function [sigma,shrinkage]=cov1para(x,shrink)

% function sigma=cov1para(x)
% x (t*n): t iid observations on n random variables
% sigma (n*n): invertible covariance matrix estimator
%
% Shrinks towards one-parameter matrix:
%    all variances are the same
%    all covariances are zero
% if shrink is specified, then this value is used for shrinkage

% This version: 04/2014

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% This file is released under the BSD 2-clause license.

% Copyright (c) 2014, Olivier Ledoit and Michael Wolf 
% All rights reserved.
% 
% Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
% modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
% met:
% 
% 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
% this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
% 
% 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
% notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
% documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
% 
% THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
% IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
% THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
% PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR
% CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
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% PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
% PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


% de-mean returns
[t,n]=size(x);
meanx=mean(x);
x=x-meanx(ones(t,1),:);
%x = bsxfun(@minus,x,meanx);

% compute sample covariance matrix
sample=(1/t).*(x'*x);

% compute prior
%meanvar=mean(diag(sample));
meanvar = trace(sample)/n;
prior=meanvar*eye(n);

%if (nargin < 2 | shrink == -1) % compute shrinkage parameters
  
  % what we call p 
  y=x.^2;
  phiMat=y'*y/t-sample.^2;
  phi=sum(sum(phiMat));
  
  % what we call r is not needed for this shrinkage target
  
  % what we call c
  %gamma=norm(sample-prior,'fro')^2;
  gamma = sample-prior;
  gamma = sum(gamma(:).^2);

  % compute shrinkage constant
  kappa=phi/gamma;
  shrinkage=max(0,min(1,kappa/t));
    
%else % use specified number
%  shrinkage=shrink;
%end

% compute shrinkage estimator
sigma=shrinkage*prior+(1-shrinkage)*sample;







