular minority report as a "red herring". More positive reviews have seen it similarly, but referred to it as a "MacGuffin".
Awards and honors
The film earned nominations for many awards, including Best Sound Editing at the Academy Awards, and Best Visual Effects at the BAFTAs. It was nominated for eleven Saturn Awards including Best Actor for Cruise, Best Supporting Actor for von Sydow and Best Music for Williams, and won four: Best Science Fiction Film, Best Direction for Spielberg, Best Writing for Frank and Cohen and Supporting Actress for Morton. It was nominated for two Visual Effects Society Awards in the categories of "Best Effects Art Direction in a Motion Picture" and "Best Compositing in a Motion Picture." It also won the BMI Film Music Award, the Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress, and the Empire Awards for Best Actor for Cruise, Best Director for Spielberg and Best British Actress for Morton. Ebert listed Minority Report as the best film of 2002, as did online film reviewer James Berardinelli. The film was also included in top ten lists by critic Richard Roeper, and both reviewers at USA Today.
In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Science Fiction Films list. Roger Ebert eventually called it one of his favorite films of the 2000s. Likewise, The Washington Post picked Minority Report'' as one of the 23 best films from 2000 to 2018.
Television series
On September 9, 2014, it was announced that a follow-up television series had been given a pilot commitment at Fox. Max Borenstein wrote the script and served as executive producer alongside Spielberg, Justin Falvey and Darryl Frank. The series was envisioned to be set 10 years after the film, and focused on a male precog who teams up with a female detective to find a purpose to his gift. On February 13, 2015, Daniel London and Li Jun Li joined the cast. On February 24, 2015, Laura Regan was cast as Agatha Lively, replacing Samantha Morton, who was said to have been offered to reprise the role. In March 2015, Stark Sands and Meagan Good landed the lead roles with Sands playing the role of Dash, one of the male precogs, and Good playing Lara Vega, a detective haunted by her past, who works with Dash to help him find a purpose for his gift, Li Jun Li plays Akeela, a CSI technician, Daniel London reprised his role as Wally the Caretaker from the original film and Wilmer Valderrama was cast as a police detective. The show was picked up to series by Fox on May 9, 2015, and made its broadcast debut on September 21, 2015, but was cancelled on May 13, 2016.
See also
Causal loop
Inchoate offense
List of films featuring surveillance
References
Bibliography
External links
2002 films
2000s action thriller films
2002 science fiction films
2002 science fiction action films
2000s chase films
2000s dystopian films
20th Century Fox films
Alternate timeline films
Amblin Entertainment films
American action thriller films
American dystopian films
American neo-noir films
American science fiction action films
American science fiction thriller films
Cruise/Wagner Productions films
DreamWorks Pictures films
English-language films
Films about advertising
Films about altered memories
Films about memory
Films about precognition
Films about security and surveillance
Films adapted into television shows
Films based on science fiction short stories
Films based on works by Philip K. Dick
Films directed by Steven Spielberg
Films produced by Bonnie Curtis
Films produced by Gerald R. Molen
Films produced by Walter F. Parkes
Films set in 2054
Films set in Virginia
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Virginia
Films shot in Washington, D.C.
Films scored by John Williams
Films with screenplays by Scott Frank
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Student (film)
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Student (, Stýdent) is a 2012 Kazakhstani drama film directed by Darezhan Omirbaev. It is an adaptation of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's 1866 novel Crime and Punishment. The film competed in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.
Reception
Leslie Felperin of Variety wrote: "As he did with Killer, Omirbayev once again offers a quietly scathing portrait of his homeland, which, on the evidence here, is on the verge of losing its soul in the pursuit of Range Rovers, banal soap operas and other ephemeral pleasures. ... [T]here's much to admire in the film's elegantly classical tempo and the way Omirbayev achieves so much with so little[.]"
References
External links
2012 films
2012 drama films
Kazakhstani films
Kazakhstani drama films
Kazakh-language films
Films based on Crime and Punishment
Films directed by Darezhan Omirbaev
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Joyce%20%28writer%29
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William Joyce (writer)
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William Edward Joyce (born December 11, 1957) is an American writer, illustrator, and filmmaker. He has achieved worldwide recognition as an author, artist and pioneer in the digital and animation industry.
He has written and illustrated over 50 bestselling children’s books and novels which have been translated into over 40 languages.
He began his film career on Toy Story and has since been a producer/director/screenwriter/production designer in both animation and live action.
Among his many awards, Bill has won 6 Emmys, 3 Annies and an Academy award for his short film The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore (2011).
Bill was named by Newsweek magazine as “one of the 100 people to watch in the new millennium. His feature films, all based on his books, include Epic, Rise of the Guardians, Robots and Meet the Robinsons. His television series include the groundbreaking computer animated Rolie Polie Olie for which he was creator and showrunner.
He has also painted numerous covers for the New Yorker Magazine.
His new company, Howdybot Studios, is focused on Bill’s stories in a variety of mediums and media. Mr. Joyce’s newest short film Mr. Spam Gets a New Hat (2022) has won awards at a number of film festivals in the U.S. and abroad. He is also in pre-production on an animated version of The Great Gatsby from Apple TV+ and Apple Studios. Both projects are in collaboration with DNEG Studios and Epic Games.
His novel “Ollie's Odyssey” will be aired as a live action/CG limited series on Netflix in August 2022.
Career
Children's literature
He has written and illustrated over 50 children's books including George Shrinks, Santa Calls, Dinosaur Bob and His Adventures with the Family Lazardo, Rolie Polie Olie, The Leaf Men and the Brave Good Bugs and A Day with Wilbur Robinson, The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore, The Guardians of Childhood series and many others.
His first book “Tammy and the Gigantic Fish” by James and Katherine Gray was published by Harper & Row (now Harper Collins) in 1983. After the retirement of his longtime editor there Laura Gerringer, in 2011 Joyce moved his backlist and all subsequent books to Simon & Schuster where his editor is Caitlyn Dlouhy.
Since being at Simon & Schuster Mr. Joyce has produced a number of bestselling titles, including The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore which debuted at Number 1 on the New York Times bestseller list in July 2012, a position it held for several weeks. Morris Lessmore has been translated into over 40 languages and was named by Time Magazine as one of the 100 best children's books of all time. Morris Lessmore is the most expansive and experimental of Joyce’s stories. With his company Moonbot Studios, Joyce along with his partners, produced the Lessmore story in a variety of media and mediums simultaneously. A short film was in production (using handmade miniature sets) while the book was being illustrated (along with Joe Bluhm) and an interactive story app was being devised.
The story app of Morris Lessmore received overwhelmingly positive attention and in August 2011 briefly dislonged Angry Birds as the bestselling app in the world. It was voted into the app hall of fame soon after.
Film and television
Joyce has received three Emmys for Rolie Polie Olie, a Canadian animated television series based on his series of children's books that aired on Disney Channel (part of Playhouse Disney block) and is currently on Disney+. His second television series, George Shrinks, used to air daily on PBS stations. He has received three additional Emmys for other animated projects.
Joyce created conceptual characters for Disney/Pixar's feature films Toy Story (1995) and A Bug's Life (1998). In 2001 Pixar founder John Lasseter introduced Joyce to animation director Chris Wedge. At this time Wedge’s fledging animation studio Blue Sky was completing its Oscar winning short film Bunny and hoped to begin developing feature animated films, which they soon did with the Ice Age franchise.
In 2002, after Joyce and Ice Age director Chris Wedge attempted to adapt one of Joyce's book Santa Calls into a feature film Santa Calls, during that process they both came up with the idea for the computer-animated feature film Robots (2005). Besides being one of the creators, Joyce also served as a producer and production designer.
In 2005, Joyce and Reel FX launched a joint venture, Aimesworth Amusements, to produce feature films, video games and books. The new company announced plans to make three feature films: The Guardians of Childhood, The Mischevians, and Dinosaur Bob and His Adventures with the Family Lazardo. The first of those projects, The Guardians of Childhood was developed by DreamWorks Animation into the feature film, Rise of the Guardians. It was released in 2012 and is based on Joyce's book series and the short film Man in the Moon, directed by Joyce. Joyce was originally slated to direct the film, however early in the production his daughter Mary Katherine, his wife Elizabeth and his sister Cecile were diagnosed with terminal illnesses. He continued on as an executive producer along with his friend Guillermo del Toro. At the beginning of the end credits Dreamworks dedicated the film to Joyce’s daughter who died before the film's release.
In 2007, Disney released Meet the Robinsons, a feature film based on his book A Day with Wilbur Robinson, to which Joyce served as one of the executive producers of the film along with John Lasseter and Clark Spencer. Joyce had written several drafts of the screenplay and did production design on a number of key characters and sets for the final film.
In August 2009, Joyce and Reel FX co-founder Brandon Oldenburg and producers Lampton Enoch and Alyssa Kantrow founded a Shreveport-based animation and visual effects studio MOONBOT Studios. The studio produced an Oscar-winning animated short film and an iPad app The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore. The short film went on to win an Academy award. A book adaption was released in summer 2012. The studio released in January 2012 another app, The Numberlys. A short film and a bestselling book followed soon after. The Numberlys film was short listed for the 2012 Academy Awards animated short film Oscar.
His book The Leaf Men was adapted by Blue Sky Studios into a 2013 feature film titled Epic, with Joyce as writer, executive producer, and production designer.
In 2021, Joyce wrote and directed the short film Mr. Spam Gets a New Hat with the visual effects company DNEG. DNEG also announced they would be producing a feature animated film adaptation of The Great Gatsby directed by Joyce and written by noted author Brian Selznick (The Invention of Hugo Cabret).
Joyce’s acclaimed young adult novel “Ollie’s Odyssey” has been adopted as a live action/CG hybrid show by Netflix and premieres August 24, 2022. It is the second of Joyces works to be adapted by Peter Ramsey (Rise of the Guardians, Spiderman: Into the Spiderverse 2018).
Awards and accolades
Joyce received the 2008 Louisiana Writer Award for his enduring contribution to the "literary intellectual heritage of Louisiana." The award was presented to him on October 4, 2008, during a ceremony at the 2008 Louisiana Book Festival in Baton Rouge. On February 26, 2012, he won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore.
Newsweek called him one of the top 100 people to watch in the new millennium.
Gold medal from the Society of Illustrators for Santa Calls.
Three silver medals from the Society of Illustrators.
Academy Awards
Emmy Awards
Personal life
William Joyce lives with his son Jackson Edward Joyce in Shreveport, Louisiana. His daughter, Mary Katherine, died from a brain tumor at the age of 18 on May 2, 2010. Rise of the Guardians, a film inspired by stories Joyce told her while young and later resulted in The Guardians of Childhood book series, was dedicated to her memory, reading “For Mary Katherine Joyce, a Guardian Fierce and True” during the credits. The main character of Epic, which is also based on Joyce's book, The Leaf Men and the Brave Good Bugs, was named after her. His wife, Frances Elizabeth Baucum Joyce, who was a Shreveport attorney, died on January 20, 2016 at the age of 55, after a long battle with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
In 2006, Joyce founded the Katrinarita Gras Foundation to raise money for victims of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita. He is selling prints of his unpublished Mardi Gras The New Yorker cover through the foundation with all profit going to Louisiana artists and arts organizations.
Works by William Joyce
Books
In May 2017, Atheneum Young Readers released the picture book Bently & Egg, A Day with Wilbur Robinson, of which the film version is entitled Meet the Robinsons, and Dinosaur Bob and His Adventures with the Family Lazardo. All are under the label The World of William Joyce.
Note: All books are written and illustrated by William Joyce, except as noted
My First Book of Nursery Tales, retold by Marianna Mayer and illustrated by William Joyce (1983)
Tammy and the Gigantic Fish by Catherine & James Gray, illustrated by William Joyce (1983)
Waiting for Spring Stories by Bethany Roberts, illustrated by William Joyce (1984)
William Joyce's Mother Goose, illustrated by William Joyce (1984)
George Shrinks (1985)
Shoes, written by Elizabeth Winthrop (1986)
Dinosaur Bob and His Adventures with the Family Lazardo (1988)
Humphrey's Bear by Jan Wahl, illustrated by William Joyce (1989)
Some of the Adventures of Rhode Island Red by Stephen Manes, illustrated by William Joyce (1990)
A Day with Wilbur Robinson (1990)
Nicholas Cricket by Joyce Maxner, illustrated by William Joyce (1991)
Bently & Egg (1992)
Santa Calls (1993)
Don't Wake the Princess: Hopes, Dreams, and Wishes, Cover art (1993)
A Wiggly, Jiggly, Joggly Tooth by Bill Hawley, illustrated by William Joyce (1995)
The Leaf Men and the Brave Good Bugs (1996), Play (premiere at Strand Theatre, Shreveport) - 1998
Buddy (1997)
World of William Joyce Scrapbook by William Joyce, photos by Philip Gould and design by Christine Kettner (1997)
Life with Bob (board book) (1998)
Baseball Bob (board book) (1999)
The Art of Robots (2004)
The Art of Rise of the Guardians (2012)
The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore (2012)
The Mischievians (2013)
The Numberlys, co-illustrated with Christina Ellis (2014)
A Bean, a Stalk and a Boy Named Jack (2014)
Billy's Booger (2015)
Ollie's Odyssey (2016)
Bently & Egg (2017)
Rolie Polie Olie series
Rolie Polie Olie (1999)
Rolie Polie Olie: How Many Howdys? (board book) (1999)
Rolie Polie Olie: A Little Spot of Color (board book) (2000)
Rolie Polie Olie: Polka Dot! Polka Dot! (board book) (2000)
Snowie Rolie (2000)
Rolie Polie Olie - Character Books: Olie, Spot, Zowie, Billie (2001)
Sleepy Time Olie (2001)
Big Time Olie (2002)
Busy Books - Peakaboo You!, Rolie Polie Shapes, Be My Pal!, Rocket Up, Rolie! (2002)
The Guardians of Childhood series
Novels
Nicholas St. North and the Battle of the Nightmare King, written with Laura Geringer (2011)
E. Aster Bunnymund and the Warrior Eggs at the Earth's Core! (2012)
Toothiana: Queen of the Tooth Fairy Armies (2012)
The Sandman and the War of Dreams (2013)
Jack Frost: The End Becomes the Beginning (2018)
Picture books
The Man in the Moon (2011)
The Sandman: The Story of Sanderson Mansnoozie (2012)
Jack Frost (2015)
Filmography
Film
Television series
Notes
References
External links
The Guardians of Childhood
William Joyce at Encyclopedia of World Biography
National Center for Children's Illustrated Literature
William Joyce at publisher HarperCollins
1957 births
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
American children's book illustrators
American children's writers
American film producers
American production designers
Blue Sky Studios people
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Directors of Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
DreamWorks Animation people
C. E. Byrd High School alumni
Writers from Shreveport, Louisiana
Southern Methodist University alumni
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
Writers who illustrated their own writing
Living people
Pixar people
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24128922
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae%20bioreactor
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Algae bioreactor
|
An algae bioreactor is used for cultivating micro or macro algae. Algae may be cultivated for the purposes of biomass production (as in a seaweed cultivator), wastewater treatment, CO2 fixation, or aquarium/pond filtration in the form of an algae scrubber. Algae bioreactors vary widely in design, falling broadly into two categories: open reactors and enclosed reactors. Open reactors are exposed to the atmosphere while enclosed reactors, also commonly called photobioreactors, are isolated to varying extents from the atmosphere. Specifically, algae bioreactors can be used to produce fuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol, to generate animal feed, or to reduce pollutants such as NOx and CO2 in flue gases of power plants. Fundamentally, this kind of bioreactor is based on the photosynthetic reaction, which is performed by the chlorophyll-containing algae itself using dissolved carbon dioxide and sunlight energy. The carbon dioxide is dispersed into the reactor fluid to make it accessible for the algae. The bioreactor has to be made out of transparent material.
Historical background
It has been documented that the first microalgae cultivation was unicellular Chlorella vulgaris by Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck in 1890. Later, during World War II, Germany used open ponds to increase algal cultivation for use as a protein supplement. Some of the first experiments with the aim of cultivating algae were conducted in 1957 by the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington. In these experiments, monocellular Chlorella were cultivated by adding and some minerals. The goal of this research was the cultivation of algae to produce a cheap animal feed.
Metabolism of microalgae
Algae are primarily eukaryotic photoautotrophic organisms which perform oxygenic photosynthesis. These types of algae are classified by their light-harvesting pigments which give their color. The green algae species, also known as Chlorophyta, are often used in bioreactors due to their high growth rate and ability to withstand a variety of environments. Blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, are classified as prokaryotic photoautotrophs due to their lack of a nucleus. Light provides essential energy the cell needs to metabolize , nitrogen phosphorus and other essential nutrients. The wavelengths and intensities of light are very important factors in a successful. Available is also an important factor for growth and due to the lower concentration in our atmosphere, supplementary can be added as seen with the bubble column PBR below. Microalgae also possess the ability to uptake excess nitrogen and phosphorus under starvation conditions, which are essential for lipid and amino acid synthesis. Higher temperatures and a pH above 7 and below 9 are also common factors. Each of these factors may vary from species to species so it is important to have the correct environmental conditions while designing bioreactors of any sort.
Types of bioreactors
Bioreactors can be divided into two broad categories, open systems and photobioreactors (PRB). The difference between these two reactors are their exposure to the surrounding environment. Open systems are fully exposed to the atmosphere, while PBRs have very limited exposure to the atmosphere.
Commonly used open systems
Simple ponds
The simplest system yields a low production and operation cost. Ponds need a rotating mixer to avoid settling of algal biomass. However, these systems are prone to contamination due to the lack of environmental control.
Raceway ponds
A modified version of a simple pond, the raceway pond uses paddle wheels to drive the flow in a certain direction. The pond is continuously collecting biomass while providing carbon dioxide and other nutrients back into the pond. Typically, raceway ponds are very large due to their low water depth.
Other systems
Less common systems include an incline cascade system where flow is gravity driven to a retention tank, then gets pumped back up to start again. This system can yield high biomass densities but requires higher operating costs.
Commonly used photobioreactors (PBRs)
Nowadays, 3 basic types of algae photobioreactors have to be differentiated, but the determining factor is the unifying parameter – the available intensity of sunlight energy.
Flat plate PBR
A plate reactor simply consists of inclined or vertically arranged translucent rectangular boxes, which are often divided in two parts to affect an agitation of the reactor fluid. Generally, these boxes are arranged into a system by linking them. Those connections are also used for making the process of filling/emptying, introduction of gas and transport of nutritive substances. The introduction of the flue gas mostly occurs at the bottom of the box to ensure that the carbon dioxide has enough time to interact with algae in the reactor fluid. Typically, these plates are illuminated from both sides and have a high light penetration. Disadvantages of the flat plate design are the limited pressure tolerance and high space requirements.
Tubular PBR
A tubular reactor consists of vertical or horizontal arranged tubes, connected together in a pipe system. The algae-suspended fluid can circulate in this tubing. The tubes are generally made out of transparent plastics or borosilicate glass, and the constant circulation is kept up by a pump at the end of the system. The introduction of gas takes place at the end/beginning of the tube system. This way of introducing gas causes the problem of carbon dioxide deficiency, high concentration of oxygen at the end of the unit during the circulation, ultimately making the process inefficient. The growth of microalgae on the walls of the tubes can inhibit the penetration of the light as well.
Bubble column PBR
A bubble column photo reactor consists of vertical arranged cylindrical columns made out of transparent material. The introduction of gas takes place at the bottom of the column and causes a turbulent stream to enable an optimum gas exchange. The bubbling also acts as a natural agitator. Light is typically sourced from outside the column, however recent designs introduce lights inside the column to increase light distribution and penetration.
Industrial usage
The cultivation of algae in a photobioreactor creates a narrow range of industrial application possibilities. There are three common pathways for cultivated biomass. Algae may be used for environmental improvements, biofuel production and food/biofeed. Some power companies already established research facilities with algae photobioreactors to find out how efficient they could be in reducing CO2 emissions, which are contained in flue gas, and how much biomass will be produced. Algae biomass has many uses and can be sold to generate additional income. The saved emission volume can bring an income too, by selling emission credits to other power companies. Recent studies around the world look at the algae usage for treating wastewater as a way to become more sustainable.
The utilization of algae as food is very common in East Asian regions and is making an appearance around the world for uses in feedstock and even pharmaceuticals due to their high value products. Most of the species contain only a fraction of usable proteins and carbohydrates, and a lot of minerals and trace elements. Generally, the consumption of algae should be minimal because of the high iodine content, particularly problematic for those with hyperthyroidism. Likewise, many species of diatomaceous algae produce compounds unsafe for humans. The algae, especially some species which contain over 50 percent oil and a lot of carbohydrates, can be used for producing biodiesel and bioethanol by extracting and refining the fractions. The algae biomass is generated 30 times faster than some agricultural biomass, which is commonly used for producing biodiesel.
Microgeneration
The built in 2013 in Germany is completely powered by algae. The bionic house features a heat exchanger which cultivates micro algae within its glass panels in order to be used as a resource for providing the building with energy and warmth. This produces zero carbon electricity, which is twice as effective as photovoltaics. The Green Power House in Montana, United States used newly-developed Algae Aquaculture Technology within a system that uses sunlight and woody debris waste from a lumber mill for providing nutrients to eight algae ponds of the AACT that cover its floor. Identified challenges of algae façades include durability of microalgae panels, the need for maintenance, and construction and maintenance costs
In 2022, news outlets reported about the development of algae biopanels by a company for sustainable energy generation with unclear viability.
See also
Moss bioreactor
References
Further reading
How an entrepreneur killed his investor. August 18, 2016
Biotechnology
Biological engineering
Bioreactors
Algaculture
Renewable energy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick%20stitch
|
Pick stitch
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A pick stitch in sewing is a simple running stitch that catches only a few threads of the fabric, showing very little of the thread on the right side (outer side) of the garment. It is also sometimes known as "stab stitch".
A pick stitch can be made from either the inside of the garment or the outside, depending upon how much thread is meant to show on the outside of the garment. A pick stitch is commonly used for making hems, although it is also used with contrasting thread to create a decorative finish on some garments. It has decorative uses in embroidery. It is exceedingly useful for inserting zips and is strong. Many home-sewers and new dressmakers find this much easier than inserting zips by sewing machine.
A pick stitch along the outside of a lapel is a hallmark of a "high-end, hand-made" men's suit or blazer. A finely made pick stitch is difficult to accomplish but can be achieved with practice.
References
Embroidery stitches
Needlework
Sewing stitches
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52037260
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Wilson%20%28administrator%29
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Arthur Wilson (administrator)
|
Arthur J. Wilson is an Australian administrator and historian who is currently the chairman of the Fitzroy–Brisbane Lions Historical Society. He has been involved with Fitzroy and its successor, the Brisbane Lions, for more than 40 years.
Fitzroy involvement
Wilson was a mascot in the 1944 Grand Final, in which Fitzroy won its last VFL premiership. He unofficially joined the club in 1965, and officially joined the Fitzroy General Committee in 1968. He remained on the Committee until 1978, and was the Recruiting manager in 1979. His recruiting has been described as "important" to the club's success in the 1980s. From 1980 to 1985 he was the club's secretary, and he had his last official stint at the club from 1986 to 1990, as the Football Manager.
Fitzroy–Brisbane Lions Historical Society
In 1997, after the merger between Fitzroy and the Brisbane Bears to create the Brisbane Lions, Wilson founded the Fitzroy–Brisbane Lions Historical Society with George Coates, creator of Fitzroy's logo. He was the president of the Society from 1997 to 2010, and is currently the chairman. He helped found a Fitzroy museum at Docklands Stadium.
Honours
Wilson was one of eight inducted into the Brisbane Lions Hall of Fame in 2016. He was the first non-player or coach inducted. He is also a Brisbane Lions Life Member and a member of the Fitzroy–Brisbane Lions Past Players and Officials Association Hall of Fame.
References
Living people
Australian historians
Fitzroy Football Club administrators
1944 births
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3014429
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia%20Keys%20discography
|
Alicia Keys discography
|
American singer Alicia Keys has released eight studio albums, two live albums, one remix album, four reissue albums, one extended play, seven box sets, 45 singles as lead artist, and six promotional singles. Throughout her career, Keys has sold over 65 million records worldwide. According to Recording Industry Association of America, Keys is the top certified female R&B artist of the millennium, with 20 million certified albums and 38 million certified digital singles in the United States. Billboard ranked her as the second top female artist of the 2000s decade (5th overall), fourth top R&B/hip-Hop female artist of the 2010s decade (26th overall) and the 60th Greatest Artist of all time.
Keys released her debut album Songs in A Minor (2001) through J Records, after having had previous recording deals with Columbia and Arista. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and produced the singles "Fallin'", "A Woman's Worth", "How Come You Don't Call Me" and "Girlfriend," the former of which peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100. A commercial success, Songs in A Minor went on to sell over 12 million copies worldwide and made Keys the best-selling new artist and best-selling R&B artist of 2001. In 2002, the album was reissued as Remixed & Unplugged in A Minor, which included a disc of remixes and live songs.
Her second studio album, The Diary of Alicia Keys, was released in December 2003 and sold eight million copies worldwide. It became Keys' second consecutive number-one US debut, selling over 618,000 copies its first week of release, becoming the largest first-week sales for a female artist in 2003. Four singles were released from the album, three of which became top-ten singles, including "You Don't Know My Name" and "If I Ain't Got You", the latter oh which became the first single by a female artist to remain on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for over a year.
In 2005, Keys released her first live album, Unplugged, which again debuted at number one in the United States. She became the first female to have an MTV Unplugged album to debut at number one and the highest since Nirvana in 1994. In 2007, "No One", the lead single from Keys's third studio album, As I Am, was released. Her biggest commercial success since "Fallin'", it remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 for five consecutive weeks and became the song most listened to of 2007 in the United States. Selling 742,000 copies in its first week, As I Am gained Keys the largest first week sales of her career and became her fourth consecutive number one album. The album sold five million copies worldwide.
Departing from the classicist soul music of Keys' previous albums, Keys's fourth album The Element of Freedom (2009) introduced a mid-tempo, low-key sound and features mostly ballads. It became her first non-number one album in the United States and her first number one album in the United Kingdom. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA within its first month of release and produced five singles that attained chart success, including "Doesn't Mean Anything" and "Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)". In 2012, Keys's fifth studio album Girl on Fire was released. It sold 159,000 copies in its first week in the United States and marked her lowest opening sales for an album. The lead single was the title track, which reached the top ten in several countries worldwide. On November 4, 2016, she released her sixth album Here.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Reissue albums
Box sets
Remix albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Guest appearances
Production discography
Soundtrack appearances
See also
Alicia Keys videography
List of songs written by Alicia Keys
Notes
References
External links
Discography
Discographies of American artists
Rhythm and blues discographies
Soul music discographies
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47230932
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingle%20International
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Ingle International
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Ingle International is a Canadian insurance group of companies based in Toronto, with offices around the world. Ingle International provides travel health insurance products to various types travellers, including international students, snowbirds, expatriates, and high risk travellers.
History
Ingle International was established in 1946 under the name John Ingle Insurance by John and Muriel Ingle, as a health insurance provider for newcomers and immigrants to Canada. The company first began to offer student insurance in 1950. International student insurance was introduced in 1960, with the first travel insurance for snowbirds introduced in 1988.
John Ingle Insurance was rebranded as Ingle International several years after Robin Ingle, son of John and Muriel, took over the company in 1985. In 1991, the Ontario provincial government ended its US health coverage for Canadian travellers. As a result, Ingle International developed the first formal Snowbird Insurance plan for the province of Ontario, by the direct request of the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP).
In 1998, Ingle International, known as Ingle Health at the time, was sold to the investment arm of a Canadian financial institution.
In 2002, after a private settlement between Robin Ingle and the institution that purchased the company, Ingle Health resumed operations in Canada as Ingle, now functioning as a managing general insurance underwriter and managing general insurance agent.
In 2006, the Ingle Group of Companies was created, which included Ingle International, and the newly founded Novus Health. In 2008, Peak Contact, a technology development company was founded and joined the group. In 2011, Intrepid 24/7 was launched and added to the Ingle Group of Companies as an emergency travel and medical assistance service. In 2013, sisu production was founded and joined the Ingle Group as a media and digital production company.
In 2013, Ingle International expanded internationally and the company introduced new implementations to existing products, such as third-party liability and homestay liability insurance for international students and homestay families.
Business
Ingle International’s primary product is travel insurance, including medical and non-medical coverage to international and domestic travelers. It operates internationally and has offices in Canada, the United States, Chile, Mexico, Malta, and Brazil, and the business is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The current CEO and chairman is Robin Ingle.
Ingle International offers custom services with its group of companies, including Novus Health, Peak Contact, Intrepid 24/7, and sisu production.
Awards
2013 – International Travel Insurance Journal's Assistance/Claims Handler Finalist
2014 – Insurance-Canada Technology Award Winner
References
Financial services companies established in 1946
Companies based in Toronto
Health insurance companies of Canada
Privately held companies of Canada
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3542706
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto%20Cam%C3%B5es
|
Instituto Camões
|
The Instituto Camões (English: Camões Institute), formally, Camões — Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua, I. P. (English: Camões — Institute for Cooperation and Language, Public Institute), is a Portuguese international institution dedicated to the worldwide promotion of the Portuguese language, Portuguese culture, and international aid, on behalf of the Government of Portugal. Headquartered in Lisbon with centers across five continents, the mission of the Instituto Camões is the promotion of Portugal's language, culture, values, charity, and economy. The institution is named for Portuguese Renaissance author Luís Vaz de Camões, considered the greatest poet of the Portuguese language and the national poet of Portugal.
Originating in the early 20th century as the Portuguese Institute for High Culture, the institution restructured with a greater linguistic focus in 1980, and absorbed the Portuguese Institute for Development Support, Portugal's development aid agency, in 2012. The Instituto Camões exercises institutional autonomy, under the supervision of the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with the role of co-ordination and execution of external cultural policies of the Portuguese Government.
History
The Instituto Camões was named in honour of Luís de Camões, a poet of the Portuguese Renaissance and author of Os Lusíadas, considered to be the national epic of Portugal and the Portuguese language. The Instituto Camões head office is headquartered at Seixas Palace, a 19th-century mansion on Marquis of Pombal Square, in Lisbon, Portugal.
The institution has its roots in the Junta da Educação Nacional, founded in 1924 to grant scholarships, funds, and grants to foreign universities and institutions that promoted Portuguese language education.
In 1936, the institution's role was expanded to include the promotion of Portuguese culture and arts, as the Institute for High Culture (Instituto para a Alta Cultura). The institution was briefly named the Institute of Portuguese Culture (Instituto de Cultura Portuguesa), from 1976 to 1980.
In 1980, the institution's mission was refocused on language and renamed the Institute of Portuguese Culture and Language (Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa). The institution took its current name, after the Portuguese Renaissance author Luís Vaz de Camões, in 1992.
In 2005, the Instituto Camões received the Prince of Asturias Award for outstanding achievements in communications and the humanities, alongside the UK's British Council, Germany's Goethe-Institut, France's Alliance française, Spain's Instituto Cervantes, and Italy's Società Dante Alighieri.
In 2012, the Instituto Camões absorbed the Portuguese Institute for Development Support, the development aid agency of the Government of Portugal. Since then, Instituto Camões operates with a wider mission of promoting Portuguese language, culture, and aid across the world.
Structure
Portuguese Language Centers
The Institute's Portuguese Language Centres (Centros de Língua Portuguesa or CLP) aim to promote the Portuguese language as well as co-operation with different countries in the field of education, including those where Portuguese is already spoken. This is in contrast to Spain's Instituto Cervantes, which is only represented in non-Spanish-speaking countries.
New centres are presently being established in Paris and in the headquarters of the African Union in Addis Ababa and of the Economic Community of West African States in Abuja and in 2005, the towns of Canchungo, Ongoré, Mansôa, Bafatá, Gabú, Buba, Catió, Bolama, Bubaque, and Quinhamel in Guinea-Bissau to spread the fluency of Portuguese as the official language in the country.
Portuguese Cultural Centres
The Institute's Portuguese cultural centres (Centros culturais portugueses) are centres whose aim is the promotion of cultural relations between Portugal and other countries, including those with which Portugal has strong historical and cultural ties, and where Portuguese is already widely spoken. Like in language centres' counterparts, this is in contrast to Spain's Instituto Cervantes, which is only represented in non-Spanish-speaking countries.
There are also delegations in Berlin (Germany) and Brussels (Belgium).
See also
Portuguese language
Portuguese literature
Portuguese poetry
Lusophone
Lusitanic
Music of Portugal
Lusophone music
Portuguese cuisine
Lusophony Games
Culture of Portugal
Architecture of Portugal
Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Geographic distribution of the Portuguese language
List of countries where Portuguese is an official language
List of international organisations which have Portuguese as an official language
Portuguese-speaking African countries (PALOP)
International Association of Portuguese-Speaking Communications
External links
Cultural promotion organizations
Foreign relations of Portugal
Portuguese language
1992 establishments in Portugal
Organizations established in 1992
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44700227
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last%20Days%20%282014%20film%29
|
Last Days (2014 film)
|
Last Days is a 2014 animated short documentary film about the decline of African elephant populations and the illegal ivory trade. It was directed by Kathryn Bigelow, whose other films include The Hurt Locker (2009), Point Break (1991), and Zero Dark Thirty (2012). Featured in the film is footage of the 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack in Nairobi, Kenya, which has been attributed to the militant organization Al-Shabaab. The film advances the claim that terrorist networks derive much of their income from poached ivory.
These claims, which were similar to ones made by several public officials including former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, UK Foreign Secretary William Hague, and Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta, were based on a 2013 report by the environmental nonprofit Elephant Action League (EAL). However, a report published jointly by Interpol and the United Nations Environment Programme described EAL's findings as "highly unreliable". According to the report, Al-Shabaab's primary income comes from the trade in charcoal, a significant source of deforestation.
Reception
Last Days has been subjected to criticism for being overly simplistic and misleading in its portrayal of how to stop elephant poaching. Survival International, an international organization promoting tribal peoples’ rights, has asked for the film to be withdrawn.
Survival Director Stephen Corry said: "The militarization of conservation is gaining momentum, and it is increasingly fuelling the brutal persecution of hunter-gathering tribes. Tribespeople who hunt to feed their families face arrest and beatings, torture and death at the hands of heavily armed park guards. “It seems that the link Bigelow’s film claims between the Westgate terrorist attack and ivory poaching doesn’t exist in real life. For certain conservationists to manipulate public opinion like this in favor of policies which exacerbate the destruction of tribal peoples, the best guardians of the natural world, is simply unacceptable.”
See also
Environmental crime
The Ivory Game, 2016 documentary on the trade in ivory
Short film
Wildlife trade
References
Further reading
External links
2014 films
American short documentary films
English-language films
Films directed by Kathryn Bigelow
2010s short documentary films
Documentary films about elephants
Ivory trade
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122503
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald%20Beach%2C%20Missouri
|
Emerald Beach, Missouri
|
Emerald Beach is a village in White River Township, Barry County, Missouri, United States. It was incorporated in 1981. The village is served by the Golden Post Office and thus have Golden addresses. The population was 228 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Emerald Beach is located at (36.574202, -93.670944).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. The village is located adjacent to Table Rock Lake.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 228 people, 117 households, and 76 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 245 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.9% White, 1.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.
There were 117 households, of which 13.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.0% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.37.
The median age in the village was 60.1 years. 11.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 2.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 7.9% were from 25 to 44; 39% were from 45 to 64; and 38.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.1% male and 46.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 250 people, 120 households, and 84 families living in the village. The population density was 349.8 people per square mile (136.0/km2). There were 215 housing units at an average density of 300.8 per square mile (116.9/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.40% White, 0.40% Native American, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population.
There were 120 households, out of which 15.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 3.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.45.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 13.2% under the age of 18, 1.6% from 18 to 24, 16.8% from 25 to 44, 36.8% from 45 to 64, and 31.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 60.1 years according to city-data.com. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $32,813, and the median income for a family was $36,875. Males had a median income of $29,286 versus $19,063 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,267. About 9.0% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 8.3% of those 65 or over.
Education
It is in the Cassville R-IV School District.
References
Villages in Barry County, Missouri
1981 establishments in Missouri
Villages in Missouri
Populated places established in 1981
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111594
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison%2C%20Illinois
|
Madison, Illinois
|
Madison is a city in Madison and St. Clair counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The population was 3,891 at the 2010 census. It is home to World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway and the first Bulgarian Orthodox church in the United States.
History
Madison was founded in 1820. There have been three villages named Madison.
Geography
Madison is located at (38.683700, -90.151047).
According to the 2010 census, Madison has a total area of , of which (or 84.69%) is land and (or 15.31%) is water.
Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 4,545 people, 1,881 households, and 1,117 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 2,322 housing units at an average density of . The racial makup of the city was 55.36% White, 42.13% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.92% from other races, and 1.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.96%.
Of the 1,881 households 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.2% were married couples living together, 22.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 34.9% of households were one person and 14.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.13.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 29.8% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males.
The median household income was $24,828 and the median family income was $29,926. Males had a median income of $27,363 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,090. About 19.6% of families and 24.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.4% of those under age 18 and 12.0% of those age 65 or over.
National Register of Historic Places
Chain of Rocks Bridge over the Mississippi River
Notable people
George Becker, president of United Steelworkers 1993-2001
Sam Harshaney, catcher for the St. Louis Browns
Donnie Freeman, basketball player at Illinois and in ABA and NBA
References
External links
City of Madison official website
Cities in Illinois
Cities in Madison County, Illinois
Madison
Illinois populated places on the Mississippi River
Populated places established in 1820
1820 establishments in Illinois
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20team%20appearances%20in%20the%20FIFA%20Women%27s%20World%20Cup
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National team appearances in the FIFA Women's World Cup
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This article lists the performances of each of the 36 national teams which have made at least one appearance in the FIFA Women's World Cup finals.
Debut of teams
The 2007 Women's World Cup is the only World Cup for either sex in which every competing team had appeared in at least one of previously held tournaments.
The total number of teams which have participated in the Women's World Cup through 2019 is 36.
Overall team records
In this ranking 3 points are awarded for a win, 1 for a draw and 0 for a loss. As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. Teams are ranked by total points, then by goal difference, then by goals scored.
Comprehensive team results by tournament
Legend
– Champions
– Runners-up
– Third place
– Fourth place
QF – Quarter-finals
R2 – Round 2
R1 – Round 1
– Did not qualify
– Qualified but withdrew
– Withdrew during qualification / Kicked during qualification
– Did not enter / Banned / Permanetly banned
– Hosts
Q – Qualified for forthcoming tournament
For each tournament, the number of teams in each finals tournament are shown (in parentheses).
Hosts
Host nations are granted an automatic spot in the World Cup group stage.
Results of defending finalists
Medal table
Results by confederation
— Hosts are from this confederation
AFC
CAF
CONCACAF
CONMEBOL
OFC
UEFA
Droughts
This section is a list of droughts associated with the participation of women's national football teams in the FIFA Women's World Cups.
Longest active World Cup appearance droughts
Does not include teams that have not yet made their first appearance or teams that no longer exist.
Longest World Cup appearance droughts overall
Only includes droughts begun after a team's first appearance and until the team ceased to exist updated to include qualification for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.
See also
National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup
FIFA Women's World Cup qualification
References
FIFA Women's World Cup records and statistics
FIFA Women's World Cup-related lists
International women's association football competition records and statistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg%20coffee
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Egg coffee
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An egg coffee () is a Vietnamese drink traditionally prepared with egg yolks, sugar, condensed milk and robusta coffee. The drink is made by beating egg yolks with sugar and coffee, then extracting the coffee into the half of the cup, followed by a similar amount of "egg cream" — egg yolks which are heated and beaten, or whisked.
The drink is served in cafes throughout Vietnam, though it originates in Hanoi. The Giang Café () in Hanoi is known for serving the drink, which it makes with chicken egg yolk, coffee powder, condensed milk, and, optionally, cheese. The cup is sometimes served inside a bowl of hot water or set upon a small candle to retain its temperature. The son of the café's founder Nguyen Giang claims that his father developed the recipe for the drink when milk was scarce in Vietnam in the late 1940s, replacing milk with egg yolk.
Ingredients and preparation
Ingredients for making coffee include fresh chicken eggs, sugar, milk, and coffee. The egg yolks are hand-whipped with milk and sugar, and then boiled. Hot or iced coffee is poured into the beaten eggs, which will form an aromatic foam. A teaspoon is provided in order to eat the foam before drinking the coffee at the bottom.
Egg coffee is contained in a small cup. To keep the drink warm, the waiter puts a cup of coffee in a bowl of warm water. After being poured over the cream made from eggs, the coffee at the bottom of the cup acquires a richer taste. In the past, eggs were just hand-beaten, so it took time and the foam of the eggs could not be achieved. Now, after the eggs have been smoothed with the machine, hot or iced coffee is added, together with cocoa eggs, egg white beans and matcha (tea powder) eggs. It can be served either hot or iced.
Non-Vietnamese "egg coffees"
There are other, different, recipes for coffee containing egg.
Scandinavian-Style Coffee Brewed With Egg from Sweden is made by mixing coffee grounds with an egg and simmering, like cowboy coffee; the egg makes the grounds sink, leaving smooth coffee.
Egg Brandy Coffee from Sri Lanka
Cuban egg coffee
Gallery
See also
Vietnamese iced coffee
Egg soda
Eggnog
Zabaione
Uovo sbattuto
List of coffee drinks
List of egg drinks
References
External links
Tách cà phê trứng 'huyền thoại' của Hà Nội
Cà phê trứng Hà Nội lên CNN: Điều bí mật trong ly cà phê 70 năm tuổi
Coffee drinks
Vietnamese cuisine
Vietnamese drinks
Eggs (food)
Mixed drinks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb%20Southern
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Caleb Southern
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Caleb Southern (born December 26, 1969) is an American professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology, musician and record producer. He has worked with Ben Folds Five, Fear of Pop and Archers of Loaf. As of 2002, he was a member of Partners Against Crime, District 5. Ben Folds has called him the "fourth member" of Ben Folds Five.
Currently, he teaches at Georgia Institute of Technology. He is widely regarded as one of the best professors and lecturers in the college of computing
Select Production Credits
Archers of Loaf, Icky Mettle
Ben Folds Five, Ben Folds Five
Ben Folds Five, Whatever and Ever Amen
Ben Folds Five, The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner
References
1969 births
Living people
Record producers from North Carolina
Musicians from Durham, North Carolina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballerina%20%28disambiguation%29
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Ballerina (disambiguation)
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A ballerina is a principal female dancer in a ballet company.
Ballerina may also refer to:
Films
Ballerina (1937 film), 1937 film featuring Jeanine Charrat, Mia Čorak Slavenska and Yvette Chauviré
Ballerina (1950 film), 1950 French film directed by Ludwig Berger
Ballerina (1956 film), 1956 German film by Georg Wilhelm Pabst
Ballerina (1966 film), 1966 American/German film
Ballerina (2006 film), 2006 documentary
Ballerina (2016 film), 2016 French/Canadian animated film
The Ballerina (film), 2017 American film
Ballerina, an upcoming spinoff film in the John Wick franchise
Television
Angelina Ballerina, a fictional mouse in children's books and a British animated TV series
Tina Ballerina, a recurring character on The Simpsons
Music
"Ballerina" (Sidney Keith Russell and Carl Sigman song), a 1947 song covered by many artists
"Ballerina" (Van Morrison song), a 1968 song on the album Astral Weeks
"Ballerina (Prima Donna)", a 1983 song by Steve Harley
Other uses
Ballerina (programming language), a programming language
Ballerina Stakes, an American Thoroughbred horse race
Ballerina, a method of growing vines in vineyards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichinodium
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Lichinodium
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Lichinodium is a genus of filamentous lichens. It is the only genus in the family Lichinodiaceae, itself the only member of the order Lichinodiales. Lichinodium has four species. Previously considered part of the class Lichinomycetes, molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that Lichinodium represents a unique lineage in the Leotiomycetes—the first known group of lichen-forming fungi in this class.
Taxonomy
The genus Lichinodium is typified by Lichinodium sirosiphoideum, first described in 1875 by William Nylander. Aino Henssen added three species to the genus about a century later.
Lichinodium used to be classified in the Lichinomycetes, but molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2018 showed that the genus was incorrectly classified there, and that instead it represents a new lichen-forming lineage in the superclass Sordariomyceta (containing the (Leotiomycetes, Laboulbeniomycetes, and the Sordariomycetes), a major fungal group that was not previously known to have any lichenised species. Lichinodium has a sister taxon relationship with the family Leotiaceae, and thus the order Lichinodiales is placed in the class Leotiomycetes.
Studies using transmission electron microscopy also showed that in Lichinodium, there are no haustoria (microscopic root-like structures) made in the interface between mycobiont and cyanobiont; this difference further distinguishes Lichinodium from the Lichinomycetes.
Description
Lichinodium lichens form tiny pads of branched filaments comprising threads of cyanobionts surrounded by hyphal cells forming a collar. The apothecia are brownish and gelatinous, with an indistinct proper and thalline margin. Two species are known to produce asexual conidiomata. The photobiont partner of Lichinodium is from Rhizonema, a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria in family Nostocaceae. Lichinodium species generally prefer cool, humid environments, where they grow on conifer twigs, tree trunks, or rocks, sometimes along with or overgrowing other mosses and lichens.
Species
Lichinodium ahlneri
Lichinodium canadense
Lichinodium saxicola
Lichinodium sirosiphoideum
References
Leotiomycetes
Lichens
Taxa described in 1875
Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist)
Leotiomycetes genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru%20Golban
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Alexandru Golban
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Alexandru Golban (born 28 February 1979 in Chișinău, Moldavian SSR, Soviet Union) is a retired footballer and also former member of Moldova national team.
He holds dual Moldovan-Romanian nationality.
Career
Club career
At club level, he was known in 2001–02 season where he received his first national call-up. In February 2004, he leave Moldova to Ukrainian side Karpaty Lviv, signed a three-year contract. He played for the club in two First League season, and two Premier League half-season, where he just played 4 times in Ukrainian Premier League. After receiving the Romanian nationality, he moved to German 2. Bundesliga side Eintracht Braunschweig. After the club relegated to the Regionalliga in summer 2007, he moved to Romanian side Ceahlăul Piatra Neamţ and in mid-season to Kazakhstani side FC Tobol.
International career
Golban has made 15 appearances for Moldova, and he played in UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying and 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying.
Career statistics
International goals
References
External links
Profile at FFU website
1979 births
Romanian people of Moldovan descent
Living people
Moldovan footballers
Moldova international footballers
FC Dacia Chișinău players
Eintracht Braunschweig players
FC Karpaty Lviv players
FC Tobol players
Simurq PIK players
CSM Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț players
Association football forwards
Moldovan Super Liga players
Liga I players
2. Bundesliga players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
Moldovan expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Ukraine
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Romania
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Expatriate footballers in Azerbaijan
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Azerbaijan
Sportspeople from Chișinău
Speranța Nisporeni players
FC Veris Chișinău players
FC Speranța Crihana Veche players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel%20Changi%20Airport
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Jewel Changi Airport
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Jewel Changi Airport (also known as Jewel or Jewel Changi) is a nature-themed entertainment and retail complex surrounded by and linked to Changi Airport, Singapore, linked to one of its passenger terminals. Its centrepiece is the world's tallest indoor waterfall, the Rain Vortex, that is surrounded by a terraced forest setting.
Jewel includes gardens, attractions, a hotel, about 300 retail and dining outlets, as well as early baggage check-in aviation facilities. It covers a total gross floor area of , spanning 10 storeys – five above-ground and five basement levels. Its attractions include the Shiseido Forest Valley, an indoor garden spanning five storeys, and the Canopy Park at the topmost level, featuring gardens and leisure facilities.
Jewel receives about 300,000 visitors per day. In October 2019, six months after its soft opening, it had welcomed 50 million visitors, exceeding its initial target for the whole year. The complex and airport is located in Changi, at the eastern end of Singapore, approximately northeast from Singapore's Downtown Core.
Conception
Jewel was conceived to maintain Changi Airport's status as a major aviation hub in the Asia-Pacific. It was first mentioned by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong in his National Day Rally speech in 2013 as part of Changi Airport's long-term plans to double its capacity by the mid-2020s and "create more opportunities for Singapore and Singaporeans".
Built over the former open-air car park in front of Changi Airport Terminal 1, Jewel expanded Terminal 1's arrival hall and baggage reclaim areas by 70%, and its handling capacity is also expected to increase from 21 to 24 million passengers a year. Jewel was officially opened on 18 October 2019 by Lee Hsien Loong, six months after its soft opening. During this time, it had received 50 million visitors – about 300,000 visitors a day – exceeding its initial target of 40–50 million visitors for the first year.
Jewel was developed by Jewel Changi Airport Trustee Pte Ltd, a joint venture between Changi Airport Group (CAG) and CapitaLand, through its wholly owned shopping mall business, CapitaLand Mall Asia. The project cost S$1.7 billion, and did not involve any government funds or taxpayers’ money, despite both entities being either wholly or partially owned by Temasek Holdings, the state-owned investment company.
Design and development
Jewel's toroidal glass-and-steel façade was designed by a consortium of architects, led by Moshe Safdie, who also designed Singapore's Marina Bay Sands. Renowned local firm RSP Architects Planners & Engineers were the executive architect and structural engineers. The landscape architect was Peter Walker and Partners, who co-designed the National 9/11 Memorial and worked with Safdie on the landscaping of Marina Bay Sands. Benoy were the interior designers; BuroHappold Engineering were responsible for the façade and Lighting Planners Associates handled the lighting. The Rain Vortex was engineered by water design firm WET Design. It has a 360-degree light and sound show projected onto it.
Jewel was envisioned to combine a marketplace and an urban park. "The component of the traditional mall is combined with the experience of nature, culture, education and recreation, aiming to provide an uplifting experience. By drawing both visitors and local residents alike, we aim to create a place where the people of Singapore interact with the people of the world," said Safdie.
The glass panels of the dome are framed in steel which rests on a complex latticework. At night, the glowing dome is visible from all surrounding areas.
Attractions
Shiseido Forest Valley
A collaboration of Shiseido and art collective teamLab, the is one of Asia's largest indoor gardens, spanning five stories and approximately located in the heart of Jewel Changi Airport. It houses around 3,000 trees and 60,000 shrubs of 120 species that live in high-altitude tropical forests from around the world.
The Rain Vortex
The Rain Vortex, sponsored as the HSBC Rain Vortex, is the world's largest and tallest indoor waterfall, standing at high. Recirculating rain water is pumped to the roof to free fall through a round hole at up to per minute to a basement-level pool. An acrylic funnel at the bottom prevents splashing and insulates the sound of the cascade. The toroid-shaped roof has more than 9,000 pieces of glass spanning with a sloped oculus as the mouth of the waterfall acting as "a continuation of the building...completed in a liquid form." At night, the circular walls of the waterfall becomes a 360-degree stage for a light-and-sound show.
To prevent excess humidity in the Jewel, the waterfall's flow alternates between cascades and trickles that reduce air turbulence. The design process by WET Design engineers included testing a one-fifth-scale model and a full-size partial prototype.
The Changi Airport Skytrain connecting the terminals passes above ground near the waterfall, allowing passengers remaining airside to see the Vortex and Jewel itself.
Canopy Park
At the topmost level of Jewel, the Canopy Park houses recreation and leisure attractions. About half of the total landscaping is hosted at Canopy Park, including two gardens: Topiary Walk and Petal Garden. The Topiary Walk features animal-shaped topiaries at every corner, while the Petal Garden has seasonal floral displays. The park includes a suspension bridge called the Canopy Bridge that is located above the ground which offers a panoramic view of the Rain Vortex. At long, the Canopy Bridge also has a glass panel flooring at the centre section that offers a view through to level 1 of Jewel.
The park also consists of two mazes, situated at the eastern end of the Jewel called the Hedge Maze and Mirror Maze. The Hedge Maze is Singapore's largest with hedge walls standing at high. The maze features gates that can be pushed within that will change the path of the maze. It ends at an elevated watchtower that offers a bird's-eye view of the entire maze. The Mirror Maze is located under the dome with plants branching across the top of the maze. The maze makes use of mirrors and various reflections.
Sky Nets
The Sky Nets, also called the Manulife Sky Nets for sponsorship reasons, provide children's play facilities, including a Bouncing Net and a Walking Net. The Bouncing Net is long, suspended 8 metres above ground at its highest point. A separate long Walking Net enables visitors to look down s to Jewel's Level 1.
Discovery Slides
The Discovery Slides feature four integrated slides: two tube slides and two sliding surfaces. The entire structure sits at an incline, high on one end, and close to on the other, and enables visitors to view the Forest Valley and the Rain Vortex. The Discovery Slides were designed by Carve and built by Playpoint in Singapore.
Foggy Bowls
The Foggy Bowls are four concave bowls with depths of between and for people to jump in while mist is released to create an illusion of playing among clouds.
Changi Experience Studio
The Changi Experience Studio is a space with interactive games and displays relating to Changi Airport's history and allows visitors a behind-the-scenes look of how the airport is run.
Facilities
Hotel
A hotel within Jewel, with approximately 130 rooms, operated by the international hotel brand, YOTEL, opened on 12 April 2019. It is YOTEL's second hotel in Singapore after the 2017 opening of the YOTEL on Orchard Road.
Aviation facilities
An ‘integrated multi-modal transport lounge’ provides ticketing, boarding pass collection and baggage transfer service in a single location. Early check-in facilities enable passengers to check-in and drop off luggage up to 24 hours ahead of regular check-in times. There are dedicated facilities for fly-cruise and fly-ferry passengers.
Retail
Jewel houses both local and international brands. Anchor tenants include the largest Nike store in Southeast Asia, the first and only Apple Store located inside an airport complex, Marks & Spencer, Muji, Zara, Uniqlo, Singapore's second basement cinema operated by Shaw Theatres with 11 screens including an IMAX theatre with a seating capacity of 828 and Five Spice, a food court by Food Junction with 19 unique stalls and supermarket chain FairPrice Finest.
Jewel also includes American burger chains A&W Restaurants and Shake Shack, Norwegian fast-casual restaurant Pink Fish, Swiss artisanal chocolatier Läderach, Sichuan restaurants Xiao Bin Lou and Yu's Kitchen, Boston-based ice cream parlour chain Emack & Bolio's, British casual eatery Burger & Lobster, Peruvian restaurant TONITO, Japan's Tokyo Milk Cheese Factory and the first permanent Pokémon Centre in East Asia outside of Japan.
Awards
Jewel Changi Airport was accorded the 2016 International Architecture Award by The Chicago Athenaeum, an international museum of architecture and design.
In November 2019, Jewel Changi Airport was awarded the Special Jury Award at the year's Mapic Awards.
In popular culture
The song "The Right Time" by Singaporean singer JJ Lin was inspired by Jewel, which was featured in its music video.
See also
Infrastructure of Singapore Changi Airport
References
Commons category
Airport terminals
Changi Airport
Tourist attractions in Singapore
2019 establishments in Singapore
Neo-futurism architecture
CapitaLand
Buildings and structures completed in 2019
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion%20of%20Paul%20the%20Apostle
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Conversion of Paul the Apostle
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The conversion of Paul the Apostle (also the Pauline conversion, Damascene conversion, Damascus Christophany and the "road to Damascus" event) was, according to the New Testament, an event in the life of Saul/Paul the Apostle that led him to cease persecuting early Christians and to become a follower of Jesus.
The New Testament accounts
Paul's conversion experience is discussed in both the Pauline epistles and in the Acts of the Apostles. According to both sources, Saul/Paul was not a follower of Jesus and did not know him before his crucifixion. The narrative of the Book of Acts suggests Paul's conversion occurred 4–7 years after the crucifixion of Jesus. The accounts of Paul's conversion experience describe it as miraculous, supernatural, or otherwise revelatory in nature.
Before conversion
Before his conversion, Paul was known as Saul and was "a Pharisee of Pharisees", who "intensely persecuted" the followers of Jesus. Paul describes his life before conversion in his Epistle to the Galatians:
Paul also discusses his pre-conversion life in his Epistle to the Philippians, 3:4–6, and his participation in the stoning of Stephen is described in Acts 7:57–8:3.
Pauline epistles
In the Pauline epistles, the description of Paul's conversion experience is brief. The First Epistle to the Corinthians 9:1 and 15:3–8 describes Paul as having seen the risen Christ:
The Second Epistle to the Corinthians also describes Paul's experience of revelation. In verse 1 the NIV translation mentions "revelations from the Lord", but other translations, including the NRSV, translate that phrase as "revelations of the Lord". The passage begins with Paul seeming to speak about another person, but very quickly he makes it clear he is speaking of himself.
The Epistle to the Galatians chapter 1 also describes his conversion as a divine revelation, with Jesus appearing to Paul.
Acts of the Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles discusses Paul's conversion experience at three different points in the text, in far more detail than in the accounts in Paul's letters. The Book of Acts says that Paul was on his way from Jerusalem to Syrian Damascus with a mandate issued by the High Priest to seek out and arrest followers of Jesus, with the intention of returning them to Jerusalem as prisoners for questioning and possible execution. The journey is interrupted when Paul sees a blinding light, and communicates directly with a divine voice.
Acts 9 tells the story as a third-person narrative:
The account continues with a description of Ananias of Damascus receiving a divine revelation instructing him to visit Saul at the house of Judas on the Street Called Straight and there lay hands on him to restore his sight (the house of Judas is traditionally believed to have been near the west end of the street). Ananias is initially reluctant, having heard about Saul's persecution, but obeys the divine command:
Acts' second telling of Paul's conversion occurs in a speech Paul gives when he is arrested in Jerusalem. Paul addresses the crowd and tells them of his conversion, with a description essentially the same as that in Acts 9, but with slight differences. For example, Acts 9:7 notes that Paul's companions did not see who he was speaking to, while Acts 22:9 indicates that they did share in seeing the light (see also Differences between the accounts, below). This speech was most likely originally in Aramaic (see also Aramaic of Jesus), with the passage here being a Greek translation and summary. The speech is clearly tailored for its Jewish audience, with stress being placed in Acts 22:12 on Ananias's good reputation among Jews in Damascus, rather than on his Christianity.
Acts' third discussion of Paul's conversion occurs when Paul addresses King Agrippa, defending himself against the accusations of antinomianism that have been made against him. This account is briefer than the others. The speech here is again tailored for its audience, emphasizing what a Roman ruler would understand: the need to obey a heavenly vision, and reassuring Agrippa that Christians were not a secret society.
Differences between the accounts
A contradiction in the details of the account of Paul's revelatory vision given in Acts has been the subject of some debate. Whereas states that Paul's travelling companions heard the voice, states that they did not. Traditional readings and modern biblical scholarship both see a discrepancy between these passages, but some modern Conservative Evangelical commentators argue that the contradiction can be explained. Richard Longenecker argues that first century readers might have understood the two passages to mean that everybody heard the sound of the voice, but "only Paul understood the articulated words".
The debate revolves around two Greek words. The noun φωνῆ (phōnē - a source of English words such as "telephone", "phonic", and "phoneme") translates as not only "voice, utterance, report, faculty of speech, the call of an animal" but also "sound" when referring to an inanimate object. However, the normal Greek word for an inarticulate sound is ψόφος (psophos).
The verb ἀκούω (akouō - a source of English words such as "acoustics"), which usually means "hear", has the secondary meaning of "understand", which is how most translations render it in , for example. However, this meaning is so rare that the main English-to-Greek dictionaries do not list ἀκούω among the possible translations of "understand". Resolving the contradiction involves translating φωνῆ and ἀκούω in Acts 9:7 as "hear" and "sound" respectively, but translating the same words in Acts 22:9 as "understand" and "voice".
The New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), which is commonly the preferred translation of biblical scholars and used in the most influential publications in the field, renders the two texts as follows:
Most traditional translations including the English King James Version (KJV), the Latin Vulgate, and Luther's German translation are similar, translating the key words identically in each of the parallel texts, and thus not disguising the contradiciton. However, since the 1970s, some versions have attempted a harmonizing translation, including the New International Version (NIV), which reads:
Likewise the NET Bible and others. By translating φωνῆ and ἀκούω differently in each case, the contradiction is eliminated.
Those who support harmonizing readings sometimes point out that in Acts 9:7, ἀκούω appears in a participle construction with a genitive (ἀκούοντες μὲν τῆς φωνῆς), and in Acts 22:9 as a finite verb with an accusative object (φωνὴν οὐκ ἤκουσαν). Nigel Turner suggests the use of the accusative indicates hearing with understanding. More commonly, proponents of this view have asserted that the genitive is used when a person is heard, the accusative for a thing, which goes in the same direction but yields a far weaker argument. New Testament scholars Daniel B. Wallace and F.F. Bruce find this argument based on case inconclusive and caution against using it. Wallace gathers all examples of ἀκούω with each construction in the New Testament and finds that there are more exceptions to the supposed rule than examples of it. He concludes: "regardless of how one works through the accounts of Paul’s conversion, an appeal to different cases probably ought not to form any part of the solution."
Theological implications
Whereas Protestants saw the conversion as a demonstration of sola fide, Counter-Reformation Catholics saw it as a demonstration, or at least a metaphor for, the power of preaching, which received a strong new emphasis after the Council of Trent.
The conversion of Paul, in spite of his attempts to completely eradicate Christianity, is seen as evidence of the power of Divine Grace, with "no fall so deep that grace cannot descend to it" and "no height so lofty that grace cannot lift the sinner to it." It also demonstrates "God's power to use everything, even the hostile persecutor, to achieve the divine purpose."
There is no evidence to suggest that Paul arrived on the road to Damascus already with a single, solid, coherent scheme that could form the framework of his mature theology. Instead, the conversion, and the associated understanding of the significance of the resurrection of the crucified Jesus, caused him to rethink from the ground up everything he had ever believed in, from his own identity to his understanding of Second Temple Judaism and who God really was.
The transforming effect of Paul's conversion influenced the clear antithesis he saw "between righteousness based on the law," which he had sought in his former life; and "righteousness based on the death of Christ," which he describes, for example, in the Epistle to the Galatians.
Based on Paul's testimony in Galatians 1 and the accounts in Acts (Acts 9, 22, 26), where it is specifically mentioned that Paul was tasked to be a witness to the Gentiles, it could be interpreted that what happened on the road to Damascus was not just a conversion from first-century Judaism to a faith centred on Jesus Christ, but also a commissioning of Paul as an Apostle to the Gentiles—although in Paul's mind they both amounted to the same thing.
Alternative explanations
The Acts of the Apostles says that Paul's conversion experience was an encounter with the resurrected Christ. Alternative explanations have been proposed, including sun stroke and seizure. In 1987, D. Landsborough published an article in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, in which he stated that Paul's conversion experience, with the bright light, loss of normal bodily posture, a message of strong religious content, and his subsequent blindness, suggested "an attack of , perhaps ending in a convulsion ... The blindness which followed may have been post-ictal."
This conclusion was challenged in the same journal by James R. Brorson and Kathleen Brewer, who stated that this hypothesis failed to explain why Paul's companions heard a voice (Acts 9:7), saw a light, or fell to the ground. Additionally, Paul's blindness remitted in sudden fashion, rather than the gradual resolution typical of post-ictal states, and no mention is made of epileptic convulsions; indeed such convulsions may, in Paul's time, have been interpreted as a sign of demonic influence, unlikely in someone accepted as a religious leader.
A 2012 paper in the Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences suggested that Paul’s conversion experience might be understood as involving psychogenic events. This occurring in the overall context of Paul’s other auditory and visual experiences that the authors propose may have been caused by mood disorder associated psychotic spectrum symptoms.
Catholic Commentary
Justus Knecht comments on the power of divine grace in Paul's conversion:
Our Blessed Lord prevented Saul with His grace, enlightened his understanding, moved his heart, and prepared his will to do all that was commanded him. In the very midst of his sinful career grace called to Saul to stop, and changed his heart so completely that the bitter enemy of Jesus Christ was transformed into an apostle, all aglow with love; and the persecutor of the Christian faith became its indefatigable defender and advocate. Thus St. Paul was able to say of himself: "By the grace of God I am what I am; and His grace in me hath not been void, but I have laboured more abundantly than they all: yet not I, but the grace of God with me" (1 Cor. 15:10)."
Thomas Aquinas sees Paul's conversion as an example of a sudden grace of God, writing in his Summa Theologiae:
Since a man cannot prepare himself for grace unless God prevent and move him to good, it is of no account whether anyone arrive at perfect preparation instantaneously, or step by step. For it is written (Ecclus. 11:23): "It is easy in the eyes of God on a sudden to make the poor man rich." Now it sometimes happens that God moves a man to good, but not perfect good, and this preparation precedes grace. But He sometimes moves him suddenly and perfectly to good, and man receives grace suddenly, according to Jn. 6:45: "Every one that hath heard of the Father, and hath learned, cometh to Me." And thus it happened to Paul, since, suddenly when he was in the midst of sin, his heart was perfectly moved by God to hear, to learn, to come; and hence he received grace suddenly.
Art
The subject was not common in medieval art, only usually being painted as one of a number of predella scenes of his life below an altarpiece dedicated to the saint. From the Renaissance it gradually became popular as a subject for larger paintings. Apart from the religious significance, the subject allowed the artist to include landscape elements, a crowd of figures and horses. The drama of the event especially appealed to Baroque painters. It was sometimes paired with the handing of the Keys to Saint Peter, although in the Vatican Cappella Paolina Michelangelo paired it with Peter's Crucifixion in the 1540s, perhaps in a change to the original plan.
The conversion of Paul has been depicted by many artists, including Albrecht Dürer, Francisco Camilo, Giovanni Bellini, Fra Angelico, Fra Bartolomeo, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, William Blake, Luca Giordano, Sante Peranda, and Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante. Michelangelo's fresco The Conversion of Saul is in the Cappella Paolina of the Vatican Palace.
The Renaissance Italian master Caravaggio painted two works depicting the event: The Conversion of Saint Paul and Conversion on the Way to Damascus. Peter Paul Rubens also produced several works on the theme.
A large number of the many depictions show Paul, and often several of his companions, travelling the Damascus Road on horseback, Paul most often on a white horse. This is not mentioned in the biblical accounts (which do not say how he travelled), and certainly makes for a more dramatic composition. The horses are usually shown as disturbed by the sudden appearance of the vision, and have often fallen to the ground themselves. It may also reflect how people of the various periods expected a person of Paul's importance to travel a distance of 135 miles (or 218 km). Perhaps first appearing in the 14th century, Paul's horse appears in the most important depictions from the 15th century onwards.
Literature
Chapter seventeen of Ralph Ellison's 1952 novel Invisible Man includes a literary device related to the Saul to Paul conversion: "'You start Saul, and end up Paul,' my grandfather had often said. 'When you're a youngun, you Saul, but let life whup your head a bit and you starts to trying to be Paul – though you still Sauls around on the side.'"
Paul's conversion is the subject of the medieval play The Digby Conversion of Saint Paul.
Music
The conversion of Paul is the main term of argument of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy's oratorio Paulus (St. Paul), MWV A 14 / Op. 36] (1833–36). It is also subject of the choral motet Saule, Saule, quid me persequeris by Giaches de Wert (1535–1596). It is also the focus of an eight part mixed choir a cappella piece (The Conversion of Saul) composed by Z. Randall Stroope.
Popular usage
From the conversion of Paul, we get the metaphorical reference to the "Road to Damascus" that has come to refer to a sudden or radical conversion of thought or a change of heart or mind even in matters outside of a Christian context. For example, Australian politician Tony Abbott was described as having been "on his own road to Damascus" after pledging increased mental health funding, and a New Zealand drug dealer turned police officer was likewise described as taking "the first step on the road to Damascus." In science fiction, the book Road to Damascus is based on a sudden political conversion of a self-aware tank, Unit SOL-0045, "Sonny," a Mark XX Bolo, on the battlefield.
In "-30-", the finale episode of The Wire, Norman Wilson tells Mayor Tommy Carcetti the Jimmy McNulty/Lester Freamon "serial killer" hoax is the mayor's "road to Damascus" moment and likens the detectives' fabrication of a serial killer, which allows them to successfully fund and achieve their actual investigative goals, to Carcetti's adoption of popular campaign platforms he doesn't really care about in order to achieve his actual political agenda. Similar parallel can be drawn to the compromises and decisions made by other entities who've taken shortcuts or otherwise "juked" the data to achieve their ends, such as the Baltimore Suns managing editors in their pursuit of a Pulitzer Prize.
In Episode 3, Season 4 of Downton Abbey, Lady Grantham referred to Lord Grantham’s change of heart towards his daughter Edith’s boyfriend as a Damascene Conversion.
Feast day
The Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul the Apostle is a feast celebrated during the liturgical year on 25 January, recounting the conversion. This feast is celebrated in the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran churches. This feast is at the conclusion of the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity, an international Christian ecumenical observance that began in 1908, which is an octave (an eight-day observance) spanning from 18 January (observed in Anglican and Lutheran tradition as the Confession of Peter, and in the pre-1961 Roman Catholic Church as the feast of the Chair of Saint Peter at Rome) to 25 January. In rural England, the day functioned much like groundhog day does in the modern-day United States. Supposed prophecies ranged from fine days predicting good harvests, to clouds and mists signifying pestilence and war in the coming months.
The collect in the Roman Missal is:
O God, who taught the whole world
through the preaching of the blessed Apostle Paul,
draw us, we pray, nearer to you
through the example of him whose conversion we celebrate today,
and so make us witnesses to your truth in the world.
See also
On Paul's conversion
Acts 9, Acts 22, Acts 26
Split of early Christianity and Judaism
Tabor Light
On the Feast day
Calendar of saints
General Roman Calendar
General Roman Calendar of 1954
References
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Richard N. Longenecker (ed.), The Road from Damascus: The impact of Paul's conversion on his life, thought, and ministry, Eerdmans, 1997, , 253 pages.
Thomas Martone, The theme of the conversion of Paul in Italian paintings from the early Christian period to the high Renaissance, Garland Pub., 1985, , 254 pages.
External links
Biblical Art on the WWW: On the Way to Damascus
Thinking Faith – The Conversion of Paul
1st-century Christianity
Biblical dreams and visions
New Testament miracles
Paul the Apostle
Visions of Jesus and Mary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shadow%20of%20Evil
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The Shadow of Evil
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The Shadow of Evil is a 1921 British silent crime film directed by George A. Cooper and James Reardon and starring Mary Dibley, Reginald Fox and Cecil Humphreys.
Cast
Mary Dibley
Reginald Fox
Cecil Humphreys
Gladys Mason
References
Bibliography
Murphy, Robert. Directors in British and Irish Cinema: A Reference Companion. British Film Institute, 2006.
External links
1921 films
1921 crime films
British silent feature films
British crime films
Films directed by George A. Cooper
British black-and-white films
1920s English-language films
1920s British films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana%20Trench
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Mariana Trench
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The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean about east of the Mariana Islands; it is the deepest oceanic trench on Earth. It is crescent-shaped and measures about in length and in width. The maximum known depth is at the southern end of a small slot-shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep. If Mount Everest were hypothetically placed into the trench at this point, its peak would still be underwater by more than .
At the bottom of the trench, the water column above exerts a pressure of , more than 1,071 times the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. At this pressure, the density of water is increased by 4.96%. The temperature at the bottom is .
In 2009, the Mariana Trench was established as a US National Monument. Monothalamea have been found in the trench by Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers at a record depth of below the sea surface. Data has also suggested that microbial life forms thrive within the trench.
Etymology
The Mariana Trench is named after the nearby Mariana Islands, which are named Las Marianas in honor of Spanish Queen Mariana of Austria, widow of Philip IV of Spain. The islands are part of the island arc that is formed on an over-riding plate, called the Mariana Plate (also named for the islands), on the western side of the trench.
Geology
The Mariana Trench is part of the Izu–Bonin–Mariana subduction system that forms the boundary between two tectonic plates. In this system, the western edge of one plate, the Pacific Plate, is subducted (i.e., thrust) beneath the smaller Mariana Plate that lies to the west. Crustal material at the western edge of the Pacific Plate is some of the oldest oceanic crust on Earth (up to 170 million years old), and is, therefore, cooler and denser; hence its great height difference relative to the higher-riding (and younger) Mariana Plate. The deepest area at the plate boundary is the Mariana Trench proper.
The movement of the Pacific and Mariana plates is also indirectly responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands. These volcanic islands are caused by flux melting of the upper mantle due to the release of water that is trapped in minerals of the subducted portion of the Pacific Plate.
Research history
The trench was first sounded during the Challenger expedition in 1875 using a weighted rope, which recorded a depth of . In 1877, a map was published called Tiefenkarte des Grossen Ozeans ("Depth map of the Great Ocean") by Petermann, which showed a Challenger Tief ("Challenger deep") at the location of that sounding. In 1899, , a converted collier, recorded a depth of .
In 1951, Challenger II surveyed the trench using echo sounding, a much more precise and vastly easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition. During this survey, the deepest part of the trench was recorded when the Challenger II measured a depth of at , known as the Challenger Deep.
In 1957, the Soviet vessel reported a depth of at a location dubbed the Mariana Hollow.
In 1962, the surface ship M.V. Spencer F. Baird recorded a maximum depth of using precision depth gauges.
In 1984, the Japanese survey vessel Takuyō (拓洋) collected data from the Mariana Trench using a narrow, multi-beam echo sounder; it reported a maximum depth of , also reported as . Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO reached the deepest area of the Mariana Trench and made the deepest diving record of on 24 March 1995.
During surveys carried out between 1997 and 2001, a spot was found along the Mariana Trench that had a depth similar to the Challenger Deep, possibly even deeper. It was discovered while scientists from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology were completing a survey around Guam; they used a sonar mapping system towed behind the research ship to conduct the survey. This new spot was named the HMRG (Hawaii Mapping Research Group) Deep, after the group of scientists who discovered it.
On 1 June 2009, mapping aboard the (mothership of the Nereus vehicle), indicated a spot with a depth of . The sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep was possible by its Simrad EM120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water. The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth across the entire swath (implying that the depth figure is accurate to ± ).
In 2011, it was announced at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting that a US Navy hydrographic ship equipped with a multibeam echosounder conducted a survey which mapped the entire trench to resolution. The mapping revealed the existence of four rocky outcrops thought to be former seamounts.
The Mariana Trench is a site chosen by researchers at Washington University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2012 for a seismic survey to investigate the subsurface water cycle. Using both ocean-bottom seismometers and hydrophones, the scientists are able to map structures as deep as beneath the surface.
Descents
Four crewed descents and three uncrewed descents have been achieved. The first was the crewed descent by Swiss-designed, Italian-built, United States Navy-owned bathyscaphe Trieste, which reached the bottom at 1:06 pm on 23 January 1960, with Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard on board. Iron shot was used for ballast, with gasoline for buoyancy. The onboard systems indicated a depth of , but this was later revised to . The depth was estimated from a conversion of pressure measured and calculations based on the water density from sea surface to seabed.
This was followed by the uncrewed ROVs Kaikō in 1996 and Nereus in 2009. The first three expeditions directly measured very similar depths of . The fourth was made by Canadian film director James Cameron on 26 March 2012. He reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the submersible vessel Deepsea Challenger, diving to a depth of .
In July 2015, members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oregon State University, and the Coast Guard submerged a hydrophone into the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, the Challenger Deep, never having previously deployed one past a mile. The titanium-shelled hydrophone was designed to withstand the immense pressure 7 miles under. Although researchers were unable to retrieve the hydrophone until November, the data capacity was full within the first 23 days. After months of analyzing the sounds, the experts were surprised to pick up natural sounds like earthquakes, typhoons, baleen whales, and machine-made sounds such as boats. Due to the mission's success, the researchers announced plans to deploy a second hydrophone in 2017 for an extended period of time.
Victor Vescovo achieved a new record descent to on 28 April 2019 using the DSV Limiting Factor, a Triton 36000/2 model manufactured by Florida-based Triton Submarines. He dived four times between 28 April and 5 May 2019, becoming the first person to dive into Challenger Deep more than once.
On 8 May 2020, a joint project between the Russian shipbuilders, scientific teams of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the support of the Russian Foundation for Advanced Research Projects and the Pacific Fleet submerged the autonomous underwater vehicle Vityaz-D to the bottom of the Mariana Trench at a depth of . Vityaz-D is the first underwater vehicle to operate autonomously at the extreme depths of the Mariana Trench. The duration of the mission, excluding diving and surfacing, was more than 3 hours.
On 10 November 2020, the Chinese submersible Fendouzhe reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench at a depth of .
Planned descents
In 2011, Richard Branson announced an intention to send the DeepFlight Challenger single-person submarine to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. The project was cancelled in 2014.
, at least one other team was planning a piloted submarine to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench.
Life
The expedition conducted in 1960 claimed to have observed, with great surprise because of the high pressure, large creatures living at the bottom, such as a flatfish about long, and shrimp. According to Piccard, "The bottom appeared light and clear, a waste of firm diatomaceous ooze". Many marine biologists are now skeptical of the supposed sighting of the flatfish, and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber. During the second expedition, the uncrewed vehicle Kaikō collected mud samples from the seabed. Tiny organisms were found to be living in those samples.
In July 2011, a research expedition deployed untethered landers, called drop cams, equipped with digital video cameras and lights to explore this deep-sea region. Among many other living organisms, some gigantic single-celled foraminiferans with a size of more than , belonging to the class of monothalamea, were observed. Monothalamea are noteworthy for their size, their extreme abundance on the seafloor, and their role as hosts for a variety of organisms.
In December 2014, a new species of snailfish was discovered at a depth of , breaking the previous record for the deepest living fish seen on video.
During the 2014 expedition, several new species were filmed, including huge amphipods known as supergiants. Deep-sea gigantism is the process where species grow larger than their shallow-water relatives.
In May 2017, an unidentified type of snailfish was filmed at a depth of .
Pollution
In 2016, a research expedition looked at the chemical makeup of crustacean scavengers collected from the range of within the trench. Within these organisms, the researchers found extremely elevated concentrations of PCBs, a chemical toxin banned in the 1970s for its environmental harm, concentrated at all depths within the sediment of the trench. Further research has found that amphipods also ingest microplastics, with 100% of amphipods having at least one piece of synthetic material in their stomachs.
In 2019, Victor Vescovo reported finding a plastic bag and candy wrappers at the bottom of the trench. That year, Scientific American also reported that carbon-14 from nuclear bomb testing has been found in the bodies of aquatic animals found in the trench.
Possible nuclear waste disposal site
Like other oceanic trenches, the Mariana Trench has been proposed as a site for nuclear waste disposal in 1972, in the hope that tectonic plate subduction occurring at the site might eventually push the nuclear waste deep into the Earth's mantle, the second layer of the Earth. However, ocean dumping of nuclear waste is prohibited by international law. Furthermore, plate subduction zones are associated with very large megathrust earthquakes, the effects of which are unpredictable for the safety of long-term disposal of nuclear wastes within the hadopelagic ecosystem.
See also
Marianas Trench Marine National Monument, United States national monument at the trench. This National Monument protects of submerged lands and waters of the Mariana Archipelago. It includes some of the Mariana Trench, but not the deepest part, the Challenger Deep, which lies just outside the monument area.
Notes
References
External links
Mariana Trench Dive (25 March 2012) – Deepsea Challenger
Mariana Trench Dive (23 January 1960) – Trieste (Newsreel)
Mariana Trench Dive (50th Anniv) – Trieste – Capt Don Walsh
Mariana Trench – Maps (Google)
NOAA – Ocean Explorer (Ofc Ocean Exploration & Rsch)
NOAA – Ocean Explorer – Multimedia – Mariana Arc (podcast)
NOAA – Ocean Explorer – Video Playlist – Ring of Fire (2004–2006)
Philippine Sea
Oceanic trenches of the Pacific Ocean
Extreme points of Earth
Subduction zones
Lowest points of the World Ocean
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Nicholas%20Young
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Robert Nicholas Young
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Robert Nicholas Young (January 14, 1900 – October 19, 1964) was a lieutenant general in the United States Army. He gained prominence in the 1950s as the commander of the 2nd Infantry Division during the Korean War and as commander of the Sixth United States Army.
Early life
Young was born on January 14, 1900, in Washington, D.C. He graduated from the University of Maryland in 1922 and received his commission as a second lieutenant of infantry through the Reserve Officer Training Corps.
Early military career
After receiving his commission, Young served in positions of increasing rank and responsibility throughout the United States, including Fort Eustis, Virginia, Camp Meade, Maryland, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, he served as assistant professor of military science in the R.O.T.C. program at the University of Maryland.
In 1933, Young graduated from the Infantry School Officer Course, and completed the Signal School Commanding Officer Course in 1934.
In the mid-1930s, Young served as an instructor at the Fort Benning, Georgia, Infantry School. He was a 1938 graduate of the Command and General Staff College.
World War II
From 1941 to 1942, Young served as assistant secretary to the General Staff at the War Department, afterwards advancing to become secretary to the General Staff, where he served until 1943.
Young was assigned as assistant division commander of the 70th Infantry Division from 1943 to 1944 during its combat service in Europe. From 1944 to 1945, he continued to serve in Europe as assistant division commander and acting division commander of the 3rd Infantry Division.
Post-World War II
Young's service continued after World War II. In 1945, he succeeded Charles F. Thompson as commander of the Military District of Washington, and he remained in this position until 1946. Young commanded the Army's Combined Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas from 1946 to 1948. From 1948 to 1950 Young, served in Hawaii as Chief of Staff for U.S. Army, Pacific. From 1950 to 1951, Young was assistant division commander of the 82nd Airborne Division.
Korean War
From 1951 to 1952, Young commanded the 2nd Infantry Division. He led the division during the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge.
Post-Korean War
Young was commander of the United States Army Infantry School from 1952 to 1953. In 1953, Young was named the Army’s Assistant Chief of Staff for Personnel, G-1, where he served until 1955. Young was appointed commander of the Sixth United States Army in 1955, and served in this post until his 1957 retirement.
Awards and decorations
Young's awards included three Army Distinguished Service Medals, the Silver Star, the Legion of Merit, two awards of the Bronze Star Medal, and the Purple Heart.
Retirement and death
In retirement, General Young resided in Asheville, North Carolina. He died there on October 19, 1964, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Section 6, Site 5685 RH.
References
1900 births
1964 deaths
United States Army Infantry Branch personnel
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
United States Army generals
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
People from Washington, D.C.
People from Asheville, North Carolina
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway%2C%20Michigan
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Norway, Michigan
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Norway is a city in Dickinson County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,845 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Iron Mountain, MI–WI Micropolitan Statistical Area.
The city is in the southwest of Norway Township, but is politically independent. It is on U.S. Highway 2 (US 2), which connects with M-95 about west in Iron Mountain and with US 41 about to the east. US 141 north merges with US 2 about west of the city. US 8 has its eastern terminus in the city and crosses the Menominee River to continue west in Wisconsin.
History
A post office called Norway was established in 1891. The city was named from a forest of Norway pines near the original town site.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water.
Transportation
Major Highways
Indian Trails provides daily intercity bus service between St. Ignace and Ironwood, Michigan.
Airport
Ford Airport (Iron Mountain) (KIMT) serves Norway, the county and surrounding communities with both scheduled commercial jet service and general aviation services.
Demographics
2010 census
At the 2010 census there were 20,845 people in 10,256 households, including 7,650 families, in the city. The population density was . There were 1,402 housing units at an average density of . The racial makup of the city was 97.4% White, 0.8% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4%.
Of the 10,256 households 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.3% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.1% were non-families. 34.2% of households were one person and 16.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.87.
The median age was 41.9 years. 23.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.7% were from 25 to 44; 27.4% were from 45 to 64; and 18.5% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.
2000 census
At the 2000 census there were 20,959 people in 10,288 households, including 8,120 families, in the city. The population density was 3355.6 per square mile (129.5/km²). There were 1,392 housing units at an average density of 157.9 per square mile (60.9/km²). The racial makup of the city was 97.53% White, 0.95% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 0.24% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78%. 18.7% were of Italian, 14.7% German, 10.0% French, 9.3% Polish, 7.5% Swedish, 7.1% English and 5.6% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000.
Of the 10,288 households 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 33.0% of households were one person and 17.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.91.
The age distribution was 25.3% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% 65 or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.
The median household income was $31,059 and the median family income was $37,533. Males had a median income of $31,595 versus $21,350 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,681. About 7.5% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.2% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Richard C. Flannigan, Michigan Supreme Court chief justice
John Ralston, NFL and NCAA football coach
Rudy Rosatti, NFL lineman (Packers and Giants)
Art Van Damme, jazz musician
Points of interest
Norway Speedway is a 1/3-mile paved American Speed Association member track.
Piers Gorge is a 2.6 mile out and back trail located along the Michigan/Wisconsin border known for its whitewater rafting. It is part of the Menominee River State Recreation Area.
References
External links
City of Norway
Cities in Dickinson County, Michigan
Iron Mountain micropolitan area
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20the%20Warwicks
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Shooting the Warwicks
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Shooting the Warwicks is a psychological horror-black comedy film directed by Adam Rifkin and adapted from his Showtime series Reality Show. It was released in August 2015. Both the film and the series star Adam Rifkin, Constantine Paraskevopoulos, Scott Anderson, Monika Tilling and Kelley Hensley. Also featuring Jude B. Lanston in the supporting role of Lt. Simmons.
References
External links
2015 films
Films directed by Adam Rifkin
American comedy-drama films
2015 comedy-drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Continuing%20Professional%20Development
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Institute of Continuing Professional Development
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The Institute of Continuing Professional Development (ICPD, or CPD Institute) is an institute concerned with continuing professional development (CPD) in the United Kingdom. It provides CPD qualifications.
The institute has defined CPD to be:
"a process by which a professional person maintains the quality and relevance of professional services throughout his/her life."
The ICPD is part of the Continuing Professional Development Foundation, an educational non-profit charitable trust that has provided CPD since 1981, based in London, England.
The institute has corporate affiliates.
A Fellow of the institute can use the post-nominal FInstCPD.
In 2008, a new "Member" grade was launched.
See also
List of post-nominal letters (United Kingdom)
References
External links
Organizations with year of establishment missing
Educational organisations based in the United Kingdom
Continuing Professional Development
Personal development
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinode%2C%20Tokyo
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Hinode, Tokyo
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is a town located in the western portion of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 16,563, and a population density of 590 persons per km2. The total area of the town is .
Geography
Hinode is located in the foothills of the Okutama Mountains of western Tokyo. The highest point is Mount Hinode at 902 m. The Hirai and Ōguno Rivers drain the town.
Surrounding municipalities
Tokyo Metropolis
Ōme
Akiruno
Climate
Hinode has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Hinode is 12.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2998 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 0.7 °C.
Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Hinode increased rapidly in the 1970s, but has remained relatively constant for the past 40 years.
History
The area of present-day Hinode was part of ancient Musashi Province. In the post-Meiji Restoration cadastral reform of July 22, 1878, the area became part of Nishitama District in Kanagawa Prefecture. The villages of Hirai and Ōguno were created on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. Nishitama District was transferred to the administrative control of Tokyo Metropolis on April 1, 1893. The village of Hinode was formed in 1955 by the merger of Hirai and Ōguno. Hinode was elevated to town status on June 1, 1974.
Former Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone had a cottage, Hinode Sansō in Hinode. In 1983, while he was in office, Nakasone invited US president Ronald Reagan there, and held US-Japan summit in an informal atmosphere to establish friendly personal relations. After his resignation as prime minister, Nakasone also former South Korean president, Chun Doo-hwan, former Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and many other foreign VIPs, including several US ambassadors at the cottage. Nakasone donated the cottage to the town of Hinode in 2006, and it is now maintained as a public park.
Government
Hinode has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members. Hinode, collectively with the municipalities of Akiruno, Fussa, Hamura, Mizuho, Hinohara and Okutama, contributes two members to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tokyo 25th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Economy
Forestry and timber production are important industries. Cryptomeria and hinoki are economically important. Hinode produces 200,000 coffins annually, ranking first in Japan.
Education
Hinode has three public elementary schools (Hirai, Honjuku, and Ōguno) and two public middle schools (Hirai and Ōguno), operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school. Asia University has a subsidiary campus located in the town.
Transportation
Railway
Hinode is not served by any passenger railway lines.
Highways
- Hinode Interchange
References
External links
Hinode Town Official Website
Towns in Tokyo
Western Tokyo
Hinode, Tokyo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Laguna%20local%20elections
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2010 Laguna local elections
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Local elections were held in the Province of Laguna on May 10, 2010 as part of the 2010 general election. Voters selected candidates for all local positions: a municipal/city mayor, vice mayor and town councilors, as well as members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, the vice-governor, governor and representatives for the four districts of Laguna.
Results
Partial Unofficial results from COMELEC
Partial Unofficial Tally as of 2010-05-12 11:06:11 88.60% of Election Returns
Provincial & Congressional Elections
Incumbent Teresita S. Lazaro is on her third consecutive term and was term-limited. Her son, Provincial Administrator Dennis Lazaro, ran in her place. He faced then-Pagsanjan Mayor E.R. Ejercito, former Governor Joey Lina, voluntarily-retiring vice governor Ramil Hernandez, and independent candidates Christine Amador and Randy Bautista.
Ramil Hernandez (Nacionalista) was the incumbent. Although eligible to run for his second consecutive term, he voluntarily retired to run for governor. His party nominated 1st District Board Member Dave Almarinez to run for vice governor. He faced then-Los Baños Mayor Caesar Perez, Celso Mercado, San Pablo City Councilor Eleanor Reyes, former Pagsanjan Mayor Abner Afuang, and Bernardita Cruz.
Congressional elections
Each of Laguna's four legislative districts elected an representative to the House of Representatives. The candidate with the highest number of votes wins the seat.
1st District
Danilo Fernandez was originally elected during the 2007 election, but the House Electoral Tribunal ruled that his residence in the district was not enough and was disqualified; no replacement was named. Fernandez is running again for the district's seat this year.
2nd District
Justin Marc Chipeco is the incumbent.
3rd District
Maria Evita Arago is the incumbent her opponents is incumbent board member in 3rd district Katherine Agapay and Former congressman in 3rd district and Former Mayor of San Pablo Florante Aquino
4th District
Edgar San Luis is the incumbent and is running unopposed.
Sangguniang Panlalawigan elections
All 4 Districts of Laguna elected Sangguniang Panlalawigan or provincial board members.
Summary
1st District
Cities: Biñan City, Santa Rosa City
Municipality: San Pedro
Population (2007): 811,486
Parties are as stated in their certificate of candidacies.
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2nd District
Cities: Calamba City
Municipality: Bay, Cabuyao, Los Baños
Population (2007): 715,044
Parties are as stated in their certificate of candidacies.
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3rd District
Cities: San Pablo City
Municipality: Alaminos, Calauan, Liliw. Nagcarlan, Rizal, Victoria
Population (2007): 470,972
Parties are as stated in their certificate of candidacies.
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4th District
City: None
Municipalities: Cavinti, Famy, Kalayaan, Luisiana, Lumban, Mabitac, Magdalena, Majayjay, Paete, Pagsanjan, Pakil, Pangil, Pila, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria, Siniloan
Population (2007): 476,029
Parties are as stated in their certificate of candidacies.
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Mayoralty Election
All municipalities of Laguna, Biñan City, Calamba City, San Pablo City, and Santa Rosa City will elect mayor and vice-mayor this election. The candidates for mayor and vice mayor with the highest number of votes wins the seat; they are voted separately, therefore, they may be of different parties when elected. Below is the list of mayoralty candidates of each city and municipalities per district.
1st District, Candidates for Mayor
Cities: Biñan City, Santa Rosa City
Municipality: San Pedro
Biñan City
Marlyn Alonte is the incumbent, she is running unopposed.
Santa Rosa City
San Pedro
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2nd District, Candidates for MayorCities: Calamba CityMunicipality: Bay, Cabuyao, Los Baños
Calamba City
Cabuyao
Los Baños
3rd District, Candidates for MayorCities: San Pablo CityMunicipality: Alaminos, Calauan, Liliw, Nagcarlan, Rizal, Victoria
San Pablo City
<
Alaminos
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Calauan
Liliw
Nagcarlan
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Rizal
<
Victoria
<
4th District, Candidates for MayorCity: NoneMunicipalities''': Cavinti, Famy, Kalayaan, Luisiana, Lumban, Mabitac, Magdalena, Majayjay, Paete, Pagsanjan, Pakil, Pangil, Pila, Santa Cruz, Santa Maria, Siniloan
Cavinti
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Famy
<
Kalayaan
<
Lumban
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Mabitac
<
Magdalena
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Majayjay
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Paete
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Pagsanjan
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Pakil
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Pangil
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Pila
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Santa Cruz
Incumbent Mayor Ariel Magcalas seeks for reelection as Mayor of Santa Cruz against Former Congressman Benjamin Agarao and his predecessor, Former Mayor Domingo Panganiban
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Santa Maria
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Siniloan
<
References
2010 Philippine local elections
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Bellore
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Nick Bellore
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Nicholas Lalonde Bellore (born May 12, 1989) is an American football fullback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Central Michigan, and signed with the New York Jets as an undrafted free agent in 2011. Bellore played linebacker for his first six seasons in the NFL before being converted to a fullback for the Detroit Lions in 2017.
Early years
Bellore was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, and attended Whitefish Bay High School, graduating in 2007. He chose to attend Central Michigan for a chance to start at linebacker immediately, despite interest from the University of Wisconsin and Kansas State University.
College career
At CMU, Bellore started at inside linebacker his freshman year and through his senior season. Bellore holds the second highest consecutive start streak at CMU with 51 games. He was an All-MAC First-team selection on defense in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The Chippewas appeared in three bowl games during Bellore's career, winning one (the 2010 GMAC Bowl), only the second bowl win in CMU history. He was also selected as CMU's Defensive Player of the Year in 2008 and 2009.
Professional career
New York Jets
After going undrafted in the 2011 NFL Draft, Bellore drew interest as an undrafted free agent from over half of the teams in the NFL. He signed with the Jets on July 26, 2011, and was kept on the roster to start the 2011 NFL season. He recorded 19 tackles in the 2011 season mainly on special teams. On October 14, 2012, Bellore caught his first career pass on a fake punt by Tim Tebow. He gained 23 yards on the play. Jets coaches looked into converting him to play fullback in training camp of 2012, but the experiment was short lived and he returned to linebacker. On January 6, 2015, Bellore was named to the 2014 Pro Football Focus All-Pro Special Teams.
San Francisco 49ers
Bellore signed a two-year contract with the San Francisco 49ers on April 3, 2015.
In 2016, Bellore appeared in 14 games where he started a career-high 10 games and registered 82 tackles, four passes defensed and the first sack, interception and fumble recovery of his career. He was placed on injured reserve on December 19, 2016 with an elbow injury.
Detroit Lions
On April 3, 2017, Bellore signed with the Detroit Lions. He was released on September 9, 2017, but was re-signed two days later. Bellore began being implemented in the Detroit offense as a fullback, strictly for blocking purposes until a surprise touchdown reception against the Baltimore Ravens on December 3, 2017. It was his first touchdown in his entire playing career.
On March 14, 2018, Bellore re-signed with the Lions.
Seattle Seahawks
On May 9, 2019, Bellore signed with the Seattle Seahawks. He finished the 2019 season with two receptions for 23 yards, including a three-yard touchdown reception in a Week 16 loss against the Arizona Cardinals.
Bellore was released during final roster cuts on September 5, 2020, but re-signed with the team two days later.
On March 18, 2021, Bellore signed a two-year deal worth $4.4 million, including $1.2 million guaranteed, to remain in Seattle.
References
External links
Seattle Seahawks bio
New York Jets bio
Central Michigan Chippewas bio
1989 births
Living people
Players of American football from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Players of American football from Wisconsin
American football linebackers
Central Michigan Chippewas football players
New York Jets players
San Francisco 49ers players
Detroit Lions players
Seattle Seahawks players
Whitefish Bay High School alumni
National Conference Pro Bowl players
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502503
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan%20Borough%20of%20Walsall
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Metropolitan Borough of Walsall
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The Metropolitan Borough of Walsall is a metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. It is named after its largest settlement, Walsall, but covers a larger area which also includes Aldridge, Bloxwich, Brownhills, Darlaston, Pelsall and Willenhall. It also serves as the post town for nearby Cannock Chase District, Lichfield District and parts of South Staffordshire.
The borough had an estimated population of 254,500 in 2007.
The borough was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It is bounded on the west by the City of Wolverhampton, the south by the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell, to the south east by the City of Birmingham, and by the Staffordshire districts of Lichfield, Cannock Chase and South Staffordshire to the east, north and northwest respectively. Most of the borough is highly industrialised and densely populated, but areas around the north and east of the borough are open space.
In 1986 the borough became an effective unitary authority when the West Midlands County Council was abolished. However it remains part of the West Midlands for ceremonial purposes, and for functions such as policing, fire and public transport.
History
Prior to 1966, the area that would later become the metropolitan borough of Walsall was governed by five smaller local authorities:
Aldridge Urban District
Brownhills Urban District
Darlaston Urban District
Walsall County Borough
Willenhall Urban District
The four urban districts were all within the administrative county of Staffordshire, in a two-tier structure with Staffordshire County Council providing county-level services. Walsall itself was a self-governing county borough, independent from the county council, but was still deemed to be part of Staffordshire for ceremonial purposes.
A review of local government in the West Midlands area was carried out under the Local Government Act 1958, culminating in the West Midlands Review Order 1965, which merged many of the districts in the area with effect from 1 April 1966. Darlaston and Willenhall were both absorbed into the county borough of Walsall, whilst the two urban districts of Brownhills and Aldridge merged to become Aldridge-Brownhills Urban District. At the same time, there were also more minor boundary adjustments with neighbouring areas around the edges of the new districts.
The new arrangements were relatively short-lived. Under the Local Government Act 1972, local government in the area was reviewed again, with Walsall County Borough and Aldridge-Brownhills Urban District merging to become the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall on 1 April 1974. On the same date the area became part of the new metropolitan county of West Midlands. For the next twelve years there was a two-tier structure in place, with West Midlands County Council providing higher county-level services. The county council was abolished in 1986, and the area has since then been a unitary authority.
There were adjustments to some of the boundaries between Walsall and its neighbours in 1994.
Governance
Parliamentary constituencies
The residents of the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall are represented in the British Parliament by Members of Parliament (MPs) for three separate parliamentary constituencies. Since the 2017 General Election, Walsall North has been represented by Eddie Hughes MP (Conservative), Walsall South by Valerie Vaz MP (Labour) and Aldridge-Brownhills by Wendy Morton MP (Conservative). The borough is part of the West Midlands constituency in the European Parliament. Prior to Brexit in 2020, the West Midlands region elected seven MEPs.
Council
In 1974, Walsall Metropolitan Borough Council was created to administer the new metropolitan borough. Elections to the council take place in three out of every four years, with one-third of the seats being contested at each election. Between its formation in 1974 and the 2003 election, the council varied between control by the Labour Party, and where no one party had an overall majority. From 2003 to 2011 the Conservative Party then held a majority of councillors. At the 2011 election the Conservative Party lost five seats, while Labour gained eight, and afterwards no party held a majority. At the 2019 election, the Conservative Party regained control of the council.
Demography
At the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, according to the Office for National Statistics, the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall had a total resident population of 253,499, of which 123,189 (48.6%) were male and 130,310 (51.4%) were female, with 101,333 households. The Borough occupied at the time of the 2001 census.
Its population density was 22.79 people per hectare compared with an average of 28.41 across the West Midlands metropolitan county. The median age of the population was 37, compared with 36 within the West Midlands metropolitan county and 37 across England and Wales.
The majority of the population of the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall were born in England (91.77%); 1.42% were born elsewhere within the United Kingdom, 0.82% within the rest of the European Union, and 6.00% elsewhere in the world.
Data on religious beliefs across the borough in the 2001 census show that 72.1% declared themselves to be Christian, 10.0% said they held no religion, and 5.4% reported themselves as Muslim. Whereas in the 2011 Census 59% declared themselves to be Christian, 26% said they held no religion or did not state their religion, and 8.2% reported themselves as Muslim.
Within the Metropolitan Borough, 42.84% of households owned a single car or van, with 31.05% owning none. The average car ownership per household was 1.01, compared with 0.96 across the West Midlands metropolitan county.
Population change
The table below details the population change in the area since 1801. Although the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall has existed as a metropolitan borough only since 1974, figures have been generated by combining data from the towns, villages, and civil parishes that would later be constituent parts of the borough.
Economy
At the time of the 2001 census, there were 105,590 people (41.7%) in employment who were resident within Walsall Metropolitan Borough. Of these, 18.60% worked within the wholesale and retail trade, including repair of motor vehicles; 26.44% worked within manufacturing industry; and 9.85% worked within the health and social work sector.
At the 2001 UK census, Walsall Metropolitan Borough had 180,623 residents aged 16 to 74. 2.3% of these people were students with jobs, 6.0% looking after home or family, 6.8% permanently sick or disabled and 2.4% economically inactive for other reasons. These figures are roughly in line with the averages for England, though Metropolitan Borough of Walsall has a higher rate of people who are permanently sick and disabled, where the national average is 5.3%.
The Metropolitan Borough of Walsall is split between several travel to work areas (TTWA). The central and northern areas of the borough (including the towns of Walsall, Bloxwich and Brownhills) are within the Walsall and Cannock TTWA, whilst the majority of the area west of the M6 motorway (including the towns of Willenhall and Darlaston) is within the Wolverhampton TTWA. The southeast of the Metropolitan Borough (including Streetly) is within the Birmingham TTWA. The entire borough is within the Birmingham Larger Urban Zone.
Average house prices in the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall were fourth out of the metropolitan boroughs in the West Midlands county, with the average house price within the borough being £131,131 during the period April – June 2009, compared with the average across the Metropolitan County of £128,142. Following transfer from the council in 2003, social housing in the area is primarily managed by WATMOS (consisting of eight Tenant management organisations), and the Walsall Housing Group.
Transport
The A34 trunk road runs directly through the middle of Walsall .
An elevated section of the M6 Motorway built in 1968 half circles around Walsall to the West of the town. There can be increased congestion on the local A roads whenever the motorway is temporarily closed or in a state of serious delay as road users try to bypass the problem. Junctions (North to South) 11, 10, 9 and 7 allow access to and from various parts of the town. The M6 and M5 join at junction 8.
The A454 runs through Walsall on its way to Sutton Coldfield from Bridgnorth.
Localities
See List of areas in Walsall
Education
45% of pupils in the Borough of Walsall achieved five GCSEs with grades of A*-C, below the national average of 56%.
The borough's education format is a traditional 5–7 infant, 7–11 junior and 11-16/18 secondary school system, with some infant and junior schools being combined single site primary schools, while others have infant and junior schools on separate sites. The towns of Walsall, Bloxwich, Darlaston and Willenhall have always used these age ranges, but the Aldridge, Brownhills and Streetly areas (which became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall in 1974) adopted 5–9 first, 9–13 middle and 13-16/18 secondary schools in September 1972. However, this system was discontinued and replaced with the traditional age ranges in September 1986 to fit in with the other schools in the Walsall borough.
Freedom of the Borough
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Walsall.
Individuals
Professor Rashid Gatrad : 29 January 2014.
Neville John Holder : 24 June 2014.
Ian Shires: 17 November 2021.
Military units
The South Staffordshire Regiment: 1946.
The Staffordshire Regiment: 1959.
The Mercian Regiment: 2007.
References
Black Country Local Enterprise Partnership
Metropolitan boroughs of the West Midlands (county)
NUTS 3 statistical regions of the United Kingdom
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35992702
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20of%20Nassau-Siegen%20%281611%E2%80%931652%29
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Henry of Nassau-Siegen (1611–1652)
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Count Henry of Nassau-Siegen (9 August 1611 – 27 October/7 November 1652), , official titles: Graf zu Nassau, Katzenelnbogen, Vianden und Diez, Herr zu Beilstein, was a count from the House of Nassau-Siegen, a cadet branch of the Ottonian Line of the House of Nassau. He served the Republic of the United Netherlands in diplomatic missions, as an officer in the Dutch States Army, and as governor of Hulst.
Biography
Henry was born at on 9 August 1611 as the fourth son of Count John VII ‘the Middle’ of Nassau-Siegen and his second wife, Duchess Margaret of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg. He was baptised on 29 September, also at Siegen Castle. He was educated at the court of the Electoral Palatinate in Heidelberg and the Bohemian court in Prague. With the ‘Winter King’ (Elector Frederick V of the Palatinate, King of Bohemia) Henry fled from Prague to The Hague and studied with the King’s eldest son Frederick Henry since 14 September 1623 at Leiden University.
In service of the Dutch Republic
Henry became captain of a infantry company in the Dutch States Army on 27 November 1632. On 2 January 1636 he became lieutenant colonel and on 23 March 1647 colonel of the Northern Holland regiment. On 20 April 1640 he also became ritmeester. In the Eighty Years’ War he distinguished himself at the in 1641 and in the Rijk van Nijmegen. He was governor of Hulst since 1645.
The Dutch Republic repeatedly called on Henry for diplomatic missions. In 1638, in Paris he delivered the congratulations of the States General of the Netherlands on the occasion of the birth of the Dauphin of France (later King Louis XIV), and requested King Louis XIII on behalf of Prince Frederick Henry of Orange to stand as godparent at the baptism of the latter’s son Henry Louis.
In 1643 Henry travelled to Scandinavia. In February he attended the marriage of Count Oxenstierna (a cousin of the Swedish Lord High Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna) in Stockholm. At the court of Queen Christina of Sweden, Henry met his sister Amalia and her husband, field marshal Herman Wrangel af Salmis, governor of Livonia. With a large entourage, Henry travelled to Danzig and Warsaw and returned to the Dutch Republic via Vienna. The purpose of this diplomatic journey has remained unknown. But from a letter it is known that King Władysław IV of Poland, despite his distrust of everything that came from Prince Frederick Henry of Orange, was pleased to have Henry at his court as a Dutch envoy.
In 1649 Henry undertook another journey to the Nordic countries, the purpose of which also remains unknown. This journey earned him the high honour of the Danish Order of the Elephant. The later famous scientist and inventor Christiaan Huygens, whose knowledge of the law in the ‘Deensche saecke’ would be of use to Henry, accompanied him as a secretary. Huygens gave interesting accounts of Henry’s experiences at the Danish royal court. The Danish-Norwegian Queen Sophia Amalia took on the sponsorship of Henry’s daughter Sophia Amalia, born in 1650.
On behalf of the House of Nassau, Henry and his brothers John Maurice and George Frederick were witnesses at the marriage of Count William Frederick of Nassau-Diez, the stadtholder of Friesland, and Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau in Kleve on 2 May 1652.
Succession dispute for the County of Nassau-Siegen
The will and testament of Count John VII ‘the Middle’ of 1621 bequeathed John Maurice and his younger brothers from their father’s second marriage the district of Freudenberg, some villages in the Haingericht and a third part of the administration of the city of Siegen. For the eldest son from the first marriage, John ‘the Younger’, only one third of the county was provided for in this third will. On 6 August 1621, he was informed of this, with a precise statement of the reasons that had led his father to take this step. On 9 May 1623, i.e. not until two years later, John ‘the Younger’ protested against this with a letter from Frankfurt to the councillors of Siegen. Of course, in the meantime he had not been idle and had not hesitated to denounce his father to the Emperor. At the time of his letter of protest he was certainly already aware of the Poenale mandatum cassatorium, which Emperor Ferdinand II officially issued some time later, on 27 June 1623, informing John ‘the Middle’ that at the time of making his third will as a fellow combatant of the outlawed ‘Winter King’ he was not entitled to make a will. He had to revoke it and answer to an imperial court within two months. It seems that John ‘the Younger’ then shrank from having the imperial decree delivered to his seriously ill father.
John ‘the Middle’ died at Siegen Castle on 27 September 1623. None of the three sons mentioned in the will were present at the death of their father. On 13 October William and John Maurice arrived in Siegen, and on 26 October John ‘the Younger’. Everyone knew that there would be a dispute at the reading of the will on 11 December 1623. John ‘the Younger’ had the imperial decree read out, and when his brothers were not very impressed by it, he said as he stood up: ‘Der Kaiser wird uns scheiden!’. He had taken the precaution of obtaining a further imperial decree on 20 November 1623 against Countess Dowager Margaret and her sons, in which the Emperor strictly forbade impeding John’s assumption of government, his taking possession of the land and his inauguration. On 12 January 1624, John ‘the Younger’ was able to accept the homage from the town of Siegen, but only because he beforehand had secretly let a squadron of selected horsemen into the town through the castle gate (that is, not through a city gate) in a heavy snowstorm, so that they could not be seen or heard by the town guards.
John ‘the Younger’ thus received the entire inheritance, and the provisions of the will made in favour of William and John Maurice remained a dead letter. However, on 13/23 January 1624, John ‘the Younger’ voluntarily ceded the sovereignty over the Hilchenbach district with and some villages belonging to the and Netphen districts, to William. With the exception of John Maurice and George Frederick, the younger brothers accepted only modest appanages. Henceforth, until 1645, the county of Nassau-Siegen had two governments, one in Siegen, the other in Hilchenbach. However, for a short period (1632–1635) this situation underwent a temporary change: during the Thirty Years’ War, his brothers, who were fighting on the Protestant side, rebelled against John ‘the Younger’.
Count Louis Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg entered the service of King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden on 1 December 1631, who had landed in Germany on 24 June 1630 to intervene in favour of the Protestants in the Thirty Years’ War. Countess Dowager Margaret, through the mediation of Louis Henry, turned to Gustavus Adolphus and asked for help against the machinations of her stepson John ‘the Younger’. Consequently, on 14 February 1632 the Swedish king sent an order from Frankfurt to Louis Henry to provide military support for his first cousin John Maurice. Louis Henry then occupied the city of Siegen with his regiment of Dutch and Swedish soldiers. One day later, on 29 February, John Maurice and his brother Henry arrived in Siegen. Just as John ‘the Younger’ had kept his cavalry in reserve eight years earlier, now John Maurice and Henry, supported by the presence of the Swedish regiment, negotiated with the citizens, who felt bound by the oath they had sworn to John ‘the Younger’. On 4 March, after long and difficult negotiations, the citizens paid homage to John Maurice and Henry. John Maurice obtained for himself not only the Freudenberg district, which his father had intended for him in the will of 1621, but also Netphen, which had been intended for John ‘the Younger’ in the same will. William was not only confirmed in the possession of Hilchenbach, but also received and Krombach, as stipulated in his father’s will. The city of Siegen paid homage to William and John Maurice only, who only in 1635 admitted their elder brother John ‘the Younger’ back into co-sovereignty. However, the latter soon restored the old order: in 1636, he again became the sole owner of his father’s property, with the exception of Hilchenbach, which he left to William, and he again governed the city of Siegen alone. John Maurice was again excluded from the county’s sovereignty. However, in 1642 he inherited the territory from his brother William in accordance with his father’s will.
John ‘the Younger’ died in Ronse on 27 July 1638. His only son John Francis Desideratus was born in Nozeroy on 28 July 1627. His mother acted as regent until his marriage in 1651. He made several attempts to obtain the whole Siegerland. In 1646 he visited the Emperor in Vienna to protest against his uncle John Maurice’s seizure of the county. On 22 January 1645, after his return from Brazil, the latter, with his brothers George Frederick and Henry and an 80-man entourage, had forcibly occupied Siegen Castle and on 15 February had received the renewed homage from the citizens, albeit this time only for two thirds of the county. In order to end the constant dispute, John Maurice wanted to adhere strictly to his father’s will of 1621 and leave his nephew John Francis Desideratus the one third that was due to him. Already before his departure to Brazil, on 25 October 1635, he had explicitly authorised his subjects to recognise the then still living John ‘the Younger’ as co-ruler. In 1645 John Maurice relinquished his rights to the Freudenberg district, granted by the will of 1621, in favour of his brother George Frederick. John Francis Desideratus was unsuccessful with the Emperor in Vienna, and two years later, at the Congress of Westphalia, Emperor Ferdinand III ratified the fiercely contested 1621 will of John ‘the Middle’. This left John Francis Desideratus only the Catholic third part, which is still known today as Johannland. John Maurice held both the other thirds in his hand, because his brother William had already died and left him his third part, and George Frederick had ceded all his rights to John Maurice in 1649. It was therefore the latter who continued to administer the Freudenberg district.
Death, burial and reburial
Henry died in Hulst on 27 October/7 November 1652. He was first buried in Terborg. On 17 July 1669 he was reburied in the in Siegen.
Marriage and issue
Henry married at in Terborg on 19/29 April 1646 to Countess Mary Magdalene of Limburg-Stirum (1632 – , Siegen, 27 December 1707), the daughter and only child of Count George Ernest of Limburg-Stirum and his first wife Countess Magdalene of Bentheim-Tecklenburg. Mary Magdalene was the heiress of the county of Bronkhorst and the lordships of , , and .
From the marriage of Henry and Mary Magdalene the following children were born:
Ernestine (Wisch Castle, Terborg, 15 November 1647 – Hulst, October 1652).
Fürst William Maurice (Wisch Castle, Terborg, 18/28 January 1649 – Nassauischer Hof, Siegen, 23 January 1691Jul.), succeeded his uncle John Maurice as Fürst of Nassau-Siegen in 1679. Married at Schaumburg Castle on 6 February 1678Jul. to Princess Ernestine Charlotte of Nassau-Schaumburg (Schaumburg Castle, 20 May 1662Jul. – Nassauischer Hof, Siegen, 21 February 1732).
Sophie Amalie (Wisch Castle, Terborg, 10 January 1650Jul. – Mitau, 15/25 November 1688), married in The Hague on 5 October 1675Greg. to Duke Frederick Casimir of Courland (6 July 1650 – 22 January 1698).
Frederick Henry (Wisch Castle, Terborg, 11 November 1651 – Roermond, 4 September 1676), was a colonel in the Dutch States Army.
The sons William Maurice and Frederick Henry were adopted by their uncle John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen after the death of their father. William Maurice, Sophie Amalie and Frederick Henry were elevated to the rank and title of prince(ss) in 1664.
Ancestors
Notes
References
Sources
(1911). "Frederik Hendrik, Friedrich Heinrich". In: en (redactie), Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (in Dutch). Vol. Eerste deel. Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff. p. 902.
(1911). "Hendrik, Heinrich". In: en (redactie), Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (in Dutch). Vol. Eerste deel. Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff. p. 1075–1076.
(1911). "Willem Maurits, Wilhelm Moritz". In: en (redactie), Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek (in Dutch). Vol. Eerste deel. Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff. p. 1578.
(2004). "Die Fürstengruft zu Siegen und die darin von 1669 bis 1781 erfolgten Beisetzungen". In: u.a. (Redaktion), Siegener Beiträge. Jahrbuch für regionale Geschichte (in German). Vol. 9. Siegen: Geschichtswerkstatt Siegen – Arbeitskreis für Regionalgeschichte e.V. p. 183–202.
(1882). Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden tot heden (in Dutch). Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff/Utrecht: J.L. Beijers.
External links
Nassau. In: Medieval Lands. A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, compiled by Charles Cawley.
Nassau Part 5. In: An Online Gotha, by Paul Theroff.
1611 births
1652 deaths
German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
German diplomats
German military officers
German people of the Eighty Years' War
Henry of Nassau-Siegen
Military personnel of the Eighty Years' War
People from Siegen
17th-century German people
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13618909
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391%20Los%20Angeles%20Lakers%20season
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1990–91 Los Angeles Lakers season
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The 1990–91 NBA season was the Lakers' 43rd season in the National Basketball Association, and 31st in the city of Los Angeles. This season's highlight was Magic Johnson leading the Lakers to the NBA Finals, where they lost in five games to Michael Jordan's Chicago Bulls. The Lakers would not return to the Finals until 2000. The season is generally considered the final season of the team's successful, uptempo Showtime era.
During the off-season, the team signed free agent Sam Perkins, and acquired Terry Teagle from the Golden State Warriors. The Lakers finished the regular season with a 58–24 record, but for the first time since the 1980–81 season, did not win their division. Johnson finished second behind Jordan in the voting for the NBA Most Valuable Player Award. Johnson was the league's third-oldest point guard, and had grown more powerful and stronger than in his earlier years, but was also slower and less nimble. Mike Dunleavy was the new head coach, the offense used more half-court sets, and the team had a renewed emphasis on defense.
Johnson averaged 19.4 points, 7.0 rebounds and 12.5 assists per game, and was named to the All-NBA First Team, while James Worthy led the team in scoring averaging 21.4 points per game, and was named to the All-NBA Third Team. Johnson and Worthy were both selected to play in the 1991 NBA All-Star Game in Charlotte. In addition, Byron Scott provided the team with 14.5 points per game, while Perkins contributed 13.5 points and 7.4 rebounds per game, second-year center Vlade Divac provided with 11.2 points, 8.1 rebounds and 1.5 blocks per game, A.C. Green played most of the season off the bench, averaging 9.1 points and 6.3 rebounds per game, and Teagle contributed 9.9 points per game off the bench.
In the Western Conference First Round of the playoffs, the Lakers swept the Houston Rockets in three straight games, then defeated the 7th-seeded Golden State Warriors in five games in the Western Conference Semi-finals. In the Western Conference Finals, they defeated the top-seeded and Pacific Division champion Portland Trail Blazers in six games to advance to the NBA Finals. Following the season, Mychal Thompson retired.
Game 5 of the NBA Finals was the last Finals game played at the Forum. It was also Magic's last NBA game before his retirement that November due to his diagnosis with the HIV virus, although he would play in the All-Star Game in 1992 and the Dream Team that summer. Magic would make a brief return to the Lakers midway through the 1995–96 NBA season. After losing to the Houston Rockets in that year's playoffs, Magic retired again for good.
Draft picks
Roster
Regular season
April 15, 1991 – Magic Johnson established the standard for most assists in a career with 9,888. The previous record holder was Oscar Robertson. For the season, Magic would establish a team record with 989 assists for the season. Magic would finish the season with a career total of 9,921.
Season standings
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot
z – clinched division title
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot
Record vs. opponents
Game log
Playoffs
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| April 25
| Houston
| W 94–92
| Byron Scott (20)
| Vlade Divac (11)
| Magic Johnson (10)
| Great Western Forum17,505
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2
| April 27
| Houston
| W 109–98
| James Worthy (29)
| Vlade Divac (10)
| Magic Johnson (21)
| Great Western Forum17,505
| 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| April 30
| @ Houston
| W 94–90
| Magic Johnson (38)
| Sam Perkins (13)
| Magic Johnson (7)
| The Summit16,611
| 3–0
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| May 5
| Golden State
| W 126–116
| Byron Scott (27)
| Magic Johnson (10)
| Magic Johnson (17)
| Great Western Forum17,505
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| May 8
| Golden State
| L 124–125
| Magic Johnson (44)
| Magic Johnson (12)
| Magic Johnson (9)
| Great Western Forum17,505
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| May 10
| @ Golden State
| W 115–112
| James Worthy (36)
| three players tied (7)
| Magic Johnson (15)
| Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena15,025
| 2–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4
| May 12
| @ Golden State
| W 123–107
| Sam Perkins (27)
| Byron Scott (11)
| Magic Johnson (11)
| Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena
| 3–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 5
| May 14
| Golden State
| W 124–119 (OT)
| Magic Johnson (28)
| Magic Johnson (14)
| Sam Perkins (15)
| Great Western Forum17,505
| 4–1
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| May 18
| @ Portland
| W 111–106
| James Worthy (28)
| Sam Perkins (15)
| Magic Johnson (21)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| May 21
| @ Portland
| L 98–109
| James Worthy (21)
| Sam Perkins (10)
| Magic Johnson (12)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| May 24
| Portland
| W 106–92
| James Worthy (25)
| Perkins, Green (9)
| Magic Johnson (19)
| Great Western Forum17,505
| 2–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4
| May 26
| Portland
| W 116–95
| Magic Johnson (22)
| Magic Johnson (9)
| Magic Johnson (9)
| Great Western Forum17,505
| 3–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 5
| May 28
| @ Portland
| L 84–95
| Magic Johnson (29)
| A. C. Green (9)
| Magic Johnson (7)
| Memorial Coliseum12,884
| 3–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 6
| May 30
| Portland
| W 91–90
| Sam Perkins (26)
| Magic Johnson (11)
| Magic Johnson (8)
| Great Western Forum17,505
| 4–2
|-
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| June 2
| @ Chicago
| W 93–91
| Perkins, Worthy (22)
| Vlade Divac (14)
| Magic Johnson (11)
| Chicago Stadium18,676
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| June 5
| @ Chicago
| L 86–107
| James Worthy (24)
| Green, Johnson (7)
| Magic Johnson (10)
| Chicago Stadium18,676
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3
| June 7
| Chicago
| L 96–104 (OT)
| Sam Perkins (25)
| Sam Perkins (9)
| Magic Johnson (10)
| Great Western Forum17,506
| 1–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4
| June 9
| Chicago
| L 82–97
| Vlade Divac (27)
| Vlade Divac (11)
| Magic Johnson (11)
| Great Western Forum17,506
| 1–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 5
| June 12
| Chicago
| L 101–108
| Sam Perkins (22)
| Magic Johnson (11)
| Magic Johnson (20)
| Great Western Forum17,506
| 1–4
|-
Player statistics
NOTE: Please write the players statistics in alphabetical order by last name.
Season
Playoffs
Awards and Records
Magic Johnson, All-NBA First Team
James Worthy, All-NBA Third Team
Transactions
References
External links
Lakers on Database Basketball
Los Angeles Lakers seasons
Western Conference (NBA) championship seasons
Los Angle
Los Angle
Los Angle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrub%20Me%20Mama%20with%20a%20Boogie%20Beat
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Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat
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"Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat" is a 1941 hit boogie-woogie popular song written by Don Raye. A bawdy, jazzy tune, the song describes a laundry woman from Harlem, New York, United States, whose technique is so unusual that people come from all around just to watch her scrub. The Andrews Sisters and Will Bradley & His Orchestra recorded the most successful pop versions of the song, but it is today best recognized as the centerpiece of an eponymous and controversial Walter Lantz Studio cartoon from 1941.
Animated short
Production
The short version, released on March 28, 1941, by Universal Pictures, features no director credit (although Woody Woodpecker creator Walter Lantz claims to have directed the cartoon himself), with a story by Ben Hardaway, animation by Alex Lovy and Frank Tipper, and voiceover work by Mel Blanc and Nellie Lutcher. The short uses blackface caricatures based upon stereotypes of African Americans in the rural Southern United States.
The "Scrub Me Mama" short is today in the public domain. Clips from it are featured in Spike Lee's 2000 satirical film about African-American stereotypes, Bamboozled.
Plot
The short opens to an orchestral rendition of Stephen Foster's "Old Folks at Home", immediately setting the scene in the rural South of blackface minstrelsy. The setting is Lazy Town, perhaps the laziest place on earth. Neither the town's residents (all stereotypes of African-Americans) nor the animals can be bothered to leave their reclining positions to do anything at all. Their pastoral existence is interrupted by the arrival of a riverboat, carrying a svelte, sophisticated, light-skinned woman from Harlem (who bears a resemblance to Lena Horne), whose physical beauty inspires the entire populace of an all-black "Lazy Town" to spring into action.
The visiting urbanite admonishes one of the town's residents her mother, "Listen, Mammy. That ain't no way to wash clothes! What you all need is rhythm!" She then proceeds to sing "Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat", which the townsfolk slowly join her in performing. Thus begins a montage which is the short's centerpiece. The townsfolk are infected by the song's rhythm and proceed to go about playing instruments, and dancing suggestively. By the time the young light-skinned lady from Harlem is due to get on her riverboat and return home, she has succeeded in turning Lazy Town into a lively community of swing musicians simply by singing. The cartoon concludes with the mammy washerwoman bending over, displaying the words "The End" across her buttocks.
Reviews
Boxoffice (March 23, 1941): "To Lazytown, where all the colored folks are snoozing, comes a river boat and a gal. She wakes up everybody, and gets them in the mood with her rendition of the boogie woogie number. The action builds effectively. This one is for the under seat feet shufflers."
The Film Daily (March 25, 1941): "A light brown gal arrives in Lazytown and wakes the locals to the tune of a rhythm number. The music is hot and the former sleeping inhabitants step right out to it in this fast color cartoon. A couple of skirt silhouette shots and some exaggerated body movements make this one questionable for kid matinees."
Motion Picture Exhibitor (May 14, 1941): "This will not only provoke laughs but it is worth extra selling effort. All the colored characters take off on this popular song but with a high-brown beauty shaking hips to all points while beating a song with every note. It is in the better cartoon sphere."
Motion Picture Herald (April 28, 1941): "In this color cartoon a lazy group of southern darkies awaken on the arrival of a Harlem miss and proceed to get rhythm in the modern manner. It is a subject of especial interest to swing devotees."
Controversy
The short was re-released in 1948. On October 20, 1948, the NAACP wrote a letter to Universal Studios. It objected to the "vicious caricature of Negro life in the South", and called the film "insulting, derogatory and offensive." They found the short to depict Black people as lazy and only activated by swing music. They also objected to the images of scantily clad, dancing young women. They requested the end of distribution for the film and better judgment from Universal.
On October 29, 1948, a representative of Universal wrote to the NAACP. He pointed out that none of the company's theaters had received complaints concerning the film. A few days later, on November 3, 1948, Madison Jones, Jr, who represented the NAACP, met with E.L. McEvoy, the Universal short sales distribution chief, at the New York City office of the studio. McEvoy defended the racist humor of the film. Jones responded that the NAACP was holding an education campaign against this type of humor.
McEvoy offered to let the NAACP contact the West Coast offices of the company, but he warned that in consequence for taking action, "niggers" would be prevented from getting work in the industry. He also claimed the NAACP members were better educated than the average audience member, who would not object to seeing racist images. Jones responded that this was a reason to avoid the racist films, that the audience might think them to be based on fact.
McEvoy pointed out that caricatures of Negroes, Jews, Germans, and Irish used to all be top entertainment. He emphasized that the office language at Universal also included the terms "sheenie" and "kike" (both used for Jews). He noted that the film had only been re-released since the Walter Lantz Studio had temporarily shut down (and stopped producing new content).
On November 20, 1948, the Los Angeles Tribune published an article on the complaints of the NAACP. On February 3, 1949, Universal announced in a press release that the studio was withdrawing the film, following the protest. A memo dated February 19, 1949, revealed that the Jewish Labor Committee had co-operated with the NAACP in protesting the film.
The controversy was a shock to Walter Lantz, who prided himself on avoiding problems with the censors. He repeatedly stated that his cartoons were never meant to offend anyone. After the 1949 decision, Lantz made a major effort to exclude any offensive caricatures of racial or ethnic groups in his cartoons. He also promised that Scrub Me Mama would never be distributed on television; however, according to eyewitness accounts, the short was broadcast on TV during the 1950s and continued to be seen as late as the 1980s.
Gallery
See also
Censored Eleven
List of films in the public domain in the United States
References
Sources
External links
1940 songs
1941 singles
1941 animated films
Films about cities
Films about race and ethnicity
Films directed by Walter Lantz
Films set in the United States
Songs about black people
Songs written by Don Raye
Walter Lantz Productions shorts
1940s American animated films
Articles containing video clips
1941 films
Universal Pictures short films
Universal Pictures animated short films
American musical films
1941 musical films
African-American musical films
African-American-related controversies
Film controversies
African-American-related controversies in film
Race-related controversies in music
Race-related controversies in animation
Race-related controversies in film
Ethnic humour
Racism in the United States
Stereotypes of African Americans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Buffalo%2C%20New%20York
|
List of people from Buffalo, New York
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A list of people who are from or have lived in Buffalo, New York. Individuals are listed in alphabetical order by last name in each category. Residents of Buffalo are commonly referred to as Buffalonians.
Architects
Louise Blanchard Bethune (1856–1915)
Gordon Bunshaft (1909–1990), Pritzker Prize winner
Robert T. Coles (1929–2020)
William Harrison Folsom (1815–1901), designed the Manti Temple
E. B. Green (1855–1950)
James A. Johnson (1865–1939)
Duane Lyman (1886–1966)
Richard A. Waite (1848–1911)
Artists
Cory Arcangel (born 1978), new media artist
Jeffrey Jones (born 1946), actor
Timothy D. Bellavia (born 1971), children's author, illustrator and educator
Charles E. Burchfield (1893–1967), watercolor painter
Philip Burke (born 1956), caricaturist
John F. Carlson (1875–1947), American Impressionist
Charles Clough (born 1951), painter
Tony Conrad (1940–2016), media artist
Steve Fiorilla (1961–2009), illustrator and sculptor
Frank Kelly Freas (1922–2005), science fiction and fantasy artist
Wilhelmina McAlpin Godfrey (1914–1994), painter, printmaker and fiber artist
Grace Knowlton (1932–2020), sculptor
Justine Kurland (born 1969), photographer
J. J. Lankes (1884–1960), illustrator, woodcut print artist, and author
Sylvia Lark (1947–1990), Seneca painter, printmaker
Robert Longo (born 1953), painter and sculptor
Asad Raza (born 1974), artist, producer, writer
Michael Ross (1955), artist
Spain Rodriguez (1940–2012), underground cartoonist
Milton Rogovin (1909–2011), documentary photographer
Charles Rohlfs (1853–1936), actor, pattern maker, stove designer and furniture maker
Paul Sharits (1943–1993), mixed media artist, filmmaker
Cindy Sherman (born 1954), photographer and film director
Chrysanne Stathacos (born 1951), print, textile, performance, and conceptual artist.
Tony Sisti (1901–1983), painter
Eugene Speicher (1883–1962), portrait, landscape and figurative painter
Tom Toles (born 1951), political cartoonist
William Simpson (portrait artist) (c.1818–1872) was an African American artist and civil right activist in the 19th century, known for his portraits.
Adam Zyglis (born 1982), editorial cartoonist
Authors and journalists
Marty Angelo, author 10 books
John Arcudi, comic book author
John Barth, novelist
Gary Barwin, Irish writer
Charles Baxter, author
Lauren Belfer, author
Wolf Blitzer, television journalist
Lawrence Block, crime novelist
Lucille Clifton, poet
Howard Bloom, publicist
Dale Brown, aviator and author
William Wells Brown, abolitionist and writer
Taylor Caldwell, author
J. M. Coetzee, South African writer
Angelo F. Coniglio, civil engineer and author
Burton Crane, financial journalist
Robert Creeley, poet
Marvin Farber, philosopher
Marian de Forest, journalist and playwright
Gregg Easterbrook, magazine journalist
Leslie Fiedler, literary critic
F. Scott Fitzgerald, novelist
Josh Fruhlinger (The Comics Curmudgeon)
Dawn Gallagher author, beauty and wellness expert
Loss Pequeño Glazier, poet (Electronic Poetry Center)
Frances Gillmor, folklorist, scholar, and novelist
Anna Katharine Green, poet and novelist
Terry Gross, radio personality
A. R. Gurney, playwright
Richard Hofstadter, historian
Karla F.C. Holloway, professor
Paul Horgan, historian and author
Elbert Hubbard, publisher
Bruce Jackson, scholar
Thomas Joseph, James Beard Foundation Award winner chef and video host
John Kessel, sci-fi writer
Nancy Kress, sci-fi writer
Mabel Dodge Luhan, patron of the arts
Martha MacCallum, television journalist
Norman E. Mack (1856-1932), editor & publisher of the Buffalo Times, chairman of the Democratic National Committee
Steele MacKaye, playwright, theatrical producer
Marguerite Merington (1857–1951), author
Marion Juliet Mitchell, poet
Joyce Carol Oates, author
John Otto (radio personality) (1929–1999), radio talk show host
Laura Pedersen, journalist, novelist, playwright
Tim Powers, sci-fi writer
Ishmael Reed, poet, essayist
Tim Russert, television journalist
Joseph Sansonese, author
Ruben Santiago-Hudson, playwright, actor
Bob Smith (1952–2018), comedian and author
Fran Striker, creator of Lone Ranger and Green Hornet
Matt Taibbi, journalist
Doug Turner (1932-2018), executive editor of the Courier Express, Washington Bureau Chief of the Buffalo News, Olympic rower
Mark Twain, pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, iconic author
Jane Meade Welch, journalist, lecturer
Stuart Cary Welch (1928-2008), author and curator of Indian and Islamic Art
Lanford Wilson, playwright
Bob Wojnowski, sports journalist
Julia Evelyn Ditto Young, writer
Bands, composers, and musicians
Laura Aikin (born 1964), operatic coloratura soprano
Michael Angelakos of Passion Pit, singer-songwriter, composer, record producer
Harold Arlen, prolific standards composer (500 + Songs), won Academy Award for Over the Rainbow
Benny the Butcher, rapper
The Bloody Hollies, band
Juini Booth, jazz double-bassist
Buffalo Bills, barbershop quartet
Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra (1934–present), classical orchestral symphony
The Bunny The Bear, band
Julie Byrne, singer-songwriter
Cannibal Corpse, band
Peter Case, singer-songwriter, guitarist
Ray Chamberlain, jazz guitarist, bassist
Johny Chow of Stone Sour, bassist
Stacy Clark, singer-songwriter
Willis Conover, jazz producer and broadcaster
Conway the Machine, rapper
Patrick Cowley, composer, recording artist
Cute is What We Aim For, band
Vic Dana, dancer and singer
Danimal Cannon, video game composer and performer
Lance Diamond, lounge singer and personality
Ani DiFranco, singer, guitarist, multi-instrumentalist, poet, songwriter
Julius Eastman, composer, pianist, singer
Every Time I Die, band
JoAnn Falletta, classical musician and orchestral conductor
Florian-Ayala Fauna, noise musician and music producer
Morton Feldman, composer
Lukas Foss, composer, pianist, conductor
Jackson C. Frank, folk musician
Charles Gayle, jazz saxophonist, pianist, bass clarinetist, bassist
Girlpope, band
Pentimento (band), band
E. Ray Goetz, Broadway composer and producer and briefly brother-in-law to Irving Berlin
Goo Goo Dolls, band
Grabbitz, singer-songwriter
Green Jellÿ, band
Jim Hall, jazz guitarist, composer, arranger
Alan Heatherington, orchestra conductor
Ray Henderson, songwriter
Edna Indermaur, contralto singer
It Dies Today, band
Jackdaw, band
Rick James
Joe Public, band
Joe Kraemer, composer
Jordan Kyle, songwriter, producer, engineer
Lemuria, band
Mel Lewis, drummer, jazz musician, bandleader
John Lombardo, band 10,000 Maniacs and folk duo John & Mary)
David Lucas, composer
Gary Mallaber, drummer, percussionist, singer
Nicholas Mason, drummer
Brian McKnight, singer-songwriter, arranger, producer, musician
Don Menza, saxophonist, arranger, composer, session musician, jazz educator
Mercury Rev, band
Bobby Militello, jazz saxophonist and flautist
Leon and the Forklifts, band
The Modernaires, 1940s vocal harmony group
Moe, band
Nina Morgana, soprano with the Metropolitan Opera
Gurf Morlix, vocalist, songwriter, record producer
NicePeter, comedian, musician, personality
Willie Nile, singer-songwriter
Sam Noto, jazz trumpeter
Ookla the Mok, band
Tina Parol, singer-songwriter
Leonard Pennario, pianist, songwriter
Lucky Peterson, blues guitarist and keyboardist
Kristen Pfaff of Hole (band), bassist, cellist
Mary Ramsey, band 10,000 Maniacs and folk duo John & Mary)
Raven, late 60s rock band
The Reign of Kindo, band
The Road (group), late 60s early 70s rock Band
Scary Chicken, band
Marc Scibilia, pop rock singer-songwriter
Billy Sheehan, bassist
Paul Siebel, singer-songwriter
Harry B. Smith, writer, lyricist, and composer
Dr. Lonnie Smith, jazz organist
Snapcase, band
Joanie Sommers, 1960s&70s singer pop/jazz and standards
Alexis Spight, gospel musician
Spyro Gyra, jazz band
STEMM, band
John Stevens, classic pop singer
Stevie J., musician, record producer, songwriter, television personality
Elizabeth Swados, writer, composer, musician, theatre director
Stan Szelest, musician
Talas, 1970s–80s rock band
John Valby, musician, comedian
Grover Washington, Jr., jazz-funk / soul-jazz saxophonist
Cory Wells, singer Three Dog Night
Westside Gunn, rapper
Patrick Wilson, drummer Weezer
Jack Yellen, lyricist, screenwriter
Business and industry
Robert Borthwick Adam, co-founder of Adam, Meldrum & Whiting
Joseph Dart, lawyer, businessman and entrepreneur
William H. Donaldson, Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs, Chairman and CEO of the New York Stock Exchange, and chairman, President and CEO of Aetna
Joseph Ellicott, Surveyor, city planner, land office agent, lawyer and politician
William G. Fargo, co-founder of American Express Company and Wells Fargo
Anson Goodyear, President of the Great Southern Lumber Company
Charles W. Goodyear, co-founder of the Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad, Great Southern Lumber Company, Goodyear Lumber Co., Buffalo & Susquehanna Coal and Coke Co., and the New Orleans Great Northern Railroad Company
Wilson Greatbatch, inventor and engineer
George A. Hormel, founder of Hormel Foods Corporation
Jeremy Jacobs, current owner of the Boston Bruins and Chairman of Delaware North
Sidney Janis, writer, art dealer and collector, founder of Sidney Janis Gallery
John J. Kennedy, businessman and politician
Seymour H. Knox I, founder of the F. W. Woolworth Company
Seymour H. Knox II, Chairman of the F. W. Woolworth Company
John D. Larkin, founder of the Larkin Company and Buffalo Pottery/Buffalo China
Jon L. Luther, Chairman and former CEO of Dunkin' Brands
Sherman J. Maisel, economist who served on the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
Darwin D. Martin, Larkin Company executive
John R. Oishei, co-founder of the Tri-Continental Corporation, now known as Trico
Ralph Peo (1897–1966), inventor, founder of Frontier Industries, CEO & Chairman of Houdaille Industries
Pat Powers, film producer associated with Walt Disney
Robert E. Rich, Sr., founder of Rich Products
Chris Sacca, billionaire venture capitalist
Grace Carew Sheldon (1855–1921), American journalist, author, editor, businesswoman
Ellsworth Milton Statler, founder of Statler Hotels
Henry Wells, co-founder of American Express Company and Wells Fargo
John G. Wickser, President of the Buffalo German Insurance Company and the Buffalo Commercial Insurance Company
Robert G. Wilmers, former chairman and CEO of M&T Bank
Christopher Woodrow, co-founder and Chairman of Worldview Entertainment
Entertainers and actors
Jacob Artist, actor
Nick Bakay, voice actor
Darrell Banks, singer
Christine Baranski, actress
Michael Bennett, choreographer and director
Amanda Blake, actress
John Wayne Bobbit, actor
Sorrell Booke, actor
David Boreanaz, actor
Kyle Chandler, actor
Katharine Cornell, actress
William Courtleigh, Jr., silent-film actor
Don Criqui, sportscaster
Andrew Dan-Jumbo, television personality
Jeffrey DeMunn, actor
Diane English, television producer
Agnes Ethel, 19th-century actress
Jeff Fahey, actor
Gary Farmer, actor
Morton Feldman, composer
William Fichtner, actor
Tom Fontana, screenwriter and producer
Vincent Gallo, actor and director
Nyakim Gatwech, model
Teddy Geiger, singer-songwriter
Rebecca Grant, actress
David Hampton, impostor who posed as Sidney Poitier's son in 1983, which inspired the play and film Six Degrees of Separation
Patrick Hasburgh, writer producer
Mark Hapka, actor, Days Of Our Lives
Edna Indermaur, classical singer
Marc Evan Jackson, actor
Rick James, singer-songwriter
Gloria Jean, singer and actress
Beverly Johnson, model
Jeffrey Jones, actor
Daniel Keem, Youtube celebrity
Rachael Lillis, voice actress
Wendie Malick, actress
Gary Mallaber, musician
Nancy Marchand, actress
Jesse L. Martin, actor
Bill Mazer, sportscaster
Brian McKnight, singer and actor
Kristen McMenamy, fashion model
Don Messick, voice actor
David Milch, screenwriter and producer
Greg Mullavy, actor
Chad Michael Murray, model and actor
Louis Mustillo, actor
Willie Nile, singer-songwriter
Chelsea Noble, actress
Joe Pera, comedian
Suzie Plakson, actress, singer, writer and artist
John T. Raymond, stage actor
James Read, actor
Joey Reynolds, radio personality
Irene Rich, actress
Mark Russell, satirist
Talia Ryder, actress
John Rzeznik, musician
William Sadler, actor
John Schuck, actor
Dick Shawn, actor
Billy Sheehan, musician
Buffalo Bob Smith, star of Howdy Doody
Joanie Sommers, singer and actress
April Stevens, singer
Carrie Stevens, actress
Fran Striker, creator of The Lone Ranger
Nino Tempo, singer
Vola Vale, actress
A.J. Verel, actor, stunt coordinator
Paul C. Vogt, comedian
Peter Allen Vogt, comedian
James Watson, pro wrestler
Cory Wells, singer of Three Dog Night
Jessica White, model
James Whitmore, actor
Jack Yellen, lyricist
Z. Mann Zilla, rapper
Military
Danelle Barrett (born July 20, 1967), retired U.S. Navy Rear Admiral.
John Basilone (1916–1945), Medal of Honor recipient
John P. Bobo (1943–1967), Medal of Honor recipient
Thomas Crotty (1912–1942), only Coast Guardsman to be captured as POW during World War II
Charles N. DeGlopper (1921–1944), second World War recipient of Medal of Honor
Harold John Ellison (1917–1942), Navy Cross recipient
Herbert O. Fisher (1909–1990), chief test pilot for Curtiss-Wright
Frank Gaffney (1883–1948), Medal of Honor recipient
David Goggins (born 1975), Navy SEAL
Anson Goodyear (1877–1964), major general in the New York Guard
Simeon T. Josselyn (1842–1905), Medal of Honor recipient
Benjamin Kaufman (1894–1981), Medal of Honor recipient
C. Wade McClusky (1902–1976), United States Navy aviator
Harold C. Roberts (1898–1945), Colonel in the United States Marine Corps; recipient of three Navy Crosses
Adrian R. Root (1832–1899), Union brevet major general
John C. Sagelhurst (1841–1907), American Civil War recipient of Medal of Honor
Frederick E. Toy (1866–1933), Medal of Honor recipient, orderly to Theodore Roosevelt
Matt Urban (1919–1995), Medal of Honor recipient
Politics and law
Neil Abercrombie, Governor of Hawaii, Congressman
Shirley Chisholm, Congresswoman and presidential candidate
Frances Folsom Cleveland, First Lady of the United States
Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States
William "Wild Bill" Joseph Donovan, Medal of Honor recipient and instrumental in creation of CIA
William Dorsheimer, U.S. Attorney, Lieutenant Governor and Congressman
Frank H. Easterbrook, judge
Abigail Fillmore, First Lady of the United States
Caroline Fillmore, second wife of Millard Fillmore
Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States
Manly Fleischmann, War Production Administrator during the Korean War, Chairman of N.Y. Gov. Nelson Rockefeller's Commission on Financing Public Education ( the "Fleischmann Commission")
James D. Griffin, Mayor of Buffalo 1978–93
Mark Grisanti, state senator
Isaac R. Harrington, Mayor of Buffalo
Kathy Hochul, 57th Governor of New York
Edwin Jaeckle, New York State Republican Party chairman
Jack Kemp, Secretary of U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, football player, Congressman, vice-presidential candidate
John J. LaFalce, U.S. representative
Frank J. Loesch, lawyer, organizer of Chicago Crime Commission
Donald Cyril Lubick, attorney and tax policy expert
Frank C. Ludera, indicted for an offence while he served in the Erie County Legislature from 1968–1971.
Salvatore R. Martoche, former U.S. Attorney, Appellate Court Judge, and Assistant Secretary of Labor.
Thomas McCarty, Wisconsin politician
Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, President of Somalia
Henry J. Nowak, U.S. Representative
Ajit Pai, FCC chairman
Carl Paladino, businessman and founder of the Taxpayers Party of New York
Tom Perez, former Secretary of Labor, head of the Democratic National Committee
Ely S. Parker, Commissioner of Indian Affairs under Ulysses S. Grant
Peter Buell Porter, U.S. Secretary of War 1828–29
John Roberts, 17th Chief Justice of United States
Winifred C. Stanley, first person to introduce equal pay legislation in United States
Angela Stanton-King, Georgia Congressional candidate
Peter J. Tropman, Wisconsin politician
Col. John B. Weber, Congressman
Religion, charities, social advocacy
Marty Angelo, minister, author, television producer, record promoter, disk jockey, restaurant/nightclub owner and band manager
Nelson Baker, Roman Catholic priest and church administrator
Rosalie Bertell, scientist, author, environmental activist, and epidemiologist
Molly Burhans, Catholic Environmentalist, Cartographer, UN Young Champion of the Earth
Harry Emerson Fosdick, pastor and central figure in the "Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy" within American Protestantism
Kevin Gaughan, attorney and government reform advocate
Anson Goodyear, philanthropist and first president of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City
Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn, suffragist and birth control advocate
Isaac Klein, prominent rabbi and halakhic authority within Conservative Judaism.
Sister Karen Klimczak, member of the Sisters of St. Joseph
Maggie Kuhn, founder the Gray Panthers movement
Henry Moxley, African-American businessman, religious leader and activist
Marvin Opler, anthropologist and social psychiatrist
Morris Opler, anthropologist and advocate of Japanese American civil rights
Stanley Spisiak, "Mr Buffalo River", conservationist and environmental activist
Red Jacket, Native American Seneca orator and chief of the Wolf clan
Mary Burnett Talbert, African-American activist, suffragist and reformer
Margit Slachta, founder of the Sisters of Social Service
Science and technology
Willis Carrier, inventor of modern air conditioning
Sidney Farber, considered the father of modern chemotherapy
Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein, mathematician and cryptanalyst, helped crack the Japanese cipher machine during WWII
Edward Gibson, NASA astronaut, pilot, engineer, and physicist
Wilson Greatbatch, inventor of the Cardiac pacemaker
Herbert Hauptman, Nobel Laureate
Herman Hollerith, founder of The Tabulating Machine Company that later became IBM
Bruce Kershner, environmentalist and author
Chad Myers, meteorologist
Roswell Park, physician
James Pawelczyk, NASA researcher
Alfred Southwick, inventor of the electric chair
Sargur N. Srihari, computer scientist
Cliff Stoll, astronomer, author and teacher
Craig Venter, founder of Celera Genomics, The Institute for Genomic Research, and the J. Craig Venter Institute
Jeffrey Wigand, tobacco industry whistleblower
Charles H. Hogan, train engineer
Sports
Kevyn Adams, hockey player & current general manager of the Buffalo Sabres
Adrian Adonis, professional wrestler
Josh Johnson, Major League Baseball player.
Anita Alvarez, Olympic synchronized swimmer
Matt Anderson, volleyball player
Jimmy Arias, tennis player
Tom Baker, bowler
Beth Phoenix wrestler
Dick Beyer, wrestler
Edward "Ed" Book, basketball player
Damone Brown, basketball player
Jack Brownschidle, hockey player
Jim Burt, football player
Al Cervi, basketball player and coach
Steven Coppola, Olympic rower
Jon Corto, football player
Don Curtis, wrestler
Jim Dombrowski, football player
Brian Dux, basketball player
Joe Ehrmann, football player
Rashad Evans, mixed martial artist
Jeffrey Float, Olympic swimmer
Jonny Flynn, basketball player
Marcus Foligno, hockey player
Nick Foligno, hockey player
Daniel Garcia, wrestler
David Goggins, ultrarunner and former pull-up world record holder
Corey Graham, football player
Rob Gronkowski, football player
Paul Harris, basketball player
Lazar Hayward, basketball player
Orel Hershiser, baseball pitcher
Joe Hesketh, baseball pitcher
Dave Hollins, baseball player
Bill Hunter, baseball player
Ron Jaworski, football player
Patrick Kaleta, hockey player
Patrick Kane, hockey player
Jim Kelly, football player, settled in Buffalo after playing for the Buffalo Bills
Chad Kelly, football player, nephew of Jim
Jack Kemp, football player and politician
Tim Kennedy, hockey player
Seymour H. Knox III, NHL owner
Todd Krygier, hockey player
Christian Laettner, basketball player
Bob Lanier, basketball player
Mark Lewin, wrestler
Lex Luger, wrestler
Sal Maglie, baseball pitcher
Don Majkowski, football player
Tom Makowski, baseball player
Mike Mamula, football player
Carol Mann, golfer
Todd Marchant, hockey player
Phil McConkey, football player
Marc Mero, wrestler
Joe Mesi, boxer
Steve Mesler, Olympic bobsled gold medalist
Aaron Miller, hockey player
Matvey Natanzon, backgammon player
Jordan Nwora, basketball player
Greg Oden, basketball player
Brooks Orpik, hockey player
Alexi Salamone, sled hockey player
Adam Page, sledge hockey player
Tommy Paul, boxer
Ron Pitts, football player
Kevin Quick, hockey player
Emily Regan, Olympic rowing gold medalist
Clifford Robinson, basketball player
Naaman Roosevelt, football player
Buddy Rosar, baseball player
Trevor Ruffin, basketball player
Roy Saari, Olympic swimmer
Hayley Scamurra, hockey player
Peter Scamurra, hockey player
Philippe Sauvé, hockey player
Cole Schneider, hockey player
The Silent Warrior, wrestler
Michael Sisti, hockey coach
Jimmy Slattery, boxer
Warren Spahn, baseball pitcher
James Starks, football player
Lee Stempniak, hockey player
Loren Stokes, basketball player
Josh Thomas, football player
A.J. Verel, kickboxer, martial artist
Ward Wettlaufer, golfer
Mary Wittenberg, marathon official
Craig Wolfley, football player
Ron Wolfley, football player, radio personality
John Wyatt, Negro league baseball player
Mike Lalor, NHL hockey player and Stanley Cup winner in 1986
Justin Bailey, AHL hockey player for the Lehigh Valley Phantoms
Miles Wood, NHL hockey player
Other
Joseph Christopher (1955–1993), serial killer
Anne-Imelda Radice (born 1948), art historian and curator
See also
List of mayors of Buffalo, New York
References
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo
Buffalo, New York-related lists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes%20Man%20%28film%29
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Yes Man (film)
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Yes Man is a 2008 romantic comedy film directed by Peyton Reed, written by Nicholas Stoller, Jarrad Paul, and Andrew Mogel and starring Jim Carrey and co-starring Zooey Deschanel. The film is based loosely on the 2005 memoir of the same name by humorist Danny Wallace, who also makes a cameo appearance in the film.
Production for the film began in Los Angeles in October 2007. It was released on December 19, 2008 in the United States and was then released in the United Kingdom on December 26, 2008. The film received mixed reviews from critics, but was a box office success, making $223 million worldwide.
Plot
Carl, a bank loan officer, has become withdrawn since his divorce from Stephanie. He has an increasingly negative outlook on his life and routinely ignores his friends Peter and Rooney. On the advice of an old colleague, Nick, Carl attends a motivational seminar that encourages people to seize the opportunity to say "Yes!" At the seminar, Carl meets inspirational guru Terrence, who extracts from Carl a promise to answer "Yes!" to every opportunity that presents itself.
Later, Carl says yes to a homeless man's request and is stranded out-of-gas and with no battery on his cell phone in Elysian Park. Disillusioned, he hikes to a nearby gas station where he meets Allison, an unorthodox young woman. She gives him a ride back to his car on her scooter and kisses him before leaving. After this positive experience, Carl feels more optimistic about saying yes. However, he refuses oral sex from his elderly neighbor Tillie, and then falls down the stairs and is nearly attacked by a dog. Seeing the repercussions of saying no, he goes back to Tillie and to his surprise enjoys the moment.
Carl starts to seize every opportunity that comes his way. He renews his friendships with Peter and Rooney; builds a bond with his nerdy boss, Norman; assists Peter's fiancée, Lucy, with her bridal shower; attends Korean language classes; and much more. Accepting a band flyer outside of a coffee shop, he sees an idiosyncratic band called Munchausen by Proxy; the lead singer is Allison. He is charmed by her quirkiness; she is charmed by his spontaneity and the two begin dating. He earns a corporate promotion at work and, making use of his guitar lessons, plays Third Eye Blind's song "Jumper" to persuade a man not to commit suicide.
Carl and Allison meet at the airport for a spontaneous weekend excursion. Having decided to take the first plane out of town, regardless of its destination, they end up in Lincoln, Nebraska, where they bond more. Allison confesses her love for Carl and asks him to move in with her and he hesitantly agrees. While checking in for the return flight, Carl and Allison are detained by FBI agents who have profiled him as a potential terrorist because he has taken flying lessons, studied Korean, approved a loan to a fertilizer company, met an Iranian, and bought plane tickets at the last minute. Peter, his attorney, travels to Nebraska to explain Carl's odd habits, lessons, and decisions. As she finds out about Carl's motivational covenant, Allison begins to doubt whether his commitment to her was ever sincere. Deciding that she can no longer trust him, Allison leaves Carl and refuses to return his phone calls.
Carl's life takes a turn for the worse and he almost forgets about Lucy's shower. He manages to arrange a major surprise shower, set his friend Norm up with Soo-Mi, a Korean girl, and Rooney with Tillie. After the party, Carl receives a tearful phone call from Stephanie, whose new boyfriend has walked out on her. When Carl goes to Stephanie's apartment to comfort her, she kisses him and asks him to spend the night with her. After Carl emphatically says no, his luck takes a turn for the worse and he decides to end his commitment to the covenant.
Carl goes to the convention center and hides in the backseat of Terrence's convertible so that he can beg to be released from the covenant. Carl emerges as Terrence drives off, and an oncoming vehicle collides with Terrence, resulting in the two being taken to a hospital. After Carl recovers consciousness, Terrence tells Carl that the covenant was not real, but it was merely a starting point to open Carl's mind to other possibilities, not to permanently take away his ability to say no if he needed to. Freed from this restraint, Carl finds Allison teaching a sports-photography lesson and admits that he is not ready to move in with her just yet, but that he genuinely loves her, and they reconcile with a kiss as Allison's students take pictures.
Cast
Production
Yes Man is based on a memoir of the same name by humourist Danny Wallace. The book tells of the 6-month period in which he committed himself to saying 'Yes' to everything based on a brief conversation with a stranger he met on the bus. Wallace also has a cameo in the film, in the final bar-scene of the movie, in which he is speaking to someone behind Danny Masterson.
Jim Carrey declined an upfront salary for his role in the film. He was instead paid 36.2% of the film's gross after its production and marketing costs were recovered.
During shooting of a scene where Carrey's character bungee jumps off a bridge, Carrey interrupted and asked to do the stunt himself. Carrey stated to the stunt double that he intended to do it in one take. When he jumps off, he is seen taking out a cell phone for the scene.
While shooting the scene in the bar where Carrey's character turns around into a waitress and falls flat on his back, Carrey executed the stunt incorrectly and fell to the floor harder than he expected, breaking three ribs in the process.
Carrey learned basic Korean for a scene. Language coach John Song was hired to teach Carrey for ten weeks; Song also played the character's Korean teacher in a brief cameo. Similarly extensive training was needed for the scenes in which Carrey's character learns to play the guitar; Carrey tried to play during the years of his childhood, but "quit before ever learning a chord". Carrey said in an interview with HBO: "Just learning the basic chords was maybe the most challenging part of any movie I've worked on in my career. Peyton [Reed] even joked about the guitar part being dubbed, or just cut altogether." Reed played the song "Jumper" by Third Eye Blind, which had a high number of digital downloads after the film's theatrical release. After the final date of filming, Carrey "retired" his set guitar, and Deschanel kept it. When asked about this, Carrey said: "I'll never need that, or any guitar ever again; guitar is not for me! Never has been, never will be!"
The film's soundtrack features original music by Munchausen by Proxy, a fictional band named after the Münchausen syndrome by proxy (a psychological disorder). In the film, the band consists of actress Deschanel on lead vocals and the San Francisco-based all-female band Von Iva, a trio of vocals, keyboards and drums. Von Iva's members collaborated with Deschanel, a singer-songwriter and one half of the duo She & Him, on writing and recording the band's songs for the film. Von Iva got the part of the fictional ensemble in the film after the movie's music supervisor, Jonathan Karp, saw the cover of their CD in Amoeba in Hollywood. For the DVD/Blu-ray release of the film, Deschanel and Von Iva filmed a spoof MTV music show-style documentary on the band for which they filmed mock music videos for several of the songs; the home video release also includes full-length performances by the group that were not included in the film.
The soundtrack also features nine songs by Eels, including a brand-new song entitled "Man Up".
The introduction music at the beginning of the film from Carrey's ringtone comes from the song "Separate Ways" by Journey. It is also featured when Carrey's character bails out from the hospital to catch the joggography at 6 am. "Helicopter" by Bloc Party plays on the first joggography scene.
Release
Critical reception
Yes Man received mixed reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 46%, based on 153 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3. The site's consensus reads, "Jim Carrey's comic convulsions are the only bright spots in this otherwise dim and predictable comedy." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 46 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.
Many critics thought that its plot was too similar to Carrey's 1997 film Liar Liar.
In his review for The Miami Herald, Rene Rodriguez wrote, "Yes Man is fine as far as Jim Carrey comedies go, but it's even better as a love story that just happens to make you laugh." Kyle Smith of The New York Post wrote: "The first time I saw Yes Man, I thought the concept was getting kind of stale toward the end. As it turns out, that was only the trailer." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film 2 out of 4, and compared it to Liar Liar. He said "Jim Carrey works the premise for all it's worth, but it doesn't allow him to bust loose and fly.".
Box office
The film opened No. 1 in its first weekend at the US box office with $18.3 million, and was top of the UK box office in its first weekend after release.
To date, the film has taken in more than $220 million worldwide, surpassing Jim Carrey's previous comedy Fun with Dick and Jane but falling short of his 2003 film Bruce Almighty.
Accolades
2009 BMI Film Music Award
Best Music – Lyle Workman (Won)
2009 Taurus World Stunt Awards
Best Overall Stunt by a Woman – Monica Braunger (Nominated)
2009 Artios Awards
Best Casting – David Rubin & Richard Hicks (Nominated)
2009 MTV Movie Awards
Best Comedic Performance – Jim Carrey (Won)
2009 Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie Actor – Comedy – Jim Carrey (Nominated)
Choice Movie Rockstar Moment – Jim Carrey (Nominated)
Choice Movie Hissy Fit – Jim Carrey (Nominated)
Choice Movie: Comedy (Nominated)
2009 Kid's Choice Awards
Favorite Movie Actor – Jim Carrey (Nominated)
Home media
The DVD and Blu-ray were released on April 7, 2009. Customers have the option of the single-disc edition and the 2 disc edition titled the "Ultimately Yes!" edition.
References
Further reading
External links
Yes Man Production Details
2008 films
2008 romantic comedy films
American business films
American romantic comedy films
British romantic comedy films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Peyton Reed
Films based on memoirs
Films about banking
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Nebraska
Heyday Films films
2000s Korean-language films
Village Roadshow Pictures films
Warner Bros. films
Films produced by Richard D. Zanuck
Films produced by David Heyman
Films with screenplays by Nicholas Stoller
Films scored by Lyle Workman
2000s business films
The Zanuck Company films
2000s American films
2000s British films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20summer%20camps
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List of summer camps
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This is a list of summer camps throughout the world by category. A summer camp is a supervised program for children or teenagers conducted during the summer months in some countries.
Traditional Camps
Adirondack Woodcraft Camps
Camp Agawam
Camp Androscoggin
Falling Creek Camp
Cheley Colorado Camps
Camp Fern
Camp Greylock
Camp Highlands
Camp Kabeyun
Camp Merrie-Woode
Camp Northway
Camp Pathfinder
Holiday Home Camp
Keewaydin
Religious Camps
Christian Camps
Camp Gray (Catholic), Wisconsin
Camp Iawah (Christian), Godfrey, Ontario, Canada
Camp Ondessonk (Catholic), Illinois
Camp Unirondack (Unitarian Universalist), New York
Christian Service Brigade (Non-Denominational), New York
Especially for Youth (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Utah
The Wilds, (Protestant), North Carolina
Camp Saint Christopher, (Anglican), Seabrook Island, South Carolina
Jewish Camps
Seventh-Day Adventist Camps
Sports Camps
IMG Academy
Kutsher's Sports Academy
Woodward Camp
Sleep-Away Camps
Big Lake Youth Camp
Camp Agawam, Raymond, Maine
Camp Beaverbrook
Camp Canadensis
Camp El Tesoro
Camp Highlands
Camp Horseshoe for Boys
Camp Ondessonk
Camp Scatico
Camp Wekeela
Camp Sangamon
Camp Betsey Cox
Farm and Wilderness
Forest Lake Camp
Incarnation Camp
Row New York
Tyler Hill Camp
Camp Green Lane
Camp Au Sable
Large network camps
Camps International
Camps International (2002), an international volunteer travel operator headquartered in Ringwood, Hampshire UK and Dubai, UAE.
Camp Kesem
Camp Kesem throughout United States.
Camp Quest
Camp Quest (1996 in the US), an organization of 13 affiliated camps established in US, UK, Switzerland and Norway.
Boy Scout Camps (Worldwide)
Boy Scout Camps (US)
There are hundreds of camps hosted by the Boy Scouts of America; some of these include:
Camp Babcock-Hovey, of the Seneca Waterways Council in the Finger Lakes Region of New York
Camp Brule', of the Five Rivers Council in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania
Camp Onway, formerly of the Yankee Clipper Council in Raymond, New Hampshire
Camp Wanocksett, of the Nashua Valley Council in Dublin, New Hampshire
Firestone Scout Reservation, of the Los Angeles Area Council east of Diamond Bar, California
Forest Lawn Scout Reservation, of the Los Angeles Area Council near Lake Arrowhead, California
Goshen Scout Reservation, of the National Capital Area Council near Goshen, Virginia
Hawk Mountain Scout Reservation, of the Hawk Mountain Council north of Strausstown, Pennsylvania
LeFeber Northwoods Camps, of the Milwaukee County Council near Laona, Wisconsin
June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation, of the Connecticut Rivers Council in Ashford, Connecticut
Log Cabin Wilderness Camp, of the Los Angeles Area Council at Yosemite National Park
Ockanickon Scout Reservation, of the Bucks County Council in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Owasippe Scout Reservation, of the Chicago Area Council in Twin Lake, Michigan
Rodney Scout Reservation, of the Del-Mar-Va Council in Cecil County, Maryland
Spanish Trail Scout Reservation, of the Gulf Coast Council in DeFuniak Springs, Florida
Ten Mile River Scout Reservation, of the Greater New York Councils near Narrowsburg, New York
Yawgoog Scout Reservation, of the Narragansett Council in Rockville, Rhode Island
Winnebago Scout Reservation, of the Patriots' Path Council in Rockaway, New Jersey
Boys Scouts Camps (Canada)
Scouts Canada operates about 200 Scout camps across Canada.
YMCA/YWCA Camps
YMCA/YWCA Camps (Canada)
Big Cove YMCA Camp, Nova Scotia, Canada
YWCA Camp Davern, Maberly, Ontario, Canada
YMCA Camp Queen Elizabeth, London, Ontario, Canada
YMCA Wanakita, Haliburton, Ontario, Canada
YMCA Camp Elphinstone, Gibsons, British Columbia, Canada
YMCA/YWCA Camps (United States)
Camp Becket, YMCA summer camp for boys, Becket, Massachusetts
Camp Dudley, YMCA, Westport, New York
Camp Hazen YMCA, Chester, Connecticut
YMCA Camp Menogyn, YMCA Wilderness Adventures, Grand Marais, Minnesota
Phantom Lake YMCA Camp, Mukwonago, Wisconsin
YMCA Camp Arbutus Hayo-Went-Ha for Girls, Michigan
YMCA Camp Cory, Milo, New York
YMCA Camp Fitch on Lake Erie, Springfield Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania
YMCA Camp Hayo-Went-Ha for Boys, Michigan
YMCA Camp Jones Gulch, La Honda, California
YMCA Camp Orkila, Orcas Island, Washington state
YMCA Camp Seymour, Gig Harbor, Washington
YMCA Camp Tecumseh, Lafayette, Indiana
YMCA Camp Greenville, Greenville County, South Carolina
YWCA Camp Westwind, Oregon Coast
Camp Fire Camps
Camp Namanu, Sandy, Oregon
Camp Sealth, Vashon Island, Washington
Camp Wyandot, Hocking Hills, Ohio
Arts and Education Camps
Adventures of the Mind
Minnesota Institute for Talented Youth
Arts, Music, and Drama Camps
American Musical and Dramatic Academy (AMDA) High School Summer Conservatory
Appel Farm Arts Camp, New Jersey
Aspen Music Festival and School
Camp Belvoir Terrace for Girls, Massachusetts
Blue Lake Fine Arts Camp
Bowdoin International Music Festival
Buck's Rock Performing and Creative Arts Camp
CAMMAC, Harrington, Quebec, Canada
Cazadero Performing Arts Camp, California
French Woods Festival of the Performing Arts
Greenwood Music Camp, Massachusetts
Harand Camp of the Theatre Arts, Wisconsin
Interlochen Arts Camp, Interlochen, Michigan
International Music Camp, North Dakota
Island Lake Sports & Art Center, Starrucca, Pennsylvania
Lyceum Music Festival, American Fork, Utah
Maine Jazz Camp all over Maine
Meadowmount School of Music, Westport, New York
Midwest Young Artists Conservatory, Highwood, Illinois
New England Music Camp, Sidney, Maine
Ottawa Little Theatre Summer Drama Camps, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Ottawa Little Theatre Youth Workshops
Rocky Mountain Conservatory Theatre, Colorado (Denver), Florida and Illinois
School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Sitka Fine Arts Camp, Sitka, Alaska
Stagedoor Manor, Loch Sheldrake, New York
Verbier Festival, Verbier, Switzerland
The Walden School
YouthWrite, Bragg Creek, Alberta
Math and Science Camps
Canada/USA Mathcamp, USA and Canada
Mathematical Olympiad Program, Nebraska
Space Camps
European Space Camp, Norway
Kennedy Space Center, Florida
Space Camp Catalonia, Spain
Space Camp Turkey, Turkey
United States Space Camp, Alabama
Computer Camps
Digital Media Academy, California headquarters and camps throughout the US, plus Canada
iD Tech Camps, California headquarters and nationwide camps (US)
National Computer Camps, Connecticut, Georgia and Ohio
Vision Tech Camps, California
Language Camps
Canoe Island French Camp, Canoe Island, Washington
Concordia Language Villages, Minnesota
Al-Wāḥa, Arabic village, Minnesota
Lac du Bois French villages, Minnesota
Sjölunden, Swedish village, Minnesota
Waldsee, German village, Minnesota
Camps Focused on Health, Medical Conditions, and Special Needs
Barton Center for Diabetes Education (including Clara Barton Camp), Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York
Camp Akeela, Vermont
Camp Bloomfield, California
Camp Double H Ranch, New York
Camp Dragonfly Forest, Pennsylvania
Camp Lee Mar, Pennsylvania
Camp Meadowood Springs, Oregon
Camp Tuolumne Trails, California
Camp Wonder, California
Happiness is Camping, New Jersey
Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, Connecticut
NJ 'Y' Round Lake Camp, Pennsylvania
Ramapo for Children, New York
Summit Camp & Travel, Pennsylvania
Other Camps
Other Camps (Canada)
Camp Beaver Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada
Des Grèves Vacation Camp, Quebec
Camp et Auberge du Lac en Coeur, Quebec, Canada
Camp Manitou, Ontario
Camp Northway, Ontario, Canada
Camp Ouareau, girl's camp, Québec, Canada
Camp Pathfinder for Boys, Canada
Summer Science Day Camp, British Columbia, Canada
Camp Val Notre-Dame, Quebec
Camp White Pine, Ontario, Canada
Other Camps (United States)
Camp Androscoggin for Boys, Maine
Camp Anokijig, Wisconsin
Camp Becket for Boys / Camp Chimney Corners for Girls, Massachusetts
Camp Belknap for Boys, New Hampshire
Camp Billings, Vermont
Camp Bucks Rock, Connecticut
Camp Calvin Crest, California
Camp Canadensis, Pennsylvania
Echo Hill Ranch, Texas
Camp Chewonki, Maine
Camp Firwood, Washington
Camp Eden Village, New York
Falling Creek Camp for Boys, North Carolina
Forest Lake Camp, New York
Geneva Glen Camp, Colorado
Camp Glacier View Ranch, Colorado
Camp Gray, Wisconsin
Camp Greylock, Massachusetts
Camp Greystone, North Carolina
Camp Highlands, Wisconsin
Camp Horseshoe for Boys, Wisconsin
Camp Joslin for Boys, Massachusetts
Camp Kabeyun for Boys, New Hampshire
Camp Keewaydin for Boys / Camp Songadeewin for Girls, Vermont
Encampment for Citizenship, New York
Camp Kutsher, Massachusetts
Camp Letts, Maryland
Camp Lohikan, Pennsylvania
Camp Lourdes, New York
Mahaffey Camp, Pennsylvania
Camp Manitou, Maine and Ontario
Camp Mataponi for Girls, Maine
Camp Merrie-Woode, North Carolina
Camp Mo Ranch, Texas
Camp Mountain Meadow Ranch, California
Camp North Star for Boys, Wisconsin
Camp Onyahsa, New York
Camp Quest, Virginia
Camp Quest UK, United Kingdom
Raquette Lake Camps, New York
Red Arrow Camp, Wisconsin
Camp Rising Sun, New York and Denmark
Camp Rockmont for Boys, North Carolina
Camp Seymour, Washington
Camp Timanous, Maine
Tyler Hill Camp, Pennsylvania
Camp Unirondack, New York
Valley Mill Camp, Maryland
Camp Wawona, California
Camp Wekeela, Maine
Camp Winnarainbow, California
Woodward Camp, Pennsylvania
Former Camps
Big Doe Camp, Canada
Camp Beaverbrook, California
Camp Diana-Dalmaqua, New York
Camp Ma-Ho-Ge, New York
Camp Naomi, Massachusetts and Maine
Camp Ranger, New York
Camps Mohican Reena, Massachusetts
Camp Watonka for Boys, Pennsylvania
Kutsher's Camp Anawana, New York
Space World, Japan
References
Lists of organizations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20Post%20Graduate%20College%20Mandian%2C%20Abbottabad
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Government Post Graduate College Mandian, Abbottabad
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Government Post Graduate College Mandian, Abbottabad (), also known as GPGC No.2 Abbottabad, is a government tertiary college located in Mandian, Abbottabad. GPGC Mandian is affiliated with Abbottabad University (AUST) and BISE Abbottabad for Bachelor and intermediate program respectively.
History
In 1990, GPGC (then called as Degree college) Mandian was established in a rented building at Kakul road, and was affiliated to the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Abbottabad for intermediate program and Hazara University for degree programs. In 1991 it was shifted to its present campus at College Road Abbottabad. In 1999 it achieved status of the Postgraduate College with establishment of a postgraduate department of computer science. GPGC Mandian was first college of the KPK province where M.Sc. Computer Science was started in the year 2000, followed by the commencement of BCS (4 Years) semester system of co-education in the year 2002. Since then college has established three state of the art Computer laboratories.
GPGC Mandian was the first college of the Pakistan, to start BS Bio-Informatics and was first college of the KPK province which offered BS Information Technology in addition to the BS Computer Science. In 2011, GPGC Mandian became first college of the district Abbottabad to start BS Zoology. The Government is providing unprecedented funds and equipment to realize this end. It is hoped that the college will uphold its tradition of introducing modern disciplines in future.
In 2013, college started admissions in BS Microbiology and Sociology. Currently GPGC is at the advance stage to establish state of the art laboratories for bioinformatics and Zoology with the assistance of the Provincial Government.
In 2020, speaker KP provincial assembly Mushtaq Ahmed Ghani inaugurated Science block in the college.
See also
Government Post Graduate College, Abbottabad
Abbottabad University of Science and Technology
References
External links
GPGC Mandian admission website
1990 establishments in Pakistan
Educational institutions established in 1990
Universities and colleges in Abbottabad
Abbottabad District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillmeria%20rhusiodactyla
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Gillmeria rhusiodactyla
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Gillmeria rhusiodactyla is a moth of the family Pterophoridae with a type locality in Armenia.
Distribution areas are Armenia, Azerbaijan, southern part of European Russia, western Kazakhstan.
The wingspan is . The forewings are rust brown. The hindwings are also rust brown, with lighter fringes.
References
Moths described in 1903
Platyptiliini
Endemic fauna of Armenia
Moths of Asia
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7367078
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never%20Gonna%20Stop%20%28The%20Red%20Red%20Kroovy%29
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Never Gonna Stop (The Red Red Kroovy)
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"Never Gonna Stop (The Red, Red Kroovy)" is a promotional single taken from Rob Zombie's second album The Sinister Urge. The song can also be found on Zombie's Past, Present & Future and The Best of Rob Zombie. It was nominated for the Grammy for Best Metal Performance for the 2003 Grammy Awards Ceremony, but lost to Korn's "Here to Stay".
The song is based on Anthony Burgess' 1962 novel, A Clockwork Orange. The phrase "red red kroovy" is used by Alex DeLarge in the book and means "red red blood" ("krov'", means "blood" in Russian). (Anthony Burgess’ Nadsat glossary in the novel shows the spelling to be “krovvy”, not kroovy: (krovvy: [Russian > krovy''' ] blood))
The lyrics include the phrases "See heaven, flash, a horrorshow..." and "...take me to the home..." which are also both references to the book. The audio sample "Use my body to keep you alive" is from the 1969 horror film The Curious Dr. Humpp.
The song was included on the soundtrack to the movies Rollerball (2002) and Walking Tall (2004), as well as the Atari game Test Drive: Eve of Destruction. It was also used as current wrestler Edge's entrance music from 2001 to 2004. A remix of the song, The Black Cat Crossing Mix, was included on WWF Forceable Entry. Rob Zombie used clips of the anime show Kekko Kamen during the song on the 2010 Mayhem Festival and 2022 Freaks on Parade tours.
Music video
In the music video for "Never Gonna Stop," Zombie and others are dressed as Alex DeLarge and his droogs from the film of A Clockwork Orange. In reference to two of the film's scenes, they appear in the Korova Milk Bar, and go on a wild ride in a stolen "Durango 95". The actor Tom Towles, who played Lieutenant George Wydell in Rob Zombie's film House of 1000 Corpses, appears in the video.
Two versions exist for the video. One that has scenes from Rollerball'' inter-cut with the ones of Zombie, and the original version which has neither.
Influence
In 2011, mixologist Darcy O'Neil was inspired by the video to create a red-colored cocktail, echoing Burgess's Nadsat term "kroovy" as blood.
Personnel
Tom Baker – mastering
Scott Humphrey – producer, programming, mixing
Blasko – bass
Riggs – guitar
Tempesta – drums
Rob Zombie – vocals, producer, art direction
Chart performance
References
2001 singles
Music based on novels
Rob Zombie songs
Songs written by Rob Zombie
Songs written by Scott Humphrey
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42066818
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium%20Vocale%20Bydgoszcz
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Collegium Vocale Bydgoszcz
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Collegium Vocale Bydgoszcz is a Polish vocal quartet founded in 1992.The band was founded on the initiative of Roman Fijałkowski a baritone soloist of the band Madrigalists Capella Bydgostiensis. The first line-up of this vocal quartet: Roman Fijałkowski - baritone, Michał Zieliński - tenor (artistic director). Janusz Cabała-countertenor, Hanna Michalak - soprano. Its repertoire includes polyphonic mass settings, motets, religious songs, madrigals and secular songs by European 13th to 17th century composers. The ensemble has cooperated with other Polish early music ensembles including Ars Nova, Capella Bydgostiensis, The Pomeranian String Quartet, Trombastic, Canor Anticus as well as with lutenists Magdalena Tomsińska and Henryk Kasperczak. The ensemble has participated in early music festivals of Poland as well as abroad in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Belarus and Italy. The ensemble has made numerous recordings both for Polish Radio and Polish Television.
Since 2009 the quartet consists of soprano Patrycja Cywińska-Gacka, countertenor Janusz Cabała, baritone Łukasz Hermanowicz and baritone Michał Zieliński. Zieliński is also artistic director of the quartet and arranges and composes music for the programmes, occasionally under the pseudonym "Michał z Bydgoszczy" - a pun on the home town of the quartet and the "z" (from) names of renaissance composers such as Mikołaj z Radomia.
Discography
Wacław z Szamotuł songs and motets, Marcin Leopolita Missa paschalis (DUX 0248) 1994 reissue 2001
„Jezusa Judasz przedał” – Polish passion motets and songs (DUX 0469), 2004
„Bonjour, mon coeur” – Renaissance love songs (CVB 001), 2006
„Impresje” – Arrangements of renaissance madrigals for vocal quartet and string quartet (CVB 002), 2007
„Światło rozjaśniło się” – Old Polish carols (CVB 003), 2008
„Melodie na Psałterz polski” – Psalms by Wacław z Szamotuł, Mikołaj Gomółka, Cyprian Bazylik (CVB 004), 2010
„Chansons” – Songs of French renaissance composers (CVB 005), 2010
„Fine knacks for ladies” – John Dowland (CVB 006), 2012
"Missa super cantiones profanae" – A paraphrase mass cycle by "Michał z Bydgoszczy" (CVB 007), 2013
"Na fraszki Jana z Czarnolasu" - On the epigrams of "Jan z Czarnolasu" (CVB 008), 2014
References
External links
Official website
Early music groups
Polish choirs
Musical groups established in 1992
1992 establishments in Poland
Bydgoszcz
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52621478
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biete%20Abba%20Libanos
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Biete Abba Libanos
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Biete Abba Libanos (House of Abbot Libanos) is an underground rock-cut monolith Orthodox church located in Lalibela, Ethiopia. It was built during the Kingdom of Axum. It is part of UNESCO World Heritage Site at Lalibela.
3D model based on laser scanning
The Biete Abba Libanos was spatially documented in 2007 by the non-profit research group Zamani Project, which specialises in 3D digital documentation of tangible cultural heritage. A 3D model can be viewed on their website. The data generated by the Zamani Project creates a permanent record that can be used for research, education, restoration, and conservation.
References
External links
3D Model created by the Zamani Project.
Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela
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62254815
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Judas%20Code
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The Judas Code
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The Judas Code is a 1983 thriller novel by the British writer Derek Lambert. During the Second World War in neutral Lisbon, British intelligence work to try and lure Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union into a vicious attritional war with each other.
References
Bibliography
Nancy-Stephanie Stone. A Reader's Guide to the Spy and Thriller Novel. G.K. Hall, 1997.
1983 British novels
Novels by Derek Lambert
British thriller novels
Novels set in Lisbon
Novels set in the 1940s
Hamish Hamilton books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morita%20Kanya%20XII
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Morita Kanya XII
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(9 November 1846 – 21 August 1897) was the leading Japanese theatre manager of the first half of the Meiji period, between 1868 and 1912. He built the first modern theater, the Shintomi-za (新富座), which incorporated Western features such as gaslights and chairs. The theater opened in June 1878, and was located at a foreign settlement in Tsukiji, Tokyo. He was also a crucial factor in attracting the new audience, the aristocracy, into the kabuki theaters (Kikan).
Early life
It is said that as a young boy of 12 years, Morita Kanya XII ran to the port of Yokohama in an attempt to leave Japan and immigrate into the Western world for the sake of fulfilling his goal: becoming a millionaire. Although the Shinsengumi police stopped him that time, his spirit and interest for the West remained an integral part of his personality. During the time of government takeover (1868), the 22-year-old Morita Kanya XII became so obsessed with the Western world that he would eat sashimi (a traditional Japanese dish) with salt and pepper as opposed to soy sauce and wasabi.
Personal life
Kanya was friends with the father of the playwright Okamoto Kido. According to Kido he was extremely polite, almost obsequious, and in his very Westernised way on one occasion brought a gift of a box of Western sweets to Kido's home which had been bought from a sweet shop Fūgetsudo (風月堂). When residents of the British Legation headed up by Thomas McClatchie presented Kanya with a theatre curtain times were uncertain with an undercurrent of anti Western sentiment amongst some feudal domains. There was an exchange of letters between Kanya, McClatchie and an Austro-Hungarian diplomat, Heinrich Von Siebold about the curtain and an invitation from Kanya to a special inaugural event .
I am writing this letter to say that, as a consequence of the rebuild, I would like to extend an honourable invitation to you two young foreign residents in Tōkyō to the occasion of the opening of the Shintomiza on 7th June 1879 and to offer you, along with my fellow countrymen, our hospitality at an august speech welcoming you and an expression of appreciation. Furthermore, as regards to the matter in question, I will measure the time until your kind response to this request. Once it has been presented I will, on receiving the gift of this superb curtain, be hanging it to serve in a place of honour. I trust that this will be to our mutual satisfaction. On a separate note this curtain, the appearance of which more than meets expectations, will encourage those whose names will appear on the certificate of the impending gift to agree. On this the appeal of this proposal will be supported. Yours sincerely, 3rd February 1879, in Tōkyō to ASAP Hospitality Company, Heinrich Von Siebold, and Thomas McClatchie from the head of the Tōkyō Shintomiza, Morita Kan’ya the younger
To which McClatchie replied...
I am coming to Japan to attend the upcoming occasion. I respectfully advise caution as it may be dangerous to be associated with me my friends. In Japan people like the so called rōnin with their katana swords have long been in armed factions. Foreigners seen by them are immediately killed. I am pleased to be able to travel in Japan about which my mother has stopped crying. Coming to watch it’s not my intention to be beheaded by rōnin. The theatre is very pretty and we will be watching a beautiful play. It’s so pleasant don’t you agree? I respectfully ask that I be provided with the details to be written and sent to me care of my friend the mother of Great Britain (Queen Victoria)
Kanya replied...
I read your gracious letter in response to all the invitations sent for which I would like to thank you for confirming that you will be a guest in on the said occasion in June. Such a magnificent set of stage curtains that you have so kindly and honourably given I received with humble thanks. As for the matter in question, the occasion of this inauguration, it will be my honour to organise to the best of my ability, the better the honour for future generations. After this the illustrations will be seen in Ōsaka where all the separate designs will be displayed. With all due respect to you my three noble friends then you will be received with appropriate speeches of thanks and honour. I will measure the time preciously until your response for this article with the family crest which will in the named theatre be honoured. Respectfully, yours sincerely.4th February, Morita Kan’ya
(Skingle)
The Kabuki reforms
The Kabuki theater was greatly affected during the reforms of the Meiji period. The main concern of the government was to transform the art of Kabuki into something similar to that of the western form. This placed theater from a common into a high social role, in which aristocrats and nobles would come and view the performances. Kabuki was to represent a civilized Japan (mostly for the sake of impressing westerners). In 1872, Kabuki leaders, including Morita Kanya XII were asked to participate in a discussion at the Tokyo city hall. There, the changes were addressed and Morita Kanya XII saw this as an opportunity to become a wealthy businessman with the hope to become the director of the future National Theatre of Japan. When he built his Shintomi-za he implemented the desired reforms, which later were referred to as "engeki kairyo." (Tschudin)
Career
Morita Kanya was the owner of one of the three theatres licensed under the Tokugawa shogun regime: the Morita-za. Following the government takeover in 1868, Morita Kanya built the Morita-za in 1872, which marked a transformation of the Japanese Kabuki theater structure. In 1875, he had financial difficulties and reorganized the Morita-za into a company, which changed the theater's name to Shintomi-za. A year later in 1876, the theater burned down, but Morita Kanya immediately rebuilt after its destruction. In 1878 it was completed and named Shintomi-za. (Yuichiro) The grand reopening ceremony took place on 7 June 1878 attended by the then Chief Minister Prince Sanjō Sanetomi (三条 実美). (Skingle) The Shintomi-za was furnished with Western chairs designed for Western visitors and gas lighting for the stage. A member of the British Legation in Tōkyō, Thomas Russell Hillier McClatchie, attended the opening ceremony and by all accounts he thoroughly enjoyed watching the opening night performances and later wrote to his mother and friends about it. Okamoto Keinosuke (later Kiyoshi - father of playwright Okamoto Kido - 岡本 綺堂)and friend of Morita Kanya, employed at the time as an interpreter at the British Legation, helped McClatchie to design a gift from the foreign residents for Shintomiza and on 3 February 1879, the theatre was presented with a curtain made from purple satin with intricate pine, bamboo and plum designs and Morita Kanya's katabami emblem. Morita was overjoyed and hung the curtain for the March performances which began on 28 February. (Skingle) The climax of Morita Kanya XII's career was in June 1879 when foreign aristocrat Crown Prince Heinrich of Germany and on 16 July 1879 U.S. President Ulysses Grant came to the Shintomi-za and was treated to a performance of Yoshi-iye. (Brandon) All of these changes transformed Shintomi-za into Japan's "national theatre", although it was not referred to as such.
Influence on Kabuki
Elimination of thrust stage
During the heyday of Kabuki in the Edo period (1603–1868), the relationship between actor and audience was supposed to be strong and intimate. This meant that it was common for actors to interact with its audience. For instance, in the midst of the performance, the actors would come onto the "thrust stage" (a stage that extends into the audience) and interact with them. Morita Kanya XII with his attempt to transform kKabuki into a more respectable art form eliminated the thrust stage, thereby adhering to a western convention. This ended the relationship between actor and audience. (Samuel L. Leiter, ed., A Kabuki Reader (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2002))
Reform of Kabuki plays
In 1878, Morita Kanya XII, following the government's demand for historical accuracy, produced the play "Okige no Kumo Harau Asagochi" which was based on a real recent uprising. He also integrated elements of "good" morale into the dialogues of his actors, with the goal to civilize the commoners (Yuichiro). He also westernized some plays to appeal to western visitors. For instance, he wrote two Kabuki plays set in Europe in 1879. At another instance he would hire a play writer to create a play based on the General Grant's victories in the American Civil War. (Brandon)
Changes in architecture and furniture
The use of Western chairs for the audience, now standard in all Japanese theatres, was introduced in Kanya's Shintomi-za. The size of the stage, which remained the same for over a century, was also enlarged when Morita Kanya XII built the Shintomi-za. (Yuichiro)
Later life
In 1894, Morita Kanya XII was forced to give up his theater management duty. He had a major financial crisis in which he lost 20,000 yen in the production of the play Hyoryu Kidan Seiyo-geki, which turned out to be very unsuccessful due to the poor acting of Western performers (Yuichiro). In 1909, the Shintonomi-za was bought by Shochiku.
The last time Okamoto Kido and his father saw him was at the Bairin Tea House at the Kabukiza in Meiji 29 (1896) when they attended Ichikawa Danjūrō IX's revival performance of 'Shibaraku' (Wait a Minute), and 'Sukeroku'. At the time, according to Okamoto Kido's father, he had debts of ¥700,000 - ¥800,000 in 2011 values about ¥2,250,000,000 - ¥2,570,000,000, equal to about £14.5 – £15 Million or $22.25 – $22.5 million. He died on 21 August Meiji 30 (1897) at his home on Akasaka District's Nakano-chō (Skingle)
Notes
Sources
Kikan, Kimura, Morita Kanya (Tokyo: Shintaishū-sha, 1943).
Brandon, James, "Kabuki and Shakespeare, Balancing Yin and Yang,"
Tschudin, Jean-Jacques, "Danjuro's katsureki-geki (realistic theatre) and the Meiji 'theatre reform' movement'," Japan Forum 11 no. 1 (1991).
Yuichiro, Takahashi, "Kabuki Goes Official: The 1878 Opening of the Shintomi-za," The Drama Review 39 no. 10 (1995).
Theatre in Japan
1846 births
1897 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz%20Jod%C5%82owiec
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Tomasz Jodłowiec
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Tomasz Jodłowiec (; born 8 September 1985 in Żywiec) is a Polish professional footballer who plays for Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała, mainly as a defensive midfielder.
Career
Club
Jodłowiec debuted in the Ekstraklasa in July 2006 for Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski. In 2008, he moved to the Polish capital after Dyskobolia merged with Polonia Warsaw. Jodłowiec was closely monitored by Serie A club Napoli FC in January 2009 but turned down a transfer for family reasons. On 19 February 2013 Tomasz signed a 3-year contract with Legia Warsaw.
International
He debuted for Poland on 11 October 2008, coming on as a substitute for Rafal Murawski during the 2010 World Cup qualifier against the Czech Republic. On 14 December he played his first entire match against Serbia. Jodłowiec scored an own goal during an international friendly with France on 9 June 2011.
He appeared at Euro 2016, playing in all of Poland's games, mostly as a substitute - coming on in late minutes to boost the team's defense.
Career statistics
Club
1 Including Ekstraklasa Cup and Polish SuperCup.
International
International goals
Scores and results list Poland's goal tally first.
Honours
Club
Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski
Polish Cup: 2006–07
Ekstraklasa Cup: 2006–07, 2007-08
Śląsk Wrocław
Polish Super Cup: 2012
Legia Warsaw
Ekstraklasa: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2019–20
Polish Cup: 2012–13, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18
Piast Gliwice
Ekstraklasa: 2018–19
References
External links
National team stats on the website of the Polish Football Association
1985 births
Living people
People from Żywiec
Polish footballers
Poland international footballers
Widzew Łódź players
ŁKS Łódź players
Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski players
Polonia Warsaw players
Śląsk Wrocław players
Legia Warsaw players
Legia Warsaw II players
Piast Gliwice players
Ekstraklasa players
I liga players
III liga players
Sportspeople from Silesian Voivodeship
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Association football defenders
Association football midfielders
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66800315
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn%20Jones
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Evelyn Jones
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Evelyn Jones (born 8 August 1992) is an English cricketer who currently captains Central Sparks, as well as playing for Warwickshire and Birmingham Phoenix. She plays primarily as a left-handed opening batter, as well as bowling left-arm medium. She has previously played for Shropshire, Staffordshire and Lancashire, as well as for Loughborough Lightning and Lancashire Thunder in the Women's Cricket Super League, New Zealand side Canterbury Magicians and Australian side Melbourne Renegades.
At the end of the 2021 season, Jones was voted the PCA Player of the Year for her performances that year.
Early life
Jones was born on 8 August 1992 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. She has an ECB Level 2 coaching qualification, and has worked as a tutor.
Domestic career
County cricket
Jones made her county debut in 2008, for Shropshire against Northamptonshire. Whilst her team lost the match, she top-scored for her side, scoring 50. Jones quickly became one of Shropshire's most successful players, and was their leading run-scorer in both their 2010 and 2011 County Championship seasons. She also achieved her best List A bowling figures in 2011, taking 6/29 against Northumberland.
Jones moved to Staffordshire ahead of the 2012 season. She was again successful at her new club, ending the 2014, 2015 and 2016 Championship seasons as Staffordshire's leading run-scorer. In 2015, she achieved her best List A score of 115*, and was the second leading run-scorer across the whole Championship. She was also captain of the side for the 2016 season.
In 2017, Jones moved to Lancashire, and was part of the side that won the double of the County Championship and Twenty20 Cup that season. Jones hit 35* in their crucial victory that secured the Championship title over Warwickshire. She became captain of the side the following season, and in 2019 lead them to 2nd in the County Championship.
In 2020, it was announced that Jones had signed for Warwickshire. She scored 135 runs for the side in the 2021 Women's Twenty20 Cup, including a high score of 66 made against Worcestershire. She played four matches for the side in the 2022 Women's Twenty20 Cup, scoring 137 runs at an average of 45.66. In a match against Somerset, Jones made her Twenty20 high score, 93* from 60 deliveries.
Regional cricket
Jones played in the Women's Cricket Super League, in 2016 for Loughborough Lightning and from 2017 to 2019 for Lancashire Thunder. Her best innings came in a 2018 match against Southern Vipers, in which she scored 69 in a 4 run victory. In 2020, she joined Central Sparks for the 2020 Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy, and was named as captain. She was her side's top run-scorer in the competition (and fourth across all teams), scoring 334 runs at an average of 66.80. She also equalled her List A career high score, scoring 115* in Sparks' final group game, against Lightning.
In 2021, Jones captained Sparks to the knockout stages of the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy. She was also the third-highest run-scorer in the competition, with 299 runs including two half-centuries and one century, 100* made against North West Thunder. Jones was the leading run-scorer in the Charlotte Edwards Cup, with 276 runs including 3 half-centuries. She made her Twenty20 high score against South East Stars, scoring 76 from 68 deliveries. Jones also played for Birmingham Phoenix in The Hundred, and was the fourth-highest run-scorer in the competition, with 233 runs including two half-centuries. At the end of the 2021 season, Jones was named as the first-ever PCA Women's Overall Domestic MVP for her performances in the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy, Charlotte Edwards Cup and The Hundred, and was later voted the overall PCA Player of the Year. In 2022, she scored 213 runs in the Charlotte Edwards Cup as she captained her side to the final, as well as scoring 224 runs in the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy. Jones scored 91 in Sparks' defeat to Northern Diamonds in the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy. She was also ever-present for Birmingham Phoenix in The Hundred, scoring 99 runs in six matches.
Overseas cricket
Jones played one season for Canterbury in 2017–18, with her best performance coming against Wellington, where she scored 81. In September 2021, Jones signed for the Melbourne Renegades for the 2021–22 Women's Big Bash League season. She played 12 matches for the side, scoring 236 runs at an average of 23.60, including making 62 from 46 deliveries in the side's victory over Brisbane Heat.
International career
In December 2021, Jones was named captain of England's A squad for their tour to Australia, with the matches being played alongside the Women's Ashes. She played all six matches on the tour, making one half-century, 51* in the 3rd T20.
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Shrewsbury
Shropshire women cricketers
Staffordshire women cricketers
Lancashire women cricketers
Warwickshire women cricketers
Loughborough Lightning cricketers
Lancashire Thunder cricketers
Central Sparks cricketers
Canterbury Magicians cricketers
Birmingham Phoenix cricketers
Melbourne Renegades (WBBL) cricketers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal%20teams%20involved%20in%20the%20Special%20Counsel%20investigation%20%282017%E2%80%932019%29
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Legal teams involved in the Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)
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The 2017-2019 Special Counsel investigation involved multiple legal teams, specifically the attorneys, supervised by Special Counsel Robert Mueller, taking part in the investigation; the team representing President Trump in his personal capacity; and the team representing the White House as an institution separate from the President.
According to CNN, as of August 2018, the Mueller team included 15 attorneys, led by Mueller. The additional supporting staff brings the number over 30.
Emmet Flood heads a team representing the White House, and Trump personally is represented by Jay Sekulow, Andrew Ekonomou, Rudy Giuliani, the Raskin & Raskin law firm, and Joanna Hendon. Former members of this team include white-collar crimes expert John Dowd and Ty Cobb representing the office of the presidency.
Mueller's legal team has been consistently attacked as biased against President Trump, who has repeatedly referred to it as "The 13 Angry Democrats". Mueller, though, is a registered Republican, and choosing to hire or not hire career attorneys on the basis of political affiliation is contrary to both Justice Department policy and federal law.
Mueller and investigation team
Upon his appointment as special counsel, Mueller resigned his position at the Washington office of law firm WilmerHale, along with two colleagues, Aaron Zebley and James L. Quarles III. On 23 May 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice ethics experts announced they had declared Mueller ethically able to function as special counsel.
Politico proposed that the "ideal team" would likely have six to eight prosecutors, along with administrative assistants and experts in areas such as money laundering or interpreting tax returns. Mueller had hired 17 lawyers by February 2018, and had a total staff of over three dozen, including investigators and other non-attorneys by August 2017. He also has an active role in managing the inquiry.
Attorneys
Zainab Ahmad: assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, specializing in terrorism cases; "concluded her detail" under Mueller in March 2019 "but [would] continue to represent the office on specific pending matters that were assigned to her during her detail."
Heather Alpino: Previously at the Counterintelligence and Export Control Section of the DOJ National Security Division.
Greg Andres: former Deputy Assistant Attorney General, managed foreign bribery division
Uzo Asonye: Deputy Chief of the Financial Crimes and Public Corruption office at the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.
Rush Atkinson: trial attorney in the DOJ fraud section
Deborah Curtis: Deputy Chief of the Counterespionage Section at the DOJ's National Security Division
Michael Dreeben: Deputy Solicitor General, who oversees the Justice Department's criminal appellate docket; an expert in criminal law
Andrew D. Goldstein: former leader of the public corruption unit, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York
Adam Jed: attorney in the DOJ Civil Division, appellate section
Jonathan Kravis: previous experience prosecuting public corruption
Robert Mueller: symbolic team leader; Special counsel for the United States Department of Justice
Elizabeth Prelogar: appellate attorney with the Solicitor General's office; fluent in Russian; former law clerk to Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Elena Kagan
James L. Quarles III: former assistant special prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force
Kathryn Rakoczy: prosecutor focusing on violent street crimes.
Jeannie S. Rhee: partner at WilmerHale, specializing in white-collar crime; a former Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel and Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Columbia
Andrew Weissmann: chief of the DOJ Criminal Division's Fraud Section
Aaron Zebley: former chief of staff to Mueller at the FBI and Deputy Special Counsel of the investigation
Aaron S. J. Zelinsky: an attorney on detail from the United States Attorney for the District of Maryland
Support personnel
Jason Alberts: leading corruption investigator with the New York FBI office, formerly a political appointee of President George W. Bush in the Department of the Interior's solicitor's office
David Archey: FBI agent, succeeded Peter Strzok as leader of the team's FBI contingent, previously part of the Hillary Clinton email investigation; left in Feb-Mar 2019 to become chief of the FBI's field office in Richmond, VA
William Barnett: FBI agent investigating Michael Flynn
Peter Carr: team spokesman, a veteran DOJ spokesman
Francesco Corral: FBI supervisory special agent investigating cybersecurity aspects of the case, previously worked on foreign intelligence cybersecurity cases
Brock W. Domin: FBI special agent, majored in Russian language and literature at Notre Dame, specialized in national security investigations and financial crimes
Sherine Ebadi: FBI agent specialized in fraud, money laundering and identity theft
Jennifer Edwards: accountant with the FBI since 2006, won the Attorney General's award in 2016 for her work on the DC-area Child Exploitation Task Force of the FBI
Robert Gibbs: FBI agent since 2003, previously worked on Chinese espionage cases
Walter Giardina: FBI agent and Marine veteran of the Iraq War
Curtis Heide: FBI agent previously based in Chicago
Omer Meisel: FBI agent since 1999 and former Securities and Exchange Commission investigator, previously worked on high-profile financial crime and public corruption cases
Mueller has also added unidentified agents of the IRS Criminal Investigations Division (also known as CI) to his team. The Daily Beast, referring to the CI division as one of the government's "most tight-knit, specialized, and secretive investigative entities," reported that Mueller had enjoyed working with CI agents when he was a government attorney.
Mueller's team is also working with the Attorney General of New York on its investigation into Manafort's financial transactions.
Former members
Ryan K. Dickey: former assistant US attorney in the Eastern District of Virginia, veteran cyber prosecutor from the DOJ Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section. Departure was first reported in August 2018.
Kyle Freeny: attorney for the money laundering unit at the Department of Justice. Left mid-October 2018.
Scott A. C. Meisler: appellate attorney with the DOJ Criminal Division. Left in December 2018.
Lisa C. Page: DOJ trial attorney in the FBI's Criminal Division Organized Crime Section; formerly an attorney in the office of the FBI general counsel. Her removal from the team was reported in late September 2017.
Brian M. Richardson: clerked for Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer, the US district court in Brooklyn and the 2nd US Circuit Court of Appeals. His departure was first reported in August 2018.
Peter Strzok: FBI counterintelligence investigator. Strzok was removed from the team in late July 2017 for exchanging anti-Trump and pro-Hillary Clinton text messages with his colleague Lisa Page. Strzok was later fired from the FBI.
Brandon Van Grack: United States Department of Justice National Security Division Prosecutor. His departure was first reported in October 2018.
Personnel affiliations
Though Trump and others have criticized the fact that many members of Mueller's team have had some affiliation with the Democratic Party, federal regulations prohibit Mueller from considering political affiliation in hiring decisions. Republican members of the House of Representatives have accused the investigation of being manned by personnel with an "anti-Trump" bias who "let Clinton off easy last year", in reference to the FBI's investigation of Hillary Clinton's email server, which also contradicts the stated reason for Trump's firing of James Comey.
Investigation expenses
As of December 2018, the total cost of the investigation has been approximately $25 million, while gaining approximately $48 million. More than half of the cost of the investigation was for personnel compensation and benefits. The gains were accrued primarily by uncovering unpaid taxes by targets in the investigation, seizing assets, and collecting fines. The attorneys have taken significant cuts in pay to work on the investigation, with their normal salaries "ranging from just under $1 million (for Zebley) to about $4.1 million (for Quarles)". Their current salaries "range from $105,782 to $187,000".
Trump's legal team
Trump's lead attorney Rudy Giuliani disclosed on 13 September 2018 that Trump's and Manafort's legal teams have had a joint agreement through which they've exchanged confidential information "all during the investigation".
Members of President Trump's legal team include:
Representing the White House
Emmet Flood: Flood served as a Special Counsel during the George W. Bush Administration and represented Bill Clinton during his impeachment process. On 2 May 2018, he was named to replace Ty Cobb, who said he would remain with the team for a brief transition period. Flood is a partner at Williams & Connolly.
Representing Trump personally
Andrew Ekonomou: a former prosecutor with a doctorate in medieval history; joined March 2018.
Rudy Giuliani: former mayor of New York City and United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York. Joined 19 April 2018.
Joanna Hendon: criminal defense lawyer at New York–based firm Spears & Imes; represents Trump in the matter involving the raids on Trump's personal attorney Michael Cohen. Joined April 2018.
Jane Serene Raskin and Martin R. ("Marty") Raskin: former federal prosecutors, now principals of Raskin & Raskin, a Coral Gables, Florida law firm emphasizing white collar criminal defense. Joined 19 April 2018.
Jay Sekulow: the chief counsel at the American Center for Law & Justice, a conservative, Christian-based social organization. Joined in June 2017.
Former members of the President's legal team
Michael J. Bowe: an attorney at Marc Kasowitz's firm
Ty Cobb: a white-collar crime lawyer; was on White House staff representing the office of the presidency and was not on Trump's personal legal team. He joined in June 2017 and announced on 2 May 2018, that he would leave the team with the appointment of Emmet Flood to replace him. Cobb's last day was 18 May 2018.
Mark Corallo, spokesman for Kasowitz and the White House; resigned on 20 July 2017.
John M. Dowd, former leader of the team; joined in June 2017; resigned on 22 March 2018.
Marc Kasowitz, Trump's personal attorney and the first member of the team; resigned on 20 July 2017.
Prominent lawyers and law firms that have declined offers to join Trump's legal team
In an article describing the "unique circumstance" of Rudy Giuliani's unpaid leave of absence from Greenberg Traurig while representing Trump, possibly because of "potential conflicts", Christine Simmons referred to how some other law firms may have turned down representing Trump in the Russia case due to "public relations headaches or business and recruitment concerns". Trump has called such views a "Fake News narrative", but, according to Ryan Lovelace of The National Law Journal, "many Washington defense attorneys aren't so sure".
A number of prominent lawyers and law firms are known to have declined offers to join Trump's legal team, including Robert S. Bennett of Hogan Lovells, Paul Clement and Mark Filip, both with Kirkland & Ellis, Robert Giuffra Jr. of Sullivan & Cromwell, Theodore B. Olson of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, and Brendan V. Sullivan Jr. of Williams & Connolly. Other firms with attorneys who have declined to represent Trump include Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, Steptoe & Johnson, and Winston & Strawn. Former U.S. Attorney Joseph diGenova and his wife Victoria Toensing were also briefly slated to join Trump's legal team, but withdrew their services from Trump in March 2018, citing conflicts of interest.
Others
Michael Cohen, Trump's former long-time personal attorney, who is fully cooperating with the Special Counsel and admitted to violating campaign finance laws, is represented by Lanny Davis.
James Comey, whose assertions regarding statements made by Trump are central to the investigation, has a legal team including former independent counsel Patrick Fitzgerald.
Paul Manafort, a key player in the allegations of improper contact between then-candidate Trump and the Russian government, is represented by Kevin Downing. Trump's and Manafort's legal teams have had a joint agreement through which they've exchanged confidential information "all during the investigation".
See also
Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)
Special prosecutor
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
References
Aftermath of the 2016 United States presidential election
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Donald Trump litigation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317%20Butler%20Bulldogs%20men%27s%20basketball%20team
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2016–17 Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team
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The 2016–17 Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team represented Butler University in the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Their head coach was Chris Holtmann, in his third year. The Bulldogs played their home games at Hinkle Fieldhouse and were members of the Big East Conference. They finished the regular season 25–9, 12–6 in Big East play to finish in second place. They lost to Xavier in the quarterfinals of the Big East Tournament. The Bulldogs received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as a No. 4 seed in the South Region. They defeated Winthrop and Middle Tennessee to advance to the Sweet Sixteen. In the Sweet Sixteen, they lost to eventual National Champion North Carolina.
On June 9, 2017, head coach Chris Holtmann left to become the head coach at Ohio State. On June 12, the school hired Milwaukee head coach and Butler alum LaVall Jordan as head coach.
Previous season
The Bulldogs finished the 2015–16 season with a record of 22–11, 10–8 in Big East play to finish in a tie for fourth place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the Big East Tournament to Providence. The Bulldogs received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament where they defeated Texas Tech in the First Round to advance to the Second Round where they lost to Virginia.
Off season
Prior to the season, Butler was picked to finish sixth in a poll of Big East coaches. Kelan Martin was named to the preseason All-Big East first team.
Departures
2016 recruiting class
Butler originally signed four recruits in its 2016 class which was hailed as the best recruiting class in Butler history. However, three star point guard, Howard Washington, Jr., and Butler mutually agreed to part ways in April 2016. The class is currently ranked as 45th best in the country by 247Sports.com.
Incoming transfers
Roster
Schedule
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Rankings
*AP does not release post-NCAA tournament rankings
Awards
References
Butler
Butler Bulldogs men's basketball seasons
2016 in sports in Indiana
2017 in sports in Indiana
Butler
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9fest%20Sudbury%20International%20Film%20Festival
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Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival
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Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival, also known as Cinéfest and Cinéfest Sudbury is an annual film festival in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, held over nine days each September. It is one of the largest film festivals in Canada.
First held in 1989, Cinéfest quickly became a popular destination for Canadian filmmakers. Unlike the larger film festivals in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver, Cinéfest offered filmmakers a chance to gain exposure among more typical film audiences in a city which, at the time of the festival's launch in 1989, had never previously had any regular venues for screening independent, international and non-mainstream films. Cinéfest presents an annual programme of over 135 films, both domestic and international, often screened towards English and French language audiences.
Cinéfest is a qualifying film festival for the Canadian Screen Awards.
History
Patricia Rozema's I've Heard the Mermaids Singing was presented in Sudbury in 1988 at a special test screening. Planned as a onetime event, Sudbury was being used as a test market for alternative Canadian films in communities outside of Canada's top metropolitan markets. The result surprised everyone, with over 900 people attending the sold out screening. Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival was established a year later in 1989 as the Sudbury Film Festival, and despite some remaining skepticism, local citizens proved that the city could be receptive to repertory film culture, as approximately 9,000 cinema buffs crowded theatres during the three-day event. The event proved so popular, in fact, that despite having booked opening gala Jesus of Montreal in a 600-seat hall rather than a movie theatre, 1,500 people lined up for the screening and the festival had to quickly add two follow-up screenings. Director Cameron Haynes noted that not even the Toronto International Film Festival had been as wildly popular in its first year of operation.
By 1993, Cinéfest evolved into a full-service film organization, with the festival growing to include upwards of 60 films over five days. Cinéfest Sudbury has become recognized as one of Canada's premiere film festivals. The festival has developed a distinct identity and role within its community and the media arts industry, winning provincial and national acclaim. It is administrated by the non-profit Cultural Industries Ontario North.
Northern Film Circuit
Cinéfest Sudbury has a long history of promoting Canadian cinema and supporting the local film industry. One of the organization's most ambitious projects was the establishment of the Northern Film Circuit (NFC) in 1992. An attempt to build audiences in Northern Ontario for Canadian and international film, the NFC began with only four members. The NFC was eventually used as a model for the Film Circuit, which was developed in partnership with the Toronto International Film Festival and now operates in over 110 communities throughout Ontario.
Northern Connections
Constantly working to bring knowledge to the north, Cinéfest introduced Industry Forum to the Festival's framework in 2003, an initiative that has since provided emerging and mid-career film artists with access to key film representatives, and invited partnerships between Festival, industry and educational institutions. Since the introduction of industry forum, Cinéfest has established itself as a focal point for independent filmmakers, and programmers. While the festival has a long history of presenting and supporting films that represent the output of Canada's independent film artists, Cinéfest Sudbury has also over the years extended significant support to its regional film artists. Through programs such as Northern Connections (introduced in 2003), a program which highlights the best and brightest of regional film talent, and the CTV Best in Shorts Competition, which has awarded over $92,000 in cash prizes to up-and-coming regional film talent since it was established in 2001, the festival has served as a place for regional artists to have their work seen and celebrated.
Mini-festivals
Since the overwhelming success of Cinéfest Sudbury in 2003, which saw 80 per cent of festival screenings either reach or exceed capacity, festival organizers have worked aggressively to ensure accessibility for its audiences. The Festival Expansion Initiative was developed and launched in 2004, through which the festival was expanded from six to nine days. A plan was also developed at that time to establish Cinéfest as a year-round venue to showcase the best in film. In 2006, Cinéfest Sudbury introduced two new mini-festivals, Canadian Spotlight and Show & Tell Children's Film Showcase). These events are now providing audiences with even greater access to the works of Canadian film artists and are providing area schools with educational and inspirational film works that meet the needs of each curriculum.
Cinema Summit
In 2010, Cinéfest Sudbury introduced The Cinema Summit, a presentation, exchange and development series devoted to the celebration, promotion and advancement of Canada's new and emerging filmmaking talent. Aside from expanding the number of film screenings attended by talent associated with selected films, Cinema Summit features additional panel discussions, master classes and lectures with specific topics of focus, and introduces attendees to experts in the film and media arts industries. Cinema Summit represents Cinéfest's next efforts to inspire audiences, talent, students and industry.
Cinéfest Sudbury Film Series
In 2010, Cinéfest Sudbury further expanded its year-round presence by introducing the Cinéfest Sudbury Film Series, a monthly film presentation series typically held on the last Thursday of each month, featuring the best in Canadian and international cinema.
Cinéfest Collection
The Greater Sudbury Public Library maintains a dedicated "Cinéfest Collection", featuring DVDs of over 200 films that have previously screened at the festival.
Programming
Cinéfest currently boasts a nine-day repertoire of film programming for local, national and international guests. Its lineup often includes a selection of prominent international films which may have screened at TIFF just a week or two earlier, but also places a greater emphasis on both commercial and independent Canadian films. Due to the Sudbury region's significant Franco-Ontarian population, the festival also programs a larger selection of French-language films from both Quebec and France.
The festival is also sometimes the world premiere venue for films that were produced or shot within Northern Ontario. In recent years, the festival has also programmed a dedicated Cinema Indigenized stream of Indigenous Canadian films.
Awards
1990
Best Canadian Film Award: An Imaginary Tale (Une histoire inventée), André Forcier
Best International Film Award: The Nasty Girl, Michael Verhoeven
1991
Best Canadian Film Award: The Adjuster, Atom Egoyan
Best Ontario Feature: The Adjuster, Atom Egoyan
Best International Film Award: A Mere Mortal (Simple mortel), Pierre Jolivet
1992
Best Canadian Film Award: Careful, Guy Maddin
Best International Film Award: Like Water for Chocolate, Alfonso Arau
Best Ontario Film: The Twist, Ron Mann
1993
Best Canadian Film Award: Zero Patience, John Greyson
Best International Film Award: Naked, Mike Leigh
Best Ontario Film: Zero Patience, John Greyson
1994
Best Canadian Film Award: Exotica, Atom Egoyan
Best International Film Award: Caro diario, Nanni Moretti
Best Ontario Film: Picture of Light, Peter Mettler
1995
Best Canadian Film Award: The Confessional (Le Confessionnal), Robert Lepage
Best International Film Award: The White Balloon, Jafar Panahi
Best Ontario Film: Rude, Clement Virgo
1996
Audience Choice Award: The Eighth Day (Le huitième jour), Jaco Van Dormael
Best Canadian Film Award: Hard Core Logo, Bruce McDonald
Best International Film Award: The Eighth Day (Le huitième jour), Jaco Van Dormael
Best Ontario Film: Project Grizzly, Peter Lynch
1997
Audience Choice Award: Ma vie en rose, Alain Berliner
Best Canadian Film Award: The Hanging Garden, Thom Fitzgerald
Best Canadian Short Film: Zie 37 Stagen, Sylvain Guy
Best Ontario Feature: Cube, Vincenzo Natali
1998
Audience Choice Award: Life is Beautiful, Roberto Benigni
Best Canadian Film Award: Nô, Robert Lepage
Best Canadian First Feature: Clutch, Chris Grismer
Best Canadian Short: Moving Day, Chris Deacon
Best Ontario Film: Last Night, Don McKellar
1999
Audience Choice Award: Happy, Texas, Mark Illsley
Best Canadian Film Award: New Waterford Girl, Allan Moyle
Best Ontario Film: Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the '70s Generation, Catherine Annau
2000
Audience Choice Award: The Luzhin Defence, Marleen Gorris
Best Canadian Film: Two Thousand and None, Arto Paragamian
Best Canadian First Feature: Parsley Days, Andrea Dorfman
Best Ontario Film: Deeply, Sheri Elwood
2001
Audience Choice Award: Amélie, Jean-Pierre Jeunet
Best Canadian First Feature Film: A Passage to Ottawa, Gaurav Seth
Best Ontario Film: Picture Claire, Bruce McDonald
2002
Audience Choice Award: Bowling for Columbine, Michael Moore
Best Canadian First Feature Film: Marion Bridge, Wiebke von Carolsfeld
Best Ontario Film: Rub & Tug, Soo Lyu
2003
Audience Choice Award: The Barbarian Invasions (Les Invasions barbares), Denys Arcand
Best Canadian Film: The Barbarian Invasions (Les Invasions barbares), Denys Arcand
Best Canadian First Feature: Hollywood North, Peter O'Brian
Best Ontario Film: Falling Angels, Scott Smith
2004
Audience Choice Award: The Sea Inside, Alejandro Amenabar
Best Canadian Film: A Year in the Death of Jack Richards, B.P. Paquette
2005
Audience Choice Award: Water, Deepa Mehta
Best Canadian First Feature: A Simple Curve, Aubrey Nealon
Best Ontario Film: Water, Deepa Mehta
Best Canadian Short Film: Dry Whiskey, Robert Budreau and Philip Svoboda
2006
Audience Choice Award: After the Wedding, Susanne Bier
Best Canadian First Feature: Away from Her, Sarah Polley
Best Ontario Film: Snow Cake, Marc Evans
2007
Audience Choice Award: Shake Hands with the Devil, Roger Spottiswoode
Best Canadian Film: Shake Hands with the Devil, Roger Spottiswoode
2008
Audience Choice Award: Passchendaele, Paul Gross
2009
Audience Choice Award: The Young Victoria, Jean-Marc Vallée
Best Canadian Film: The Woman of Ahhs: A Self-Portrait by Victoria Fleming, B.P. Paquette
Best Canadian First Feature: I Killed My Mother (J'ai tué ma mère), Xavier Dolan
2010
Audience Choice Award: Incendies, Denis Villeneuve
Best Canadian First Feature: Oliver Sherman, Ryan Redford
Best Documentary: Force of Nature: The David Suzuki Movie, Sturla Gunnarsson Best in Shorts – First place, open category: Bedtime Stories by Ben Brumueller
Best in Shorts – Second place, open category: Freshwater Plague by Jake Chirico
Best in Shorts – Third place, open category: The Appointment by Katrina Saville
Best in Shorts – Student category: Singing in the Brain by J.P. Bouchardt
Best in Shorts – Northern Flicks Award: Never Been Kissed by Gina Simon
Best Animation Award: Bedtime Stories by Ben Brumueller
CTV Best Script Award: The Appointment by Katrina Saville
Gala presentations included Score: A Hockey Musical, You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger, Casino Jack, Made in Dagenham, Jack Goes Boating, The Bang Bang Club and Barney's Version.
2011
Audience Choice Award: Cloudburst, Thom Fitzgerald
National Film Board of Canada Carolyn Fouriezos Best Canadian Documentary Award: The Guantanamo Trap, Thomas Wallner
Best in Shorts – First place, open category: The Standoff by John Alden Milne
Best in Shorts – First place, student category: Shoes! by Ryan Ongaro
Best in Shorts – Second place, student category: Ad Noctvm by Josh Herd
Best in Shorts – Third place, student category: Introspection by Sam Desrosiers
Northern Flicks Award: Sugaring by Ryan Mariotti
Best Animation Award: Private Snuffy by Ben Sainsbury
Gala presentations: Restless, The Guard, I'm Yours, The Woman in the Fifth, Starbuck, Albert Nobbs, Donovan's Echo, Take This Waltz.
Special Presentations: Afghan Luke, Monsieur Lazhar, Sophie, Midnight in Paris, Sleeping Beauty.
2012
Audience Choice Award: In Return, Chris Dymond
Northern Flicks Award: Morning Zombies, Kevin Hoffman
Best Animation Award: Reesor Siding, Paul Rodrigue
Gala Presentations: The Riverbank, The Angels' Share, A Dark Truth, Midnight's Children, A Royal Affair, Old Stock, Inch'Allah, Still Mine, A Late QuartetSpecial Presentations: All in Good Time, Amour, Crooked Arrows, Foxfire: Confessions of a Girl Gang, The Hunt (Jagten), Inescapable, Laurence Anyways, Rust and Bone (De rouille et d'os), The Suicide Shop (Le Magasin des suicides), No, Revolution, Safety Not Guaranteed, Stories We Tell, War Witch (Rebelle) 2013
Audience Choice Award: Gabrielle by Louise Archambault
Best Canadian Feature Film Award: Gabrielle by Louise Archambault
Best Foreign Feature Film Award: The Lunchbox [Dabba] by Ritesh Batra
Best Canadian Independent Song in A Feature Film Award: Ariane Moffatt, "Too Late" from Sarah préfère la course Best Northern Ontario Feature Film Award: The Story of Luke by Alonso Mayo
Best of Audience Choice Award – Audience Votes: Life is Beautiful, Roberto Benigni. This was a special all-time award presented to honour the most popular film in the history of the festival's Audience Choice award.
Gala Presentations: The Art of the Steal, The Invisible Woman, Cubicle Warriors, Kill Your Darlings, The Story of Luke, Parkland, Gabrielle, The Right Kind of Wrong, Cas & DylanSpecial Presentations: Adore, All Is Lost, The Armstrong Lie, Les beaux jours, The Face of Love, The Four Soldiers, Gloria, La grande bellezza, Jeune & Jolie, Shoshite chichi ni naru, Louis Cyr: L'homme le plus fort du monde, The Lunchbox [Dabba], Le passé, La vie d'Adele (chapitres 1 et 2) 2014
Audience Choice Award: Elsa & Fred by Michael Radford
Audience Choice Award Best Documentary: I Am Big Bird: The Caroll Spinney Story by Dave LaMattina and Chad N. Walker
Audience Choice Award Best Short Film: Little Brother (Petit frère) by Rémi St-Michel
Best in Shorts First Place, open category: Beautiful Monster by Callam Rodya
Best in Shorts Runner Up, open category: Bullet-Headed by Zahra Golafshani
Best in Shorts, student category: 2:00 by Martin Smith
Best in Shorts Northern Flicks Award: Raising Hope: A Relay for Life Story by Paul W. Los and Nora Burns
Best in Shorts Best Animation Award: Clarabel by Ben Bruhmuller
2015
Audience Choice Award: Labyrinth of Lies by Giulio Ricciarelli
Audience Choice Award Best Documentary: Meru by Jimmy Chin and Elizabeth Chai Vasarhelyi
Audience Choice Award Best Short Film: Ron Taylor: Dr. Baseball by Drew Taylor and Matthew Taylor
Best in Shorts, open category: Ordinary Miracle by Martin Smith
Best in Shorts, open category runner-up: Down South by Shawn Kosmerly
Best in Shorts, student category: Spree by Eric Harrison
Best in Shorts, student category runner-up: The Maker by Alek Bélanger
Best in Shorts Northern Flicks Award: Ordinary Miracle by Martin Smith
Best in Shorts Innovation Award: Perceptions by Zahra Golafshani
2016
Audience Choice Award: Maudie by Aisling Walsh
Audience Choice Award Best Documentary: The Eagle Huntress by Otto Bell
Audience Choice Award Best Short Film: The Orchard by Darcy Van Poelgeest
Best in Shorts, open category: Camani by Dale Carrigan
Runner-up, Shorts, open category: Movin' On by Shawn Kosmerly
Best in Shorts, student category: This Is Fine by George Bull
Runner-up, Shorts, student category: Broken by Sheri Shweyer
Best in Shorts Northern Flicks Award: Camani by Dale Carrigan
Gala presentations: Maudie, Manchester by the Sea, Chocolat, Denial, The Headhunter's Calling, Toni Erdmann, Mean Dreams, I, Daniel Blake, The Dressmaker.
2017
Gala presentations: Back to Burgundy (Ce qui nous lie), Borg/McEnroe, Breathe, Call Me By Your Name, Don't Talk to Irene, Indian Horse, Long Time Running, Mary Shelley, Stronger.
Audience Choice Award: Loving Vincent by Dorota Kobiela and Hugh Welchman
Audience Choice Award Best Documentary: Everyday Heroes (Et les mistrals gagnants) by Anne-Dauphine Julliand
Audience Choice Award Best Short Film: Fix and Release by Scott Dobson
Best in Shorts, open category: Farewell Fire by Scott Armstrong
Runner-up, Shorts, open category: Future Sick by Aaron Martini
Best in Shorts, student category: Future Sick by Aaron Martini
Runner-up, Shorts, student category: Versa: This is Where We Disappear, Aaron Martini
Best in Shorts Northern Flicks Award: Farewell Fire by Scott Armstrong
2018
Gala presentations: 1991, Bel Canto, Colette, The Grizzlies, The New Romantic, Sharkwater Extinction, The Sisters Brothers, Through Black Spruce, What They HadBest Feature Film: The Guilty, Gustav Möller
Best Documentary: You Are Here, Moze Mossanen
Best Short Film: Animal Behaviour, Alison Snowden and David Fine
2019
Gala presentations: American Woman, And the Birds Rained Down (Il pleuvait des oiseaux), La Belle Époque, The Farewell, Guest of Honour, Judy, The Last Full Measure, The Rest of Us, The Song of NamesAudience Choice Award: Judy, Rupert Goold
Audience Choice Award, Runner-Up: By the Grace of God (Grâce à Dieu), François Ozon
Audience Choice Award, Documentary: Sea of Shadows, Richard Ladkan
Audience Choice Award, Documentary Runner-Up: The Secret Marathon, Kate McKenzie and Scott Townend
Audience Choice Award, Short Film: The Depths (Les profondeurs), Ariane Louis-Seize
Audience Choice Award, Short Film Runner-Up: Unidentified Woman, Katrina Saville
2020
Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, organizers announced that the 2020 Cinéfest would proceed with a mix of in-person and online screenings, similarly to the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival.
Gala presentations for the festival were Ammonite, Girl, My Salinger Year, Nadia, Butterfly, The Nest, Nine Days, Percy and The Rose Maker (La fine fleur).
Audience Choice, Live Screening: The Father, Florian Zeller
Audience Choice, Virtual Platform: The Last Vermeer, Dan Friedkin
Audience Choice, Documentary: Call Me Human (Je m'appelle humain), Kim O'Bomsawin
Audience Choice, Documentary Runner-Up: Chaakapesh, Roger Frappier and Justin Kingsley
Audience Choice, Short Film: Cayenne, Simon Gionet
Audience Choice, Short Film Runner-Up: Zoo, Will Niava
2021
The 2021 festival was again presented under a hybrid model, with both in-person and online screenings. The festival also introduced a number of juried film awards, following several years of only presenting audience choice-based awards; the new awards program includes cash prizes for Outstanding Canadian Feature, Outstanding International Feature, Outstanding Female-Led Feature, Cinema Indigenized Outstanding Talent, French-Language Feature, Inspiring Voices and Perspectives Feature, Outstanding Short, Outstanding Emerging Canadian Short, and Outstanding Animated Short.
Gala presentations were All My Puny Sorrows, The Electrical Life of Louis Wain, Official Competition (Competencia oficial), Falling for Figaro, Juniper, The Vinland Club (Le club vinland), Lakewood, Night Raiders, One Second (一秒钟), and The Card Counter.
2022
Galas in 2022 were Alice, Darling, Ashgrove, Beautiful Minds (Presque), Broker (브로커), Call Jane, North of Normal, The Return of Tanya Tucker: Featuring Brandi Carlisle, The Swearing Jar and Viking''.
References
External links
Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival
Festivals in Greater Sudbury
Film festivals in Ontario
1989 establishments in Ontario
Film festivals established in 1989
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell%20F.C.
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Motherwell F.C.
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Motherwell Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Motherwell, North Lanarkshire, which plays in the Scottish Premiership. Motherwell have not dropped out of the top-flight of Scottish football since 1985, and have lifted one trophy in that time – the Scottish Cup in 1991.
Clad in their traditional claret and amber, Motherwell play their home matches at Fir Park Stadium and have done since 1896. The club's main rivals over the years have been Hamilton Academical and Airdrieonians, due in part to their close geographical proximities. These matches are known as the Lanarkshire derby.
The club have won four major trophies in domestic football: the Scottish League title in 1931–32, the Scottish Cup in 1951–52 and 1990–91, and the Scottish League Cup in 1950–51.
History
Beginnings
Motherwell FC was born on 17 May 1886, when representatives of the two main Motherwell works teams Glencairn FC and Alpha FC met in Ballie's pub in the town's Merry Street, and decided to merge the two teams with the aim of creating a club to represent the town as a whole at a higher footballing level. Motherwell's debut fixture proved to be a successful one as they overcame Hamilton Academical 3–2.
The early years proved somewhat chaotic as the club had little regular competition to play in, and matches would often start with players short, as men failed to turn up on time after their shifts in the local ironworks. On 5 August 1893 the decision was made to turn professional, and the club was consequently elected to the league, then being the only Lanarkshire side to compete at national level.
Up until 1895 the club had played at a few different venues, including a site at Roman Road, and Dalziel Park. The small pitch and muddy conditions at Dalziel Park were deemed unsuitable and Lord Hamilton granted a lease on a plot of land on his Dalzell estate. This new ground was named Fir Park and has remained the club's home for over 120 years.
The following years saw the club grow, appointing their first and longest serving manager to date, John 'Sailor' Hunter, who would go on to steer the club into its most successful period.
In 1913 the decision was made to change the club's colours from blue to the now signature claret and amber. It is thought this was inspired by the success of Bradford City, who also sport claret and amber, although a more romantic version of events claims them to have been Lord Hamilton of Dalzell's racing colours.
1920s and 1930s successes
Motherwell enjoyed a successful period in the aftermath of World War I, managed by John Hunter. The club placed third in the 1919–20 season and, although narrowly avoiding relegation in 1924–25, they steadily climbed the table and enjoyed seven successive seasons finishing in the top three.
In the summer of 1927, the club made a very successful tour of Spain, winning six out of the eight games they played and losing only one. These results included an emphatic 3–1 victory over Real Madrid and a 2–2 draw with Barcelona. Following their success in Spain, the club went on another summer tour, this time of South America. After losing only three of their previous ten games, the tour culminated in a 5–0 defeat by a Brazilian League Select side.
Motherwell's first (and to this day, only) Scottish League championship came in 1931–32 – with 30 wins in 38 fixtures, scoring 119 goals – a record 52 of which were scored by Willie MacFadyen, who remains to this day the record holder for most goals scored in a single season and one of the club's all-time top goalscorers with 251 goals. The championship was sealed on 23 April 1932, when Rangers could only draw at home against Clyde, handing Motherwell the title without kicking a ball. This was also the only League title won by a club outside the Old Firm between 1904 and 1947. In the two seasons following the league title win (1933–34 and 1934–35), 'Well finished runners-up, as they had also been in 1926–27 and 1929–30. They also contested three Scottish Cup finals in this period – in 1931, 1933 and 1939, but lost them all.
Post-World War II period
Following the break-up of the squad after World War II, the club were not instantly successful. It then captured two major trophies in as many years with victories in the 1950 Scottish League Cup Final and the 1952 Scottish Cup Final. The club was then relegated for the first time ever at the end of the 1952–53 season, but the club were promoted the next year.
Following their return to the First Division, Bobby Ancell took management of the club in 1955 and presided over an era in which highly regarded Scotland stars including Ian St. John and Charlie Aitken played for the club. However, Motherwell were unable to keep their assets, and no trophies were won in Ancell's era. His resignation came in 1965 amidst a downturn in form which eventually saw the club relegated back to the Second Division at the conclusion of the 1967–68 season.
1970s recovery and the McLean era
Motherwell were immediately promoted back to the First Division in 1969, maintaining a mid-table position. The 18-team First Division was superseded by a new 10-team Premier League for the 1975–76 season, at which time they were managed by Willie McLean and his assistant Craig Brown (who would become manager almost 35 years later). Under their management, Motherwell improved to fourth in the table with players such as Bobby Graham, Willie Pettigrew and Bobby Watson. The most notable cup run of that period was the 1975-76 Scottish Cup where they eliminated Celtic and lost out in the semi-final to Rangers.
1980 and 90s
Relegation down to the now-First Division and promotion back to the Premier League occurred twice in the early 1980s, before a decade under manager Tommy McLean (brother of Willie) culminated in a Scottish Cup win in 1991. However, similarly to the Ancell era, Scotland internationalist Tom Boyd was sold in the close season after the cup win. Results faded for two years before reaching another two season zenith immediately following the signing of Paul Lambert with third (1993–94) and second-placed (1994–95) Premier League finishes. The 1995 runners-up finish was the club's highest finish since 1933–34.
With Tommy McLean's departure to Hearts in 1994, much of his squad was broken up; a large fee in particular was paid by Celtic for Phil O'Donnell. Much of this money was reinvested in the squad, while the club cycled through managers including Alex McLeish and Harri Kampman. At this point, in August 1998, John Boyle bought the club, taking over from John Chapman. Billy Davies was appointed as manager, and large transfer fees were paid for prominent players including ex-Scotland internationals John Spencer and Andy Goram. The investment though failed to provide results on the pitch.
2000–2009
By the end of Davies' tenure the club were in financial trouble. Eric Black was briefly in charge with the club floating near the foot of the table before it was placed in administration in April 2002 with losses approaching GBP 2 million yearly. Black resigned, and was replaced by Terry Butcher. The club's outlook remained bleak as they were forced to make redundant or release 19 players and replace them with younger players; Boyle also placed the club up for sale. Relegation in 2002–03 – normally automatic following a last-place finish in the league – was avoided on a technicality, as First Division winners Falkirk lacked a stadium meeting Premier League regulations.
Despite the lack of resources, a number of young talented players were found to play for the club; crucially, when many of these moved on, including Stephen Pearson and James McFadden, they brought revenue in the form of transfer fees, and with John Boyle waiving the club's personal debt to him, its financial future was assured by the conclusion of the 2004–05 season with the club's yearly losses falling to one of the lowest figures in the Premier League and the club coming out of administration in time to avoid a ten-point Premier League penalty which was being phased in for teams in administration. On the field, the club also managed to reach the League Cup final, although they were comprehensively defeated by Rangers. Butcher moved on to Sydney at the end of the 2005–06 season, and was succeeded by his assistant Maurice Malpas. Malpas' stint at the club lasted just one season before his resignation in May 2007. After a short period with Scott Leitch as caretaker manager, Mark McGhee was appointed to the position. In his first season as manager McGhee would take the club to 3rd in the league and thus qualify for the UEFA Cup for the first time in 13 years where they would be beaten by French side AS Nancy 3–0 on aggregate. Mark McGhee left Motherwell for the vacant managerial position at Aberdeen in June 2009 to be replaced by Jim Gannon. Former Scotland manager Craig Brown took over when Gannon left.
2010–present
Brown helped the club finish 5th in the SPL and qualify for Europe. The 2010–11 season saw the club in the Europa League and they defeated Breidablik and Aalesunds before losing in the Play-off round to Odense preventing them from reaching the group stages of the competition. Brown left Motherwell for Aberdeen on 10 December 2010. Stuart McCall was named as his successor. This season saw the club reach the Scottish Cup Final where they were defeated 3–0 by Celtic.
The 2011–12 season saw Motherwell reach the qualifying round of the Champions League for the first time. They finished third, one place outside the normal two spots allocated to the SPL for the Champions League. However the club was awarded a place because the club that had finished above them, Rangers, went into liquidation and were prevented by UEFA from playing in European competitions. In the draw for the 3rd qualification round of the Champions League Motherwell were drawn against Greek heavyweights Panathanaikos. This ended in disappointment as Motherwell were knocked out after losing 2–0 at home and then 3–0 away. The 2012–13 season brought even greater success in the SPL as the club finished 2nd in the table and once again qualified for the Europa League. It also saw striker Michael Higdon win the PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year award. Goalkeeper Darren Randolph (second year running), defender Shaun Hutchinson and midfielder Nicky Law were selected for the PFA Scotland Team of the Year.
Motherwell were granted associate membership of the European Club Association in June 2013, becoming the fifth Scottish club to join the Association. The club were invited to join after consistent qualification for European competition between 2008 and 2013. In season 2013–14 Motherwell were knocked out of the Europa League by Russian side Kuban Krasnodar 3–0 on aggregate in the third qualifying round. On 22 January 2014 Motherwell won their 40th Lanarkshire cup beating Hamilton Academical 1–0 thanks to a 54th-minute goal by 19-year-old youngster Jack Leitch. On the final day of the 2013–14 Scottish Premiership, Motherwell won 1–0 at Aberdeen with a dramatic 93rd-minute winner, leapfrogging Aberdeen in the process to seal a second successive runners-up spot in the league. Despite conceding the most goals (60) out of the top six teams, European football was delivered for the sixth time in seven seasons, with a record points total (70). It was a season that also saw a first ever competitive defeat to Lanarkshire neighbours Albion Rovers, sitting third bottom of Scottish League Two at the time, 1–0 in the Scottish Cup.
Despite three successful consecutive league campaigns, Motherwell made a poor start to the 2014–15 Scottish Premiership, which ultimately led to the resignation of manager Stuart McCall on 2 November 2014. Despite the appointment of Ian Baraclough in December 2014, Motherwell were eventually consigned to a Scottish Premiership relegation play-off spot after a defeat at St Mirren in the penultimate league match of the 2014–15 season.
In the 2014–15 relegation play-off finals, Motherwell faced Rangers. The first leg, at Rangers' home ground, Ibrox Stadium, saw Motherwell run out as winners with a score of 1–3. In the second leg, Motherwell celebrated staying in the top division by winning, 3–0. On 23 September 2015, Motherwell parted ways with manager Ian Baraclough. Mark McGhee returned in October 2015 before being sacked in March 2017 after a poor run of results.
On 28 October 2016, Motherwell became a fan-owned club when supporters club Well Society's £1 deal with Les Hutchison was concluded. On 13 October 2017, Manager Stephen Robinson extended his contract until May 2020. On 31 December 2020, Robinson resigned as manager, with Keith Lasley taking interim charge.
In Popular Culture and Literature
In the crime novel The Greenock Murders by Kieran James (2021), a 10-year-old autistic boy, Wee Robbie, moves from Motherwell to Greenock with his family. He refuses to give up his support of Motherwell FC despite repeated abuse and bullying. In the closing stages of the novel, Motherwell beats Rangers 2-1 in a fictional 2022 Scottish Cup Final, involving real players' names on both sides.
Records and statistics
The club has won four major trophies in its history: the First Division in 1931–32, the Scottish Cup in 1952 and 1991, and the Scottish League Cup in 1950. In addition, it has won the second-tier Scottish league on four occasions; as the Second Division in 1953–54 and 1968–69, and as the First Division (beneath the Premier League) in 1981–82 and 1984–85. They also won the Milk Cup in 1983, and the Scottish Summer Cup in 1944 and 1965.
Bob Ferrier holds the record for the number of Motherwell appearances, with 626 in the inter-war period. The goalscoring record is held by Hughie Ferguson, who scored 284 league goals in 10 seasons in the 1910s and 1920s. Willie MacFadyen's 52 goals in the title-winning 1931–32 season remains a club (and country) record for goals in one season.
The club's record European appearance holder is Steven Hammell, with 19 appearances for the club in Europe. The current record European goalscorer is Jamie Murphy, with seven goals. Also, the 8–1 win over Flamurtari on 23 July 2009 currently stands as their record victory in European competition.
Fir Park's current safety certificate limits the capacity to 13,742, all-seated in accordance with the Taylor Report although the ground is listed as . Its average home gate for the 2018–19 season was 5,448. The club's record attendance for a home match is 35,632, against Rangers in a Scottish Cup quarter-final replay on 12 March 1952, but as season ticket holders were not counted at the time, the true attendance would be over 37,000.
Motherwell's biggest win was a 12–1 victory over Dundee United in 1954, with the club's heaviest defeat being the 8–0 loss to Aberdeen in 1979.
On 5 May 2010, Motherwell were involved in the highest scoring match in the SPL, drawing 6–6 with Hibernian at Fir Park, with Lukas Jutkiewicz scoring the equaliser in the 91st minute. This eclipsed another high-scoring game involving Motherwell, a 6–5 defeat by Aberdeen on 20 October 1999.
The record transfer fee paid by the club was to Everton for John Spencer in 1999 (£500,000) and the highest received was David Turnbull for his move to Celtic in 2020 (£3.25m), eclipsing the 1.75m paid for previous record holder Phil O'Donnell in 1994. O'Donnell rejoined Motherwell in 2004, but his second spell at Fir Park ended when he died after collapsing on the pitch in a game against Dundee United on 29 December 2007.
Stephen Craigan holds the record for the most-capped player at the club, with 54 caps in total, 51 as a Motherwell player – Northern Ireland.
Europe
Player of the Year
The Supporters Association first handed out the award in April 1956. The first winner of the award was Andy Paton, who received a silver cup from Sailor Hunter at a dinner dance in Overton Miners Welfare. Paton was further honoured in 2007 when he was declared the "Greatest Ever" Motherwell player.
Joe Wark and Keith Lasley are the only men to win the award three separate times. Charlie Aitken was the first of five players to win the award back-to-back, with Louis Moult being the last player to do this.
1955–56 – Andy Paton
1956–57 – Charlie Aitken
1957–58 – Charlie Aitken
1958–59 – Ian St John
1959–60 – Joe Mackin
1960–61 – Pat Quinn
1961–62 – Bobby Roberts
1962–63 – Bobby McCallum
1963–64 – Joe McBride
1964–65 – Pat Delaney
1965–66 – John Martis
1966–67 – John Martis
1967–68 – Peter McCloy
1968–69 – Joe Wark
1969–70 – Keith MacRae
1970–71 – Bobby Watson
1971–72 – Willie McCallum
1972–73 – Joe Wark
1973–74 – Bobby Graham
1974–75 – Bobby Watson
1975–76 – Joe Wark
1976–77 – Stuart Rennie
1977–78 – Gregor Stevens
1978–79 – Stuart Rennie
1979–80 – Hugh Sproat
1980–81 – Joe Carson
1981–82 – Steve McLelland
1982–83 – Ally Mauchlen
1983–84 – Andy Dornan
1984–85 – Graham Forbes
1985–86 – Tom Boyd
1986–87 – Fraser Wishart
1987–88 – Craig Paterson
1988–89 – Stevie Kirk
1989–90 – Tom Boyd
1990–91 – Ally Maxwell
1991–92 – Phil O'Donnell
1992–93 – Sieb Dijkstra
1993–94 – Brian Martin
1994–95 – Brian Martin
1995–96 – Paul Lambert
1996–97 – Mitchell van der Gaag
1997–98 – Tommy Coyne
1998–99 – Ged Brannan
1999–00 – Don Goodman
2000–01 – Steven Hammell
2001–02 – Éric Deloumeaux
2002–03 – Martyn Corrigan
2003–04 – Stephen Craigan
2004–05 – Scott McDonald
2005–06 – Graeme Smith
2006–07 – Mark Reynolds
2007–08 – David Clarkson
2008–09 – Stephen Craigan
2009–10 – John Ruddy
2010–11 – Keith Lasley
2011–12 – Keith Lasley
2012–13 – Michael Higdon
2013–14 – Keith Lasley
2014–15 – Lee Erwin
2015–16 – Louis Moult
2016–17 – Louis Moult
2017–18 – Trevor Carson
2018–19 – David Turnbull
2019–20 – Declan Gallagher
2020–21 – Tony Watt
2021–22 – Liam Kelly
Hall of Fame
The club launched its official Hall of Fame in 2019, with five inaugural members announced at a dinner on 23 November. Four of the names were confirmed prior to the event with a fifth, a special fans vote, announced on the night as Phil O’Donnell. The 2020 event was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with only three names, Hunter, Paton and Cooper having been confirmed. On 9 September 2021, the club announced the event was returning with the two remaining 2020 inductees to be named alongside the previous three, together with a whole new class of five names for 2021.
2019:
George Stevenson
Willie Pettigrew
Ally Maxwell
Phil O’Donnell
James McFadden
2020:
John 'Sailor' Hunter
Andy Paton
Joe Wark
Davie Cooper
Steven Hammell
2021:
Bobby Ferrier
John Martis
Tommy McLean
Steve Kirk
Stephen Craigan
2022:
Willie MacFadyen
Keith Lasley
Managers
Honours
Motherwell have won a number of league titles and cups in their history, which includes six major domestic trophy successes. Their sole Scottish league championship came in season 1931–32 (66 points total, winning margin by 5 points). Amongst their biggest cup success was winning the Scottish Cup twice in 1951–52 (4–0 v Dundee) and 1990–91 (4–3 v Dundee United), and the Scottish League Cup once in 1950–51 (3–0 v Hibernian), also winning the now defunct Summer Cup in 1943–44 and 1964–65.
They have also won the second tier of Scottish league football on four occasions. Other notable cup success includes winning the Scottish Qualifying Cup once and winning the Lanarkshire Cup forty times. Their most recent Final appearance in the Scottish Cup came in 2017–18 (2–0 defeat to Celtic) and the Scottish League Cup came in 2017–18 (2–0 defeat to Celtic). Their best league performance recently in the Scottish top flight was registering back-to-back second-place finishes in 2012–13 and 2013–14. They have qualified for European competition ten times.
The club won the Lanarkshire Cup during 2013–14 in the last season that the cup was competed. This was the club's fortieth success.
Below is a list of honours won and other achievements by Motherwell.
1The Scottish Football Federation was a short-lived non-league that Motherwell competed in from 1891 to 1893 before being elected into the Scottish Second Division in 1893–94.
2The Summer Cup in the 1940s was a regional competition for Southern League teams, while in the 1960s it was a national cup competition for Scottish League Division One clubs.
3The Lord Provost of Glasgow's Charity Cup was a Scottish Super Cup match between the 1951–52 Division One champions and 1951–52 Scottish Cup winners.
4The Lanarkshire Cup Final was between Motherwell and Airdieoanians in 1925–26, but the cup was withheld after a dispute over choice of venue.
5 The Franco-Scottish Friendship Cup was an Inter-League competition.
Current squad
First team squad
On loan
Reserve Team
Retired numbers
Since O'Donnell's death in 2007, only one player has worn the number 10 shirt. David Clarkson, who is the nephew of O'Donnell, wore the shirt up until he left the club in July 2009. While not officially retired, it has not been issued to any subsequent player.
Club staff
Board of Directors
Coaching staff
Sponsorship
Motherwell were sponsored in the 2019–20 season by online gambling company Paddy Power as part of their 'Save our Shirt' campaign'. This followed Bet Park sponsoring the side in a deal running since the start of the 2018–19 season. Commsworld was the principal sponsor from the 2010–11 season. Due to the sponsorship deal not being agreed in time for the start of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League the team briefly featured www.chooselife.net as their main shirt sponsor. The team shirts continue to carry this sponsorship on the back of the shirt. Recently, they have also been sponsored by the local IT firm Log in to Learn, which have also appeared on the back of the shirts. For the 2009–10 season the team were sponsored by JAXX, a German gambling company. They in turn had replaced Anglian home improvements, who were the club's shirt sponsor from 2006 to 2008. Previous to this the club had been sponsored by Zoom Airlines, who were part-owned by club director John Boyle, and who retained advertising space on both the Davie Cooper Stand and the South Stand until they ceased trading in August 2008.
The sponsor from 2002 to 2004 was a local company called The Untouchables. Previously the club had enjoyed a long-term association with Motorola, but this ended after 11 years in 2002 as the sponsor started to reduce its manufacturing operations in Scotland. This had in turn followed another long-term association with local car dealer Ian Skelly, who had sponsored the club since 1984.
The club have had a number of different kit manufacturers since the 1970s. At present the official kit supplier is Macron who were newly announced for the 2014–15 season to replace Puma after their 3-year deal with the club expired. Previously the club kits were supplied by New-Zealand based sporting goods manufacturer Canterbury who were announced as the official kit supplier to Motherwell for the four years beginning with the 2009–10 season, taking over from Bukta. However, Canterbury went into administration after less than one year of the contract had been completed. Major manufacturers Adidas, Admiral, Hummel, Patrick, Pony, Umbro and Xara have all been kit providers for Motherwell.
Kit and main sponsors
References
Further reading
External links
Official Motherwell Football Club Site
News and statistics
motherWELLnet
Motherwell FC NewsNow
Motherwell FC BBC Sport
Motherwell FC Sky Sports
Motherwell FC ESPN
Motherwell FC UEFA
Motherwell FC Wishaw Press
Motherwell FC Pie and Bovril
Motherwell FC Soccerbase
Association football clubs established in 1886
Sport in Motherwell
Football clubs in Scotland
Scottish Premier League teams
1886 establishments in Scotland
Scottish Football League teams
Scottish Cup winners
Scottish Professional Football League teams
Scottish League Cup winners
Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikanderpur%20Assembly%20constituency
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Sikanderpur Assembly constituency
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Sikanderpur is a constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly covering the city of Sikanderpur in the Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh, India.
Sikanderpur is one of five assembly constituencies in the Salempur (Lok Sabha constituency). Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 359 amongst 403 constituencies.
Election results
2022
2017
Bharatiya Janta Party candidate Sanjay Yadav who won in last Assembly election of 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections defeating Samajwadi Party candidate Mohammed Ziauddin Rizvi by a margin of 23,548 votes.
Member of Legislative Assembly
References
External link
Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh
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Orestis Karnezis
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Orestis-Spyridon Karnezis (; born 11 July 1985) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
Club career
Panathinaikos
Born in Athens, but grew up in Corfu, Karnezis started his professional football career at Panathinaikos in 2007. He made only a few appearances for the club until the 2011–12 season, when he got more chances and impressed. After a few months, his coach, Jesualdo Ferreira, made him the regular goalkeeper of Panathinaikos. He had great performances and saved his team at crucial moments.
Reports from Greece indicate that Karnezis was the subject of transfer speculation, as the Greek international attracted suitors from around Europe, following a solid campaign in the Superleague Greece 2012–13 season. Reports from Greece indicated that Udinese Calcio emerged as front-runners to sign Karnezis, after the Italian club reportedly offered €800,000 to bring Karnezis to the Serie A that summer. Karnezis took over as Panathinaikos' number one choice in goal that season and played admirably for the Athens giants. Karnezis' exploits for the Trifylli earned him consistent call-ups to the Greece national football team.
Udinese
Karnezis completed his move from Panathinaikos to Udinese Calcio, after the two clubs reached an agreement over the Greece international's transfer. The 28-year-old keeper had been linked with a move to the Serie A side in recent weeks, with Panathinaikos manager Yannis Anastasiou keen to use income from the transfer to continue building his squad. A fee of €750,000 had been quoted by the Greek press, with a further €2 million due to Panathinaikos if the player returned to Greece to play with another club in the future. Karnezis signed a five-year contract on 22 July 2013, then was immediately loaned out to Spain's Granada for the season by the Italian club.
Loan to Granada
Karnezis made his Spanish La Liga debut for Granada in a 3–0 away loss to Almeria on 4 January 2014. Karnezis had earlier in the season played in both legs of the Copa del Rey (Spanish Cup) against AD Alcorcón on 8 December 2013 and 18 December 2013.
On 12 April, Karnezis was the key player in a 1–0 home victory against Barcelona, saving a shot from Cesc Fàbregas and a 20-yard free-kick from Lionel Messi. Barça totalled 29 shots on goal, none of which succeeded in beating Karnezis.
2014–15 season
In his return to Udinese after the loan stint with Granada in La Liga, Karnezis made his Serie A debut in Udinese's 2–0 home victory over Empoli on 31 August 2014. On 9 November 2014, Udinese managed to scrap a 1–1 draw against Palermo as Karnezis parried a Franco Vazquez penalty. On 15 March 2015, Andrea Stramaccioni praised Karnezis and Antonio Di Natale after Udinese picked up a point against Atalanta, by stating that throughout the year and not only in that game, Karnezis gave a sense of security to the squad, even without necessarily making difficult saves.
Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport claimed that Napoli were interested in signing Karnezis after his remarkable 2014–15 season with Udinese. "It is too early", his agent Vasilis Panayotakis said. "We will see what happens after May 20, when we know what is really going on with the clubs that have shown interest. Karnezis is committed to Udinese until the end of the season, that is more important right now". During the season former Italian national goalkeeper Dino Zoff had heaped praise on both Karnezis and Mattia Perin, labelling the pair the best glovesmen in Serie A.“It's going well, he's young and can only get better: he is taking confidence that is essential for a goalkeeper. I think Karnezis and Perin are the best goalies in Series A.”
On 14 May 2015, Udinese confirmed they were ready to sell Karnezis, to make room for Simone Scuffet. Roma were interested and he was linked with a move to the Giallorossi. "Karnezis could've gone to Benfica last summer, but Andrea Stramaccioni decided to focus on his international experience," explained Udinese director Andrea Carnevale on TeleRadioStereo. "Now with his excellent season, he can go to a more important club. Our future is Simone Scuffet. We've been preserving him, as a season working as understudy to Karnezis has helped him to grow."
On 24 May 2015, in a home game against Sassuolo, Karnezis was injured. The hosts were forced to make their first substitution in the 29th minute, with Scuffet replacing Karnezis. According to La Gazzetta dello Sport, discussions over a new agreement had begun and the 29-year-old goalkeeper was ready to put pen to paper, to extend his stay until 2020. Udinese Calcio had turned down offers from Roma, Inter, Napoli, Benfica and other European clubs.
2015–16 season
On 1 July 2015, Karnezis signed a new contract until June 2019 with the Friuli outfit. "Udinese Calcio announces the renewal with mutual satisfaction of the economic agreement in place with the goalkeeper Orestis Karnezis," read the statement. “The contract of the Bianconeri player will now expire on 30 June 2019." In the opening game of the 2015–16 season against champions Juventus, Karnezis had a particularly strong second-half when Juve piled on the pressure, coming up with key saves and marshalling his backline to more effectively stop the Bianconeri forwards, helping his club to achieve a win. On 25 October 2015, he made key saves helping his club extend their unbeaten run in Serie A to four matches by edging to a 1–0 victory over Frosinone at the Stadio Friuli. On 1 November 2015, in a 0–0 home draw against Sassuolo the visitors threatened with Gregoire Defrel who crashed in two strikes that had to be kept out by Karnezis. On 8 November 2015, Karnezis kept his side level with two good pieces of goalkeeping, as Napoli continued to knock on the door, first when he dived low to keep out Gonzalo Higuaín's effort, before he smothered the ball at the feet of José Callejón minutes later, after Higuain had slipped the Spaniard through. Despite his saves, the club could not avoid a 1–0 away defeat. On 20 December 2015, with his crucial saves, along with a late first half goal from his teammate Stipe Perica, who rifled a shot past the outstretched fingers of the ‘keeper to nestle inside the far post, and besides the fact that they finished the game with 10 players due to Molla Wague's expulsion, he helped his club to escape with a 1–0 away win against Torino. On 9 January 2016, despite his remarkable save one-on-one on Cristian Zaccardo, sticking out a trailing foot to deny the angled drive, his club suffered a surprise 2–1 away loss against Carpi in the Serie A. On 7 February 2016, in a 1–1 away draw against Milan, Karnezis was in fine form and produced sensational saves to deny Carlos Bacca, Mario Balotelli and Riccardo Montolivo kicks, helping his club to escape with a valuable draw. On 24 April, thanks to Karnezis, mUdinese managed to keep the score down to 3–1 against Inter as he made some fantastic saves to deny Geoffrey Kondogbia, Marcelo Brozović and Ivan Perišić, to keep his side afloat. On 14 May 2016, he was voted by the fans as the MVP of the club for the 2015–16 season. On 15 May 2016, he set a new record for the 2015–16 season, as he was the only ever-present.
2016–17 season
Karnezis started the 2016–17 season as the undisputed first-choice goalkeeper for the club. On 11 December 2016, he put on a superb performance as Luigi Delneri's men managed to win where teams like Roma couldn't. If the 3–1 scoreline was harsh on Atalanta, it's because La Dea had a myriad of chances, but Karnezis denied plenty of goals. Without the keeper's wonder saves, the game could have gone very differently. In at least five cases he was superb, even stopping from his own teammate Silvan Widmer. On overall, in December 2016 Karnezis had only been forced to pick the ball out of his own net once in the last four matches, with clean sheets against U.C. Sampdoria, F.C. Crotone and Bologna. On 5 February 2017, in a 0–0 away draw against Chievo, Karnezis reached 100 appearances with the jersey of the club in all competitions. On 19 February 2017, in a frustrating defeat against Sassuolo, he reached 100 appearances in the jersey of Udinese in Serie A, in a game where the Greek international performed a desperate double save on Matteo Politano and the Federico Ricci follow-up. On 12 March 2017, in a 3–1 away win against Pescara, he suffered an injury and replaced by his teammate Scuffed. Karnezis was diagnosed with a dislocated finger and a micro-fracture at the base of his right little finger. His hand was immobilised with a cast for the next three weeks. On 9 April 2017, he returned to the squad in a 3–0 Serie A home game against Genoa C.F.C.
Karnezis was caught between Napoli and Watford for the next season. The Greek international turned 32 in July and was under contract with Udinese until June 2019. However, with Alex Meret returning from his loan at Spal and Simone Scuffet also on the books, the Friulani have no shortage of talented goalkeepers. According to sources, Karnezis would join Napoli and replace the increasingly shaky Pepe Reina, or even act as his understudy. He instead joined Marco Silva's Watford, to meet another former Greek international José Holebas. As a result of this possibility, since 14 May, Udinese's coach Luigi Delneri decided to start Simone Scuffet for the remaining matches of the season.
Watford
12 hours before the closure of the transfer market, Watford announced the signing of Karnezis on a one-season loan from Udinese. The 32-year old would compete with Heurelho Gomes for the starting place at Vicarage Road.
On 5 November 2017, in a 3–2 away loss against Everton, the club lost first-choice keeper Heurelho Gomes, who was taken off with a nasty head gash shortly before Christian Kabasele's goal. It proved to be the turning point, as Karnezis, on his Watford debut, was at fault for Everton's first when he came rushing out and Oumar Niasse darted past him and bundled the ball home. He was at fault for the second one too. On 21 January 2018, he returned to the starting XI in a 2–0 away loss game against Leicester City While a 2–0 defeat, which proved to be Marco Silva's final game in charge, was hardly the ideal place to make his bow, Karnezis was pleased with his display. On 31 January 2018, in his third appearance in Premier League, Karnezis made a remarkable save on Stoke City winger Xherdan Shaqiri's fierce volley kick, helping his club to gain a crucial point in its rally to stay in the League. His overall performance placed him in the best team of the matchday, becoming the first Watford keeper to keep a clean sheet in 12 Premier League outings.
Napoli
On 5 July 2018, Napoli announced the signing of Karnezis from Udinese on a three-season contract, for an estimated fee of €2.5 million. The 32-year old would compete with Alex Meret, a young promising Italian goalie, for the starting place at Stadio San Paolo. On 17 August 2018, after Karnezis' mediocre appearances in the preparation matches, in the place of Meret who seriously injured a month ago, the administration of the club decided to acquire David Ospina in a season-long contract from Arsenal, who took over as the leading goalie for the beginning of the 2018–19 season. On 18 August 2018, despite the odds, he made his official debut with the club as a starter, in a 2–1 away win against S.S. Lazio.
On 26 February 2019, Karnezis has only made six official appearances on the season. David Ospina took over as the club's starting goalkeeper and is now the new number two since Meret has recovered from injury. Karnezis has dropped to the club's third string goalie, but Napoli have decided to sign Karnezis on a permanent move as the club announced.
Lille
In July 2020, Karnezis moved to French side Lille in a transfer that sent Lille's player Victor Osimhen the other way. The Greek ex-international had a contract until June 2021 with Napoli, but in Lille he signed a closed 3 years contract, with a total gross salary of €4.5 million. With his move to Lille, Karnezis makes history after becoming the first Greek footballer to have played in 4 of the 5 top European leagues, namely in the La Liga (Granada CF), Serie A (Udinese Calcio and S.S.C. Napoli), Premier League (Watford F.C.) and now in Ligue 1.
International career
Karnezis's good performances led Greece national football team coach Fernando Santos to call him for a friendly match on 29 February 2012 against Belgium, in which he made his international debut, playing the entire game. Unfortunately for Karnezis, Fernando Santos didn't call him for UEFA Euro 2012 to be one of the three goalkeepers of the Greece national team. Fernando Santos said: "If Karnezis keeps going that way, he will be without a doubt in the squad of the Greece national team for the qualifying matches of Mundial 2014." And, indeed, he was called to be part of Greece national team both for a friendly game with Norway and for the qualifying matches after that. Karnezis was called by Greece national manager Fernando Santos to the 30 man provisional World Cup squad, and also to the final 23-man squad for 2014 FIFA World Cup.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Panathinaikos
Super League Greece: 2009–10
Greek Cup: 2009–10
Napoli
Coppa Italia: 2019–20
Lille
Ligue 1: 2020–21
Trophée des Champions: 2021
References
External links
Living people
1985 births
Footballers from Athens
Association football goalkeepers
Greek footballers
Greece international footballers
Greece under-21 international footballers
OFI Crete F.C. players
Panathinaikos F.C. players
Udinese Calcio players
Granada CF footballers
Watford F.C. players
S.S.C. Napoli players
Lille OSC players
Super League Greece players
Serie A players
La Liga players
Premier League players
Ligue 1 players
Greek expatriate footballers
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Greek expatriate sportspeople in England
Greek expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in France
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Sportspeople from Corfu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearty%20Paws%202
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Hearty Paws 2
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Hearty Paws 2 () is a South Korean drama film directed by Lee Jung-chul. It was released in South Korea by Lotte Entertainment on July 21, 2010.
Cast
Dal-i as Maeumi
Sung Dong-il as Hyuk-pil
Kim Jung-tae as Doo-pil
Song Joong-ki as Dong-wook
Hans Zhang as Zaoming
Wang Seok-hyeon as video store patron
References
External links
2010 films
2010s Korean-language films
South Korean drama films
Films about dogs
Lotte Entertainment films
South Korean sequel films
2010 drama films
2010s South Korean films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadionul%20Silviu%20Ploe%C8%99teanu
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Stadionul Silviu Ploeșteanu
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Stadionul Silviu Ploeșteanu, previously known as Stadionul Tineretului, is a multi-purpose stadium in Brașov, Romania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of SR Brașov and Corona Brașov. The arena was named after Silviu Ploeșteanu on April 13, 2002, who managed the club between 1948 and 1968.
The central section of the stadium's North stand is the second oldest in Romanian football, its lateral sections being completed in 1980. The South stand was built in 1956, and the East and West stands were inaugurated in the 1969–1970 season. The East stand was eventually demolished in the summer of 2008.
See also
List of football stadiums in Romania
External links
The stadium on the club's official website
Gallery
Football venues in Romania
Stadionul Silviu Ploesteanu
Multi-purpose stadiums in Romania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittleia
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Whittleia
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Whittleia is a genus of moths of the Psychidae family.
Species
Whittleia retiella (Newman, 1847)
Whittleia schwingenschussi Rebel, 1910
Whittleia undulella (Fischer v. Röslerstamm, 1837)
External links
Whittleia at funet
Psychidae
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11043470
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esa%20Peltonen
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Esa Peltonen
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Esa Olavi Peltonen (born 25 February 1947) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga for Kärpät, Upon Pallo, HJK, HIFK and Kiekkoreipas. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1990.
Esa Peltonen, a member of IIHF Hall of Fame, played as many as 277 games (93G/49A - 142pts.) for the Finnish national team. His 93 goals are the second best in Finnish ice hockey history (Lasse Oksanen 101). Esa Peltonen represented the Finnish national team in four Olympic tournaments (1968, 1972, 1976 and 1980). He played in 11 World Championships (1967–78). He was also on the Finnish team at the inaugural Canada Cup in 1976.
His son, Ville Peltonen, is one of the best in the history of the Finnish national team. 13 World Championships, 4 Olympic tournaments, 2 World Cups. In those aforementioned tournaments he has scored 108 points (46+62), which is by far the best in Finland. As is his 13 medals in those 19 tournaments. Peltonen has so far played 252 games for Finland (79G/100A - 179pts).
External links
Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame page
Esa Peltonen's stats on Elite Prospects
Esa Peltonen's stats on Hockey DB
1947 births
Living people
HIFK (ice hockey) players
Ice hockey players at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1980 Winter Olympics
IIHF Hall of Fame inductees
Oulun Kärpät players
Olympic ice hockey players of Finland
Sportspeople from Oulu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885%20in%20literature
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1885 in literature
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This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1885.
—Opening lines of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Events
January 1 – The Dictionary of National Biography begins publication in London under the editorship of Leslie Stephen.
February 18 – Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is published in the United States for the first time, in New York by the author's own publishing house, Charles L. Webster, illustrated by E. W. Kemble, the first impression having been delayed for replacement of an unauthorized obscene alteration to one of the illustrative plates. Its first-person narrative in colloquial language is initially controversial but ultimately influential in the development of realism in American literature.
March 7 – José Echegaray's play La vida alegre y muerte triste opens in Spain.
March 19 – Bolesław Prus's first major naturalistic novel, The Outpost (Placówka), begins serialization in the Polish illustrated weekly, Wędrowiec.
May – Henri Beauclair and Gabriel Vicaire, using the pseudonym Adoré Floupette, publish Les Déliquescences d'Adoré Floupette, a parodic collection of poems satirising French symbolism and the Decadent movement.
May 16 – Sakuradoki Zeni no Yononaka ("The Season of Cherry Blossoms; The World of Money"), an adaptation by Genzo Katsu after Bunkai Udagawa of The Merchant of Venice set in the Edo period, is performed by the Nakamura Sojuro Kabuki company at the Ebisu-za Theater in Osaka, the first of Shakespeare's plays to be staged with actors in Japan.
May 19 – The Revised Version Old Testament is published.
June 1 – More than two million people join Victor Hugo's funeral procession in Paris from the Arc de Triomphe to the Panthéon, where he is the first author to be buried, following his death on May 22 in the city from pneumonia aged 83.
June 29 – Thomas Hardy moves to a house he designed for himself and built by his brother at Max Gate on the outskirts of Dorchester, Dorset.
unknown dates
Arthur Napier is appointed first Merton Professor of English Language and Literature in the University of Oxford.
John Ormsby's English translation of Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote is published. For many years it is regarded as the most accurate translation of the novel.
The first translation of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace into English begins publication. It has been done by Clara Bell from a French version.
The first translation of Amy Catherine Walton (Mrs. O. F. Walton)'s Christian novel Christie's Old Organ into Japanese, made by Tajima Kashi, is published, one of the earliest examples of children's literature in Japan.
Daniel Owen's long novel Hunangofiant Rhys Lewis, Gweinidog Bethel is published as the first written in Welsh.
New books
Fiction
Leopoldo Alas (Clarín) – La regenta, vol. 2
Richard Francis Burton – The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night: A Plain and Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights Entertainments
Hall Caine
She's All the World to Me
The Shadow of a Crime
Mrs. W. K. Clifford – Mrs. Keith's Crime
Antonio Fogazzaro – Daniele Cortis
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. – A Mortal Antipathy
William Dean Howells – The Rise of Silas Lapham
Richard Jefferies – After London
Jerome K. Jerome – On the Stage — and Off
Eliza Lynn Linton – The Autobiography of Christopher Kirkland
Guy de Maupassant – Bel-Ami
George Meredith – Diana of the Crossways
Friedrich Nietzsche – Thus Spoke Zarathustra (publication concluded)
Daniel Owen – Hunangofiant Rhys Lewis, Gweinidog Bethel
Walter Pater – Marius the Epicurean
Tsubouchi Shōyō (坪内 逍遥) – Tōsei Shosei Katagi (Portraits of Contemporary Students)
Elizabeth Stannard (as John Strange Winter) – Booties' Baby: a story of the Scarlet Lancers
Jules Vallés – Jacques Vingtras
Jules Verne – Mathias Sandorf
Émile Zola – Germinal
Children and young people
Lewis Carroll – A Tangled Tale
H. Rider Haggard – King Solomon's Mines
Robert Louis Stevenson
A Child's Garden of Verses (originally Penny Whistles)
Prince Otto
Mark Twain – Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (U.S. publication)
Drama
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson – Geografi og Kærlighed
Arthur Wing Pinero – The Magistrate
Poetry
See 1885 in poetry
Non-fiction
J. W. Cross (ed.) – George Eliot's Life, as related in her letters and journals
Anténor Firmin – De l'Égalité des Races Humaines (On the Equality of Human Races)
Tsubouchi Shōyō ((坪内 逍遥) – Shōsetsu Shinzui (The Essence of the Novel)
Births
January 16 – Zhou Zuoren (周作人), Chinese vernacular writer (died 1967)
February 7 – Sinclair Lewis, American novelist (died 1951)
February 21 – Sacha Guitry, French dramatist and screenwriter (died 1957)
February 24 – Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Polish painter, playwright and novelist (died 1939)
March 6 – Ring Lardner, American writer (died 1933)
March 25 – Mateiu Caragiale, Romanian novelist and poet (died 1936)
March 27 – Constantin Gane, Romanian biographer and historical novelist (died 1962)
April 17 – Karen Blixen, Danish author (died 1962)
May 2 – Hedda Hopper, American columnist (died 1966)
May 8 – Thomas B. Costain, Canadian author and journalist (died 1965)
May 9 – Al. T. Stamatiad, Romanian poet (died 1955)
July 10 – Mary O'Hara, American author and screenwriter (died 1980)
July 18 – Marino Moretti, Italian poet and author (died 1979)
August 15 – Edna Ferber, American novelist, short story writer, and playwright (died 1968)
September 7 – Elinor Wylie (Elinor Morton Hoyt), American poet and novelist (died 1928)
September 11 – D. H. Lawrence, English fiction writer and poet (died 1930)
October 3 – Sophie Treadwell, American dramatist and journalist (died 1970)
October 11 – François Mauriac, French novelist (died 1970)
October 30 – Ezra Pound, American poet (died 1972)
November 9 (October 28 O.S.) – Velimir Khlebnikov, Russian Futurist poet and writer (died 1922)
December 8 – Kenneth Roberts, American novelist (died 1957)
Deaths
January 10 – Amable Tastu, French women of letters and poet (born 1795)
February 14 – Jules Vallés, French writer (born 1832)
March 17 – Susan Warner (pseudonym Elizabeth Weatherell), American religious and children's writer (born 1819)
April 8 – Susanna Moodie, English-born Canadian author (born 1803)
April 18 – Marc Monnier, French author and translator (born 1827)
April 30 – Jens Peter Jacobsen, Danish novelist (born 1847)
May 13 – Juliana Horatia Ewing, English children's writer (born 1841)
May 15 – Hugh Conway, English novelist (born 1847)
May 22 – Victor Hugo, French poet and novelist (born 1802)
June 18 – Louis Segond, Swiss theologian (born 1810)
July 13 – Augusto Vera, Italian philosopher (born 1813)
July 15 – Rosalía de Castro, Spanish Galician poet and writer (born 1837)
August 11 – Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton, English man of letters, poet and politician (born 1809)
September 18 – John Campbell Shairp, Scottish critic (born 1819)
November 29 – Anne Gilchrist, English-born American critic and biographer (emphysema, born 1828)
References
Years of the 19th century in literature
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed%20Faces
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Mixed Faces
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Mixed Faces is a 1922 American silent comedy film directed by Rowland V. Lee and starring William Russell, Renée Adorée, DeWitt Jennings, Elizabeth Garrison, and Charles K. French. The film was released by Fox Film Corporation on October 22, 1922.
Cast
William Russell as Judge J. Woodworth Granger / Jimmy Gallop
Renée Adorée as Mary Allen Sayre
DeWitt Jennings as Murray McGuire
Elizabeth Garrison as Mrs. Sayre
Charles K. French as Mr. Sayre (as Charles French)
Aileen Manning as Mrs. Molly Crutcher
Harvey Clark as William Haskins (as Harvey Clarke)
Preservation
The film is now considered lost.
See also
List of lost films
1937 Fox vault fire
References
External links
Silent American comedy films
1922 films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Fox Film films
Lost American films
1922 comedy films
1922 lost films
Lost comedy films
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5025038
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibale%20Ricc%C3%B2
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Annibale Riccò
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Annibale Riccò (14 September 1844 – 23 September 1919) was an Italian astronomer.
Biography
He was born in Milan, Italy. In 1868 he was awarded a bachelor's degree from the Università di Modena, then an engineering degree from the Politecnico di Milano. Between 1868 and 1877 he worked as an assistant at the Modena Observatory, teaching mathematics and physics at the Università di Modena. He taught at Naples and then Palermo, where he also worked at the observatory.
In 1890 he was named to the chair of astrophysics at the Università di Catania, and became director of the observatory on Mount Etna as well as the first director of the Catania Observatory. Between 1898 and 1900 he was named chancellor of the university.
During his career he performed research into sunspots, and he participated in four solar eclipse expeditions, leading the expeditions in 1905 and 1914. He was president of the Società degli Spettroscopisti Italiani and the Gioenia di Scienze Naturali di Catania. He also served as vice president of the International Astronomical Union. He was elected President of the volcanology section of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) for the period 1919–1922.
Legacy
He discovered Ricco's Law, an important principle of vision science. The crater Ricco on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 18462 Ricco. Ricco was also awarded the Janssen Medal in 1906 by the French Academy of Sciences for his work in astrophysics. He was also awarded the Prix Jules Janssen of the Société astronomique de France (French Astronomical Society) in 1914.
He died in Rome, Italy.
References
On the History of the Palermo Astronomical Observatory.
Riccò Annibale biography.
1844 births
1919 deaths
Italian geophysicists
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni
19th-century Italian astronomers
20th-century Italian astronomers
People from Milan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation
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Cellular differentiation
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Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell alters from one type to a differentiated one Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation happens multiple times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Although metabolic composition does get altered quite dramatically where stem cells are characterized by abundant metabolites with highly unsaturated structures whose levels decrease upon differentiation. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.
A specialized type of differentiation, known as terminal differentiation, is of importance in some tissues, for example vertebrate nervous system, striated muscle, epidermis and gut. During terminal differentiation, a precursor cell formerly capable of cell division, permanently leaves the cell cycle, dismantles the cell cycle machinery and often expresses a range of genes characteristic of the cell's final function (e.g. myosin and actin for a muscle cell). Differentiation may continue to occur after terminal differentiation if the capacity and functions of the cell undergo further changes.
Among dividing cells, there are multiple levels of cell potency, the cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. A greater potency indicates a larger number of cell types that can be derived. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants, many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called meristematic cells in higher plants and embryonic stem cells in animals, though some groups report the presence of adult pluripotent cells. Virally induced expression of four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 (Yamanaka factors) is sufficient to create pluripotent (iPS) cells from adult fibroblasts. A multipotent cell is one that can differentiate into multiple different, but closely related cell types. Oligopotent cells are more restricted than multipotent, but can still differentiate into a few closely related cell types. Finally, unipotent cells can differentiate into only one cell type, but are capable of self-renewal. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. "Grade" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.
Mammalian cell types
Three basic categories of cells make up the mammalian body: germ cells, somatic cells, and stem cells. Each of the approximately 37.2 trillion (3.72x1013) cells in an adult human has its own copy or copies of the genome except certain cell types, such as red blood cells, that lack nuclei in their fully differentiated state. Most cells are diploid; they have two copies of each chromosome. Such cells, called somatic cells, make up most of the human body, such as skin and muscle cells. Cells differentiate to specialize for different functions.
Germ line cells are any line of cells that give rise to gametes—eggs and sperm—and thus are continuous through the generations. Stem cells, on the other hand, have the ability to divide for indefinite periods and to give rise to specialized cells. They are best described in the context of normal human development.
Development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism. In the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into identical cells. In humans, approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division, these cells begin to specialize, forming a hollow sphere of cells, called a blastocyst. The blastocyst has an outer layer of cells, and inside this hollow sphere, there is a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass. The cells of the inner cell mass go on to form virtually all of the tissues of the human body. Although the cells of the inner cell mass can form virtually every type of cell found in the human body, they cannot form an organism. These cells are referred to as pluripotent.
Pluripotent stem cells undergo further specialization into multipotent progenitor cells that then give rise to functional cells. Examples of stem and progenitor cells include:
Radial glial cells (embryonic neural stem cells) that give rise to excitatory neurons in the fetal brain through the process of neurogenesis.
Hematopoietic stem cells (adult stem cells) from the bone marrow that give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Mesenchymal stem cells (adult stem cells) from the bone marrow that give rise to stromal cells, fat cells, and types of bone cells
Epithelial stem cells (progenitor cells) that give rise to the various types of skin cells
Muscle satellite cells (progenitor cells) that contribute to differentiated muscle tissue.
A pathway that is guided by the cell adhesion molecules consisting of four amino acids, arginine, glycine, asparagine, and serine, is created as the cellular blastomere differentiates from the single-layered blastula to the three primary layers of germ cells in mammals, namely the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm (listed from most distal (exterior) to proximal (interior)). The ectoderm ends up forming the skin and the nervous system, the mesoderm forms the bones and muscular tissue, and the endoderm forms the internal organ tissues.
Dedifferentiation
Dedifferentiation, or integration, is a cellular process often seen in more basal life forms such as worms and amphibians in which a partially or terminally differentiated cell reverts to an earlier developmental stage, usually as part of a regenerative process. Dedifferentiation also occurs in plants. Cells in cell culture can lose properties they originally had, such as protein expression, or change shape. This process is also termed dedifferentiation.
Some believe dedifferentiation is an aberration of the normal development cycle that results in cancer, whereas others believe it to be a natural part of the immune response lost by humans at some point as a result of evolution.
A small molecule dubbed reversine, a purine analog, has been discovered that has proven to induce dedifferentiation in myotubes. These dedifferentiated cells could then redifferentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes.
Mechanisms
Each specialized cell type in an organism expresses a subset of all the genes that constitute the genome of that species. Each cell type is defined by its particular pattern of regulated gene expression. Cell differentiation is thus a transition of a cell from one cell type to another and it involves a switch from one pattern of gene expression to another. Cellular differentiation during development can be understood as the result of a gene regulatory network. A regulatory gene and its cis-regulatory modules are nodes in a gene regulatory network; they receive input and create output elsewhere in the network. The systems biology approach to developmental biology emphasizes the importance of investigating how developmental mechanisms interact to produce predictable patterns (morphogenesis). However, an alternative view has been proposed recently. Based on stochastic gene expression, cellular differentiation is the result of a Darwinian selective process occurring among cells. In this frame, protein and gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause.
While evolutionarily conserved molecular processes are involved in the cellular mechanisms underlying these switches, in animal species these are very different from the well-characterized gene regulatory mechanisms of bacteria, and even from those of the animals' closest unicellular relatives. Specifically, cell differentiation in animals is highly dependent on biomolecular condensates of regulatory proteins and enhancer DNA sequences.
Cellular differentiation is often controlled by cell signaling. Many of the signal molecules that convey information from cell to cell during the control of cellular differentiation are called growth factors. Although the details of specific signal transduction pathways vary, these pathways often share the following general steps. A ligand produced by one cell binds to a receptor in the extracellular region of another cell, inducing a conformational change in the receptor. The shape of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor changes, and the receptor acquires enzymatic activity. The receptor then catalyzes reactions that phosphorylate other proteins, activating them. A cascade of phosphorylation reactions eventually activates a dormant transcription factor or cytoskeletal protein, thus contributing to the differentiation process in the target cell. Cells and tissues can vary in competence, their ability to respond to external signals.
Signal induction refers to cascades of signaling events, during which a cell or tissue signals to another cell or tissue to influence its developmental fate. Yamamoto and Jeffery investigated the role of the lens in eye formation in cave- and surface-dwelling fish, a striking example of induction. Through reciprocal transplants, Yamamoto and Jeffery found that the lens vesicle of surface fish can induce other parts of the eye to develop in cave- and surface-dwelling fish, while the lens vesicle of the cave-dwelling fish cannot.
Other important mechanisms fall under the category of asymmetric cell divisions, divisions that give rise to daughter cells with distinct developmental fates. Asymmetric cell divisions can occur because of asymmetrically expressed maternal cytoplasmic determinants or because of signaling. In the former mechanism, distinct daughter cells are created during cytokinesis because of an uneven distribution of regulatory molecules in the parent cell; the distinct cytoplasm that each daughter cell inherits results in a distinct pattern of differentiation for each daughter cell. A well-studied example of pattern formation by asymmetric divisions is body axis patterning in Drosophila. RNA molecules are an important type of intracellular differentiation control signal. The molecular and genetic basis of asymmetric cell divisions has also been studied in green algae of the genus Volvox, a model system for studying how unicellular organisms can evolve into multicellular organisms. In Volvox carteri, the 16 cells in the anterior hemisphere of a 32-cell embryo divide asymmetrically, each producing one large and one small daughter cell. The size of the cell at the end of all cell divisions determines whether it becomes a specialized germ or somatic cell.
Epigenetic control
Since each cell, regardless of cell type, possesses the same genome, determination of cell type must occur at the level of gene expression. While the regulation of gene expression can occur through cis- and trans-regulatory elements including a gene's promoter and enhancers, the problem arises as to how this expression pattern is maintained over numerous generations of cell division. As it turns out, epigenetic processes play a crucial role in regulating the decision to adopt a stem, progenitor, or mature cell fate. This section will focus primarily on mammalian stem cells.
In systems biology and mathematical modeling of gene regulatory networks, cell-fate determination is predicted to exhibit certain dynamics, such as attractor-convergence (the attractor can be an equilibrium point, limit cycle or strange attractor) or oscillatory.
Importance of epigenetic control
The first question that can be asked is the extent and complexity of the role of epigenetic processes in the determination of cell fate. A clear answer to this question can be seen in the 2011 paper by Lister R, et al. on aberrant epigenomic programming in human induced pluripotent stem cells. As induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are thought to mimic embryonic stem cells in their pluripotent properties, few epigenetic differences should exist between them. To test this prediction, the authors conducted whole-genome profiling of DNA methylation patterns in several human embryonic stem cell (ESC), iPSC, and progenitor cell lines.
Female adipose cells, lung fibroblasts, and foreskin fibroblasts were reprogrammed into induced pluripotent state with the OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC genes. Patterns of DNA methylation in ESCs, iPSCs, somatic cells were compared. Lister R, et al. observed significant resemblance in methylation levels between embryonic and induced pluripotent cells. Around 80% of CG dinucleotides in ESCs and iPSCs were methylated, the same was true of only 60% of CG dinucleotides in somatic cells. In addition, somatic cells possessed minimal levels of cytosine methylation in non-CG dinucleotides, while induced pluripotent cells possessed similar levels of methylation as embryonic stem cells, between 0.5 and 1.5%. Thus, consistent with their respective transcriptional activities, DNA methylation patterns, at least on the genomic level, are similar between ESCs and iPSCs.
However, upon examining methylation patterns more closely, the authors discovered 1175 regions of differential CG dinucleotide methylation between at least one ES or iPS cell line. By comparing these regions of differential methylation with regions of cytosine methylation in the original somatic cells, 44-49% of differentially methylated regions reflected methylation patterns of the respective progenitor somatic cells, while 51-56% of these regions were dissimilar to both the progenitor and embryonic cell lines. In vitro-induced differentiation of iPSC lines saw transmission of 88% and 46% of hyper and hypo-methylated differentially methylated regions, respectively.
Two conclusions are readily apparent from this study. First, epigenetic processes are heavily involved in cell fate determination, as seen from the similar levels of cytosine methylation between induced pluripotent and embryonic stem cells, consistent with their respective patterns of transcription. Second, the mechanisms of reprogramming (and by extension, differentiation) are very complex and cannot be easily duplicated, as seen by the significant number of differentially methylated regions between ES and iPS cell lines. Now that these two points have been established, we can examine some of the epigenetic mechanisms that are thought to regulate cellular differentiation.
Mechanisms of epigenetic regulation
Pioneer factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog)
Three transcription factors, OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG – the first two of which are used in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming, along with Klf4 and c-Myc – are highly expressed in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells and are necessary for the maintenance of their pluripotency. It is thought that they achieve this through alterations in chromatin structure, such as histone modification and DNA methylation, to restrict or permit the transcription of target genes. While highly expressed, their levels require a precise balance to maintain pluripotency, perturbation of which will promote differentiation towards different lineages based on how the gene expression levels change. Differential regulation of Oct-4 and SOX2 levels have been shown to precede germ layer fate selection. Increased levels of Oct4 and decreased levels of Sox2 promote a mesendodermal fate, with Oct4 actively suppressing genes associated with a neural ectodermal fate. Similarly, Increased levels of Sox2 and decreased levels of Oct4 promote differentiation towards a neural ectodermal fate, with Sox2 inhibiting differentiation towards a mesendodermal fate. Regardless of the lineage cells differentiate down, suppression of NANOG has been identified as a necessary prerequisite for differentiation.
Polycomb repressive complex (PRC2)
In the realm of gene silencing, Polycomb repressive complex 2, one of two classes of the Polycomb group (PcG) family of proteins, catalyzes the di- and tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me2/me3). By binding to the H3K27me2/3-tagged nucleosome, PRC1 (also a complex of PcG family proteins) catalyzes the mono-ubiquitinylation of histone H2A at lysine 119 (H2AK119Ub1), blocking RNA polymerase II activity and resulting in transcriptional suppression. PcG knockout ES cells do not differentiate efficiently into the three germ layers, and deletion of the PRC1 and PRC2 genes leads to increased expression of lineage-affiliated genes and unscheduled differentiation. Presumably, PcG complexes are responsible for transcriptionally repressing differentiation and development-promoting genes.
Trithorax group proteins (TrxG)
Alternately, upon receiving differentiation signals, PcG proteins are recruited to promoters of pluripotency transcription factors. PcG-deficient ES cells can begin differentiation but cannot maintain the differentiated phenotype. Simultaneously, differentiation and development-promoting genes are activated by Trithorax group (TrxG) chromatin regulators and lose their repression. TrxG proteins are recruited at regions of high transcriptional activity, where they catalyze the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and promote gene activation through histone acetylation. PcG and TrxG complexes engage in direct competition and are thought to be functionally antagonistic, creating at differentiation and development-promoting loci what is termed a "bivalent domain" and rendering these genes sensitive to rapid induction or repression.
DNA methylation
Regulation of gene expression is further achieved through DNA methylation, in which the DNA methyltransferase-mediated methylation of cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotides maintains heritable repression by controlling DNA accessibility. The majority of CpG sites in embryonic stem cells are unmethylated and appear to be associated with H3K4me3-carrying nucleosomes. Upon differentiation, a small number of genes, including OCT4 and NANOG, are methylated and their promoters repressed to prevent their further expression. Consistently, DNA methylation-deficient embryonic stem cells rapidly enter apoptosis upon in vitro differentiation.
Nucleosome positioning
While the DNA sequence of most cells of an organism is the same, the binding patterns of transcription factors and the corresponding gene expression patterns are different. To a large extent, differences in transcription factor binding are determined by the chromatin accessibility of their binding sites through histone modification and/or pioneer factors. In particular, it is important to know whether a nucleosome is covering a given genomic binding site or not. This can be determined using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay.
Histone acetylation and methylation
DNA-nucleosome interactions are characterized by two states: either tightly bound by nucleosomes and transcriptionally inactive, called heterochromatin, or loosely bound and usually, but not always, transcriptionally active, called euchromatin. The epigenetic processes of histone methylation and acetylation, and their inverses demethylation and deacetylation primarily account for these changes. The effects of acetylation and deacetylation are more predictable. An acetyl group is either added to or removed from the positively charged Lysine residues in histones by enzymes called histone acetyltransferases or histone deacteylases, respectively. The acetyl group prevents Lysine's association with the negatively charged DNA backbone. Methylation is not as straightforward, as neither methylation nor demethylation consistently correlate with either gene activation or repression. However, certain methylations have been repeatedly shown to either activate or repress genes. The trimethylation of lysine 4 on histone 3 (H3K4Me3) is associated with gene activation, whereas trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 represses genes
In stem cells
During differentiation, stem cells change their gene expression profiles. Recent studies have implicated a role for nucleosome positioning and histone modifications during this process. There are two components of this process: turning off the expression of embryonic stem cell (ESC) genes, and the activation of cell fate genes. Lysine specific demethylase 1 (KDM1A) is thought to prevent the use of enhancer regions of pluripotency genes, thereby inhibiting their transcription. It interacts with Mi-2/NuRD complex (nucleosome remodelling and histone deacetylase) complex, giving an instance where methylation and acetylation are not discrete and mutually exclusive, but intertwined processes.
Role of signaling in epigenetic control
A final question to ask concerns the role of cell signaling in influencing the epigenetic processes governing differentiation. Such a role should exist, as it would be reasonable to think that extrinsic signaling can lead to epigenetic remodeling, just as it can lead to changes in gene expression through the activation or repression of different transcription factors. Little direct data is available concerning the specific signals that influence the epigenome, and the majority of current knowledge about the subject consists of speculations on plausible candidate regulators of epigenetic remodeling. We will first discuss several major candidates thought to be involved in the induction and maintenance of both embryonic stem cells and their differentiated progeny, and then turn to one example of specific signaling pathways in which more direct evidence exists for its role in epigenetic change.
The first major candidate is Wnt signaling pathway. The Wnt pathway is involved in all stages of differentiation, and the ligand Wnt3a can substitute for the overexpression of c-Myc in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. On the other hand, disruption of β-catenin, a component of the Wnt signaling pathway, leads to decreased proliferation of neural progenitors.
Growth factors comprise the second major set of candidates of epigenetic regulators of cellular differentiation. These morphogens are crucial for development, and include bone morphogenetic proteins, transforming growth factors (TGFs), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). TGFs and FGFs have been shown to sustain expression of OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG by downstream signaling to Smad proteins. Depletion of growth factors promotes the differentiation of ESCs, while genes with bivalent chromatin can become either more restrictive or permissive in their transcription.
Several other signaling pathways are also considered to be primary candidates. Cytokine leukemia inhibitory factors are associated with the maintenance of mouse ESCs in an undifferentiated state. This is achieved through its activation of the Jak-STAT3 pathway, which has been shown to be necessary and sufficient towards maintaining mouse ESC pluripotency. Retinoic acid can induce differentiation of human and mouse ESCs, and Notch signaling is involved in the proliferation and self-renewal of stem cells. Finally, Sonic hedgehog, in addition to its role as a morphogen, promotes embryonic stem cell differentiation and the self-renewal of somatic stem cells.
The problem, of course, is that the candidacy of these signaling pathways was inferred primarily on the basis of their role in development and cellular differentiation. While epigenetic regulation is necessary for driving cellular differentiation, they are certainly not sufficient for this process. Direct modulation of gene expression through modification of transcription factors plays a key role that must be distinguished from heritable epigenetic changes that can persist even in the absence of the original environmental signals. Only a few examples of signaling pathways leading to epigenetic changes that alter cell fate currently exist, and we will focus on one of them.
Expression of Shh (Sonic hedgehog) upregulates the production of BMI1, a component of the PcG complex that recognizes H3K27me3. This occurs in a Gli-dependent manner, as Gli1 and Gli2 are downstream effectors of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In culture, Bmi1 mediates the Hedgehog pathway's ability to promote human mammary stem cell self-renewal. In both humans and mice, researchers showed Bmi1 to be highly expressed in proliferating immature cerebellar granule cell precursors. When Bmi1 was knocked out in mice, impaired cerebellar development resulted, leading to significant reductions in postnatal brain mass along with abnormalities in motor control and behavior. A separate study showed a significant decrease in neural stem cell proliferation along with increased astrocyte proliferation in Bmi null mice.
An alternative model of cellular differentiation during embryogenesis is that positional information is based on mechanical signalling by the cytoskeleton using Embryonic differentiation waves. The mechanical signal is then epigenetically transduced via signal transduction systems (of which specific molecules such as Wnt are part) to result in differential gene expression.
In summary, the role of signaling in the epigenetic control of cell fate in mammals is largely unknown, but distinct examples exist that indicate the likely existence of further such mechanisms.
Effect of matrix elasticity
In order to fulfill the purpose of regenerating a variety of tissues, adult stems are known to migrate from their niches, adhere to new extracellular matrices (ECM) and differentiate. The ductility of these microenvironments are unique to different tissue types. The ECM surrounding brain, muscle and bone tissues range from soft to stiff. The transduction of the stem cells into these cells types is not directed solely by chemokine cues and cell to cell signaling. The elasticity of the microenvironment can also affect the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs which originate in bone marrow.) When MSCs are placed on substrates of the same stiffness as brain, muscle and bone ECM, the MSCs take on properties of those respective cell types.
Matrix sensing requires the cell to pull against the matrix at focal adhesions, which triggers a cellular mechano-transducer to generate a signal to be informed what force is needed to deform the matrix. To determine the key players in matrix-elasticity-driven lineage specification in MSCs, different matrix microenvironments were mimicked. From these experiments, it was concluded that focal adhesions of the MSCs were the cellular mechano-transducer sensing the differences of the matrix elasticity. The non-muscle myosin IIa-c isoforms generates the forces in the cell that lead to signaling of early commitment markers. Nonmuscle myosin IIa generates the least force increasing to non-muscle myosin IIc. There are also factors in the cell that inhibit non-muscle myosin II, such as blebbistatin. This makes the cell effectively blind to the surrounding matrix.
Researchers have obtained some success in inducing stem cell-like properties in HEK 239 cells by providing a soft matrix without the use of diffusing factors. The stem-cell properties appear to be linked to tension in the cells' actin network. One identified mechanism for matrix-induced differentiation is tension-induced proteins, which remodel chromatin in response to mechanical stretch. The RhoA pathway is also implicated in this process.
Evolutionary history
A billion-years-old, likely holozoan, protist, Bicellum brasieri with two types of cells, shows that the evolution of differentiated multicellularity, possibly but not necessarily of animal lineages, occurred at least 1 billion years ago and possibly mainly in freshwater lakes rather than the ocean.
See also
Interbilayer Forces in Membrane Fusion
Fusion mechanism
Lipid bilayer fusion
Cell-cell fusogens
CAF-1
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References
Cellular processes
Developmental biology
Induced stem cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriy%20Mokhnyk
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Andriy Mokhnyk
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Andriy Mokhnyk () is a Ukrainian politician, Deputy Chairman of the right-wing All-Ukrainian Union "Freedom" party, and a former Minister of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine .
Biography
From the age of six to fourteen he lived with his parents in the town of Pripyat, now abandoned and part of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone since the Chernobyl accident. After school he worked in education, with a personal experience of combat Russification. For a while he worked in the Ministry of Education of Ukraine. .In 1994 he graduated from the Kyiv Institute of Civil Engineering as a civil engineer. He worked as a foreman engineer at the Research Institute.
In 2011 he graduated from Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University majoring in law. He completed postgraduate studies in "History of Ukraine".
Activities within Svoboda
Mokhnyk joined the nationalist movement in the mid-1990s. By September 2010 he was head of the Kyiv organization Svoboda, and deputy of the "Kyiv Regional Council" from 2010–2012. In 2012 he won a seat in the Ukrainian parliament's 7th convocation for the All-Ukrainian Union "Freedom". He rose to deputy chairman and is member of their Political Council. He met with representatives of Svoboda's Italian counterpart, the Forza Nuova, discussing cooperation regarding the "preservation of each country's national identity" in October 2013.
Mokhnyk has been described as Tiagnybok's "right hand man in parliament", who sees "Russia as Ukraine’s main foreign enemy, seeking to oppress Ukrainians, control their riches, and sabotage EU integration". In 2012 he has stated that Ukrainians suffered like Jewish people, and that the Holodomor genocide, a 1930s man-made famine that killed up to 7.5 million, nearly eliminated Ukrainians. He has said that Ukraine's internal enemies are an "oligarchic class composed of former Communist apparatchiks, Komsomol leaders, KGB agents and straight forward criminals of primarily non-Ukrainian ethnic descent". He supports banning Communist party members, former Soviet apparatchiks and KGB agents from holding office. Mokhnyk is on record for supporting re-nationalization of "strategic state assets", which he claims were "stolen by oligarchs through corrupt privatizations" and increasing taxes for large businesses rather than small and medium businesses. He also supports stating Ukrainian passport holders' ethnicity.
In the Yatsenyuk Government that came to power on 27 February 2014, Mokhnyk was Minister of Environment and Natural Resources. On 12 November 2014 he and his fellow two Svoboda ministers in the Yatsenyuk Government resigned (they became acting ministers till a new Government was formed). In the October 2014 parliamentary election Mokhnyk had been 8th on the election list of his party; since the party came 0,29% short to overcome the 5% threshold to win seats on the nationwide list he was not re-elected into parliament.
Private life
He is married and has one daughter, Miroslava, living in Kyiv.
References
External links
Biography
1972 births
Living people
People from Vinnytsia Oblast
Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture alumni
University of Kyiv, Law faculty alumni
Seventh convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Ecology and natural resources ministers of Ukraine
Svoboda (political party) politicians
Ukrainian nationalists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom%20Orbital%20Segment
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Axiom Orbital Segment
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Axiom Orbital Segment or Axiom Segment (or AxS) are the planned modular components of the International Space Station (ISS) designed by Axiom Space for commercial space activities. Axiom Space gained initial NASA approval for the venture in January 2020. Axiom Space was later awarded the contract by NASA on February 28, 2020. This orbital station will be separated from the ISS to become its own modular space station, Axiom Station, after the ISS is decommissioned.
Axiom Segment
At least four Axiom modules will attach to the International Space Station. The first module is planned to be launched in 2024 and would dock to the forward port of Harmony, requiring relocation of Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA-2) to any other ports on ISS like Harmony nadir. Axiom Space plans to attach at least three additional modules to its first core module, and send private astronauts to inhabit the modules.
Axiom renderings illustrate how the four modules might attach to the ISS as they are berthed and relocated by the Mobile Servicing System using Canadarm2.
Axiom Station
The company released preliminary plans in February 2020 for how the Axiom Orbital Segment could form the basis for the Axiom Station, a potential future space station, constructed out of the Axiom Segment and additional elements upon ISS retirement and separation, including a power and thermal module with an airlock. The company plans to launch its first module to the ISS in 2024, with the second, third and fourth launching in 2025, 2026 and 2027 respectively
The interior concept of the crew quarters of Axiom Orbital Segment was designed by French architect and designer Philippe Starck. Renderings of the habitat show a chamber with walls that are covered with tufted padding and studded with hundreds of color-changing LEDs. The Axiom Orbital Segment will have amenities including high-speed Wi-Fi, video screens, picture windows and a glass-walled cupola — which Axiom calls "the largest window observatory ever constructed for the space environment".
Each Axiom Station module is an independent spacecraft equipped with all the systems needed to maneuver in orbit - propulsion among them.
Planned modules
AxH1
Axiom Station's first planned module, Hab 1, is expected to launch in 2024. It will provide quarters for four crew members and volume to accommodate research and manufacturing applications, is the nucleus of future human activity in Earth's orbit. Each personal crew quarter is equipped with a large Earth-viewing window and touch-screen comms panel. A docking adapter allows visiting vehicles to dock to the Axiom Station; four radial ports on the Hub provide for the addition of future modules and increase the station's docking capability. It will have propulsion, guidance, navigation and control of the station.
AxSEE-1
Axiom Space is planned to manufacture the SEE-1 module for the British company Space Entertainment Enterprise (or S.E.E.). It is planned to be a six meter spherical inflatable module and to fulfill the purpose of a first entertainment studio in space. It is currently planned to launch in late 2024 after AxH1 has connected to the ISS.
The directors of SEE, Dmitry Lesnevsky and Elena Lesnevsky, have additionally been pursuing film shootings for a future movie with Tom Cruise at the station.
AxH2
Axiom Station's Hab 2 module is expected to launch in 2025. It will provide quarters for an additional four crew members allowing the station to support up to eight crew. It provides completes ECLSS support, commercial high data satellite communications and a Canadarm 3 styled Remote manipulator system for the Axiom Station.
AxRMF
Axiom Station's research and manufacturing lab is planned to launch in 2026. It provides access to the unique microgravity environment as a platform to conduct innovative research, product development, process improvement, and manufacturing.
AxEO
Axiom Station's Earth Observatory will be a glass-walled cupola planned to launch in 2026.
AxPT
Axiom Station's Power Tower will provide power and thermal capacity equivalent to that of the ISS via solar array to support the station so that Axiom Station will be able to support itself once it disconnects from the ISS. It is expected to launch in 2027. Until AxPT is launched, Axiom Station will be relying on the ISS to help provide power. AxPT also adds EVA capability to the station.
AxPLM
Leonardo might also be used on Axiom Station after the ISS is decommissioned.
Construction
Manufacturing
Axiom Space signed a contract with Thales Alenia Space for Thales Alenia to manufacture and test the primary structure and the Micrometeoroid & Debris Protection System (or MDPS) for both AxH1 and AxH2. Thales Alenia Space is already in the process of machining the primary structure of AxH1. With the completion of the Manufacturing Readiness Review on September 21, 2021, Thales Alenia was able to begin welding the cone panels of AxH1. The primary structure for AxH1 is expected to be delivered from Italy to Houston, TX in early 2023 where Axiom Space will complete assembly and integration of all systems before launch.
Assembly
There have been no announcements as to which rocket will carry the AxS modules into Low Earth orbit. The first module, AxH1, is planned to attach onto the forward port of Harmony. The SEE-1 module is planned to berth on one of the radial ports of AxH1. AxH2 will then berth on the forward port of AxH1. AxPT is planned to berth on the Zenith port of either AxH1 or AxH2. As Axiom Station is a modular space station the modules may be moved to different ports as needed.
Purpose
Scientific research
Axiom Station is planned to have a lab module, AxRMF, to provide opportunities for Low Earth orbit research and manufacturing.
Commercial station
Axiom Station is also planned to have space for general commercial use, such as the SEE-1 entertainment module.
See also
Axiom Mission 1 -- precursor private crew mission
List of commercial space stations
Space tourism
References
External links
https://www.axiomspace.com/axiom-station
proposed hotels
Axiom Station
destination resorts
space tourism
components of the International Space Station
Axiom Space
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis%20Gourvennec
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Alexis Gourvennec
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Alexis Gourvennec (January 11, 1936, Henvic, Finistère - February 19, 2007) was a Breton pig farmer and economic leader who played a major role in the regeneration of Brittany, France, after World War II. In the early 1960s he was a leading militant in the Young Farmers' Movement, and in 1961 he helped found and led SICA (Societe d'Interet Collectif Agricole) St-Pol-de-Leon.
He was a leader of a group of leading Bretons who pressed five key demands (from the regional structure plan) on the French administration in the late 1960s:
A modern road network between the region and Paris
The setting up of a telecommunications network
A strengthening of educational provision especially Brest University
Improving industrial development at Brest
The construction of a deep-water port at Roscoff
The French government agreed to these demands in October 1968.
Gourvennec saw a place for Brittany as part of a 'Celtic arc', stretching down the entire Atlantic coastline of Europe, and was keen to develop a service from Roscoff to Plymouth. However, no existing ferry company viewed the route as worthwhile, and so Gourvennec and colleagues founded Brittany Ferries.
When Prince Charles visited Finistère in 1988, the local media apparently headlined his meeting with Gourvennec as 'Prince of Wales at the home of the Prince of Brittany' (see article by Peter Forde) probably in reference to the farmers' brand "Prince de Bretagne" created under Gourvennec's impulse.
https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_de_Bretagne_(marque)
References
Times obituary -
The Man who made Modern Brittany, by Peter Forde (in Insight Guides:Brittany :ed Brian Bell, 1995, APA Publications (HK) Ltd)
See also
French Wikipedia page :fr:Alexis Gourvennec
1936 births
2007 deaths
People from Finistère
Businesspeople from Brittany
French farmers
French businesspeople in shipping
20th-century French businesspeople
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42084947
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3ra%20Zeller
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Dóra Zeller
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Dóra Zeller (born 6 January 1995) is a Hungarian football forward playing for BK Häcken playing in Sweden's Damallsvenskan. She is a member of the Hungarian national team.
International goals
References
1995 births
Living people
Hungarian women's footballers
Hungarian expatriates in Germany
Expatriate women's footballers in Germany
Újpesti TE (women) players
Ferencvárosi TC (women) footballers
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women) players
Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women) players
Hungary women's international footballers
People from Esztergom
Women's association football forwards
Sportspeople from Komárom-Esztergom County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraea%20Morete
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Maraea Morete
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Maraea Morete (24 July 1844–8 October 1907) was a New Zealand tribal leader and writer. She is the daughter of William and Puihi Morris. Of Māori descent, she identified with the Ngati Porou and Te Aitanga-a-Mahaki iwi. She was born in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, either at Whakaari, near Tongoio, or at Waikokopu, near Mahia, on 24 July 1844. She died on 8 October 1907 after suffering severe injuries caused by burns from a fire.
References
1844 births
1907 deaths
19th-century women rulers
Ngāti Porou people
New Zealand Māori writers
Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20De%20Palma
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Brian De Palma
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Brian Russell De Palma (born September 11, 1940) is an American film director and screenwriter. With a career spanning over 50 years, he is best known for his work in the suspense, crime and psychological thriller genres. His films include mainstream box office hits such as Carrie (1976), Dressed to Kill (1980), Scarface (1983), The Untouchables (1987), and Mission: Impossible (1996), as well as cult favorites such as Sisters (1972), Phantom of the Paradise (1974), Blow Out (1981), Body Double (1984), Casualties of War (1989), Carlito's Way (1993), Femme Fatale (2002), and Passion (2012).
De Palma was a leading member of the New Hollywood generation of film directors. His direction often makes use of quotations from other films or cinematic styles, and bears the influence of filmmakers such as Alfred Hitchcock and Jean-Luc Godard. His films have been criticized for their violence and sexual content but have also been championed by American critics such as Roger Ebert and Pauline Kael.
Early life
De Palma was born on September 11, 1940, in Newark, New Jersey, the youngest of three boys. His Italian-American parents were Vivienne DePalma (née Muti), and Anthony DePalma, an orthopedic surgeon who was the son of immigrants from Alberona, Province of Foggia. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New Hampshire, and attended various Protestant and Quaker schools, eventually graduating from Friends' Central School. He had a poor relationship with his father, and would secretly follow him to record his adulterous behavior; this would eventually inspire the teenage character played by Keith Gordon in De Palma's 1980 film Dressed to Kill. When he was in high school, he built computers. He won a regional science-fair prize for a project titled "An Analog Computer to Solve Differential Equations".
Career
1960s and early career
Enrolled at Columbia University as a physics student, De Palma became enraptured with the filmmaking process after viewing Citizen Kane and Vertigo. After receiving his undergraduate degree in 1962, De Palma enrolled at the newly coed Sarah Lawrence College as a graduate student in their theater department, earning an M.A. in the discipline in 1964 and becoming one of the first male students among a female population. Once there, influences as various as drama teacher Wilford Leach, the Maysles brothers, Michelangelo Antonioni, Jean-Luc Godard, Andy Warhol, and Alfred Hitchcock impressed upon De Palma the many styles and themes that would shape his own cinema in the coming decades.
An early association with a young Robert De Niro resulted in The Wedding Party. The film, which was co-directed with Leach and producer Cynthia Munroe, had been shot in 1963 but remained unreleased until 1969, when De Palma's star had risen sufficiently within the Greenwich Village filmmaking scene. De Niro was unknown at the time; the credits mistakenly display his name as "Robert ". The film is noteworthy for its invocation of silent film techniques and an insistence on the jump-cut for effect. De Palma followed this style with various small films for the NAACP and the Treasury Department.
During the 1960s, De Palma began making a living producing documentary films, notably The Responsive Eye, a 1966 movie about The Responsive Eye op-art exhibit curated by William Seitz for MOMA in 1965. In an interview with Joseph Gelmis from 1969, De Palma described the film as "very good and very successful. It's distributed by Pathe Contemporary and makes lots of money. I shot it in four hours, with synched sound. I had two other guys shooting people's reactions to the paintings, and the paintings themselves."
Dionysus in '69 (1969) was De Palma's other major documentary from this period. The film records the Performance Group's performance of Euripides' The Bacchae, starring, amongst others, De Palma regular William Finley. The play is noted for breaking traditional barriers between performers and audience. The film's most striking quality is its extensive use of the split-screen. De Palma recalls that he was "floored" by this performance upon first sight, and in 1973 recounts how he "began to try and figure out a way to capture it on film. I came up with the idea of split-screen, to be able to show the actual audience involvement, to trace the life of the audience and that of the play as they merge in and out of each other."
De Palma's most significant features from this decade are Greetings (1968) and Hi, Mom! (1970). Both films star Robert De Niro and espouse a leftist revolutionary viewpoint common to the era in which they were released. Greetings was entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won a Silver Bear award. His other major film from this period is the slasher comedy Murder a la Mod. Each of these films experiments with narrative and intertextuality, reflecting De Palma's stated intention to become the "American Godard" while integrating several of the themes which permeated Hitchcock's work.
1970s: transition to Hollywood
In 1970, De Palma left New York for Hollywood at age thirty to make Get to Know Your Rabbit, starring Orson Welles and Tommy Smothers. Making the film was a crushing experience for De Palma, as Smothers did not like many of De Palma's ideas.
After several small, studio and independently-released films that included stand-outs Sisters, Phantom of the Paradise, and Obsession, De Palma directed a film adaptation of the 1974 novel Carrie by Stephen King. Though some see the psychic thriller as De Palma's bid for a blockbuster, the project was in fact small, underfunded by United Artists, and well under the cultural radar during the early months of production, as the source novel had yet to climb the bestseller list. De Palma gravitated toward the project and changed crucial plot elements based upon his own predilections, not the saleability of the novel. The cast was young and relatively new, though Sissy Spacek and John Travolta had gained attention for previous work in, respectively, film and episodic sitcoms. Carrie became De Palma's first genuine box-office success, garnering Spacek and Piper Laurie Oscar nominations for their performances. Pre-production for the film had coincided with the casting process for George Lucas's Star Wars, and many of the actors cast in De Palma's film had been earmarked as contenders for Lucas's movie, and vice versa. The "shock ending" finale is effective even while it upholds horror-film convention, its suspense sequences are buttressed by teen comedy tropes, and its use of split-screen, split-diopter and slow motion shots tell the story visually rather than through dialogue. As for Lucas' project, De Palma complained in an early viewing of Star Wars that the opening text crawl was poorly written and volunteered to help edit the text to a more concise and engaging form.
The financial and critical success of Carrie allowed De Palma to pursue more personal material. The Demolished Man was a novel that had fascinated De Palma since the late 1950s and appealed to his background in mathematics and avant-garde storytelling. Its unconventional unfolding of plot (exemplified in its mathematical layout of dialogue) and its stress on perception have analogs in De Palma's filmmaking. He sought to adapt it numerous times, though the project would carry a substantial price tag, and has yet to appear on-screen (Steven Spielberg's 2002 adaptation of Philip K. Dick's Minority Report bears striking similarities to De Palma's visual style and some of the themes of The Demolished Man). The result of his experience with adapting The Demolished Man was the 1978 science fiction psychic thriller film The Fury, starring Kirk Douglas, Carrie Snodgress, John Cassavetes and Amy Irving. The film was admired by Jean-Luc Godard, who featured a clip in his mammoth Histoire(s) du cinéma, and Pauline Kael, who championed both The Fury and De Palma. The film boasted a larger budget than Carrie, though the consensus view at the time was that De Palma was repeating himself, with diminishing returns. As a film, it retains De Palma's considerable visual flair, but points more toward his work in mainstream entertainments such as Mission: Impossible, the thematic complex thriller for which he is now better known.
1980s and breakthrough
The 1980s were marked by some of De Palma's best known films including Dressed to Kill (1980), Blow Out (1981), Scarface (1983), Body Double (1984), and The Untouchables (1987). In 1984, he directed the music video for Bruce Springsteen's single "Dancing in the Dark".
1990s - 2000s: career downturn
De Palma's career continued over the next two decades with films in a variety of genres. The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990) was a notorious failure with both critics and audiences but De Palma had subsequent successes with Raising Cain (1992) and Carlito's Way (1993) with Mission: Impossible (1996) becoming his highest grossing film and starting a successful franchise.
De Palma's work after Mission: Impossible has been less well received. His ensuing films Snake Eyes (1998), Mission to Mars (2000), and Femme Fatale (2002) all failed at the box office and received generally poor reviews, though Femme Fatale has since been revived in the eyes of many film critics and became a cult classic. His 2006 adaptation of The Black Dahlia was also unsuccessful and is currently the last movie De Palma has directed with backing from Hollywood.
A political controversy erupted over the portrayal of US soldiers in De Palma's 2007 film Redacted. Loosely based on the 2006 Mahmudiyah killings by American soldiers in Iraq, the film echoes themes that appeared in De Palma's Vietnam War film, Casualties of War (1989). Redacted received a limited release in the United States and grossed less than $1 million against a $5 million budget.
2010s
De Palma's output has slowed since the release of Redacted. In 2012, his film Passion starring Rachel McAdams and Noomi Rapace was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival but received mixed reviews and was financially unsuccessful.
De Palma's next project was the 2019 thriller Domino. It received generally negative reviews and was released direct-to-VOD in the United States, grossing less than half a million dollars internationally. De Palma has also expressed dissatisfaction with both the production of the film and the final product.
Unrealized projects
Trademarks and style
Themes
De Palma's films can fall into two categories, his psychological thrillers (Sisters, Body Double, Obsession, Dressed to Kill, Blow Out, Raising Cain) and his mainly commercial films (Scarface, The Untouchables, Carlito's Way, and Mission: Impossible). He has often produced "De Palma" films one after the other before going on to direct a different genre, but would always return to his familiar territory. Because of the subject matter and graphic violence of some of De Palma's films, such as Dressed to Kill, Scarface and Body Double, they are often at the center of controversy with the Motion Picture Association of America, film critics and the viewing public.
De Palma frequently quotes and references other directors' work. Michelangelo Antonioni's Blowup and Francis Ford Coppola's The Conversation plots were used for the basis of Blow Out. The Untouchables finale shoot out in the train station is a clear borrowing from the Odessa Steps sequence in Sergei Eisenstein's The Battleship Potemkin. The main plot from Rear Window was used for Body Double, while it also used elements of Vertigo. Vertigo was also the basis for Obsession. Dressed to Kill was a note-for-note homage to Hitchcock's Psycho, including such moments as the surprise death of the lead actress and the exposition scene by the psychiatrist at the end.
Camera shots
Film critics have often noted De Palma's penchant for unusual camera angles and compositions. He often frames characters against the background using a canted angle shot. Split-screen techniques have been used to show two separate events happening simultaneously. To emphasize the dramatic impact of a certain scene De Palma has employed a 360-degree camera pan. Slow sweeping, panning and tracking shots are often used throughout his films, often through precisely-choreographed long takes lasting for minutes without cutting. Split focus shots, often referred to as "di-opt", are used by De Palma to emphasize the foreground person/object while simultaneously keeping a background person/object in focus. Slow-motion is frequently used in his films to increase suspense.
Frequent collaborators
Personal life
De Palma has been married and divorced three times, to actress Nancy Allen (1979–1983), producer Gale Anne Hurd (1991–1993), and Darnell Gregorio (1995–1997). He has one daughter from his marriage to Hurd, Lolita de Palma, born in 1991, and one daughter from his marriage to Gregorio, Piper De Palma, born in 1996. He resides in Manhattan, New York.
Renowned paleontologist Robert De Palma is Brian De Palma's cousin.
Legacy
De Palma is often cited as a leading member of the New Hollywood generation of film directors, a distinct pedigree who either emerged from film schools or are overtly cine-literate. His contemporaries include Martin Scorsese, Paul Schrader, John Milius, George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Steven Spielberg, John Carpenter, and Ridley Scott. His artistry in directing and use of cinematography and suspense in several of his films has often been compared to the work of Alfred Hitchcock. Psychologists have been intrigued by De Palma's fascination with pathology, by the aberrant behavior aroused in characters who find themselves manipulated by others.
De Palma has encouraged and fostered the filmmaking careers of directors such as Mark Romanek and Keith Gordon, the latter of whom he collaborated with twice with Gordon as an actor, both in 1980's Home Movies and Dressed to Kill. Filmmakers influenced by De Palma include Terrence Malick, Quentin Tarantino, Ronny Yu, Don Mancini, Nacho Vigalondo, and Jack Thomas Smith. During an interview with De Palma, Quentin Tarantino said that Blow Out is one of his all-time favorite films, and that after watching Scarface he knew how to make his own film. John Travolta's performance as Jack Terry in Blow Out even resulted in Tarantino casting him as Vincent Vega in his 1994 film Pulp Fiction, which would go on to rejuvenate Travolta's then-declining career.
Critics who frequently admire De Palma's work include Pauline Kael and Roger Ebert. Kael wrote in her review of Blow Out, "At forty, Brian De Palma has more than twenty years of moviemaking behind him, and he has been growing better and better. Each time a new film of his opens, everything he has done before seems to have been preparation for it." In his review of Femme Fatale, Roger Ebert wrote about the director: "De Palma deserves more honor as a director. Consider also these titles: Sisters, Blow Out, The Fury, Dressed to Kill, Carrie, Scarface, Wise Guys, Casualties of War, Carlito's Way, Mission: Impossible. Yes, there are a few failures along the way (Snake Eyes, Mission to Mars, The Bonfire of the Vanities), but look at the range here, and reflect that these movies contain treasure for those who admire the craft as well as the story, who sense the glee with which De Palma manipulates images and characters for the simple joy of being good at it. It's not just that he sometimes works in the style of Hitchcock, but that he has the nerve to."
The influential French film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma has placed five of De Palma's films (Carlito's Way, Mission: Impossible, Snake Eyes, Mission to Mars, and Redacted) on their annual top ten list, with Redacted placing first on the 2008 list. The magazine also listed Carlito's Way as the greatest film of the 1990s.
His life and career in his own words was the subject of the 2015 documentary De Palma, directed by Noah Baumbach and Jake Paltrow.
Julie Salamon has written that critics have accused De Palma of being "a perverse misogynist". De Palma has responded to such accusations by saying: "I'm always attacked for having an erotic, sexist approach chopping up women, putting women in peril. I'm making suspense movies! What else is going to happen to them?"
His films have also been interpreted as feminist and examined for their perceived queer affinities. In Film Comment "Queer and Now and Then" column on Femme Fatale, film critic Michael Koresky writes that "De Palma's films radiate an undeniable queer energy" and notes the "intense appeal" De Palma's films have for gay critics. In her book The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema, Linda Ruth Williams writes that "De Palma understood the cinematic potency of dangerous fucking, perhaps earlier than his feminist detractors".
Robin Wood considered Sisters an overtly feminist film, writing that "one can define the monster of Sisters as women's liberation; adding only that the film follows the time-honored horror film tradition of making the monster emerge as the most sympathetic character and its emotional center." Pauline Kael's review of Casualties of War, "A Wounded Apparition", describes the film as "feminist" and notes that "De Palma was always involved in examining (and sometimes satirizing) victimization, but he was often accused of being a victimizer". Helen Grace, in a piece for Lola, writes that upon seeing Dressed to Kill amidst calls for a boycott from feminist groups Women Against Violence Against Women and Women Against Pornography, that the film "seemed to say more about masculine anxiety than about the fears that women were expressing in relation to the film".
David Thomson wrote in his entry for De Palma, "There is a self-conscious cunning in De Palma's work, ready to control everything except his own cruelty and indifference." Matt Zoller Seitz objected to this characterisation, writing that there are films from the director which can be seen as "straightforwardly empathetic and/or moralistic".
Filmography
Feature films
Short films
Music videos
Awards and nominations received by De Palma's films
Bibliography
References
Sources
Thomson, David (October 26, 2010). The New Biographical Dictionary of Film: Fifth Edition, Completely Updated and Expanded (Hardcover ed.). Knopf. .
Salamon, Julie (1991). Devil's Candy: The Bonfire of the Vanities Goes to Hollywood (Hardcover ed.). Houghton. .
Further reading
Bliss, Michael (1986). Brian De Palma. Scarecrow.
Blumenfeld, Samuel; Vachaud, Laurent (2001). Brian De Palma. Calmann-Levy.
Dworkin, Susan (1984). Double De Palma: A Film Study with Brian De Palma. Newmarket.
External links
Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
Photos and discussion around the director
Literature on Brian De Palma
Brian De Palma bibliography (via UC Berkeley)
1940 births
Living people
Action film directors
American film directors
American film directors of Italian descent
American male screenwriters
American writers of Italian descent
Columbia University alumni
English-language film directors
Film producers from New Jersey
Friends' Central School alumni
Giallo film directors
Horror film directors
People of Apulian descent
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Venice Best Director Silver Lion winners
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
Postmodernist filmmakers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%20Toy
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Tin Toy
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Tin Toy is a 1988 American computer-animated short film produced by Pixar and directed by John Lasseter. The short film, which runs five minutes, stars Tinny, a tin one-man band toy, attempting to escape from Billy, an infant. The third short film produced by the company's small animation division, it was a risky investment: due to the low revenue produced by Pixar's main product, the Pixar Image Computer, the company was under financial constraints.
Lasseter pitched the concept for Tin Toy by storyboard to Pixar owner Steve Jobs, who agreed to finance the short despite the company's struggles, which he kept alive with annual investment. The film was officially a test of the PhotoRealistic RenderMan software and proved new challenges to the animation team, namely the difficult task of realistically animating Billy. Tin Toy later gained attention from Disney, who sealed an agreement to create Toy Story starring Tom Hanks and Tim Allen, which was primarily inspired by elements from Tin Toy.
The short premiered in a partially completed edit at the SIGGRAPH convention in August 1988 to a standing ovation from scientists and engineers. Tin Toy went on to claim Pixar's first Oscar with the 1988 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, becoming the first CGI film to win an Oscar. With the award, Tin Toy went far to establish computer animation as a legitimate artistic medium outside SIGGRAPH and the animation-festival film circuit. In 2003, Tin Toy was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Plot
The film takes place in one room and stars the toy of the title, a mechanical one-man band player named Tinny, and an infant named Billy. At first, Tinny is delighted at the prospect of being played with by Billy until he sees how destructive the infant can be, including sucking on his Rock-a-Stack and thrashing his garland of beads. When Tinny tries to walk out of Billy's reach, the musical instruments on the former's back begin to play, attracting Billy's attention. Tinny begins to run, but is chased by Billy. Tinny soon finds cover under a couch, there finding a collection of toys in hiding, similarly terrified of Billy. Unaware of this, Billy trips and falls while searching for Tinny and begins to cry. Feeling sorry for the baby, and in disbelief at the other toys' lack of sympathy, Tinny leaves his couch sanctuary and begins to play near Billy to calm him down. Upon seeing this, Billy stops crying and picks up Tinny to play with, the latter fearing the worst. However, Billy soon lets go of the toy, more interested in his packaging, but ignores Tinny, and then plays with his box. This annoys Tinny, who again plays music, following around Billy in hopes of being noticed, but is still mad and ignored. Eventually, Billy, whose face is now covered in a shopping bag, leaves the room, followed by Tinny and the newly optimistic toys from underneath the couch.
Background
Pixar, purchased in 1986 by entrepreneur and former Apple Computer head Steve Jobs, received many accolades for films produced by its small animation division, headed by former Disney animator John Lasseter. Lasseter's primary role, as defended to Jobs by company founders Edwin Catmull and Alvy Ray Smith, was to produce short films to promote the company's own Pixar Image Computers. The department was never meant to generate any revenue as far as Jobs was concerned, but after the release of two shorts, Luxo Jr. (1986) and Red's Dream (1987), some of the engineers working on the company's products wondered whether it made sense to keep the animation group going at all. Pixar was losing money every year and Jobs was supporting the cash-strapped company SO through a line of credit with his personal guarantee.
The engineers felt they were working hard to make money for Pixar while Lasseter's group was only spending it. Their passion was for building computers and software, not entertainment. Eventually, they discerned, to their chagrin, the reason why the company was supporting the division: the real priority of Catmull and Smith was to make films. The engineers were not alone in wondering about the value of Lasseter's short films. On repeated occasions in the late 1980s, Catmull barely dissuaded Jobs from shutting down the animation division due to financial constraints. At this same time, Jobs was clashing with Alvy Ray Smith, which would eventually lead to his resignation from Pixar after a heated argument during a meeting. Things were by no means well at the company and Lasseter and his team of animators knew this, and were afraid to ask for money to finance another short, which they storyboarded as Tin Toy.
Production
In the spring of 1988, cash was running so short that Jobs convened a meeting to decree deep spending cuts across the board. When it was over, Lasseter and his animation group were almost too afraid to ask Jobs about authorizing some extra money for another short. Finally, they broached the topic and Jobs sat silent, looking skeptical. The short would require close to $300,000 more out of his pocket. After a few minutes, he asked if there were any storyboards. Catmull took him down to the animation offices, and Lasseter started his show. With the storyboards pinned on his wall, Lasseter did the voices and acted out the shots—just as story men had done on the Disney lot for decades—and thereby showed his passion for the project. The stakes here were much higher than before, however. Ralph Guggenheim, manager of the animation unit, recalled, "We knew that he wasn't just pitching for the film, he was pitching for the survival of the group." Jobs warmed up to the project and agreed to provide the money. "I believed in what John was doing," Jobs later said. "It was art. He cared, and I cared. I always said yes." His only comment at the end of Lasseter's presentation was, "All I ask of you, John, is to make it great."
That fall, after completion of Red's Dream, most members of the company gathered at Stillwater Cove, near Fort Ross, to design new software that was designed completely for the work of an animator. From the meeting came Menv software ("modeling Environment"), the first program specifically designed to facilitate the workflow of an animator, separating the various phases of the animation (modeling, animation and lighting), later renamed Puppets. To show the application of the new program, it was approved the production of a short. Inspired by the birth of his daughter Julia, William Reeves proposed the idea to create a human baby. Lasseter had an inspiration for the new opera based on the observation of his nephew, intent to put any toy in the mouth on the way. Lasseter said, "In terms of toys the child must have seemed a terrible monster!"
The story was about Lasseter's love, classic toys, and was inspired by a visit made in 1987 at the Tin Toy Museum in Yokohama, Japan. It was told from the perspective of a toy one-man band named Tinny, who meets a baby that charms and terrorizes him. Escaping under the couch, Tinny finds other frightened toys, but when the baby hits his head and cries, Tinny goes back out to cheer him up. Tin Toy was inspired much like Luxo Jr., namely, Lasseter's observations of a friend's baby. This time, he opted for a more ambitious task, attempting to mimic a human baby in its appearance, the movement of its arms, and its fickle moods.
The film was officially a test of the PhotoRealistic RenderMan software. This was the only Pixar short rendered on the RM-1, a RenderMan specific computer that was never sold to the public. As with Luxo Jr. and Red's Dream, it was also a chance for Lasseter to one-up his earlier efforts, taking his animation and storytelling to another level. The baby proved difficult to model and animate; "it just became an incredible burden," remembered Flip Phillips, a new member of the team at the time. In early attempts at a model of the baby's head, he appeared to have the face of a middle-aged man. The final version of the baby (known to the team as Billy) had a much-improved face with 40 separate facial muscles, but his skin had the look of plastic. When he moved, moreover, his body lacked the natural give of baby fat and his diaper had the solidity of cement—compromises made necessary by lack of time and the still-developing technology.
The picture on the table is a photograph of director John Lasseter.
Release
Lasseter and his technical directors slept under their desks at times to get Tin Toy finished before SIGGRAPH in Atlanta in August 1988, but to no avail. What the SIGGRAPH audience saw was the first three-fifths or so of the film, ending a cliffhanger moment with Tinny running into his box and watching in horror through the box's cellophane as Billy advances towards him. "Even though it wasn't complete, people were wowed by it," producer Ralph Guggenheim remembered. The audience of scientists and engineers to which it was shown at SIGGRAPH greeted it with a standing ovation. These praises were joined over the years, positive assessments of public and critics, who praised the innovation and technology in it. Luke Bonanno called it "One of the best Pixar short films," while other critics wrote that the film was "A fascinating glimpse of a fledgling art form." and many praised the ability to move in just a few minutes and have been able to "encompass the full range of emotions you feel when a toy is used by a child." Some criticisms were leveled at the character of Billy, who was called "the most frightening and disturbing piece of animation in the history of this art form." Dario Floreano stated that the uncanny valley concept was taken seriously by the film industry because of negative audience reactions to Billy. It is unknown when this short was first released in its entirety.
Tin Toy went on to take the Academy Award for Best Animated Short in 1989 at the 61st Academy Awards, it was the 3rd CGI short film to get nominated for the Academy Award (Behind Hunger and Luxo Jr) and was the first computer-generated animated short film to receive an Oscar. With the award, Tin Toy went far to establish computer animation as a legitimate artistic medium outside SIGGRAPH and the animation-festival film circuit. A member of the Academy's board of governors, animator William Littlejohn, saw in Tin Toy a window into the potential of the young medium. "There is a realism that's rather astonishing," he told The New York Times. "It emulates photography, but with artistic staging." Robert Winquist, head of the character animation program at CalArts, went further, predicting that computer animation was "going to take over in a short time." He publicly advised animators, "Put down your pencil and your paintbrush and do it another way."
The short was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" in 2003. Tin Toy garnered some home media releases via inclusion on Tiny Toy Stories in 1996, the VHS and DVD releases of Toy Story in 2000, and the Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1 (2007). Tin Toy is also available for streaming on Disney+.
Academy Award
1988 – Best Animated Short Film
Other awards
1989 – Seattle International Film Festival – Best Short Film1989 – World Animation Celebration – Best Computer-Assisted Animation2003 – National Film Registry
Merchandising
Apart from the home video editions of the short film, Tin Toy was not the subject of any type of merchandise, like all the other short films produced by the company. The only exception is the reproduction of vinyl Tinny, produced by MINDStyle in 2010. Pixar, in fact, sold the license to the manufacturer of Tin Toy MINDStyle objects, which created a maquette of the vinyl character Tinny inside of the line Art Toy Collectible limited Edition of 500 pieces, the price of ninety dollars. The box, which is a faithful reproduction of the packaging of the toy view in short, in addition to containing the model of Tinny, presents a certificate of authenticity printed on a card showing the storyboard in pencil of a scene from the short.
Canceled holiday special
The success of Tin Toy gained attention from Disney CEO Michael Eisner and Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg, who approached Pixar to produce a computer-animated film. In the early 1990s, Pixar began to make arrangements with Disney to produce the first computer-animated film. The project went through, but considering the abrupt transition from shorts to feature a few minutes to an hour and a half, Pixar set out to create a special half-hour to see if they could manage a production that was similar to that of an actual film. Driven by the victory at the Oscars that year, a sequel to Tin Toy called "A Tin Toy Christmas," was originally planned as a half-hour-long television special to be used to convince film studios that Pixar was capable of producing a feature film. This idea was brought to the table at the initial talks with Disney for Toy Story. The basic idea was that Tinny was part of a set of toy players who are not successful and remain unsold for years. Separated from other components, Tinny ends up by mistake in a toy shop of our age where he meets several characters, including a soft pink bear named Lotso.
The project was abandoned because the television network that would have produced it could not afford the fees required (according to director Pete Docter, the special would have required a sum of eighteen times higher than the allowed budget). Disney was uninterested in the concept and urged Pixar to produce a feature immediately, which became a critical and commercial success. The character of Lotso, however, was adapted for the third installment of the Toy Story series as the main villain.
Tinny himself makes a cameo in Toy Story 4, appearing when Woody and Bo Peep enter a pinball machine to meet Duke Caboom.
See also
Toy Story (1995), Pixar's first computer-animated feature film which grew out of a Tin Toy sequel.
The Brave Little Toaster (1987)
Notes
References
External links
1988 films
1988 animated films
1988 short films
1980s American animated films
1980s animated short films
1980s computer-animated films
American comedy films
Animated films without speech
Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
Films about sentient toys
Films with screenplays by John Lasseter
Pixar short films
Short films directed by John Lasseter
Toy Story
United States National Film Registry films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionettes%20%28film%29
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Marionettes (film)
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Marionettes () is a 1934 Soviet satirical antifascist film starring Anatoli Ktorov and directed by Yakov Protazanov and Porfiri Podobed.
The film is a hybrid of several genres: musical comedy, social satire and political propaganda.
Plot
The film begins with a prologue in which a master of ceremonies (Igor Arkadin) introduces the principal cast - all of whom are named after the seven notes of the musical scale (Do, Re, Mi, Fa, So, La, and Ti) - in the form of marionettes on a puppet stage.
The scene then transitions to the fictional European constitutional monarchy of Boufferia, which is racked by economic chaos and political unrest. The nation's major political factions - monarchists, liberals, fascists, and socialists - squabble fruitlessly in parliament, while the common people grow increasingly radicalized by the example of the USSR, with which Boufferia shares a heavily militarized border. The king is unable to exert a stabilizing influence, being only a boy of seven, so the country's secret rulers - a cabal of wealthy capitalists - decide to replace him with a more mature and capable figure. They conclude that most suitable candidate is the prince Do (Anatoli Ktorov), a dissipated playboy living abroad and mired in debt.
The prince accepts the throne, but on the way to Boufferia, he has too much to drink, leans too far out an airplane window, and falls out, unnoticed by the other passengers and aircrew. When the plane lands, the cheering crowd mistakes Do's valet and barber So (Sergei Martinson) for the prince, and - despite his inarticulate protests - he is acclaimed as the new sovereign and carried off to the palace.
Meanwhile, prince Do miraculously survives his fall from the airplane into a river, and manages to make it to shore. However, he finds himself in the vicinity of the Soviet-Boufferian border, and is promptly arrested by an overzealous detachment of frontier guards, who mistake him for a Bolshevik infiltrator.
The frightened So is arrayed in royal regalia and crowned. At first mute with terror, he is pressed on policy questions by parliamentary delegations, and in a panic blurts out non-sequiturs relating to his area of expertise, personal grooming. His answers are willfully misinterpreted in the spirit of whatever the inquiring parties wish to hear, and the "prince" is acclaimed as a font of Solomonic wisdom. In particular, when asked about measures to resolve the state crisis, So suggests "hot compresses and lead lotions," delighting the leader of the fascist faction, Fa (Konstantin Zubov), who construes the answer as a gnomic endorsement of political violence.
Gradually, So comes to feel more and more confident in his assumed role and begins to make more assertive statements, earning the support of a reactionary coalition consisting of the fascists, the archbishop Re and the cabal of capitalists that had recalled him from exile. Meanwhile, prince Do manages to extricate himself from the border post and make it to the capital and the palace, where no one recognizes him. He assumes the position of barber-valet to king So; the latter immediately recognizes him, but his initial terror is quickly replaced with confidence once he realizes that his position is unassailable. Prince Do's glamorous fiancée, the singer and actress Mi (Valentina Tokarskaya) arrives from abroad and is shocked to find So in the royal apartments, haughtily ordering around Do, who awkwardly tries to preserve his dignity in front of Mi. The cabal schemes to touch off a Boufferian-Soviet war by having a border artillery battery launch an unprovoked surprise attack against the USSR; simultaneously, prince Do finally loses his temper and assaults So for his insolence, chasing him around the palace. At the exact moment the cannon at the border fortress fires, the irate real prince beans the impostor over the head with a heavy volume entitled "The Philosophy Of Fascism," presented to him earlier by an intellectual sycophant.
At this point, the film transitions to the same tableau being enacted by marionettes, which freeze in position. The master of ceremonies appears again and assures the viewers that all they have seen is just a petty display of absurdity, and the marionettes fall lifeless as the unseen puppeteer above lets go of the strings.
Cast
Anatoli Ktorov - C, the Prince
Nikolai Radin - D, the Archbishop
Valentina Tokarskaya - E, The Singing Star, the Prince's Fiancée
Konstantin Zubov - F, the Fascist
Sergei Martinson - G, the Barber
Mikhail Klimov - A, The Prime Minister
Vladimir Popov - White General
Leonid Leonidov - The Munitions Manufacturer
Igor Arkadin - Master of Ceremonies
Vasili Toporkov - Director of the Marionette Theater
Pyotr Galadzhev - Scribe
Mikhail Zharov - Head of Frontier Post
External links
(English subtitles)
1934 films
Soviet films
Gorky Film Studio films
Soviet black-and-white films
Films directed by Yakov Protazanov
Anti-fascist propaganda films
Films about fascists
Russian political satire films
1934 comedy films
Soviet comedy films
Russian comedy films
Russian films
Russian black-and-white films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhatta%20International%20School
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Aryabhatta International School
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Aryabhatta International School (AIS) came into existence in the year 2012 under the aegis of Aryabhatta Educational and Charitable Society. The school is affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), New Delhi and offers education up to Senior Secondary classes.
Teaching methodology
The institute follows Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) system of education which is initiated by CBSE Board, New Delhi.
School facilities
The school facilities include:
Library
Computer Lab
First Aid Facility
Transportation
Sports
Water & Power
Extracurricular activities
The students are given training in following subjects:
Sports & outdoor Activities:
Yoga
Aerobics
Badminton
Gymnastics
Carrom
Chess
Table Tennis
Gardening
Environment Club
Excursions
Lawn Tennis
Martial Arts
Table Soccer
Indoor Activities:
Quiz
Debate
Declamation
Soft Skill Training
Project related activities
Extempore Speech
Story Telling
Group Discussions
Recitation
Creative Activities:
Dance - Indian Classical, Folk and Western
Dramatics - Hindi and English
Music
Clay Modeling
Our Facility Include:
Air-Conditioned Environment
Safe and Comfortable Transportation Facility
Setting Zone
Events & Celebrations:
Annual Day
Sports Day
Festivals
Grand Parent's Day
Independence Day
Environment Day
Farewell
Campus
The campus is spread over 4 acres & is located on national highway no 71, 10 km from Barnala city.
See also
Education in India
Education in Punjab, India
List of schools in India
CBSE
References
External links
Official website
Official Facebook Page
2012 establishments in Delhi
Educational institutions established in 2012
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Jordan
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Marcus Jordan
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Marcus James Jordan (born December 24, 1990) is an American former college basketball player who played for the UCF Knights men's basketball team. He is the second oldest son of retired Hall of Fame basketball player Michael Jordan.
Personal life
Jordan was born December 24, 1990, to Michael Jordan and Juanita Vanoy. He has an older brother, Jeffrey, a younger sister Jasmine and younger paternal twin half-sisters Ysabel and Victoria. Marcus grew up in Highland Park, Illinois.
In 2010, while a college sophmore and underage, Jordan tweeted about spending approximately $50,000 at nightclubs in Las Vegas, prompting an investigation by the Nevada Gaming Control Board. In 2012, Jordan was arrested after a drunken argument with two women outside a hotel in Omaha. He was charged with disorderly conduct, resisting arrest, and obstructing justice, then released. Jordan later pled no contest to disturbing the peace and paid a fine of $250 plus court costs.
Jordan opened a high-end sneaker store named the "Trophy Room" in May of 2016. Located in the Disney Springs retail area of Disney World in Orlando, Florida, the store closed and the business transitioned to online-only sales three years later.
Basketball career
High school
Marcus Jordan originally played high school basketball with his older brother Jeffrey Jordan at Loyola Academy in Wilmette, Illinois. In Marcus's sophomore year, the pair led the school to the conference championships and the best season in school history.
Jordan transferred to Whitney Young Magnet High School in Chicago for his junior and senior seasons. He led the Whitney Young Dolphins to the Illinois 4A Championship in 2009, scoring a game-high 19 points in a 69–66 victory over Waukegan. He also was named the state tournament's most valuable player. Upon his 2009 graduation, Jordan was rated by ESPNU as the 60th-best high school senior shooting guard in the country, averaging 10.0 points, 4.5 rebounds, and 3.2 assists per game.
College
Marcus Jordan played college basketball at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida. During his freshman year, UCF was in the final year of a five-year contract with Adidas, but Jordan insisted on wearing Nike Air Jordan shoes out of loyalty to his father. This eventually prompted Adidas to terminate its sponsorship deal with UCF.
Jordan scored 8.0 points per game in his true freshman year in 2009–10 and scored 1152 points in his college career.
On November 12, 2010, the opening game of the 2010–11 season, Jordan led UCF to victory against University of West Florida scoring a career high 28 points on 8–11 field-goal shooting and 5–7 from the 3-point line. He also had a team-high 18 points in upsetting number-16 ranked Florida on December 1, 2010.
In August 2012, Jordan left the UCF basketball team, following in the footsteps of his brother, Jeffrey, who departed the team in January of the same year, but he continued to take classes at the school. He graduated in 2013 with a degree in hospitality management.
References
External links
Marcus Jordan on scout.com
Marcus Jordan on rivals.com
Marcus Jordan on ESPN
Loyola Academy's Basketball Page
University of Central Florida's Men's Basketball Page
Marcus Jordan's University of Central Florida's Men's Basketball Profile
1990 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Chicago
People from Highland Park, Illinois
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Cook County, Illinois
UCF Knights men's basketball players
Whitney M. Young Magnet High School alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Canadian%20telephone%20companies
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List of Canadian telephone companies
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This is a list of telephone companies in Canada.
Canadian telephone companies
Note: incumbent local exchange carriers are indicated with an asterisk (*).
AstraQom
BabyTEL
Bell Canada & * BCE Inc.* - including Bell Aliant* (which itself integrated Manitoba Telecom Services; NorthernTel; Ontera; and MT&T, NewTel, NBTel, and IslandTel), Northwestel,* and Télébec*
Birch Communications
Brooke Telecom Co-operative Ltd.*
Bruce Telecom*
CityWest
Cogeco
Comwave
Distributel
DMTS*
Eastlink*
Execulink Telecom*
Fido
Freedom Mobile
Gosfield North Communications Co-op*
Iristel, including its Ice Wireless affiliate
LES.NET
Lucky Mobile
MNSi Telecom
North Renfrew Telephone Company*
Novus
Provincial Tel
Public Mobile
Rogers Communications, including the Chatr brand
SaskTel*
Shaw Communications
Signal Canada
Sogetel*
Tbaytel*
TekSavvy Solutions Inc.
TELUS* - made up of BCTel, AGT and ED Tel
Vidéotron
vonage
See also
Canadian Independent Telephone Association
List of Canadian mobile phone companies
List of Canadian electric utilities
List of public utilities
List of United States telephone companies
List of telephone operating companies
References
Canada Telephone companies, list of Canadian
Telephone companies
Canadian telephone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Nkunku
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Christopher Nkunku
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Christopher Alan Nkunku (born 14 November 1997) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder or forward for Bundesliga club RB Leipzig, and the France national team.
Nkunku is a graduate of the Paris Saint-Germain Academy and made his professional debut for the club in December 2015. He made 78 appearances for them and won three Ligue 1 titles, the Coupe de France twice and the Coupe de la Ligue twice. Nkunku joined German side RB Leipzig in July 2019, with whom he won the Bundesliga Player of the Season award and the DFB-Pokal in the 2021–22 season.
Nkunku represented France at multiple youth international levels, before making his debut for the senior national team in March 2022.
Early life
Christopher Alan Nkunku was born on 14 November 1997 in Lagny-sur-Marne, Seine-et-Marne. He began playing football with AS Marolles as a six-year-old. In 2009, he joined Fontainebleau, where he was spotted by scouts of several professional clubs. Despite his young age and childlike physique, he was noted for "his speed, his technique and his vision of the game", as recalled by Norbert Boj in 2020, former head of the Fontainebleau football school. He would line up in all positions across the midfield, a versatility he, according to another coach at the club, owed to his "technical prowess, obviously, but especially his intelligence of play".
Due to being considered too young and light, Nkunku was not signed by Lens, Le Havre and Monaco; clubs where he had been on trials. He eventually signed with Paris Saint-Germain, where he was able to progress through the youth sides of INF Clairefontaine at U15-level. Spending the weekdays at Clairefontaine and playing only on weekends with Paris Saint-Germain, he made the permanent move to the French powerhouse at the age of fifteen.
Club career
Paris Saint-Germain
Nkunku joined the Paris Saint-Germain youth system in 2010. He was a member of the youth team who were runners-up in the 2015–16 UEFA Youth League. He made his professional debut at the age of 18 on 8 December 2015, in a UEFA Champions League match against Shakhtar Donetsk, replacing Lucas Moura after 87 minutes in a 2–0 home win. He scored his first professional goal in a 7–0 home win against Bastia in the Coupe de France on 7 January 2017. On 10 March 2018, he scored his first brace as a professional, in a 5–0 win against Metz.
RB Leipzig
On 18 July 2019, RB Leipzig announced Nkunku's signing on a five-year deal for an approximate €13 million transfer fee plus bonuses. He made his debut for the club on 11 August in a DFB-Pokal match against VfL Osnabrück, which ended in a 3–2 victory. His Bundesliga debut followed a week later, scoring his first competitive goal on the first matchday of the 2019–20 season in a 4–0 win over regional rivals Union Berlin.
On 22 February 2020, Nkunku provided four assists in a 5–0 victory over Schalke 04. In doing so, he became just the second player in recent Bundesliga history to register four assists in a single match, after Szabolcs Huszti in 2012.
On 15 September 2021, Nkunku scored a hat-trick for Leipzig in their 6–3 defeat to Manchester City in a 2021–22 UEFA Champions League group stage match. He was the first player in the club's history to score a hat-trick in the Champions League. On 25 September 2021, Nkunku scored a brace in a 6–0 win against Hertha BSC. A week later, he scored another brace in a win against VfL Bochum, making this the first time he scored back-to-back braces in his career. In May 2022, he won the 2021–22 Bundesliga Player of the Season award after scoring 20 times and assisting 13 goals in 34 league games.
International career
Nkunku was born in France and is of Congolese descent. He was a French youth international, representing the country at under-16, under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels. He made three appearances for the under-20 team at the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Nkunku was called up to the senior France squad for the first time for friendly matches against Ivory Coast and South Africa on 25 and 29 March 2022, respectively. He made his debut as a starter in the game against Ivory Coast.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Paris Saint-Germain
Ligue 1: 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19
Coupe de France: 2016–17, 2017–18
Coupe de la Ligue: 2016–17, 2017–18
Trophée des Champions: 2017, 2018
RB Leipzig
DFB-Pokal: 2021–22
Individual
Bundesliga Player of the Season: 2021–22
Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2021–22
VDV Bundesliga Player of the Season: 2021–22
VDV Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2021–22
Bundesliga Player of the Month: October 2021, February 2022, March 2022, April 2022
UEFA Europa League Team of the Season: 2021–22
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
People from Lagny-sur-Marne
Footballers from Seine-et-Marne
French footballers
Association football midfielders
RCP Fontainebleau players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
RB Leipzig players
Championnat National 2 players
Ligue 1 players
Bundesliga players
France international footballers
France youth international footballers
France under-21 international footballers
French expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Germany
French expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Black French sportspeople
French sportspeople of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Brackett
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Sarah Brackett
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Sarah Evershed Brackett (13 May 1938 – 3 July 1996) was an American-born television and film actress who worked mostly in Britain.
Brackett's parents were William Oliver Brackett, a Presbyterian minister, and his wife Nancy Alexis Thompson, who had been born in Scotland. They were married in Edinburgh in 1931, and Brackett was born in Lake Forest, Illinois. In 1945, her father died, and her mother decided to return home, so that from the age of seven Brackett was brought up in Scotland. She trained for an acting career at the Edinburgh College of Speech and Drama. Her entry in Spotlight in 1966 reported that she spoke fluent French and German.
Brackett began her career in the theatre. In 1960 she was in repertory at the Byre Theatre in St Andrews, and in 1961 played Portia in a production of The Merchant of Venice at the Colchester Repertory Theatre. She also appeared in West End musicals, including A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum at the Strand Theatre, and in a production of Funny Girl at the Prince of Wales in 1966 she played Vera, a showgirl.
She last worked as an actress in the late 1980s. On 3 July 1996, she was found dead, aged 58, in her flat in Westminster, London. The cause of death was found to be suicide and the date was estimated as 17 June.
Filmography
Hugh and I, episode "April in Paris" (1963): Check-in Clerk
The Third Secret (1964): Nurse
The Saint, episode "The Unkind Philanthropist" (1964): Tristan Brown
The Masque of the Red Death (1964): Grandmother
Danger Man (1965): Annette / Glover's secretary
BBC Play of the Month Lee Oswald: Assassin (1966): Katherine Mallory
Funeral in Berlin (1966): Babcock
George and the Dragon, episode "The French Lesson" (1967): Air Hostess
Battle Beneath the Earth (1967): Meg Webson
Detective, episode "Deaths on the Champs-Élysées" (1968): Valerie Dupont
The Portrait of a Lady (television series, 1968): Henrietta Stackpole
The Way We Live Now (television series, 1969): Mrs Hurtle
Counterstrike (1969 BBC television series): Mary
The Golden Bowl (1972, TV series): Mrs. Rance
Sex Play (1974): Harriet Best
Katy (television series, 1976): Mrs Florence
The Awakening of Emily (1976): Margaret Foster
Oppenheimer (1980 miniseries): Priscilla Duffield
Priest of Love (1981): Achsah Barlow Brewster
The Lords of Discipline (1983): Mrs Durrell
The Old Men at the Zoo (1983): Reporter at White House
Scream for Help (1984): School Secretary
What Mad Pursuit? (1985): Lady at Literary Luncheon
Odyssée d'amour (1987)
References
External links
1938 births
1996 deaths
American film actresses
American people of Scottish descent
20th-century American actresses
American emigrants to Scotland
Scottish actresses
1996 suicides
Suicides in Westminster
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple%20Hill%2C%20Kent
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Temple Hill, Kent
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Temple Hill is a suburb of Dartford in Kent, England. It takes its name from the Knights Templar order.
Temple Hill extends from the west of the A282 (Dartford Crossing) in the east to Dartford town centre in the west. It is one of the largest suburban regions of Dartford. Temples Manor, known as the manor of Dartford Temples, took its name from the Knights Templars who were the original landowners. The manor appears to have included the whole of the lands from Temple Hill on the north eastern edge of the town, right down to the River Thames. The manor also incorporated the Waterside district of Dartford and the area around the River Cranpit on the south side of the High Street, at the junction of Lowfield Street. The prior of St John of Jerusalem was the principal landholder within the manor.
Transport
Temple Hill is served by the Fastrack bus system.
External links
Dartford
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25884024
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beutler
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Beutler
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Beutler (German for sacker, bagger or bag maker) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Andreas Beutler (born 1963), ice hockey player
Annette Beutler (born 1976), Swiss cyclist
August Frederik Beutler (c. 1728), ensign in the employ of the Dutch East India Company
Betsy Beutler, American actress
Bruce Beutler (born 1957), American immunologist and geneticist
Chris Beutler (born 1944), Nebraska state senator, 1978–1986 and 1990–2006
Ernest Beutler (1928–2008), German hematologist and biomedical scientist
Heinz Beutler, Swiss curler
Jaime Herrera Beutler (born 1978), U.S. Representative from Washington
Larry E. Beutler (born 1941), clinical psychologist
Rolf Beutler (born 1940), Swiss sport shooter
See also
Beutler test, also known as the fluorescent spot test, a screening test used to identify enzyme defects
German-language surnames
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19915803
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormiston%20Sir%20Stanley%20Matthews%20Academy
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Ormiston Sir Stanley Matthews Academy
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Ormiston Sir Stanley Matthews Academy, a.k.a. OSSMA (formerly Blurton High School) is a mixed secondary school with academy status located in the Blurton area of Stoke on Trent Staffordshire, England. The school is named after the English footballer Sir Stanley Matthews and is sponsored by Ormiston Academies Trust.
Established in 2010, OSSMA was one of the first schools in Stoke-on-Trent to gain academy status and in January 2013 moved into a brand new building.
Ormiston Sir Stanley Matthews Academy was officially opened in May 2014 by the Duke of Gloucester, KG GCVO.
In 2014 the academy had its best ever GCSE results in the history of OSSMA and its predecessor school; Blurton High School, making it, for the second year running, the highest achieving, non-selective academy in the city of Stoke-on-Trent. September 2014 saw its biggest intake of Year 7 students, with over 230 applications being made, of which 214 were successful.
Since 2014, OSSMA has been oversubscribed, year on year, with applications for Year 7, making it the most applied for non-selective school in the city.
In 2014, Ormiston Sir Stanley Matthews Academy won the West Midlands region, Pupil Premium Awards and was praised by then, Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg on the "fantastic work" that goes on in the academy on a daily basis.
In 2015, Ormiston Sir Stanley Matthews Academy was designated as a National Support School and the Principal a National Leader of Education. As a National Leader of Education, the Principal is able to conduct Pupil Premium reviews and as a National Support School, they are able to offer support for the development of senior and middle leadership and also teaching and learning.
Ormiston Sir Stanley Matthews Academy opens up its facilities to the community during evenings, weekends and holidays which makes it "an academy that never sleeps".
Feeder schools
Christchurch CE Primary School
Glebe Primary School
Heron Cross Primary School
Newstead Primary School
The Meadows Primary Academy
Sutherland Primary School
References
OFSTED Report
External links
Secondary schools in Stoke-on-Trent
Academies in Stoke-on-Trent
Ormiston Academies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Javier%20L%C3%B3pez
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Carlos Javier López
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Carlos Javier López (born March 19, 1980 in Rosario, Argentina) is a former Argentine footballer.
Career
In October 2015, López signed for NorthEast United FC in the Indian Super League, as a replacement for the injured Kondwani Mtonga, until the end of the season.
On 1 January 2016, López returned to Deportivo Anzoátegui.
References
External links
1980 births
Argentine footballers
Argentine expatriate footballers
Central Córdoba de Rosario footballers
Tiro Federal footballers
Aldosivi footballers
FC Vaduz players
C.F. Pachuca players
Club Blooming players
Deportivo Petare players
Deportivo Anzoátegui players
Estudiantes de Mérida players
Deportes Concepción (Chile) footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Liga MX players
Living people
Association football defenders
Footballers from Rosario, Santa Fe
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43761989
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary%20Love
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Necessary Love
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Necessary Love () is a 1991 Italian comedy-drama film written and directed by Fabio Carpi. It was screened in competition at the 48th Venice International Film Festival.
Cast
Ben Kingsley: Ernesto
Marie-Christine Barrault: Valentina
Ann-Gisel Glass: Diana
Malcolm Conrath: Giacomo
Silvia Mocci: Maddalena
Geoffrey Bayldon: Bernardo
References
External links
1991 films
Italian films
Italian comedy-drama films
1991 comedy-drama films
Films directed by Fabio Carpi
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15951327
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJKK
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WJKK
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WJKK (98.7 FM) is a mainstream adult contemporary radio station. Although licensed to Vicksburg, the station serves the Jackson area. The station is currently owned by Meridian-based New South Radio. Its studios are located in Ridgeland and the transmitter site is in Raymond.
Mix has provided Jackson's best variety of soft rock since their flip from country music in 1997. More recently the station has been becoming more upbeat following a trend of many AC stations across the country.
References
External links
Mix 98.7 website
JKK
Mainstream adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
The Radio People radio stations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Carmichael%20%28footballer%29
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Matt Carmichael (footballer)
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Matthew Carmichael (born 13 May 1964) is an English former footballer who played 249 games in the Football league, scoring 48 times.
League career
A PT instructor in the Royal Artillery, Carmichael signed for Lincoln City on a month's trial in 1989. Thrust straight into Lincoln's first team at centre-forward, Carmichael responded by scoring, on his debut against Scunthorpe United. In his second season at the club, Carmichael made occasional appearances at centre-half as well as centre-forward and spent both the 1991–1992 and 1992–1993 seasons as a virtual ever present at the heart of Lincoln's defence. In 1991/92 he was Lincoln's Player of the Season. In the summer of 1993 he left Lincoln for Scunthorpe United, in a part-exchange deal with Dave Hill.
Restored to the forward line at Scunthorpe, Carmichael scored a total of 24 goals, with 18 in the league, during a highly successful 1993–1994 season. He also established a club record when between 28 December 1993 and 19 February 1994 he scored in eight successive matches. However, he struggled to maintain such form the following season and joined Barnet on a month's loan in September 1994 before joining Preston North End in March 1995 for the remainder of the season, briefly playing alongside a young David Beckham.
He made a solitary, goalscoring, appearance for Mansfield Town at the start of the 1995–1996 season before linking up with Doncaster Rovers and then, at the end of February, Darlington. He helped Darlington reach the 1996 Endsleigh League Division Three play-off final where they were defeated 1–0 by Plymouth Argyle on 25 May 1996 at Wembley Stadium.
Post League career
Following his release by Darlington, Carmichael played four games for TPS Turku in the Finnish Veikkausliiga, and he scored one goal for them, on 30 June 1996 against HJK Helsinki. He then joined Aylesbury United, and he scored on his debut for them in the 2–1 away defeat to Hitchin Town on 17 August 1996. His last game for the Ducks was on 12 April 1997 against Heybridge Swifts. Carmichael then linked up with Ilkeston Town, under the management of the man who transferred him from Lincoln, Keith Alexander.
Carmichael later played for Boston United in the 1998/99 season (where he scored 20 times in 34 matches), and had a 10-game spell with Grantham Town in the 1999–2000 season.
He later joined Wisbech Town, then under the management of his former Boston United teammate Ian Stringfellow, debuting in the 1–1 home draw with Histon on 26 September 2000. However, after just five league games and one goal for the Fenman, financial constraints saw six of the squad, Carmichael included, depart the club following the 2–0 home defeat to Newport IOW on 21 October 2000. Carmichael moved on to Lincoln United but a persistent back injury curtailed his appearances and he wound his career down with various clubs in the Lincoln & District Sunday League.
After being kit manager at Lincoln City he was appointed in May 2012 as manager at Lincoln Moorlands Railway but he left the club after three months.
References/Notes
External links
Doncaster Rovers Profile
1964 births
Living people
English footballers
Association football forwards
Association football defenders
English Football League players
Veikkausliiga players
Salisbury City F.C. players
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. players
Basingstoke Town F.C. players
Bromley F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Turun Palloseura footballers
Aylesbury United F.C. players
Ilkeston Town F.C. (1945) players
Stamford A.F.C. players
Boston United F.C. players
Grantham Town F.C. players
Wisbech Town F.C. players
Lincoln United F.C. players
English expatriates in Singapore
English football managers
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
20th-century British Army personnel
Royal Artillery soldiers
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26725754
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20venezuelanus
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Conus venezuelanus
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Conus venezuelanus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.
Description
Original description: "Shell elongated, tapered, with sharp-angled shoulder; spire elevated, concave along sides; body whorl heavily sculptured with numerous fine spiral threads and sulci; spire whorls sculptured with 3 spiral cords; color white to pale salmon-pink, with 2 bands of dark yellow maculations around mid-body; spire marked with scattered small, brown, crescent-shaped flammules; interior of aperture white; periostracum thin, smooth, translucent yellow."
The maximum recorded shell length is 27 mm.
Distribution
Locus typicus: "Off Puerto Cabello,
Golfo de Triste, Venezuela."
This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea
off Venezuela.
Habitat
Minimum recorded depth is 25 m. Maximum recorded depth is 25 m.
References
Petuch, E.J. (1987) New Caribbean Molluscan Faunas. The Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Charlottesville, Virginia, 154 pp.
Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp.
Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23
External links
The Conus Biodiversity website
Cone Shells – Knights of the Sea
venezuelanus
Gastropods described in 1987
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