[ {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1945", "content": "Title: James Madison to Henry A. S. Dearborn, 1 January 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dearborn, Henry A. S.\n J. Madison returns his thanks to General Dearborn for the copy of his \"address to the Massachusetts\n Horticultural Society.\" He has derived instruction as well as pleasure from the learning thrown into its elegant pages", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-02-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1946", "content": "Title: James Madison to George Blaettermann, 2 January 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Blaettermann, George\n I have recd yours of Decr. 2020 and am more sorry for the view it has taken of its subject than convinced\n that it was a necessary view.\n Premising that I have no authority as Rector, nor any as a Visitor in the view of the Board that as one of\n the 3 members of the Ex--Come I can only observe with respect to the provided Report of the visitors, that it does not\n appear to warrant the injurious implication you suppose. The expediency of a Tutor, to assist in the unusual number of\n modern languages charged on the Professorship, implies merely that the labour & variety of duties, and the\n probable number of Students, requires assistance, and especially in the case of the languages where the pronunciation was\n a primary object, and could best be taught by a native, and as the part of the compensation depending on fees, might be\n increased by the effect of the arrangt. on the number of students, and in any event, wd. be attended with diminution of\n the labour of the Professor, the reasonableness of allotting a portion of the fees to the assistant seems to speak for\n With respect to the duty of instructing the Senior Class in the Literatures of the Countries whose languages\n they study, it seems justly to fall within the Scope of a Professorship in a University, and to be included in an\n enlightened course of Lectures on the History of a Country. If the Board did not particularise the literary part of [ ]\n lectures, it is a mark of their confidence in the learning & judgt. wth. which the task will be performed, and if\n the lectures do the justice whc I presume they will to the topics & obje[cts?] you have selected, I must infer not\n only the acque[scence] of the visitors but their gratification.\n It ought not to be omitted that altho no special reference has been made to you in the Report, the Professors\n without exception are commended for their zeal & ability, and the good will of the Visitors to you personally was\n manif[ested] by the accommodations & incr{?]ions wch. it was understood wd. be acceptable & advantageous.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1947", "content": "Title: G. W. Featherstonhaugh to James Madison, 3 January 1830\nFrom: Featherstonhaugh, George William\nTo: Madison, James\n I had the pleasure to receive your Letter of the 2nd July, and immediately directed the Publisher of my\n Translation of Cicero\u2019s Republic to forward you another Copy, the first not having reached you.\n Being comparatively so near to you, I meant on my arrival at this place to have paid a Visit to Richmond,\n that I might have had the very great gratification of paying my personal respects to you, but I hear the Convention may be\n Expected to adjourn from day to day, and in my present State of health, I am unwilling at this precarious Season to\n venture on a harassing Journey with scarce a hope of atchieving almost the Sole Object of it: And as I propose a\n Geological Exursion in your neighbourhood for the Coming Summer, I look with Confidence and Satisfaction to that\n I hope you will pardon me for intruding anything Connected with my personal affairs upon you, but pray have\n the goodness to hear my short story before you Condemn me as intrusive.\n I am here Soliciting of the Government, for the only time of my Life what perhaps is considered a favour. My\n eldest Son has been near two Years on the Register as a Candidate for Cadetship at WestPoint. I have educated him in the\n most Careful manner. I was promised by the late administration a Warrant for him which I have never obtained. And on my\n arrival from Europe I find great changes, and Patronage and favour beseiged and indeed occupied by importunate Persons of\n whom the best thing that can be said of them is that they are Politicians. There are now twelve Vacancies to be filled in\n the Military Academy for New York, and already Eighty four applications. My Sons Taste and Attainments are entirely for\n Civil & military Engineering, and he is now studying the higher Branches of Geometry with Col. Rumford at my WestPoint preparatory School. I have taken all the preliminary Steps with the Bureau, but I am now told there is one Step will\n give me a decided Advantage over the other Candidates, and I am extremely anxious to Secure that advantage.\n I married the Second Daughter of James Duane of New York, a conspicuous Friend of the Revolution. To you, who\n knew him so well, I need not expatiate on this Subject. My Friends say that if a Certificate and Recommendation to that\n Effect were laid before the Government, it would at once decide the Affair in my favour. If it is so, such a Certificate\n from you in favour of the Grandson of one so well known to you, would be conclusive. I\n venture therefore to ask this Service from you, provided it does not interfere with any Course you may have marked out foryourself, or with your inclination. I take the Liberty also to enclose a Copy of the Certificate from my Sons Preceptor,\n as to the attainments required by Law for admission. It would oblige me greatly if your early\n answer were forwarded to me \"Post Office-Philadelphia.\" If it is not Consistent that you should recommend my Son warmly\n for the Appointment, a modified recommendation, on the Ground of his being the Grandson of James Duane would be an\n important Document for me. I remain my DearSir With the greatest respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1948", "content": "Title: William Emmons to James Madison, 5 January 1830\nFrom: Emmons, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Permit me to respectfully to request the honour of your company this Evening at the Capitol at 1/4 past\n Seven. The subjects to be introduced are of a Patriotic nature With profound veneration and respect\u2013 yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-10-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1951", "content": "Title: Samuel P. Walker, Jr. to James Madison, 10 January 1830\nFrom: Walker, Samuel P. Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\n I beg leave, to introduce myself to you, as Samuel P. Walker Jr. and grand nephew, to the late Richard Henry\n Lee, with whom, in former times, you were intimately acquainted. Intrusion, upon you, and your Public duties, I do not wish\n to make. And it is solely from the idea, that you will acquiesce, with my wish, that I have been induced, to write you.\n Should you do so. your kindness never, will be, forgot, by one, who both honours, & respects you, as an American\n Patriot, an esteemed, Learned, and worthy Gentleman\u2014The subject, upon which, I have had the presumption to address you is a\n very delicate one, and of much consequence, to myself. I am now applying, for a Midshipman\u2019s Warrant, in the United States Navy! have been treated, with great politeness, by the President of the United States from whom, I have reced, a recommendatory letter, to the Secretary of the\n Navy. My appointment, has also been urged on, by Major Henry Lee, now Consul at Algiers, also by\u2014Commodore\u2019s Rogers,\n & Patterson. but the Navy, being now so crowded, and appointments, being so difficult to obtain, and as letters,\n from Distinguished Individuals, act greatly in favour, of the Applicant, I have thought, that in\n soliciting one, of you, the obtention of my warrant, would be greatly facilitated. Although, not having any personal\n acquaintance, with you, and you perhaps, not wishing to recommend, one whom, you know not, yet Sir, I can assure you, that\n as a descendant of that Illustrious Statesman! R. H. Lee! (with whom you kept, a correspondence) who like yourself, has\n been an honour, to his country. I flatter myself, of possessing a similarity of his character, and good qualities. Also\n hope, to inherit, a portion of his Talents. I have had the honour, to have in my possession, an original letter. written\n from yourself, to R. H. Lee, congratulating him, upon his election, to President of Congress, dated Dec. 25th. 1784.\n In reference to my character, I have inserted below, a copy of the letter, I received, from !Andrew Jackson!, which you perhaps, and any other reasonable Gentleman, might think sufficient,\n to obtain me, a warrant at once, but the Secrety of the Navy, seems to take the word. \"Proprety\" at his leisure.[printer\u2019s fist] One line\n from you, !Most Worthy Sir!, would be very gratefully reced, and never be, forgot, as it will, I\n am sure obtain for me, a warrant. Tho\u2019 I have no claim upon you, for the performance, of the above, yet you, as once an\n intimate correspondent with my uncle R. H. Lee. between whom many letters passed, I hope you will condescend to send his\n nephew a line. I hope to hear from you, as soon as convenient, which I hope, will not be long.\n Dear Sir,\u2014 Hoping you will excuse, the liberty I have taken, and Wishing you, all the Peace! and Happiness this\n world, can afford. I remain with the most profound respects your. obdnt, humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-14-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1952", "content": "Title: James Madison to Samuel P. Walker, Jr., 14 January 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Walker, Samuel P. Jr.\n A rule which I have found it expedient to impose on myself not permitting me to comply with the request in\n your letter of the 10th. inst; I can only express the pleasure with which I observe the high testimony borne to your\n promising talents and worth; a pleasure which is enhanced by your relation to an illustrious patriot, in the public\n veneration for whose memory, my personal share is so truly sincere. With my respects & best wishes ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-14-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1953", "content": "Title: Cuyler Staats to James Madison, 14 January 1830\nFrom: Staats, Cuyler\nTo: Madison, James\n About one Month since, I sent to you, as an expression of my high admiration for your private &\n public character, a \"Tribute to DeWitt Clinton\"\n I have anxiously waited for your answer to its accompanying letter; & for fear of a Misdirection,\n have again written you\u2014May I be favored with your acknowledgement, While I remain with great respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-16-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1954", "content": "Title: G. Woodson Payne to James Madison, 16 January 1830\nFrom: Payne, G. Woodson\nTo: Madison, James\n I have not the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with you but as you Marrid a near Relation of mine I\n hope that will be a sufficient apology for the liberty I have taken to introduce myself to you in this way, as it may suit\n your convenience to Call on me with your Lady on your return from the convention home, I assure you both it would afford\n myself & Mrs. Payne great Pleasure if you would Call on us and spend a few days with us, we are on the direct Road\n Just Two Miles above Goochland Court House With consideration of high respect and esteem I remain Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-20-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1956", "content": "Title: Littleton Dennis Teackle to James Madison, 20 January 1830\nFrom: Teackle, Littleton Dennis\nTo: Madison, James\n Chamber of the House of Delegates\n I take the liberty of transmitting to you a report on a proposition to establish a financial bank in this\n State. I humble conceive that the proper employment of the prerogative in question would yield to Virginia the means of\n amelioration to an incalculable extent\u2014If the Moneys paid for the credit of that portion of the Sovereign right, which\n has been unjustly ceded to a favored few, in the shape of banking Privileges, be equivalent to taxation, is it less due to\n the whole people that the vast avails of those contributions should be improved for revenue?\n The aggregate of loans and\n discounts required for the accommodation of your people, which would increase commensurately with the progressive\n augmentation of their wealth and prosperity, would produce an influx to your treasury exceeding, by many fold, the gross\n amount of your present income\u2014The infinite benefits to be derived from such means are obviously apparent. With high\n respect, I have the honor to be Your very obedient Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-21-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1957", "content": "Title: James Madison to William Allen, 21 January 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Allen, William\n Yours of the 19th. is just recd. It was not amiss that you paid Waller\u2019s drafts wch. were due tho\u2019 he had no\n authority to draw on you. He will have notice not to repeat this irregularity.\n I subjoin an authority to draw my shares of the Late dividend and the Turnpike Stock.\n Wm. A. is hereby authorized to receive my share of the Dividend, as declared on the first day of Jany 1830, by the P\n & Directors of the Swift Run Gap Turnpike Company", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-21-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1958", "content": "Title: James Madison to William F. Gray, 21 January 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Gray, William F.\n If copies of the Lives of Arthur Lee & E. Gerry should be Deposited with you for me, Be so good as to\n pay for them & apprize me that you have done so. You will oblige me also by forthwith sending me a Ream of best ungilt Letter paper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-25-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1960", "content": "Title: Alexander Garrett to James Madison, 25 January 1830\nFrom: Garrett, Alexander\nTo: Madison, James\n Above and annexed, I send for your approval, my check on the President & Directors of the Literary\n Fund, for Five thousand dollars, part of the Annuity due the University of Virginia for 1830. Most Respectfully Your most\n NB. The number of Students now at the University, I understand is about 140, all doing well nothing has as yet occurred this session to be much regretted of, save Mr. Lomax\u2019s determination to leave it. ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1961", "content": "Title: Thomas S. Hinde to James Madison, 26 January 1830\nFrom: Hinde, Thomas S.\nTo: Madison, James\n It is with much pleasure, I acknowledge the receipt of the New Constitution of my native State.\n I had hoped for more, and that the Lowlanders would have met the up land Virginians with the free hold\n restriction in the Senate\u2014but presume under existing circumstances this was a point that our lowland friends are not yet\n prepared to meet. I hope Sir, that notwithstanding the Constitution has some objectionable features to a part of the\n Community, for the promotion of good order, the peace and tranquility of the Old mother dominion, it will be adopted by\n the people; and that my native State will yet flourish under it, & Continue to maintain a dignified stand among\n the Confederated States of the Republic\u2014With the best wishes for the welfare of Virginia, and with the most devout prayer\n for your peaceful return to the enjoyments of domestic life, and a tranquil, and in the End a happy exchange of world, I\n remain your Obt Humble Servant\n PS A few weeks Since, I forwarded to Leesburg Virginia, Some Strictures, to be Commenced in the paper at that place,\n preparatory to Commencing in the west a weekly paper as a Compiler for Western researches, Antiquities, western Sketches\n &c to be republished quarterly or semi annually in one of the Cities with maps engravings\n &c If successful I will forward you the publication.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-28-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1962", "content": "Title: James Madison to James Brown, 28 January 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Brown, James\n Your favor of Novr. 30 was duly recd. at Richmond, whence it would have been acknowledged, but for the\n authorized hope that an extension of your contemplated trip, would have afforded the pleasure of a personal opportunity. I\n now beg leave to express the thanks due for your attention to the pecuniary items on acct. of the University, and to assure\n you, that the wish that we may once more see one another can not be more sincerely felt on your part than it is on mine.\n It affords Mrs. Madison & myself much gratification that Mrs Brown\u2019s health, of which we had from time to time\n unfavorable accounts, is now in a course of improvement. We anxiously wish its entire reestablisht. and indulge a hope,\n that when you leave Philada. your route will yield us the pleasure of repeating at our domicil, the cordial regards\n & good wishes, which we now pray you both to accept.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-28-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1963", "content": "Title: James Madison to Peter S. Duponceau, 28 January 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Duponceau, Peter Stephen\n J Madison has recd. the copy of \"Essays on American Silk,\" with which Mr. Duponceau has obligingly favored\n him. Silk and Wine are precious staples to be added to the stock already possessed by our Country; and whoever contributes\n to the introduction & establishment of either, by such valuable instruction as distinguishes the \"Essays\" has a\n just claim on all, for the thanks which an individual now very sincerely offers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1965", "content": "Title: James Madison to James Breckenridge, 30 January 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Breckinridge, James\n I have just recd. from Professor Lomax a communication of his final purpose to accept the Judicial\n appointment lately conferred on him, which will of course dissolve his connection with the University. He expresses much\n gratitude for the favors & friendship he has recd. collectively & individually from the Board of Visitors;\n & his deep regret that an imperious duty to his family obliges him to withdraw from a situation in which more than\n in any other, his life has been spent in accordance with his taste & inclination\u2014\u2014\u2014\n He is anxious to learn whether it will meet the approbation of the Visitors, that he shall continue in the\n Professorship, till the end of the current Session with a dispensation to attend the Spring Terms of his circuit. He\n observes that these will consume less than six weeks, & will be broken into portions leaving an interval of a\n fortnight, when the duties of the School would be resumed; care being taken also that the periods of absence should not be\n devoid of employment for the Students. This indulgence is not expected without a surrender on his part, fully equivalent\n in Salary & Fees as may be apportioned by the Visitors themselves.\n In my answer I have observed that I can only say for myself that the arrangement he states appears to be\n preferable to the alternative state of things, & that I presumed it would be so viewed by the other Visitors.\n The consequence of a rejection of the arrangement would be a release producing a premature vacancy, or a\n compulsory detention, violating his Judicial obligations, & possibly endangering a loss of the office.\n With great esteem & regard\n I make this a circular communication, that each of the Visitors may have an opportunity of expressing his\n opinion on the case which it presents, & may be turning his thoughts as to a Successor for the vacancy now to be", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1966", "content": "Title: James Madison to John Tayloe Lomax, 30 January 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lomax, John Tayloe\n I recd last evening your letter of the 25th. and sincerely regret both on acct. of the University\n & the public the final determination which will separate you from the former. The regret will I am sure be equally\n felt by my Colleagues. I hope it can be alleviated by the advantages ensuing to yourself.\n On the subject of your continuance in the professorship, untill the end of the Session, with a dispensation\n as proposed to hold the Spring terms of the Court I can only say for myself, that the arrangement appears preferable to\n the alternative State of things, and that I presume it will be so viewed by the other Visitors. With best wishes for your\n health & every other happiness", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1967", "content": "Title: James Madison to Barton Z. Stout, 30 January 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Stout, Barton Z.\n I have recd the copy of your Horticultural Address politely inclosed to me. And I have read it with the\n approbation due to its well composed & well applied contents.\n But I cannot do the address this justice, without remarking that whatever share I may have had in originating\n framing, & bringing about the Constitution of the U.S. the terms on which my agency is mentioned would do an\n injustice to others, to which I ought not by my silence to assent. I see in this mark of your partiality, nevertheless, a\n claim, of which I am duly sensible, to the friendly respects & good wishes which I pray you to accept.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "01-31-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1968", "content": "Title: Thomas D. Clark to James Madison, 31 January 1830\nFrom: Clark, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n Springfield Green County Alabama\n Excuse me when I tell you that, I have recived a letter from each of the venerable fathers of our Happy\n Country to wit John Adams and Thomas Jefferson once Presidents of the United States, which letters I Keep as Relics They\n shall be deposited for safe Keeping as such\u2014my desire Is that you will be so good as to send me one from your own hand\n writing so that I may enroll the same with the rest. My intention is to procure letters from each as they will\n respectfully retire from office as long as I shall remaine in this world\u2014this I Know is a singular request But I do assure\n you Honorable Sir that it is through no vainglorious motive but purely through a Venerable feelings in my heart for the\n love I bear for the fathers of our Happy republic and also to have there writing for my own satisfaction\u2014I am a man of 39\u2014years old. Born in Virginia, never Bore a Commission, never was brought to trial on any account whatever, served 6 months\n as a volunteer from Kentucky against the British and their Red allies and was taken prisoner at the Defeat of River Raison\n in 1813. Have small means to live or to make a living But Blest with good Health & Strength; and live as well as I\n want. My expectation not very sanguine, and Consequently i am Content I am persuaded that you will have the goodness to\n attribute these rough uncouth lines to the productions of a mind Illiterate and uncultivated. But Honest and fervent for\n the welfare of our Happy Republic\u2014May the mercy of that Supreme Being in whose long continued mercy we have so\n wonderfully prospered, Vouchsafe to Continue his signal mercy over you, and still To Continue you on this earth to see your\n Happy Brethren in peace and when you are about to leave these Mortal Shores; smooth your bed of death and give your Spirit\n a Happy admittance in Heaven is the fervent prayer of your unworthy Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1970", "content": "Title: James Madison to Martin Van Buren, 1 February 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Van Buren, Martin\n Wishing to give the surest as well as a speedy conveyance of the inclosed letter to Genl. Lafayette, I take\n the liberty of requesting that it may be permitted to accompany the earliest dispatches from the Department of State, to\n Mrs. M. avails herself of the occasion & of my pen to return her thanks for the acceptable article*\n recd. through the hand of Mr. Carter Stephenson, whilst she was in Richmond. She joins me at the same time in the\n assurance of high esteem, & in the cordial salutations which I pray you to accept", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1972", "content": "Title: James Madison to William B. Sprague, 5 February 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Sprague, William Buell\n J. Madison with his respects to Mr. Sprague, returns his thanks for the little pamphlet on the \"Colonization\n Society\". The interesting object, could not be more ably or impressively inculcated than is done by Doc. Nolk. J. M. adds\n his thanks to Mr. Sprague for the other pamphlets previously received, which breathe the eloquent strains characterizing\n other productions of the same origin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-06-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1973", "content": "Title: James Madison to Haym M. Solomon, 6 February 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Solomon, Haym M.\n Your letter of the 22d. Ult. has been duly recd. In answer to its enquiries, I am to note that the persons\n referred to were at the time (1782) Delegates from Virga. to the Revolutionary Congress, the addition of \"Junior\" to my\n name being occasioned by its sameness with that of my father the living. The transactions shewn by the papers you\n enclosed were means of effectuating remittances from the State for the support of the Delegates and the Agency of your\n father therein, was selected on account of the respectability and confidence which he enjoyed among those best acquainted\n with him. I return the papers with an offer of my friendly respects & good wishes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-06-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1974", "content": "Title: Nicholas P. Trist to James Madison, 6 February 1830\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas P.\nTo: Madison, James\n After the dose of Constitutional matter which you have had forced upon you of late, it is not without\n apprehension of being deemed inconsiderate that I approach you with another; and I venture to do so, only from the\n conviction that, as the subject is one which has natural claims upon your interest, so it\n The daily & hourly perversion--as I am satisfied that it is, &\n that you yourself deem it--of the true spirit of the Virginia resolutions & Report, to the support of doctrines\n utterly subversive of the Union, have incited me to the attempt of putting the subject in its true light. A late careful\n perusal of those celebrated productions has confirmed me in the above opinion; and my purpose is, to examine the pro & con interpretations of which all the passages in both,\n having any bearing upon State rights, are susceptible.\n To afford some definite idea of my train of thought upon the subject, I enclose the beginning of my essay.\n May I ask the favor of you, when perfectly convenient, to look over this; and, should your memory furnish any such, to refer me to one or two striking facts in support of the views\n I have taken of the State of the public mind at that period, in relation to the new\n ideas which our institutions involved? Some evidences of this character if I recollect right,\n are afforded by the responsive resolutions of the other States. From the point where the part I send stops, I propose to\n set out with the idea that the opinions of which the resolutions are the expression, had perhaps not been brought to the\n completeness: then to enquire what they were, so far as they had approached that point;\n & further, what they probably would have been, had they reached it. I am grossly deceived, if the result of this\n enquiry will not be, to deprive the South Carolina doctrine of the support on which it so confidently relies.\n I have lately written two other pieces connected with the subject. One, a squib against the Nullification doctrine, written immediately after hearing Genl. Hayne\u2019s defense of it;\n & which is withheld by the Intelligencer till the appearance of the speech itself. The other, a long letter--too\n long, I fear, for most patiences--to the Richmond Enquirer, on the subject of Duff Green\u2019s atrocious misrepresentation of Mr Webster. The latter, as I call things by their right names, is in some respects\n personal; and Ritchie may perhaps be glad of this pretext for declining it. In that case, it will probably appear in the\n Whig. Although principled against personalities, I have introduced them, on this occasion, from the conviction that it is\n most important to hold up this thing to the eyes of the People in its true light; and that the\n direct mode was the best calculated to attract their attention to it.\n For the first time since I came here, I left my office for the capitol, to hear Genl. Hayne & Mr\n Webster. In regard to the former, never was such a disappointment. With all my Southern prepossessions, I could see\n nothing but county court headlongness: a string of half finished sentences--disjointed\n & inappropriate figures--angry crimination--nothing like argument--and, so far as it was definite, a vindication\n of Slavery in the abstract! I was abundantly repaid, however, the next day, by Mr Webster. In every respect, the picture\n was directly reversed. The most drawing room composure & decorum--dispassionate & enlarged\n Sentiments--definite ideas-- sound argument--and in some passages, Shakespearean vigor\n & effect. The Vice President must have been on the rack. \"Why\", said my brother to me,\n \"this is no controversy: it is a master lecturing his boys.\" And\n afterwards, \"This is what I have all my life been wanting to see: an orator.\" And upon this\n point, he is not altogether unqualified to judge: having applied his fine mind to the subject, more than any one I am\n acquainted with. It was really, the Mammoth deliberately treading the cane brake; and crushing obstacles which nature had\n never intended to impede him. I could not help feeling Strongly for Hayne; evidently a high Spirited, warm hearted\n Southron, who had inspired me with the interest which such qualities naturally awaken.\n I will take the liberty of sending you a copy of Webster\u2019s speech, when it is printed. But the speaker will not be there. As such, he does not belong to the same Species, or genus even, as\n Seeing Mrs Cutts frequently, I enjoy the pleasure of hearing the good accounts from Mrs Madison &\n yourself, as often as she. Accept for both, the renewed assurance of my most affectionate & grateful regard\n You will have noticed in the papers, an occurrence in the Senate which is the first of perhaps many confirmations of the\n justness of your views in relation to the publication at Charlottesville. These views, I did not desist from endeavoring\n to enforce, until I found it was decidedly unpleasant. I have not yet had an opportunity of looking over the publication,\n and therefore have not the least idea how many things of the sort may be in it: but my brother, who has commenced doing\n so, has spoken to me several times on the subject.\n I will ask the favor of you to return the enclosed, after you have had leisure to look over it. And also, to\n give me the name of your Merchant in Fredericksburg. Recollecting that the stale figs found\n favor with your palate, I got some time since a drum of fresh ones from Turkey, which we had tried & thought fine.\n But on sending down to the steam boat it had just stopped for the winter. An opportunity may, however, yet occur to send\n Mrs Cutts & the ladies are so often together, that you no doubt hear of them through her. With\n occasional indispositions, they are in the main well. Mrs Randolph, in health & spirits, decidedly better than in", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-07-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1976", "content": "Title: [Nicholas P. Trist] to James Madison, 7 February 1830\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas P.\nTo: Madison, James\n On the subject of all the conversations which it has been my good fortune to enjoy with you, I have made it a\n rule\u2014 which is indeed a general one with me\u2014 to observe the strictest silence. Your views in relation to the true spirit\n of the resolutions & report, are the single exception to this. I have mentioned to two or three persons, in confidence, that I was satisfied, from your own remarks, that they are such as I am now\n going to attempt to derive from the productions themselves. However clearly this may be done, however, the authority of\n your name would add greatly to any force the reasoning may have. Is there the slightest objection on your part to its\n There is another subject which I omitted to mention in my letter: the refutation which you once read to me,\n of Armstrong\u2019s lie as to your course in relation to Jackson\u2019s promotion. It has occurred to me\n that you might possibly wish him to have an insight into this. If so, I am now in a situation to act as the channel. A\n pretty close intimacy formed at Westpoint with Donelson (the private secretary & most\n confidential friend; & of whose head & heart I entertain a very high opinion) has been in a great measure\n renewed by accidental official circumstances, and advances on his part. I have found D. a man capable of receiving honest talk; and have spoken as a true friend, on several delicate\n points. Altho\u2019 the very occurrence of such conversations, is, of course, a secret. I have also seen the Genl. de pr\u00e8s; and am convinced that a more guileless, well meaning man never was in power. The\n circumstance you mentioned to me, in relation to the young Pole who had visited the Hermitage, is a sample of the man on all subjects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1977", "content": "Title: [James Monroe] to James Madison, 8 February 1830\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I have recd. yours of the 30th Jany. communicating the decision of Mr Lomax, to accept the office of Judge in\n the Genl. Ct, & proposing to retain the professorship in the University, with liberty to perform the duties of the\n other trust, till the end of the current session. I entirely concur with you, in the sentiment which you have expressed,\n which is to comply with his proposal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1978", "content": "Title: Fayette Nevil and Others to James Madison, 8 February 1830\nFrom: Nevil, Fayette,Southgate, Robert,Burwell, Benjamin P.\nTo: Madison, James\n Hampden Sidney College Prince Edward Co. Va.\n In announcing to you your election as an Honorary Member of the Union Society of\n Hampden Sidney College; permit us briefly to state the object of this Society, and the qualifications requisite to entitle\n an individual to the distinction that is now confer\u2019d on you. It\u2019s grand objects are the diffusion of Knowledge and the\n cultivation of moral and Virtuous principles. Our Society holds in view not only the literary improvement of those\n immediately connected with it but founded on a more noble principle it is peculiarly anxious for the general promotion of\n Literature and Science. In order to affect this we endeavour to unite as much talent and influence as possible by\n selecting Honorary Members. Literary merit and reputation our Constitution holds as\n indispensable to Honorary membership. Society in your election must therefore have recieved you\n as possessing these eminent qualifications. Your acceptance of this appointment if attended with no sacrafice on your part\n will be highly gratifying to us. We have an Aniversary meeting on the 4th. Wednesday in September (the evening of\n Commencement) at which time we expect all of our Honorary members who can conveniently do so, to attend These meetings\n when well attended are found to be interesting and highly improving to our regular members We hope to hear from you as\n soon as convenient. With sentiments of respect &c.\n Corresponding committee of the Union Society", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-12-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1979", "content": "Title: James Madison to Cuyler Staats, 12 February 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Staats, Cuyler\n Your letter of Jany. 14. 1830 was not recd. till yesterday, with the Richmond, postmark of Feby. 8th.\n Your preceding letter with the volume accompanying it was recd. at Richmond, where my duties as a member of the\n Convention, did not prevent me to give the due attention to your favor. And on my departure from Richd. I was obliged to\n leave the articles with sundry other similar communications which I could as little attend to, for a conveyance which\n the state of the Roads & weather have so far prevented. I can only therefore thank you for the \"Tribute to DeWitt\n Clinton,\" whose distinguished talents and public services, well merit the tributes paid to them.\n Had this explanation of the delay which has disappointed you not been a propos I should not be witht. a plea\n in my very advanced age, now approaching the 80th year which renders it often impossible to satisfy all the claims of\n friendship or favor, from those who are not sufficiently aware of that obstacle. With friendly respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-12-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1980", "content": "Title: James Madison and Dolley P. Madison: Indenture for Sale of land by Dolley Payne Madison and James Madison to James Newman, 12 February 1830\nFrom: Madison, James,Madison, Dolley Payne Todd\nTo: Newman, James\n This Indenture made this twelfth day of February A. D. 1830, between James Madison of the county of Orange\n and Dolley P. his wife of the one part, and James Newman of said county of the other part, Witnesseth, that the said James\n Madison and Dolley P. his wife, for and in consideration of the sum of twelve hundred and sixty six dollars to him the\n said James Madison by the said James Newman in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have granted,\n bargained and sold, and by these presents do bargain, grant, sell and convey unto the said James Newman, his heirs and assigns\n a certain tract or parcel of land, containing by survey one hundred and five and an half acres lying and being in the\n county of Orange, being a part of the tract known by the name of [E]ve[rm]ondsons and bounded as follows viz: Beginning at a\n walnut tree in said Newman\u2019s line, running thence north [18\u00be ] degrees east 77 poles to a poplar stump and chestnut\n tree, corner to Garrett Scott, thence north 117 degrees east 243 poles to astake in the centre of the road, in said\n Scotts line, thence north 118 1/2 degrees west 68 poles to a hickory and [a] spanish oak, thence south 38 1/2 degrees west\n 78 poles to and oak and hickory, thence south 80 degrees west 29 poles to three old field pines links, north of a small\n chestnut, thence south 48 3/4 degrees west 143 poles to the beginning. To have and to hold, the said tract or parcel of\n land with the appurtenances thereto belonging, to him the said James Newman; his heirs and assigns, to the only proper use\n and behoof of the said James Newman his heirs and assigns forever and the said James Madison and Dolley P. his wife for\n themselves, their heirs & do hereby covenant and agree to and with the said James Newman his heirs and assigns,\n that the said James Madison and Dolley P. his wife and their heirs, the said tract or parcel of land with its\n appurtenances unto him the said James Newman his heirs and assigns, against him, the said James Madison and Dolley P. his\n wife and their heirs and against all persons whomsoever shall, and will, and by these presents, do forever warrant and\n defend. In witness whereof the said James Madison and Dolley P. his wife have hereunto set their hands and seals the day\n Orange County to wit.We Conway C. Macon and A. Madison justices of the peace in the county aforesaid, in the state of Virginia\n do hereby certify that James Madison aparty to a certain deed bearing date onthe 12th day of February 1830, and hereto\n annexed, personally appeared before us, in our county aforesaid, and acknowledged the same to be his act and deed and\n desired us to certify the said acknowledgment to the clerk of the county court of Orange in order that the said deed may\n be recorded. Given under our hands and seals this 12 day of Feby. 1830.\n We C C. Macon and A. Madison justices of the peace in the county aforesaid, and state of Virginia do hereby\n certify that Dolley P. Madison the wife of James Madison parties to the within deed bearing date the 12th. day of February\n 1830, personally appeared before us in our county aforesaid, and being examined by us privily and apart from her husband\n and having the deed fully explained to her, she, the said Dolley P. Madison acknowledged the same to be her act and deed,\n and declared that she had willingly, signed and sealed the same and that she wished not to retract it. Given under our\n At amonthly court held for the county of Orange at the court house, on monday the twenty second of February 1830\u2013 This\n Indenture [was] presented into court, and the same having been duly acknowledged by James Madison and Dolley P. his wife\n parties thereto, before C. C. Macon and A. madison justices of the peace in the county of aforesaid as appears by their\n certificates hereon written\u2013 The said Indenture and certificates are ordered to be recorded.\n [written in the margin of the first page:] Origl Deed sent to Grantee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-14-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1981", "content": "Title: Robley Dunglison to James Madison, 14 February 1830\nFrom: Dunglison, Robley\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the pleasure to inclose you the letters of Messrs. Brown & Long, which you were so obliging as\n to send me for perusal. I am glad that the latter Gentleman possesses the kind feelings towards us which he expresses. I\n have heard from him several times, and in all his communications he alludes to his great Interest for this Institution\n I regret very much that we are about to lose Mr Lomax, our Law Professor, as you are well aware. He has\n endeared himself to us all by many ties and his loss will be severely felt in more respects than one. I look with anxiety\n mixed with Uneasiness to the appointment of a successor. A little longer continuance in the same condition would I think\n have added to our prosperity, but these successive withdrawals must impress the community with the idea that there is\n something unpleasant ab[out] the situation and must render them cautious in bestowing their patronage. The truth is that\n some uncertainty has been thrown over the minds of more than Mr Lomax by certain proceedings at the last meeting of the\n Board of Visitors and there is some danger of bonds being separated which were at one [ ], believed to be closely\n I trust, however, that the apprehensions may be groundless. Still they have had the effect of separating Mr\n Tomorrow we shall commence our Examinations and have determined to be as rigid as at the close of the\n Session. It may be important to our discipline that the Student should be aware that it is necessary for him to study from\n the very commencement of the Session and a rigid Examination at this period may effect the object.\n Permit me to hope\u2014 a hope in which Mrs Dunglison cordially joins me that your fatigues in Richmond\u2013\n protracted. I presume much beyond your Expectation have not affected your health [injuriously]: & with our united\n heartfelt regards to Mrs Madison and yourself believe me, dear Sir Most Respectfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-15-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1982", "content": "Title: James Madison to [Nicholas P. Trist], 15 February 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Trist, Nicholas P.\n I have recd your favours of and have looked over the remarks enclosed in them, meant as an introduction\n to an explanatory comment on the proceedings of Virginia in -98-99. occasioned by the Alien & Sedition laws.\n It was certainly not the object of the member, who prepared the Documents in question, to assert, nor does\n the fair import of them, as he believes, assert a right in the parties to the Constitution of the U.S. individually to annul within themselves acts of the Federal Government, or to withdraw from the\n Union: nor was it within the scope of those documents to discuss the extreme cases in which such rights (might) would\n result from a kind or degree of oppression extinguishing all constitutional compacts & obligations.\n It has been too much the case, in expounding the Constitution of the U.S. that its meaning has been sought\n not in its peculiar and unprecedented modifications of Power; but by viewing it, some, thro\u2019 the medium of a simple Govt.\n others, thro\u2019 that of a mere League of Govts.. It is neither the one nor the other; but essentially different from both. It\n must consequently be its own interpreter. No other Government can furnish a key to its true character. Other Governments,\n present an individual & indivisible sovereignty. The Constitution of the U.S. divides the Sovereignty; the\n portions surrendered by the States, composing the Federal Sovereignty over specified subjects; the portions retained\n forming the Sovereignty of each over the residuary subjects within its sphere. If Sovereignty can not be thus divided, the\n Political System of the U.S. is a Chim\u00e6ra mocking the vain pretensions of human wisdom. If it can be so divided, the\n System ought to have a fair opportunity of fulfilling the wishes & expectations which cling to the experiment\n Nothing can be more clear than that the Constitution of the U.S. has erected a Government, in as strict a\n sense of the term, as the Governments of the States created by their respective Constitutions. The Federal Govt. has like\n the State Govts. its Legislative, its Executive & its Judiciary Departments. It has, like them, acknowledged\n cases, in which the powers of these Departments are to operate. And the operation is to be directly on persons &\n things, in the one Govt. as in the others. If in some cases, the jurisdiction is concurrent, as it is in others exclusive,\n this is one of the features constituting the peculiarity of the System.\n In forming this compound scheme of Government it was impossible to lose sight of the question, what was to be\n done in the event of controversies which could not fail to occur, concerning the partition line, between the powers\n belonging to the Federal and to the State Govts. That some provision ought to be made, was as obvious and as essential, as\n the task itself was difficult and delicate.\n That the final decision of such controversies, if left to each of the 13 now 24 members of the Union, must\n produce a different Constitution & different laws in the States was certain; and that such differences must be\n destructive of the Common Govt. & of the Union itself, was equally certain. The decision of questions between the\n whole & of the parts, could only proceed from the whole, that is from a collective not a separate authority of the\n The question then presenting itself could only relate to the least objectionable mode of providing for such\n occurrences, under the collective authority.\n The provision immediately and ordinarily relied on, is manifestly the Supreme Court of the U S, cloathed as\n it is, with a Jurisdiction in controversies to which the U.S. shall be a party: \"the Court itself being so constituted as\n to render it independent & impartial in its decisions; (see Federalist. No. 39. p. 241) whilst other and ulterior\n resorts would remain in the Elective process, in the hands of the people themselves the joint constituents of the parties;\n and in the provision made by the Constitution for amending itself. All other resorts are extra & ultra\n Constitutional, corresponding to the Ultima Ratio of Nations renouncing the ordinary relations of peace.\n If the Supreme Court of the U.S. be found or deemed not sufficiently independent and impartial for the trust\n committed to it, a better Tribunal is a desideratum; But whatever this may be, it must necessarily derive its authority\n from the whole not from the parts, from the States in some collective not individual capacity. And as some such Tribunal\n is a vital element, a sine qua non, in an efficient & permanent Govt., the Tribunal existing must be acquiesced in,\n until a better or more satisfactory one can be substituted.\n Altho\u2019 the old idea of a compact between the Govt. & the people be justly exploded, the idea of a\n compact among those who are parties to a Govt. is a fundamental principle of free Govts.\n The original compact is the one implied or presumed, but no where reduced to writing, by which a people agree\n to form one Society. The next is a compact, here for the first time reduced to writing, by which the people in their Social\n State agree to a Govt. over them. These two compacts may be considered as blended in the Constitution of the U.S., which\n recognizes a Union or Society of States, and makes it the basis of the Govt. formed by the parties to it.\n It is the nature & essence of a compact that it is equally obligatory on the parties to it, and of\n course that no one of them can be liberated therefrom without the consent of the others, or such a violation or abuse of\n it by the others, as will amount to a dissolution of the Compact.\n Applying this view of the subject to a single community, it results that the compact being between the\n Individuals composing it, no individual or set of individuals can at pleasure, break off and set up for themselves,\n without such a violation of the Compact as absolves them from its obligations. It follows at the same time that in the\n event of such a violation, the suffering Party rather than longer yield a passive obedience, may justly shake off the\n yoke, and can only be restrained from the attempt by a want of physical strength for the purpose. The case of individuals\n expatriating themselves, that is leaving their country in its territorial as well as its social\n & political sense, may well be deemed a reasonable privilege, or rather as a right implicitly reserved. And even\n in this case equitable conditions have been annexed to the right which qualify the exercise of it.*see the Virga. Statutes.\n Applying a like view of the subject to the case of the U.S. it results, that the compact being among\n individuals as embodied into States, no State can at pleasure release itself therefrom, and set up for itself. The Compact\n can only be dissolved by the consent of the other parties, or by usurpations or abuses of power justly having that effect.\n It will hardly be contended that there is any thing in the terms or nature of the Compact, authorizing a party to dissolve\n It is indeed inseparable from the nature of a compact, that there is as much right on one side to expound it\n & to insist on its fulfilment according to that exposition, as there is on the other so to expound it as to furnish a\n release from it; and that an attempt to annul it by one of the parties, may present to the other, an option of acquiescing\n in the annulment, or of presenting it as the one or the other course may be deemed the lesser evil. This is a\n consideration which ought deeply to impress itself on every patriotic mind, as the strongest dissuasion from unnecessary\n approaches to such a Crisis. What would be the condition of the States attached to the Union & its Govt. and\n regarding both as essential to their well-being if, a State placed in the midst of them, were to renounce its Federal\n Obligations, and erect itself into an independent and alien nation? Could the States N. & S. of Virginia,\n Pensylva. or N. York, or of some other States however small, remain associated and enjoy their present happiness, if\n geographically politically and practically thrown apart by such a breach in the chain which unites their interests and\n binds them together as neighbours & fellow Citizens. It could not be. The innovation would be fatal to the Federal\n Governt. fatal to the Union, and fatal to the hopes of liberty and humanity; and presents a catastrophe at which all ought\n Without identifying the case of the U. S. with that of individual States, there is at least an instructive\n analogy between them. What would be the condition of the State of N.Y. of Massts. or of Pena. for example, if portions containing their great commercial Cities, invoking original rights as paramount to social &\n constitutional compacts, should erect themselves into distinct & absolute Sovereignties? In so doing they would do\n no more, unless justified by an intolerable oppression, than would be done by an individual State as a portion of the\n Union, in separating itself, without a like cause, from the other portions. Nor would greater evils be inflicted by\n such a mutilation of a State, on some of its parts, than might be felt by some of the States, from a separation of its\n neighbours into absolute and alien Sovereignties.\n Even in the case of a mere League between Nations absolutely independent of each other, neither party has a\n right to dissolve it at pleasure; each having an equal right to expound its obligations, and neither, consequently a\n greater right to pronounce the compact void, than the other has to insist on the mutual execution of it. (See in Mr.\n Jefferson\u2019s volumes his letter to J.M. Mr. Monroe & Col: Carrington)\n Having suffered my pen to take this ramble over a subject engaging so much of your attention, I will not\n withold the notes made by it, from your perusal. But being aware that without more development & precision, they\n may in some instances, be liable to misapprehension or misconstruction, I will ask the favor of you to return the letter\n after it has passed under your partial & confidential eye.\n I have made no secret of my surprize & sorrow at the proceedings in S. Carolina which are understood\n to assert a right to annul the Acts of Congress within the State, & even to secede from the Union itself. But I am\n unwilling to enter the political field with the \"telum imbelli,\" which alone I could wield. The task of\n combating such unhappy aberrations belongs to other hands. A man whose years have but reached the canonical three score\n & ten (and mine are much beyond the number) should distrust himself whether distrusted by his friends or not, and\n should never forget that his arguments whatever they be will be answered by allusions to the date of his birth. With", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-16-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1983", "content": "Title: James Madison to Nicholas P. Trist, 16 February 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Trist, Nicholas P.\n I return the paper enclosed in yours of the 6th I have found in it the proofs of ability for such\n discussions which I should have anticipated. As I understand your discriminating view, (and it seems to be clearly\n expressed) of the Virginia documents in -98-99, it rescues them from the hands which have misconstrued &\n misapplied them. The meaning collected from the general scope, & from a collation of the several parts, ought not\n be affected by a particular word or phrase, not irreconciliable with all the rest; and not made more precise, because no\n danger of their being misunderstood, was thought of.\n You will pardon me for observing that you seem to suppose a greater ignorance at the commencement of our\n Contest with G. B. of the doctrines of Self Govt. than was the fact. The controversial papers of the epoch will shew it.\n The early date of the Virga. Declaration of Rights, is a witness. The merit of the Founders of our Republics lies in the\n more accurate views and practical application of the doctrines. The original and equal rights of man, as the foundation of\n free Govt. had long been understood, but the superstructures projected had been sadly defective. Hume himself was among\n Is not the silent transition to the case of the U. S. too abrupt? and may it not be worth consideration how\n far elaborated demonstrations, however just & valuable in themselves, may suit the taste or capacity of those most\n I thank you for the kind offer of being a channel for correcting erroneous impressions that may have been\n made on a mind which I certainly could not wish to entertain them. But I am not disposed to take any formal step with that\n view, & the rather as I have been led to believe that the well known character of the author of the presumed\n impressions, is itself an antidote to poisonous emanations from that source.\n We are duly sensible of your goodness in relation to the Figs, and as you make the enquiry, I will name of\n William Allen as my Mercht. in Fredg. But I hope you will not take the trouble of sending us the allotted Drum, as Mr.\n Allen himself deals in such articles and is remarkable for his attention to their quality. He advertizes Figs in the last\n We learn with great pleasure that Mrs. Randolph enjoys such good health, as well as Mrs. Trist & the\n young ladies. We unite in offering them our affectionate regards & wishes. Accept the same for yourself", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-17-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1984", "content": "Title: George W. Erving to James Madison, 17 February 1830\nFrom: Erving, George W.\nTo: Madison, James\n I received on the 7th of Novr the honor of your letter of October 27th from Richmond. The approbation which\n you have been pleased to give to my introduction of the system of Erro, is a compensation far exceeding any that I had\n expected for the labour of translating, and the still greater of so selecting from his works as to present that system in\n a continuous shape:\u2013 Tho\u2019 much captivated by his philosophy, I did not hope that the publick would participate in my\n enthusiasm, therefore published but an \"Extract\", & that in but a Small Edition: the Subject matter interests but\n few persons in the United States, & of those few I scarcely Expected to find even one, disposed to adopt a theory\n so wholly new;\u2013 the less as it annihilates a favorite speculation of the \"doyen\" of our philologists, Duponceau, who holds\n that the Supreme power created man in tribes, each having a different language;\u2013 he promised however to prepare a candid\n review of Erro for the \"quarterly\" of December, this failing, the Editor seems to have thought that he could not better\n fill up the chasm in his periodical, than by publishing my letter to him about the republick of San Marino;\u2013 if your Eye\n should fall on that article, I beg you consider it with your usual indulgence;\u2013 tho I am getting old, I preserve my \"gaiete\n de c\u0153ur\", & as I have not any reputation as an author at stake, I write \"currente calamo\",\n & fall naturally into such levities,\u2013 it may be at times, puerilities, as more sobre writers are careful to avoid;\u2013\n withal Walsh is perpetually urging me to give him the remainder of my italian \"tour\",\u2013 the materials for which, excepting a\n few scattered memoranda, are to be found only in what remains of my correspondence with Joel\n Barlow!\u2013 Walsh is in his \"vocation\", his earnestness therefore counts for nothing with me;\u2013 whoever travels in Italy to\n observe, must needs become conversant with priests & Saints, miracles & relicts, as well as with Grecian\n & Roman ruins; the letters of a Sceptick like myself, to such an heretick as was Barlow, besides deserving all\n that criticism can inflict on their style & temper,-and to this I am indifferent,-may merit a more Severe\n & legitimate censure, where a levity otherwise innocuous, is carried into such serious matter as the mysteries of\n our \"holy religion\"; it may shock,\u2013 this is to be avoided merely that one may die peaceably: I\n do not seek \"golden opinions\" further than as moral integrity is concerned, but am much too indolent, as well as\n obstinate, to accommodate my own to the prevailing notions;\u2013 nor woud I submit them to the shears of Mr Walsh, who in the\n very article above referred to has given to me a lesson of caution;\u2013 if you should look into that article, you will find\n (page 464) a small note relating to Mr Adams (the father) ending with the word \"quoted\";\u2013 I had added these words \"judging\n from that perhaps the mistake is natural Enough,\" or that \"mine enemy had written a book\"\u2013 quoth Job\";\u2013 Walsh excuses the\n omission of these by telling me that he is under obligations to the son of this father,\u2013 to which I answer that I am not\n under obligations to either father or Son, that my obligation is to speak truth, & his to publish it: &\n again that it was only in compensation for this my sting which he had plucked out, that I was induced to bestow some honey\n on the [ ] matter at the conclusion of the article.\n In a letter which I have just received from Walsh he tells me that Duponceau now promises the review of Erro\n for the next \"Quarterly,\"\u2013 his mature consideration of the subject, encourages me somewhat to hope in his conversion or at\n least abandonment of his own theory before adverted to: as far back as 1819 he said (in a report to the philosophical\n Society) speaking of the basque language, \"I believe that it has not its fellow in all the rest of the world\";\u2013 \"like the\n bones of the mammoth or the shells of unknown fishes the races of which have perished, it remains a frightful monument of\n the immense destruction produced by a succession of ages\";\u2013 yet it may well happen after all, that he will abandon us to\n our fate, as food for worms,\u2013 the more probable since he has lately been very much occupied with more interesting worms both as\n to their food & product, in the fullest assurance of the great benefit which our country may derive from the\n I have been \u2019till now continually hoping to be able to profit of your very obliging invitation to Montpellier\n by paying my duty in person to you & Mrs Madison on the opening of the spring, but I am called northward by my\n affairs, & shall be obliged to leave this part of the country in the course of a few days. I pray you to receive\n for Mrs Madison & yourself my most respectful acknowledgments & permit me to assure you of the grateful\n & lasting attachment with which I am Dear Sir Your most obliged & obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-18-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1985", "content": "Title: James Madison to Josiah Quincy, 18 February 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Quincy, Josiah\n J. Madison has duly received the Copy of the \"Report of the Overseers of Harvard University\", politely sent\n him by Mr. Quincy. He cannot return his thanks for the communication without expressing the pleasure afforded him by the\n instructive & well timed testimony borne by the President to the value of the two ancient Languages &\n Literatures, as branches of a comprehensive Education.\n J. M. offers for Mr. Quincy\u2019s acceptance a copy of the new Constitution lately submitted to the people of\n Virginia. Many of its features are the result of circumstances peculiar to the State, and of compromizing surrenders of\n opinion. Whatever be the criticisms to which the plan may be liable, they are fewer than belonged to the superseded\n Instrument; and will probably be so pronounced by the popular decision to which the appeal is made.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-24-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1988", "content": "Title: William Wertenbaker to James Madison, 24 February 1830\nFrom: Wertenbaker, William\nTo: Madison, James\n By the chairman\u2019s directions I do myself the honor of sending you the enclosed letter from John S Skinner Esq\n of Baltimore. It rests with the Executive Committee to say whether the books shall be returned in the Library upon the\n terms proposed by Mr. Skinner, or returned to him. I am very respectfully your. Obt. Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-27-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1990", "content": "Title: James Madison to William Wertenbaker, 27 February 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Wertenbaker, William\n I have recd. yours inclosing a letter from Mr. Skinner which I return. I think the work in question worthy of\n a place in the Library of the University, and the price at which it is offered reasonable. Unless the other members of\n the Ex: Committee think otherwise, the offer may therefore be accepted.\n I recd. a few days ago the inclosed letter, which you will please to communicate to the Chairman, who will be\n good eno\u2019 to give to the writer the proper answer. The source pointed out for a supply of the Classics seems to deserve a\n favorable consideration, if not precluded by other arrangements. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "02-28-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1991", "content": "Title: James Madison to Thomas D. Clark, 28 February 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Clark, Thomas\n I have recd. Sir, your letter of Jany. 31. and thank you for the kind sentiments which it expresses. The view\n you give of your condition in life, though an humble, may well be deemed a happy one, whilst you enjoy the contentment and\n other blessings of which you are piously sensible. The prosperity of our Country is a source of enjoyment, as well as an\n occasion of thankfulness for us all. And as far as services however small or obscure may have been a tribute of\n patriotism, they may justly be recollected with the feelings you indulge. Repeating my thanks for your friendly wishes I\n return mine for the continuance of your present blessings, and the best of future additions to them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1993", "content": "Title: Robert Y. Hayne to James Madison, 5 March 1830\nFrom: Hayne, Robert Young\nTo: Madison, James\n I take the liberty of sending you herewith copies of my two Speeches in reply to Mr. Webster, as an evidence\n of my high respect and esteem. I am also desirous of recalling your attention to the Constitutional principles involved in\n this controversy. The Virginia Resolution of \u201998 and your admirable Report, have almost passed away from the memory of the\n politicians of the present day. It is this forgetfulness which has led to the alarming assumptions of power on the part of\n the federal government, and I feel an entire conviction that nothing can save us from Consolodation, and its inevitable\n consequence, the separation of the States, but the restoration of the principles of \u201998, as illustrated in the documents\n above alluded to. Without intending to intrude on your time, or imposing upon you an unwelcome task, let me say, that if it\n shou[ld] be altogether agreeable to you, I should be gratified by knowing your present views, in relation to the great\n principles involved in these questions. Should you prefer remaining silent however, let me reques[t] that you will give\n yourself no furth[er] trouble on the subject.\n Mrs. Hayne joins me in our best respects to Mrs. M. & yourself\u2014 Believe me to be with the highest\n respect & esteem your obt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1995", "content": "Title: Lilburn P. Perry to James Madison, 8 March 1830\nFrom: Perry, Lilburn P.\nTo: Madison, James\n I am induced, from the circumstances in which I am at present placed to make a request of you, which when the\n reasons are heard, I hope will not be considered unreasonable. It is that I may be allowed a dispensation from the uniform\n prescribed by one of the enactments of the University of Virginia. It is my intention to leave this institution in a few\n months from this time, and consequently am unwilling to purchase a new uniform, which can serve me only whilst I am here,\n if it can possibly be avoided. You will probably recollect that at the termination of the last session I was honoured with\n the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Since the attainment of this degree, my time has been somewhat occupied with the\n practice of my profession\u2014 and when I joined the University this inconvenience was suggested but as this was perhaps, the\n only opportunity that might ever be presented to me for acquiring a better knowledge of some other sciences taught here, I\n determined to embrace it, and devote to them the time that I could conveniently spare from the practice of medicine. This\n circumstance together with the one above mentioned will I hope induce you to extend to me the privilege I request: I am\n well aware of the influence that must be exerted by a precedent of this character, but a similar case will probably seldom\n if ever occur again. This law is rigidly enforced by the Faculty, and it is one that I would never wish to evade, could I\n conveniently comply with it. An early answer to this will very much oblige Sir with great respect Your obt. Servant\n P. S. Dr Dunglison is aware of this communication", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1996", "content": "Title: Jared Sparks to James Madison, 8 March 1830\nFrom: Sparks, Jared\nTo: Madison, James\n Your favor of March 28th. reached me after my return from Europe. I am glad that the packet committed to Col.\n Storrow got to you safely. Should it be convenient to you to send this parcel to Washington, to the care of Mr. Everett,\n as soon as Apl. 10th. I shall be there, and can bring it home with me; if not, it may be sent at any time hereafter to Mr\n Brent, of the Department of State, with a request that he will keep it till called for by me.\n As to the confidential correspondence between you & Gen. Washington, your judgment will decide what\n parts of it are proper to be submitted to my perusal. I have no wish to pry into secrets, but the task I have undertaken\n would seem to require, that I should spare no pains to obtain as much knowledge as possible of the acts, mind, &\n character of Washington. In the first draft of the Farewell Address, which he sent to Hamilton, he alludes to your having\n assisted him in preparing what he proposed to deliver, if he had retired at the end of his first term; and there are\n fragments of letters, which show that he consulted you freely on the subject of his speech at the commencement of the\n presidency, and of some of his papers on other occasions. But these are imperfect. I must leave the whole matter to your\n judgment, not doubting that you will be willing to impart everything of real interest & value.\n I believe the entire correspondence with Hamilton, on the subject of the Farewell Address, has been\n preserved. The public has been but little enlightened by the discussions that have taken place. Mr Jay\u2019s letter expressed\n his opinions, but proved nothing.\n My voyage to Europe was eminently successfull. I met with many obstacles, both in France & England,\n growing out of the forms of office, by which all the papers are secluded from the eyes of every person but the officers of\n the Departments. But I found the ministers well disposed in both countries, and by due perseverance, and a sort of siege\n upon their good nature, I at last conquered the obstinacy of forms, & made my way by a regular process to the\n reality. There were some misgivings in the Downing Street offices about the Tories, a kind of lurking fear that something\n would come up, that would not tell much to the honor of these loyal subjects of the king. This was a just sense of\n delicacy, for as the tories had thrown themselves upon the British Government, and sacrifised everything in doing it, the\n Govt. is bound to protect their names from reproach, and save the feelings of their descendants. But in the end I was\n permitted to see all the papers relating to the American Revolution, both military and diplomatic, the whole\n correspondence of the Govt. with the officers in this country, and with the commissioners for making peace.\n In France I saw, also, all the papers relating to American affairs during the same period, embracing the\n diplomatic correspondence with Franklin, Deane, Lee, Adams, & others; the whole correspondence of Vergennes with\n Gerard, Luzerne, and Marbois; and the military correspondence of Rochambeau, d\u2019Estaing, Fernay, and others. These papers\n develope the entire policy of the French government in regard to the United States. They are invaluable as materials for\n the history of that period.\n I was under great obligations in Paris to the Marquis de Marbois. He holds a high station, is greatly\n respected, and he used his influence freely, in assisting me. The United States have not a better friend in the world, nor\n have I seen any other European so well informed on the subject of our government, institutions, and resources. With\n sentiments of perfect respect, I am, Sir, Your most obt. Servt.\n His Excellency.James Madison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1997", "content": "Title: William B. Sprague to James Madison, 8 March 1830\nFrom: Sprague, William Buell\nTo: Madison, James\n I am undertaking, partly for my own amusement, and partly for the gratification of the curious who may come\n after us, to make out a geneological account of the most distinguished men of our country, including Presidents of the\n United States, Signers of the Declaration of Independence &c. Will you, Sir, in addition to all the other favors\n you have rendered me, have the goodness to furnish me with such an account of your ancestry as may be within your reach,\n including names, places of residence, and any interesting facts in respect to any of them which it may be a matter of\n interest to preserve. I will just add that it is not my intention to publish any thing of this kind at present, though I\n intend the curious publick shall ultimately have the benefit of my researches.\n I beg you will pardon me, Sir, for troubling you so often and in so many ways, & believe me, with the\n highest respect, Your most obed & obliged,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-09-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1998", "content": "Title: John S. Barbour to James Madison, 9 March 1830\nFrom: Barbour, John S.\nTo: Madison, James\n While in Richmond last fall I enclosed to you my note for 100$ payable four months after date at the U.\n States branch Bank in this City. I took no memo. of its date & have none with me. But I am quite confident that it\n was dated anteriour to the third day of Novr. and consequently that it woud become due before the third day of March. I\n gave you a very strong assurance for its punctual payment, and now apprehend that you may have considered it my duty to\n have sent you the money, in place of paying it here in the Bank. The consequence of this may be that I now stand in your\n estimation as a delinquent in duty and a violator of the strong promise conveyed to you.\n It is usual with negotiated notes to provide for them at the Bank in which they are made payable. And the\n payor has notice of the maturity of the note from the officer of the Bank. Supposing that it woud be sent here I have\n failed to send the money either to you in Orange or any where else. But I have sent to the Bank and have been thrice\n informed that no such Note is there. I must therefore return to my first belief that you expected me to send you the\n money. I will obey whatever directions you may be pleased to give me in the premises; and will either deposite the money\n here to your credit, and send you the Cashiers check payable to your order (& this will guard agst. the risks of\n the Mail.) or I will pay it to any other Bank or person, that you may direct. With cordial wishes for your health and\n happiness I am Sir most Resptly yrs:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-09-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-1999", "content": "Title: James Madison: Indenture for Sale of land by Dolley Payne Madison and James Madison to Coleby Cowherd, 9 March 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Cowherd, Coleby\n This Indenture made this 9th. day of March 1830, between James Madison of the county of Orange and Dolley P.\n his wife of the one part and Coleby Cowherd of said county of the other part\u2013Witnesseth, that the said James Madison and\n Dolley P. his wife for and in consideration of the sum of seven thousand dollars to him the said James Madison by the said\n Coleby Cowherd in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, he the said James Madison and Dolley P. his wife\n have bargained and sold and by these presents do grant, bargain and sell and convey unto the said Coleby Cowherd his heirs\n and assigns forever a certain tract or parcel of land lying in the said county of Orange containing eight hundred acres be\n the same more or less, described in a certain deed of conveyance from John Lee and Elisabeth his wife bearing date the 8th.\n day of July 1792 and recorded in the court of said county as adjoining the lands of Johnny Scott, John Daniel, Coleby\n Cowherd and Jonathan Cowherd, which lands so far as they were boundaries to the said tract are now in possession of John\n Scott, Coleby Cowherd and Yelverton Cowherd. To have and to hold the said hereby conveyed eight hundred acres of land with\n all appurtenances, remainders and reversions, thereunto belonging unto the said Coleby Cowherd his heirs and assigns\n forever to his and their own proper use, and the said James Madison for himself his heirs, executors and administrators\n doth covenant to and with, the said Coleby Cowherd his heirs and assigns that the said Coleby Cowherd shall enjoy the\n said land free from the lawful claim or interruption of the said James Madison and Dolley P. his wife and their heirs, and\n against every other person whatsoever, and that he the said James Madison and his heirs the said land and every part\n thereof unto the said Coleby Cowherd his heirs and assigns against him the said James Madison and Dolley P. his wife and\n their heirs and against every other person whatsoever will warrant and forever defend by these presents. In witness\n whereof they have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals the day and year first above written.\n Orange County to wit,\n We John Henshaw and Conway Macon justices of the peace in the county aforesaid and state of Virginia do\n hereby certify that James Madison party to the within deed bearing date the 9th. day of March 1830, personally appeared\n before us, in our county aforesaid and acknowledged the same to be his act and deed and desired us to certify the said\n acknowledgment to the clerk of the county court of Orange, in order that the said deed may be recorded. Given under our\n hands and seals this 9th. day of march 1830.\n We John Henshaw and Conway Macon justices of the peace in the county aforesaid, and state of Virginia do\n hereby certify that Dolley P. Madison the wife of James Madison parties to the within deed bearing date on the 9th. day of\n March 1830, personally appeared before us, in our county aforesaid, and being examined by us privily and apart from her\n husband and having the deed fully explained to her, she the said Dolley P. Madison acknowledged the same to be her act and\n deed and declared that she had willingly, signed, and sealed the same and that she wished not to retract it. Given under\n our hands and seals this 9th day of March 1830.\n At aquarterly court held for the county of Orange at the courthouse, on monday\n the twenty second of March 1830\u2013 This Indenture was presented into court and the same having been duly acknowledged by\n James Madison and Dolley P. his wife parties thereto, before John Henshaw and Conway C. Macon justices of the peace in the\n county aforesaid as appears by their certficates hereon written\u2013 The said Indenture and certficates are ordered to be", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-11-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2002", "content": "Title: James Madison to Lilburn P. Perry, 11 March 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Perry, Lilburn P.\n I have recd., Sir, your letter of the 8th. inst.\u2013 Not withstanding the peculiarity of the case you state, I do\n not understand that it can be relieved by any dispensing power in the Rector. If such an interposi[t]ion be admissable, it\n must rest with the Executive Committee of which Genl. Cocke & Mr. T. J. Randolph are a majority; and I leave it\n with them to decide on your request, if you think it proper to address it to them. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-13-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2004", "content": "Title: Robert Moore to James Madison, 13 March 1830\nFrom: Moore, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\n Some time in the month of December last in Richmond I was spoken to by Majr Yancey to forward him to that\n place some Tobo seed of the little Frederick, for you and immediately upon my return home I packed up about a pint,\n which was put into the Mail at Bent Creek, directed to his Care for you, and a day or two since he informed me that they\n were not recd which miscarriage I Cannot Account for as the Post Master assures me he put them in the Mail himself, at\n the request of Majr Yancey I now send you a few inclosed & as there is yet time to raise plants from them hope you\n will be enabled to get in stock from them; you will also I expect be much pleased with the Kind of Tobo and I think it will sute\n your Climate much better than any other kind, you being more north than us, and its being two or three weeks in the season\n earlier than any other kind I have ever been acquainted with Yrs. Respectfully", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-15-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2005", "content": "Title: James Madison to John S. Barbour, 15 March 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Barbour, John S.\n I recd a few days ago yours of the 9th. & shd. have answerd it immediately but for the expectation\n of learning that the subject of it wd. have explained itself, on the spot. The Mail due today not havg brought me any information, I proceed to mention that on the 2 or 3d. of Mar. I enclosed yr. note to Col. P. P. Barbour\n requesting him to recover the money from you or Bank as might happen, & forward it by a private conveyance, wch he\n wd. be more likely to find than yourself. It is quite possible that the letter enclosing the note may have miscarried.\n Should it not have got to hand, you will of course put the Bank on its guard. It is not material whether the money be put\n into the hands to deposit of Col. B. or deposited in the Bank and a Check forwarded by Barbour that you have drawn. It will save him\n from any further [?] [?] than to deliver you yr. note in case it find its way to him. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-17-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2006", "content": "Title: James Madison to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 17 March 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\n I have recd. your letter of the 12th. but none yet from Mr. Randolph Being not a judge of stonework or the\n proper charge for it, I shall the more readily acquiesce in the judgt. of my better informed Colleagues, or in that of\n either if both should not in time be heard from. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-18-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2007", "content": "Title: John S. Barbour to James Madison, 18 March 1830\nFrom: Barbour, John S.\nTo: Madison, James\n The letter that you addressed me under date the 15th inst: was received yesterday Morning. I passed it to\n Colo Barbour, who remarked that he had never recd the letter of which you speak of the 2nd or 3rd of March. He farther\n said that about the date of the letter he received one from Mr Davis of Orange inclosing other letters, which had been\n broken open on the way. This circumstance induced me to inform the Bank of the fact that it might exercise necessary\n Colo Barbour farther said that his family woud be returning in about ten days & that Mrs Barbour\n coud take the money to you. It will be sent accordingly unless you direct otherwise. With great Respect Yrs:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-23-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2009", "content": "Title: James Madison to Robley Dunglison, 23 March 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dunglison, Robley\n I return the letter inclosed in yours of the 19th. If the oriental manuscripts offered by Mr. Hodgson have\n the value ascribed to them tho\u2019 Algiers is certainly not the Quarry likely to yield that sort of Treasure, They must be a\n desirable acquisition to our University. But in the State of its funds, there can be little hope of success agst. other\n bidders, tho\u2019 not themselves much prepared to indulge in the luxuries of Literature. It may be not amiss for Mr. Lomax, to\n feel the pulse of Mr. H. as to the price, & that is all I presume that can be done at present. With great respect &", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-24-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2010", "content": "Title: Samuel A. Storrow to James Madison, 24 March 1830\nFrom: Storrow, Samuel A.\nTo: Madison, James\n After presenting my respectful compliments I am embarrassed by the subject which calls me to address you. I\n like not either the attitude in which it places me or the course it obliges me to pass through. Your own kindness\n & delicacy will suggest the excuse which I ought to offer.\n Circumstances may possibly create a vacancy in one or more of the offices at the head of the subordinate\n departments of the Treasury of the United States\u2013 possibly in that of second Comptroller, possibly in that of Register\n without certainty as to either. I have signified to the Vice President, with whom while acting in the war Department I was\n intimately connected, that on the occurrence of such an event I was desirous that my name should be submitted to the\n Government. The earnestness with which he blended his wishes with mine assured me that my own could not be erroneous. The\n same views were submitted to your own immediate Representative Colonel Barbour and to Governor Tyler. The object was to\n ascertain from these Gentlemen, acting as they do in the foreground of the delegation of the State, whether I might expect\n from the State itself that honourable & open support, without which I would embark in no public cause. The\n declarations from both of them have been as unequivocal as those from the Vice President. It will rest with the three to\n present my name to the Executive authority\u2013 they stand voluntarily pledged to do so.\n Although I have placed myself in this attitude, it is still an unacceptable one. I make no boast of delicacy,\n but will not compromise either my own or that of my friends. May I consider it no departure from this fixture if I solicit\n from you a letter to myself, and that you insert in it your views of the propriety of my application and whether it would\n afford you pleasure that it should prove successful? It is obvious that I seek in this a benefit to myself, but I aim to\n compass it by a mode which presents itself as the most delicate. If in this I have not been successful, may I beg you to\n forget that the suggestion has been made & to be assured that I should not take even the rejection of it as\n It would be acceptable to me to associate the name of Mr Speaker Stevenson with the three I have just given.\n It was my determination to do so. My knowledge of that Gentleman has not exceeded the interchange of civilities. May I\n look to you to cause his kind offices to be exercised toward me\u2013 with the single suggestion that, leaving the mode\n entirely to yourself, it be left to me to make the reference only on the occurrence of the event to which I first\n I used at the commencement the words \"your own kindness & delicacy\". They will save me the necessity\n of further apology\u2013 their mantle is already over me.\n I present to Mrs Madison in the name of the household the respectful & cordial remembrances of\n each member of it. To yourself, my dear Sir, I present all that you can claim or that we are capable of offering, and am\n your very obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-25-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2011", "content": "Title: James Madison to Samuel A. Storrow, 25 March 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Storrow, Samuel A.\n Your letter of yesterday was duly delivered by your Servant last evening. The subject of it is one in\n relation to which I have for a long time been obliged to mingle with considerations of friendship, rules of consistency\n controuling that sentiment, and the controul has latterly become more & more imperative. Direct interpositions,\n have, during a considerable period been not at all indulged. And other modes of them are sometimes not a little\n embarrassing. A specific expression of good wishes may unavoidably clash with other claims on them. These remarks will\n explain the obligation I am under in answering your letter, not to exceed the general but sincere assurances of which I\n pray you to accept, that I shall always feel a gratification at every manifestation of the respect, your talents\n & merits, which I have believed to be due to them. Mrs M joins in cordial salutations to yourself and our friends", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-29-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2012", "content": "Title: George Tucker to James Madison, 29 March 1830\nFrom: Tucker, George\nTo: Madison, James\n I have for some time past had serious thoughts of undertaking a biography of Mr. Jefferson, believing that\n such a work would be interesting to the politicians of all countries, and to every class of American readers\u2013 But its\n success would materially depend upon the aid that would be afforded by those surviving friends who had longest &\n most intimately known him. In this respect I believe you have an advantage over every other individual, and nothing would\n so much encourage me to engage in the undertaking, or give me such hopes of success, as the assurance of your favor\n & assistance. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully, your obedt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "03-30-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2013", "content": "Title: James Madison to George Long, 30 March 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Long, George\n This will be handed to you by the Revd. Mr. Smith of the Episcopal Church in Virginia, who crosses the\n Atlantic for the improvement of his health. The character you left with us makes him wish to be made known to you during\n his short stay in England, and I am justified by the respect due to his personal & pastoral virtues, in presenting\n him to you as entirely worthy of your friendly attentions.\n Your letter of Sepr. last was communicated to Professor Dungleson with whom I presume you are in\n correspondence. Our University, notwithstanding its stamina for growth, is as yet still a dwarf, Whilst That of London, is soon be\n a Giant. We are about to lose Mr. Lomax, who is translated to the Bench of Judges, and it will be difficult to replace\n him, the more so, as the field of choices is in a manner limited, to Virginia the municipal Code of the State [the laws of which form a part] being part\n of the studies in that School.\n I offer you a Copy of the Constitution lately submitted to the people for the yeas & nays: It is very much a compound of compromizing\n ingredients; It is pudding, with some good plums in it at least", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2015", "content": "Title: Alexander Garrett to James Madison, 1 April 1830\nFrom: Garrett, Alexander\nTo: Madison, James\n Mr. Brockenbrough informs me that another quarters pay is this day due the Professors and desired me to\n procure the means to meet payment. I therefore annexed send my check on the Literary Fund for five thousand dollars for\n your approval. Most Respectfully Your Obt. St.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-03-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2016", "content": "Title: James Madison to Robert Young Hayne, 3 April 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hayne, Robert Young\n I recd. in due time your favor inclosing your two late Speeches, and requesting my views of the subject they\n discuss. The Speeches could not be read without leaving a strong impression of the ability & eloquence which have\n justly called forth the eulogies of the public. But there are doctrines espoused (in them) from which I am constrained to dissent. I\n allude particularly to the doctrine which I understand to assert \"that the States (perhaps their Governments) have,\n singly, a constitutional right to resist & by force annul within itself, acts of the Government of the U. S. which\n it deems unauthorized by the Constitution of the U. S.; although such acts be not within the extreme cases of oppression,\n which justly absolve the State from the Constitutional compact to which it is a party.\"\n It appears to me that in deciding on the character of the Constitution of the U. S. it is not sufficiently\n kept in view, that being an unprecedented modification of the Powers of Govt. it must not be looked at thro\u2019 the\n refracting medium either of a consolidated Government, or of a Confederated Govt: that being essentially different from\n both, it must be its own interpreter, according to its text and the facts of the case.\n Its characteristic peculiarities are 1. the mode of its formation, 2. its division of the Supreme powers of\n Govt. between the States in their united capacity, and the States in their individual capacities.\n 1. It was formed not by the Governments of the States as the Federal Government, superseded by it was formed;\n nor by a majority of the people of the U. S. as a single Community, in the manner of a consolidated Government.\n It was formed by the States, that is by the people of each State, acting in their highest sovereign capacity\n thro\u2019 conventions representing them in that capacity, in like manner and by the same authority, as the State Constitutions\n were formed; with this characteristic & essential difference that the Constitution of the U. S. being a compact\n among the States that is the people making them, the parties to the compact, even one people for specified objects,\n cannot be revoked or changed at the will of any State, within its limits as the Constitution of a State may be\n changed at the will of the State, that is, the people who compose the State and & are the parties to its Constitution.\n The idea of a compact between the Governors & the Governed was exploded with the Royal doctrine that the Government\n was held by some tenure independent of the people.\n The Constitution of the U. S. is therefore within its prescribed sphere a Constitution in as strict a\n sense of the term, as are the Constitutions of the individual States, within their respective spheres.\n 2. And that it divides the supreme powers of Govt. between the two Governments is seen on the face of it; the\n powers of war & taxation, that is of the sword & the purse, of commerce and of treaties, &ce. vested\n in the Govt. of the U. S. being of as high a character as any of the powers reserved to the State Govts.\n If we advert to the Govt. of the U. S. as created by the Constitution it is found also to be a Govt. in as\n strict a sense of the term, within the sphere of its powers, as the Govts. created by the Constitutions of the States are\n within their respective spheres. It is like them organized into a Legislative, Executive, & Judicial Dept. It has,\n like them, acknowledged cases, in which the powers of those Departments are to operate. And the operation is to be the\n same in both; that is directly on the persons & things submitted to their power. The\n concurrent operation in certain cases is one of the features constituting the peculiarity of the System.\n Between these two Constitutional Govts., the one operating in all the States, the others operating in each\n respectively; with the aggregate powers of Govt. divided between them, it could not escape attention, that controversies\n concerning the boundary of Jurisdiction, would arise, and that without some adequate provision for deciding them,\n conflicts of physical force might ensue. A political System that does not provide for a peaceable & authoritative\n termination of occurring controversies, can be but the name & shadow of a Govt: the very object &\n and end of a real Govt. being the substitution of law & order for uncertainty confusion & violence.\n That a final decision of such controversies, if left to each of 13 States now 24, with a prospective\n increase, would make the Constitution & laws of the U. S. different in different States, was obvious; and equally\n obvious that this diversity of independent decisions must disorganize the Government of the Union, and even decompose the\n Against such fatal consequences the Constitution undertakes to guard 1. by declaring that the Constitution\n & laws of the States in their united capacity shall have effect & any thing in the Constitution or laws of any\n State in its individual capacity to the contrary notwithstanding: by giving to the Judicial Authority of the U. S, an\n appellate supremacy in all cases arising under the Constitution; & within the course of its functions;\n arrangements supposed to be justified by the necessity of the case; and by the agency of the people & Legislatures\n of the States in electing & appointing the Functionaries of the Common Govt., whilst no corresponding relation\n existed between the latter, and the Functionaries of the States\n 2. Should these provisions be found notwithstanding the responsibility of the functionaries of the Govt. of\n the U. S. to the Legislatures & people of the States not to secure the State Govts. against usurpations of the\n Govt. of the United States, there remains within the purview of the Constn. an impeachment of the Executive &\n Judicial Functionaries, in case of their participation in the guilt, the prosecution to depend on the Representatives of\n the people in one branch, and the trial on the Representatives of the States in the other branch of the Govt. of the U. S.\n 3. The last resort within the purview of the Constn. is the process of amendment provided for by itself, and\n to be executed by the States.\n Whether these provisions taken together be the best that might have been made: and if not, what are the\n improvements that ought to be introduced, are questions altogether distinct from the object presented by your\n communication, which relates to the Constitution as it stands.\n In the event of a failure of all these Constitutional resorts against usurpations and abuses of power and of\n an accumulation thereof rendering passive obedience & non resistance a greater evil, than resistance &\n revolution, there can remain but one resort, the last of all, the appeal from the cancelled obligations of the\n Constitutional compact, to original rights and the law of self-preservation. This is the ultima ratio, under all\n Governments, whether consolidated, confederated, or partaking of both those characters. Nor can it be doubted, that in\n such an extremity a single State would have a right, tho\u2019 it would be a natural not a constitutional Right to make the appeal. The same may be said indeed of particular portions of any political\n Community whatever, so oppressed as to be driven to a choice between the alternative evils.\n The proceedings of the Virginia Legislature (occasioned by the Alien & Sedition Acts) in which I had a\n participation, have been understood it appears, as asserting a Constitutional right, in a single State to nullify laws of\n the U. S. that is to resist and prevent by force the execution of them, within the State.\n It is due to the distinguished names, who have given that construction to the Resolutions and the Report on\n them, to suppose that the meaning of the Legislature though expressed with a discrimination and fulness sufficient\n at the time may have been somewhat obscured by an oblivion, of cotemporary indications and impressions. But it is believed\n that by keeping in view distinctions, (an inattention to which is often observable in the ablest discussions of the\n subjects embraced in those proceedings) between the Governments of the States, & the States in the sense in which\n they were parties to the Constitution; between the several modes and objects of interposition agst. the abuses of Power;\n and more especially between interpositions within the purview of the Constitution; and interpositions appealing from the\n Constitution to the rights of nature, paramount to all Constitutions; with these distinctions kept in view, and an\n attention always of explanatory use, to the views and arguments, which are combated, a confidence is felt that the\n Resolutions of Virga. as vindicated in the Report on them, are entitled to an exposition, shewing a consistency in their\n parts, and an inconsistency of the whole with the doctrine under consideration\n On recurring to the printed Debates in the House of Delegates on the occasion, which were ably conducted, and\n are understood to have been, for the most part at least, revised by the Speakers, the tenor of them does not disclose any\n reference to a Constitutional right in an individual State to arrest by force the operation of a law of the U. S. Concert\n among the States for redress agst. the Alien & Sedition laws, as acts of usurped power, was a leading sentiment, and the\n attainment of a Concert, the immediate object of the course adopted, which was an invitation to the other States \"to concur in declaring the Acts to be unconstitutional, and to co-operate by the necessary & proper measures in maintaining unimpaired. \"The authorities rights and\n liberties reserved to the States respectively or to the people\": That by the necessary & proper measures to be\n concurrently & cooperatively taken, were meant measures known to the Constitution, particularly controul of the Legislatures and people of the States over the Congs. of the U. S. cannot well\n It is worthy of remark, and explanatory of the intentions of the Legislature, that the words \"and not law, but utterly null void & of no force or effect\"* which in the Resolution\n before the House followed the word unconstitutional, were near the close of the debates stricken out by common consent.\n It appears that the words had been regarded as only surplusage by the friends of the Resolution; but lest they should be\n misconstrued into a nullifying import instead of a declaration of opinion, the word unconstitutional alone was retained,\n as more safe agst. that error. The term\n nullification to which such an important meaning is now attached, was never a part of the\n Resolutions and appears not to have been contained in the Kentucky Resolutions as originally\n passed; but to have been introduced at an after date.\n *Whether these words were in the draft from my pen or added before the Resolutions were introduced by the\n member who withdrew [them?] I am not authorised to say, no Copy of the draft having been retained & the memory not\n to be trusted after such a lapse of time. I certainly never disapproved the erasure of them.\n Another and still more conclusive evidence of the intentions of the Legislature is given in their Address to\n their Constituents, accompanyg. the publication of their Resolns. The address warns them, agst. the encroaching spirit of\n the Genl. Govt; argues the unconstitutionality of the Alien & Sedition laws; enumerates the other instances in which the\n Constitutional limits had been overleaped; dwells on the dangerous mode of deriving power by implication; and in general\n presses the necessity of watching over the consolidating tendency of the Fedl. policy: But nothing is said that can be\n understood to look to means of maintaing the rights of the States beyond the regular ones within the forms of the\n If any further lights on the subject could be needed a very strong one is reflected from the answers given to\n the Resolutions by the States who protested agst. them. Their great objection, with a few undefined complaints of the\n spirit & character of the Resolutions, was directed agst. the assumed authority of a State Legislature to declare\n a law of the U. S. to be unconstitutional, which they considered an unwarrantable interference with the exclusive\n jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the U. S. Had the Resolutions been regarded as avowing & maintaining a right\n in an individual State to arrest by force the execution of a law of the U. S. it must be presumed; that it would have been\n a pointed and conspicuous object of their denunciation.\n In this review I have not noticed the idea entertained by some that disputes between the Govt. of the U. S.\n and those of the individual States may & must be adjusted by negociation, as between independent Powers.\n Such a mode, as the only one of deciding such disputes, would seem to be as expressly at variance with the\n language and provisions of the Constitution, as in a practical view it is pregnant with consequences subversive of the\n Constitution. It may have originated in a supposed analogy to the negociating process, in cases of disputes between\n separate branches or Departments of the same Govt: but the analogy does not exist. In the case of disputes between\n independent parts of the same Govt. neither of them being able to consummate its pretensions, nor the Govt. to proceed\n without a co-operation of the several parts and necessity brings about an adjustment. In disputes between a State Govt and\n the Govt. of the U S. the case is both theoretically & practically different; each party possessing all the\n Departments of an organized Governmt Legislative Ex. & Judy.; and having each a physical force at Command.\n This idea of an absolute separation & independence between the Govt. of the U. S. and the State\n Govts as if they belonged to different nations alien to each other has too often tainted the reasoning applied to\n Constitutional questions. Another idea not less unsound and sometimes presenting itself is, that a cession of any part of\n the rights of Sovereignty, is inconsistent with the nature of sovereignty, or at least a degradation of it. This would\n certainly be the case, if the Cession was not both mutual & equal: but where there is both mutuality\n & equality, there is no real sacrifice on either side, each gaining as much as it grants, and the only point to be\n considered is the expediency of the compact, and that to be sure, is a point that ought to be well considered. On this\n principle it is that Treaties are admissible between Independent Powers, [wholly] alien to each= other, although privileges\n may be granted by each of the parties at the expense of its internal jurisdiction. On the same principle it is that\n individuals entering into the social State surrender a portion of their equal rights as men. If a part only made the\n surrender, it would be a degradation; but the surrenders being mutual, and each gaining as much authority over others, as\n is granted to others over him The inference is mathematical, that in theory nothing is lost by any; however different the\n results may be in practice.\n I am now brought to the proposal which claims for the States respectively, a right to appeal agst. an\n exercise of power by the Govt. of the U. S. which by the State is decided to be unconstitutional, to a final decision by\n 3/4 of the parties to the Constitution. With Every disposition to take the most favorable view of this expedient, that a\n high respect for its Patrons could prompt, I am compelled to say that it appears to be either not necessary, or utterly\n I take for granted it is not meant that pending the appeal, the offensive law, of the U. S. is to be suspended\n within the State. Such an effect would necessarily, arrest its Operation every where, a uniformity in the operation of\n laws of the U. S. being indispensable not only in a Constitutional and equitable, but, in most cases, in a practicable\n point of view; and a final decision adverse to that of the appellant State, would afford grounds & kinds of\n complaint, which need not be traced.\n But aside from those considerations, it is to be observed that the effect of the appeal, will depend wholly\n on the form in which the case is proposed to the Tribunal, which is to decide it.\n If 3/4 of the States can sustain the State in its decision, it would seem, that this extraconstitutional\n course of proceeding might well be spared; inasmuch as 2/3 can institute and 3/4 can effectuate, an amendment of the\n Constitution, which would establish a permanent rule of the highest authority, instead of a precedent of construction\n If on the other hand 3/4 are required to reverse the decision of the State, it will then be in the power of\n the smallest fraction over 1/4; (of 7 States, for example out of 24), to give the law to 17. States, each of the 17.\n having, as parties to the Constitutional compact, an equal right with each of the 7 to expound & insist on its\n exposition. That the 7 might in particular cases be right and the 17 wrong, is quite possible. But to establish a positive\n & permanent rule giving such a power to such a minority, over such a majority, would overturn the first principle\n of a free Government, and in practice could not fail to overturn the Govt. itself.\n It must be recollected that the Constitution was proposed to the people of the States, as a whole, and unanimously adopted as a whole, it being a part of the Constitution\n that not less than 3/4 should be competent to make any alteration in what had been unanimously agreed to. So great is the\n caution on this point that in two cases where peculiar interests were at stake, a majority even of 3/4 are distrusted,\n and a unanimity required to make any change affecting those cases.\n When the Constitution was adopted as a whole, it is certain there are many of its parts, which if proposed by\n themselves would have been promptly rejected. It is far from impossible, that every part of a whole would be rejected by a\n majority, and yet the whole be unanimously accepted. Constitutions will rarely, probably never be formed without mutual\n concessions, without articles conditioned on & balancing each other. Is there [is] a Constitution of a single State,\n out of the 24 that would bear the experiment of having its component parts, submitted to the people separately, and\n decided on according to their insulated merits\n What the fate of the Constitution of the U. S. would be, if a few States could expunge parts of it most\n valued by the great majority, and without which the great majority would never have agreed to it, can have but one answer.\n The difficulty is not removed by limiting the process to cases of construction. How many cases of that sort\n involving vital texts of the Constitution, have occurred? how many now exist? How many may hereafter spring up! How many\n might be plausibly created, if entitled to the privilege of a decision in the mode proposed.\n Is it certain that the principle of that mode, may not reach much farther than is contemplated? If a single\n State can of right require 3/4 of its Co-States, to overrule its exposition of the Constitution, because that proportion\n is authorized to amend it; is the plea less plausible, that as the Constitution, was unanimously formed, it ought to be\n unanimously expounded.\n The reply to all such suggestions must be, that the Constitution is a compact; that its text is to be\n expounded according to the provision for it, making part of that Compact; and that none of the parties can rightfully\n violate the expounding provision, more than any other part. When such a right accrues as may be the case, it must grow out\n of abuses of the Constitution amounting to a release of the sufferers from their allegiance to it.\n Will you permit me Sir to refer you to Nos. 39 & 44. of the Federalist Edited at Washington by Gideon,\n which will shew the views taken on some points of the Constitution at the period of its adoption. I refer to that Edition\n because none preceding it are without errors in the names prefixed to the several papers, as happens to be the case in No.\n 51 for which you suppose Col: Hamilton to be responsible.*\n *The errors were occasioned by a memorandum of his penned probably in haste, & partly in a lumping way. It need not be remarked that they were pure inadventures.I fear Sir I have written you a letter the length of which may accord as little with your patience, as I am\n sorry to foresee that the scope of parts of it must do with your judgment. But a naked opinion did not appear respectful\n either to the subject or to the request with which you honored me, and notwithstanding the latitude given to my pen, I am\n not unaware that the views it presents may need more of development in some instances, if not more exactness of\n discrimination in others than I could bestow on them. The subject has been so expanded, and recd. such ramifications\n & refinements, that a full survey of it is a task, agst. which my age alone might justly warn me.\n The delay Sir in making the acknowledgments I owe you was occasioned for a time by a crowd of objects which\n awaited my return from a long absence at Richmond, and latterly by an indisposition from which I am not yet entirely\n recovered. I hope you will be good eno\u2019 to accept these apologies, and with them assurances of my high esteem & my cordial salutations, in which Mrs. M. begs to be united with me, as I do with her in a respectful tender of them to", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-03-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2017", "content": "Title: [Copy of James Madison] to Robert Y. Hayne [as enclosed in James Madison to Edward Everett, April 17, 1830], 3 April 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hayne, Robert Young\n \"But there are doctrines espoused from which I am constrained to dissent. I allude particularly to the\n doctrine which I understand to assert, that the States (perhaps their Governments) have, singly, a constitutional right to\n resist, and by force annul within itself, acts of the Government of the United States, which it deems unauthorised by the\n Constitution of the United States; although such acts be not within the extreme cases of oppression, which justly absolve\n the State from the Constitutional compact to which it is a party.\n It appears to me that, in deciding on the character of the Constitution of the United States, it is not\n sufficiently kept in view, that being an unprecedented modification of the powers of Government, it must not be looked at\n thro\u2019 the refracting medium either of a consolidated Government, or of a confederated Government: that being essentially\n different from both, it must be its own interpreter, according to its text and the facts of the\n Its characteristic peculiarities of the Constitution are 1st. the mode of its formation, 2d. the division of\n the Supreme powers of Government between the States in their United capacity, and the States in their individual\n 1st. It was formed not by the Governments of the component States, as the Federal Government for which it was\n substituted was formed; nor was it formed by a majority of the people of the United States, as a single community, in the\n manner of a consolidated Government.\n It was formed by the States, that is by the people of each State, acting in their highest sovereign capacity,\n and formed consequently by the same authority, which formed the State Constitutions were formed;\n with this characteristic and essential difference, that the Constitution of the United States being a compact among the\n States, that is, the people thereof the parties to the compact, making them even one people for specified objects, cannot\n be revoked or changed at the will of any State within its limits; as the Constitution of a State may be changed at the\n will of the State, that is the people who compose the State and are the parties to its Constitution. The idea of a compact\n between the Governors and the Governed was exploded with the Royal doctrine, that Government was held by some tenure\n independent of the people.\n The constitution of the United States is therefore, within its prescribed sphere, a Constitution in as strict\n a sense of the term, as are the Constitutions of the individual States, within their respective spheres.\n 2d. And that it divides the Supreme powers of Government between the two Governments, is seen on the face of\n it; the powers of war and taxation, that is the sword and the purse, of commerce and treaties, &ca. vested in the\n Government of the United States, being of as high a character as any of the powers reserved to the State Governments.\n If we advert to the Government of the United States, as created by the Constitution, it is found also to be a\n Government in as strict a sense of the term, within the sphere of its powers, as the governments created by the\n Constitutions of the States are within their respective spheres. It is like them organized into a Legislative,\n Executive and Judicial department. It has, like them, acknowledged cases, in which the powers of those Departments are to\n operate. And the operation is to be the same in both; that is directly on the persons and\n things submitted to their power. The concurrent operation in certain cases, is one of the features constituting the\n peculiarity of the system.\n Between these two Constitutional Governments, the one operating in all the States, the others operating in\n each respectively; with the aggregate powers of Government divided between them, it could not escape attention, that\n controversies concerning the boundary of jurisdiction would arise, and that without some adequate provision for deciding\n them, conflicts of physical force might ensue. A political system that does not provide for a peaceable and authoritative\n termination of occurring controversies, can be but the name and shadow of a Government; the very object and end of a\n real Government being the substitution of law and order, for uncertainty confusion and violence.\n That a final decision of such controversies, if left to each of thirteen States, now twenty four, with a\n prospective increase, would make the Constitution and laws of the United States different in different States, was\n obvious; and equally obvious, that this diversity of independent decisions must disorganize the Government of the Union,\n and even decompose the Union itself.\n Against such fatal consequences the Constitution undertakes to guard 1. by declaring that the Constitution\n and laws of the States in their united capacity, shall have effect- any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State in\n its individual capacity to the contrary notwithstanding-and by giving to the Judicial authority of the United States, an\n appellate supremacy in all cases arising under the Constitution*; arrangements supposed to be justified by the necessity\n of the case; and by the agency of the people and Legislatures of the States in electing and appointing the Functionaries\n of the common government; whilst no corresponding relation existed between the latter, and the Functionaries of the\n * and within the course of its functions\n 2. Should these provisions be found notwithstanding the responsibility of the functionaries of the Government\n of the United States to the Legislatures and people of the States, not to secure the State Governments against usurpations\n of the Government of the United States, there remains within the purview of the Constitution, an impeachment of the\n Executive & Judicial Functionaries, in case of their participation in the guilt, the prosecution to depend on the\n Representatives of the people in one branch, and the trial on the Representatives of the States in the other branch, of\n the Government of the United States.\n 3. The last resort within the purview of the Constitution is the process of amendment provided for by itself,\n and to be executed by the States.\n Whether these provisions taken together be the best that might have been made; and if not, what are the\n improvements that ought to be introduced, are questions altogether distinct from the object presented by your\n communication, which relates to the Constitution as it stands.\n In the event of a failure of all these Constitutional resorts against usurpations and abuses of power, and of\n an accumulation thereof rendering passive obedience and non resistance a greater evil, than resistance &\n revolution, there can remain but one resort, the last of all, the appeal from the cancelled obligations of the\n Constitutional compact, to original rights and the law of self-preservation. This is the ultima ratio, under all\n governments, whether consolidated, confederated, or partaking of both those characters. Nor can it be doubted, that in\n such an extremity, a single State would have a right, tho\u2019 it would be a natural not a Constitutional Right, to make the appeal. The same may be said indeed of particular portions of any political\n community whatever, so oppressed as to be driven to a choice between the alternative evils.\n The proceedings of the Virginia Legislature (occasioned by the Alien and Sedition Acts) in which I had a\n participation, have been understood it appears, as asserting a Constitutional right in a single State, to nullify laws of\n the United States, that is, to resist and prevent by force, the execution of them, within the State.\n It is due to the distinguished names, who have given that construction to the Resolutions and the Report on\n them, to suppose that the meaning of the Legislature, though expressed with a discrimination & fulness sufficient\n at the time, may have been somewhat obscured by an oblivion of cotemporary indications and impressions. But it is\n believed that by keeping in view distinctions, (an inattention to which is often observable in the ablest discussions of\n the subjects embraced in those proceedings) between the Governments of the States, and the States in the sense in which\n they were parties to the Constitution; between the several modes and objects of interposition against the abuses of power;\n and more especially between interpositions within the purview of the Constitution; and interpositions appealing from the\n Constitution to the rights of nature, paramount to all Constitutions; with these distinctions kept in view, and an\n attention always of explanatory use, to the views and arguments which are combatted, a confidence is felt that the\n Resolutions of Virginia as vindicated in the Report on them, are entitled to an exposition shewing a consistency in their\n parts, and an inconsistency of the whole with the doctrine under consideration.\n On recurring to the printed Debates in the House of Delegates on the occasion, which were ably conducted, and\n are understood to have been, for the most part at least, revised by the Speakers; the tenor of them does not disclose any\n reference to a Constitutional right in an individual State, to arrest by force, the operation of a law of the United\n States. Concert among the States for redress against the Alien and Sedition laws, as acts of usurped power, was a leading\n sentiment, and the attainment of a concert, the immediate object of the course adopted, which was an invitation to the\n other States to concur in declaring the acts to be unconstitutional, and to co-operate by the necessary and proper measures in maintaining unimpaired \"the authorities\n rights and liberties reserved to the States respectively or to the people.\" That by the necessary and proper measures to\n be concurrently and co-operatively taken, were meant measures known\n to the Constitution, particularly the controul of the Legislatures and people of the States over the Congress of the\n United States, cannot well be doubted.\n It is worthy of remark, and explanatory of the intentions of the Legislature, that the words \"and not law, but utterly null void and of no force or effect\" * which in the Resolution before\n the House followed the word unconstitutional were, near the close of the Debates, stricken out by common consent. It\n appears that the words had been regarded as only surplusage by the friends of the Resolution; but lest they should be\n mis-construed into a nullifying import instead of a declaration of opinion, the word unconstitutional alone was retained,\n as more safe against that error. The term nullification to which such an important meaning is\n now attached, was never a part of the Resolutions, and appears not to have been contained in the Kentucky Resolutions as\n originally passed; but to have been introduced at an after date.\n *Whether these words were in the draft from my pen or added before the Resolutions were introduced by the\n member who withdrew them, I am not authorised to say, no copy of the draft having been retained & the memory not to be\n trusted after such a lapse of time. I certainly never dis=approved the erasure of them.\n Another and still more conclusive evidence of the intentions of the Legislature is given in their address to\n their Constituents, accompanying the publication of their Resolutions. The address warns them against the encroaching\n spirit of the General Government; argues the unconstitutionality of the Alien and Sedition laws; enumerates the other\n instances in which the Constitutional limits had been overleaped; dwells on the dangerous mode of deriving power by\n implication; and in general presses the necessity of watching over the consolidating tendency of the Federal policy. But\n nothing is said that can be understood to look to means of maintaining the rights of the States beyond the regular ones\n within the forms of the Constitution.\n If any further lights on the subject could be needed, a very strong one is reflected from the answers given\n to the Resolutions by the States who protested against them. Their great objection, with a few undefined complaints of the\n spirit and character of the Resolutions, was directed against the assumed authority of a State Legislature to declare a\n law of the United States to be unconstitutional, which they considered an unwarrantable interference with the exclusive\n jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States. Had the Resolutions been regarded as avowing and maintaining a\n right, in an individual State, to arrest by force, the execution of a law of the United States, it must be presumed that\n it would have been a pointed and conspicuous object of their denunciation.\n In this review I have not noticed the idea entertained by some, that disputes between the Government of the\n United States and those of the Individual States may and must be, adjusted by negociation, as between independent powers.\n Such a mode as the only one of deciding such disputes, would seem to be as expressly at variance with the\n language and provisions of the Constitution, as in a practical view, it is pregnant with consequences subversive of the\n Constitution. It may have originated in a supposed analogy to the negociating process, in cases of disputes between\n separate branches or departments of the same Government: but the analogy does not exist. In the case of disputes between\n independent parts of the same Government, neither of them being able to consummate its pretensions, nor the Government to\n proceed without a co-operation of the several parts, necessity brings about an adjustment. In disputes between a State\n Government and the Government of the United States, the case is both theoretically & practically different; each\n party possessing all the Departments of an organized Government, Legislative, Executive & Judiciary; and having,\n each, a physical force at command.\n This idea of an absolute separation and independence between the Government of the United States and the\n State Governments, as if they belonged to different nations alien to each other, has too often tainted the reasoning\n applied to constitutional questions. Another idea not less unsound and sometimes presenting itself is, that a cession of\n any part of the rights of sovereignty, is inconsistent with the nature of sovereignty, or at least a degradation of it.\n This would certainly be the case, if the cession was not both mutual and equal: but where there is both mutuality\n and equality, there is no real sacrifice on either side, each gaining as much as it grants; and the only point to be\n considered is the expediency of the compact, and that, to be sure, is a point that ought to be well considered. On this\n principle it is that treaties are admissible between independent powers, wholly alien to each other, altho\u2019 privileges may\n be granted by each of the parties at the expense of its internal juris=diction. On the same principle it is, that\n individuals entering into the social State, surrender a portion of their equal rights as men. If a part only made the\n surrender, it would be a degradation; but the surrenders being mutual, and each gaining as much authority over others as\n is granted to others over him, the inference is mathematical, that in theory nothing is lost by any; however different the\n I am now brought to the proposal which claims for the States respectively, a right to appeal against an\n exercise of power by the Government of the United States, which by the State is decided to be unconstitutional, to a final\n decision by three fourths of the parties to the Constitution. With every disposition to take the most favorable view of\n the expedient that a high respect for its Patrons could prompt, I am compelled to say that it appears to be either not\n necessary, or utterly inadmissible.\n I take for granted it is not meant that pending the appeal, the offensive law of the United States is to be\n suspended within the State. Such an effect would necessarily, arrest its operation every where; a uniformity in the\n operation of the laws of the United States being indispensable, not only in a Constitutional and equitable, but, in most\n cases, in a practicable point of view; and a final decision adverse to that of the appellant State, would afford grounds\n and kinds of complaints that need not be traced.\n But aside from those considerations, it is to be observed that the effect of the appeal will depend wholly on\n the form in which the case is proposed to the Tribunal which is to decide it.\n If three fourths of the States can sustain the State in its decision, it would seem, that this extra\n constitutional course of proceeding might well be spared; inasmuch as two thirds can institute, and three fourths can\n effectuate, an amendment of the Constitution, which would establish a permanent rule of the highest authority, instead of\n a precedent of construction only.\n If, on the other hand, three fourths are required to reverse the decision of the State, it will then be in\n the power of the smallest fraction over one fourth; of seven states for example out of twenty four; to give the law to\n seventeen States, each of the seventeen having, as parties to the Constitutional compact, an equal right with each of the\n seven, to expound and insist on its exposition. That the seven might in particular cases be right and the seventeen wrong,\n is quite possible. But to establish a positive and permanent rule, giving such power, to such a minority, over such a\n majority, would overturn the first principle of a free Government, and in practice could not fail to overturn the\n It must be recollected that the Constitution was proposed to the people of the States, as a whole, and unanimously adopted as a whole; it being a part of the\n Constitution, that not less than three fourths should be competent to make any alteration in what had been unanimously\n agreed to. So great is the caution on this point, that in two cases, where peculiar interests were at stake, a majority\n even of three fourths are distrusted, and a unanimity required to make any change affecting those cases.\n When the Constitution was adopted as a whole, it is certain there are many of its parts, which if proposed by\n themselves would have been promptly rejected. It is far from impossible, that every part of a whole would be rejected by a\n majority, and yet the whole be unanimously accepted. Constitutions will rarely, probably never, be formed without mutual\n concessions; without articles conditioned on and balancing each other. Is there a Constitution of a single State out of\n the twenty four, that would bear the experiment of having its component parts, submitted to the people separately, and\n decided on according to their insulated merits?\n What the fate of the Constitution of the United States would be, if a few States could expunge parts of it\n most valued by the great majority, and without which the great majority would never have agreed to it\u2013 can have but one\n The difficulty is not removed by limiting the process to cases of construction. How many cases of that sort,\n involving vital texts of the Constitution, have occurred? How many now exist? How many may hereafter spring up! How many\n might be plausibly created, if entitled to the privilege of a decision in the mode proposed.\n Is it certain that the principle of that mode may not reach much farther than is contemplated? If a single\n State can of right require three fourths of its co-States, to over rule its exposition of the Constitution, because that\n proportion is authorised to amend it; is the plea less plausible, that as the Constitution was unanimously formed, it\n ought to be unanimously expounded.\n The reply to all such suggestions must be, that the Constitution is a compact; that its text is to be\n expounded according to the provision for it, making part of the compact; and that none of the parties can rightfully\n violate the expounding provision more than any other part. When such a right accrues as may be the case, it must grow out\n of abuses of the Constitution, amounting to a release of the sufferers from their allegiance to it.\n Will you permit me Sir to refer you to numbers 39 & 44 of the Federalist edited at Washington by\n Gideon, which will shew the views taken on some points of the Constitution, at the period of its adoption. I refer to that\n Edition because none preceding it are without errors in the names prefixed to the several papers.\n I fear Sir I have written you a letter, the length of which may accord as little with your patience, as I am\n sorry to foresee that the scope of parts of it must do, with your judgment. But a naked opinion did not appear respectful\n either to the subject, or to the request with which you honored me, and notwithstanding the latitude given to my pen, I am\n not unaware that the views it presents may need more of development in some instances, if not more exactness of\n discrimination in others, than I could bestow on them. The subject has been so expanded, and received such ramifications\n and refinements, that a full survey of it, is a task, against which my age alone might justly warn me.\"", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2018", "content": "Title: C\u00e9sar Moreau to James Madison, 5 April 1830\nFrom: Moreau, C\u00e9sar\nTo: Madison, James\n Je me f\u00e9licite d\u2019\u00eatre appel\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019honneur de vous informer que la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Statistique Universelle\n a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que vous serez pri\u00e9 d\u2019accepter le titre de Membre non-resident de cette Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, et que ses Statuts vous seraient\n Cette d\u00e9cision a \u00e9t\u00e9 prise sur le v\u0153u exprim\u00e9 par plusieurs des Membres de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, et ult\u00e9rieurement\n appuy\u00e9e par un Rapport sp\u00e9cial du Conseil d\u2019Administration.\n Institu\u00e9e pour contribuer au bien \u00eatre de l\u2019humanit\u00e9, en accel\u00e9rant les progr\u00e8s de toutes les connaissances\n utiles, la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Statistique Universelle attache le plus grand prix \u00e0 compter dans son sein les personnes\n recommand\u00e9es par leurs travaux ou par la protection qu\u2019elles accordent aux Sciences et aux Arts: sous ce double rapport\n l\u2019opinion publique vous a, Monsieur, design\u00e9 aux suffrages de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9.\n Je dois ajouter que, conformement aux Statuts, le Dipl\u00f4me de Membre ne pourrait vous \u00eatre adress\u00e9, Monsieur,\n si vous n\u2019adh\u00e9riez par \u00e9crit a votre \u00e9lection. J\u2019ose donc esp\u00e9rer que vous voudrez bien me mettre \u00e0 m\u00eame de placer bient\u00f4t\n votre r\u00e9ponse sous les yeux des Membres de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9.\n Heureux d\u2019\u00eatre en cette circonstance l\u2019organe de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Statistique Universelle, je vous prie d\u2019agr\u00e9er\n les sentimens de la haute consid\u00e9ration avec laquelle j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Monsieur, Votre tres=humble et tres=ob\u00e9issant\n Serviteur, Le Pr\u00e9sident du Bureau d\u2019Admministration,\n [The following translation has not been confirmed by an authoritative foreign language translator:]\n I am happy to be called to the honor of informing you that the French Society for Universal Statistics has\n decided that you be asked to accept the title of Nonresident Member of that Society, and that its Bylaws will be sent to\n This decision has been made on the wish expressed by several Members of the Society, and later supported by a\n special Report of the Council of Administration.\n Founded to contribute to the welfare of humanity, by speeding the progress of all useful knowledge, the\n Society for Universal Statistics attaches the greatest value to counting among its members the persons recommended by\n their work or by the protection they accord to the Sciences and the Arts: under this double relation public opinion has\n designated you, Sir, to the votes of the Society.\n I must add that, according to the Bylaws, the diploma of Member could not be sent to you, Sir, if you did not\n agree in writing to your election. I have therefore to hope that you would please enable me to place your answer before\n the eyes of the Members of the Society soon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2019", "content": "Title: James Madison to Ellen W. Randolph Coolidge, 8 April 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph\n Your acceptable favor of Mar. 20 came duly to hand, & with it, the anticipated review of the published\n correspondence of your Grandfather. The Author of the review has given evidence not only of a candid mind rescued from\n preconceived error, but of a critical judgment & an accomplished pen. The light which pierced the film over his\n eyes can not fail to produce a like revolution in other minds equally capable of comprehending the varied merits which\n give lustre to the volumes reviewed, and incapable of witholding the tribute due to them.\n The Reviewer has, I observe, taken particular notice of a letter to me, which presents a view, at once\n original & profound, of the relations between one generation & another. It must be admitted as he remarks\n that there would be difficulties in reducing it fully to practice. But it affords a practical lesson well according with\n the policy of free nations. Having lately found among other fugitive scraps one in which the subject was so contemplated I\n venture to inclose a copy of it. It was printed many years ago, as its date shews, but I am not able to furnish any other\n Mrs. Madison, whose affection for you cannot change bids me say that she will only permit this small\n expression of it\u2014 through me. For myself, my dear madam, I pray you to be assured that her feelings are equally mine, and\n that they will always be enlivened by your relation to a friend whose memory can never cease to be dear to me. We unite in\n offering our best respects to Mr. Coolidge, and in every wish for the happiness of you both.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2020", "content": "Title: James Madison to Edward Everett, 8 April 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Everett, Edward\n I consult the wishes of Mr. Sparks in making you a channel of communication with him. Should he not have\n arrived at Washington, be so good as to retain the inclosed letter till you can deliver it in person, or till otherwise\n I take this occasion, Sir, to thank you for the copies of Mr. Webster\u2019s and Mr. Sprague\u2019s late speeches. They\n do honor, both of them, to the National Councils. Mr. Webster\u2019s is such as was to be expected. To Mr. Sprague\u2019s I cannot\n apply the same remark, not having had the same previous knowledge of his Parliamentary powers.\n If the able debates on Mr. Foot\u2019s Resolutions have thrown lights on some constitutional questions, they shew\n errors which have their sources in an oblivion of explanatory circumstances, and in the silent innovations of time on the\n meaning of words & phrases. Be pleased to accept Sir, assurances of my high esteem & cordial regards.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-11-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2023", "content": "Title: Edward Everett to James Madison, 11 April 1830\nFrom: Everett, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\n I have Your favor of the 8th. enclosing a letter to Mr Sparks with respect to wh I shall follow Yr\u2019\n I take the liberty by this mail, to send You another Speech in the debate on Mr Foot\u2019s resolution; that of Mr\n Clayton of Delaware. I have not myself read it; but I find it highly commended by Mr C\u2019s political friends.\n The closing remark in your letter has strengthened the desire which I felt before to know more particularly\n Yr\u2019 opinions of the main question in debate between Mr Hayne & Mr Webster. Mr Hayne mainly rests for his authority\n on the Virginia & Kentucky resolutions, in support of what is frequently called the Nullifying doctrine. Mr W.\n appears to think that those resolutions admit of a construction conformable to his opinion of the functions of the Supreme\n I have undertaken at the request of my brother A. who has recently assumed the editorship of the N. A. Review\n to write an essay on this debate for that Journal. I need not say that I sh\u2019d feel myself very highly favored by Yr\u2019\n exposition of those resolutions, as they now present themselves to You, and as they bear in Yr\u2019 judgment, upon the present\n controversies. It has even occurred to me, that in a matter so grave, bearing closely on the vital interests of the\n country, & in which Yr\u2019 authority is confidently appealed to, You might it best that Yr\u2019 opinions if misunderstood\n should be explained. I do not pretend to imply that they are misunderstood; but I find gentlemen Equally Strong in their\n reliance on Yr\u2019 authority, putting a different construction on the resolutions.\n I am sure I need not add that any communication You may be pleased to make me shall be confidential in the\n precise degree You may wish; and that should You think, upon the whole, You had better not say a Word on the subject, or\n to me, I shall entirely acquiesce in the decision & respect the motives with which it is made.\u2013 I am, Dear Sir,\n with the highest respect Faithfully Yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-15-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2024", "content": "Title: Jared Sparks to James Madison, 15 April 1830\nFrom: Sparks, Jared\nTo: Madison, James\n I have received your favor of the 8th. instant, and shall accept with very great pleasure your kind\n invitation to visit Montpellier and examine the letters of General Washington in your possession. I shall probably go in\n the stagecoach, which I understand will reach Orange Court House on monday.\n Meantime please to accept the assurances of the perfect respect with which I am, Sir, your much obliged", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-15-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2025", "content": "Title: Hubbard Taylor to James Madison, 15 April 1830\nFrom: Taylor, Hubbard\nTo: Madison, James\n In closing up my old Accounts I find that the funds placed in my hands by you since the Acct. rendered,\n including what remained after, the purchase of the Mules sent you and $20 paid Mr. John Lee who had subsequently the agency\n of your business and presuming Mr. Lee still continues as such and as I make no charge for the trivial services, I have\n rendered, that there is still a ballance of $25 in your favor\u2014 And as my Brother Reubin will have some Money in Virginia\n coming through the hands of Colo. Tho: Minor of Spotsylvania, I got him to write to Colo. Minor when it comes into his\n hands to pay you for me the said ballance of $25\u2014\u2014\n I have not seen Mr. John Lee but once for many years past & then for a few moments only, as we live\n near two hundred Miles apart\u2014 This is the only excuse I have in not closing the matter before.\n I flatter myself the good people of Virginia will adopt the Constitution submitted to them by the late\n Convention; & that peace quietness and happiness to the State will be the result\u2014\n Our relations in this quarter all enjoy usual good health except my Brother Reubins Wife, she, for a long time has\n been very feeble Mrs Taylor joins me in our sincere good wishes to Mrs. Madison & yourself and I am most", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-17-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2026", "content": "Title: James Madison to Edward Everett, 17 April 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Everett, Edward\n Your favour of the 11th. was duly recd. I had noticed the stress laid in a late debate, on the proceedings of\n the Virga. Legislature in. 1798-9. as supporting the nullifying doctrine so called; and the frequent references also to my\n participation in those proceedings. But altho\u2019 regretting the erroneous views taken of them, and making no secret of my\n opinions, I was unwilling to obtrude any public explanations, for reasons which may occur; for two more particularly. 1.\n that other errors, were occasionally observed, in other cases in which I was referred to as a party, or a witness, and an\n interposition in one case, might be thought to require it equally in others. 2. I could not be unaware that my voluntary\n appearance before the public, on such occasions, would produce adversary comments, obliging me either to surrender a good\n cause, or entangle myself in controversies against which my age was a warning. Before I recd. your letter I had been drawn\n by a request from a distinguished advocate of the nullifying doctrine and some others associated with it, into a sketch of\n my views of them; and feeling a like obligation to respect your wishes, I take the liberty of fulfilling it, in the way\n most convenient to myself, by inclosing a copy by a borrowed pen, of as much of that communication as will answer the\n purpose. I am sensible at the same time that there may be some awkwardness in this course, especially as I know not, as\n yet, the reception given to the communication, nor the degree in which the correspondence may be regarded as confidential.\n I will ask the favour of you therefore to let the present be so understood\n I thank you Sir for the copy of Mr. Clayton\u2019s Speech. It certainly places him au m\u00eame ligne with others who\n have justly attracted the flattering notice of the Public. With great esteem & cordial salutations\n P.S. No notice has been taken in the inclosed paper of the fact, that the present charge of usurpations &\n abuses of power, is not that they are measures of the Govt. violating the will of its Constituents, as was the case\n with the Alien & Sedition Acts, but that they are measures of a Majority of the Constituents themselves,\n oppressing the Minority thro\u2019 the forms of the Govt. This distinction would lead to very different views of the topics\n under discussion. It is connected with the fundamental principles of Rep: Govt: and with the question of comparative\n danger of oppressive Majorities from the Sphere and Structure of the General Govt. and from those of the particular", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-19-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2027", "content": "Title: Jared Sparks: Notes on conversations with James Madison, 19 April 1830\nFrom: Sparks, Jared\nTo: \n The apportionment of taxation in the old states of 3/5 for slaves was decided rather from accident,\n than any accurate calculation. The subject caused much debate in Congress. The east and the south differed. The former was\n for a high ratio, the latter for a low;\u2014\u00bc, \u00bd, 2/3 were proposed and rejected. At length Mr Madison\n proposed 3/5, which was accepted, & he still thinks it very near the true ratio.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-22-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2028", "content": "Title: Edward Everett to James Madison, 22 April 1830\nFrom: Everett, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\n I had the great gratification of receiving Yesterday Your favor of the 17th addressed to myself with a copy\n of a portion of another letter containing Your views of the nullifying doctrine. I feel much indebted to You for this\n communication wh I deem of an importance not usually attaching to the expression of the opinions of any man. I shall\n perhaps ask permission to propose one or two Enquiries of a historical Nature, as soon as I have leisure to take up the\n subject deliberately. Meantime I cannot but express the hope that You will not finally withold from the public the very\n important Statements contained in Your Communication. I think I may say that nothing more important to the country has\n been written since the date of the Federalist. I am, Dear sir, with the highest respect Your oblig\u2019d friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-25-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2029", "content": "Title: Martin L. Hurlbut to James Madison, 25 April 1830\nFrom: Hurlbut, Martin L.\nTo: Madison, James\n The pamphlet accompanying this was published, as you will perceive, some time since. I cannot say, that its\n reception was very flattering to my vanity as an author; but certain recent transactions with a detail of which I need not\n trouble you, have called my attention to it\u2014 & induced me, moreover, to take the liberty of transmitting you a\n copy. So far as my information & recollection, at this moment, extend, you are the only surviving member of the\n Convention which formed the Federal Constitution. Besides the distinguished part which you took in the deliberations of\n that body\u2014 & the weight, to which your opinions are entitled in the estimation of your fellow citizens\u2014 you must\n likewise have been well acquainted with the views & sentiments of your Associates. Your testimony, therefore, with\n regard to the true intent, & purport of any particular provision of that instrument, would, to my mind at least, be\n regarded as decisive authority\u2014 this being in my view, a question of fact. May I then, take the\n freedom to call your attention particularly to Nos 12, 13, & 14. of my pamphlet, & request you, if it be\n not too great a tax, to let me know how far the views I have there taken of the origin,\n & essential principles of the Constitution\u2013 as also of the manner of its ratification by the people of the States\u2014\n are consistent with those entertained by the Convention at the time of its formation.\n I ought perhaps to apologise for thus intruding on your retirement. After your long devotion to the service\n of your country you, if any man, may fairly claim to have your retreat unmolested. I have, however, misinterpreted your character, if\n you would not regard, at any time, the prospect of promoting the welfare of your countrymen\u2013 or any portion of them\u2013 as an\n adequate motive for suffering yourself to be produced, once more, to the public observation. Whether the present is such an\n occasion must, of course, be left to your own decision. For myself, I regard the present as an alarming crisis in our\n affairs; & the question of the relative powers & duties of the General & State Governments\u2014 in the\n present aspect of affairs, & the present temper of the public mind\u2014 as the most momentous which we have ever been\n called on to decide, since we became a nation. I wish it, therefore, to be understood that I ask your opinions on this\n subject for no purposes of personal gratification, but with a view to lay them before the public\u2014 for the public good. With sentiments of the highest respect I have the honour to be your fellow Citizen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-25-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2030", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson Randolph to James Madison, 25 April 1830\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Jefferson\nTo: Madison, James\n Some time since Mr Brockenborough wrote to propose to sell his stone cutter to the University or to undertake\n himself the steps of the rotunda at one dollar per foot the materials being furnished, payable one half in september next,\n the other half the september following. This I understand from him is twenty five cents per foot cheaper than was offered\n by a Philadelphia workman (Mr James Campbell.) and is I believe as cheap as it can be done: the steps being 18 [f] by 7 1/2:\n the workman I know personally to be fully competent. added to Mr Brockenborough bill will be the expence of raising and\n hauling the stone. It is certainly very desirable that the work should be completed. The funds of the University present\n the only obstacle. It will be necessary for me to inform you that in carrying into effect the 11th resolution offered by\n the committee of inspection and adopted by the board of visitors on the 20th of July last. The expense of the offices\n directed to be erected was greater than anticipated by the board. Yourself and Genl[.] Cocke not having been present at that\n meeting and not being acquainted with the reasons which governed the board in the adoption of that resolution and the\n importance attached to it. I referred the difficulty to Mr Johnson and Mr Cabell and by their advice directed the building\n to completed dividing their cost in three equal annual payments two of which become due in Sept 30. & 31. You may\n be not be apprised that the commissioners appointed in Oldhams suit against the University have brought an account in his\n favor of near $3,000 interests and costs added will probably should it be sustained, swell it to near $4,000. Under these\n circumstances I would suggest a doubt of the propriety of the executive committee entering into a contract which would\n At the meeting I believe in 1828 the subject of diplomas was submitted to the consideration of the faculty.\n The Chairman has had an engraving for them the plate of which with a number on parchment has cost $130.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "04-30-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2032", "content": "Title: James Madison to George Tucker, 30 April 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Tucker, George\n I have recd yours of Mar. 29, in which you intimate your purpose of undertaking a biography of Mr. Jefferson.\n It will be a good subject in good hands. And I wish you may succeed in procuring the means of doing full justice to both.\n I know not that I shall be able to make any important contributions. I was a stranger to Mr Jefferson, till he took his\n seat in 1776 in the first Legislature under the Constitution of Virg formed in that year. The acquaintance with him then\n made was very slight. During a part of the time he was Govr. I was a member of the Council. Our acquaintance then became\n intimate; and a friendship took place which was one for life.\n From this sketch you will perceive that I can know nothing of the first half of his career: and during the\n other half the materials for a biographer are to be found chiefly in the public archives; and among his voluminous\n manuscripts, partly in print, partly in the hands of his Legatee. All these, with the connecting links and appropriate\n reflections, cannot fail to supply what will make a work highly interesting in itself, and be a rich offering to a future\n I hope you will also find a due portion of the domestic spices, & gems, with which you will well know\n how to sprinkle such a work. Should any occur to me, or be recalled by particular enquiries, it will give me great\n pleasure to comply with your wishes. Mr. Jeffersons letters to me amount to hundreds. But they have not been looked into\n for a long time, with the exception of a few of latter dates. As he kept copies of all his letters throughout the period,\n the originals of those to me, exist of course elsewhere.\n My eye fell lately on the enclosed paper.* It is already in obscurity, and may soon be in oblivion. The\n Coracchi named, was an artist celebrated by his genius, which was thought a rival in embrio to Canova, doomed to the\n Guilatine, as the author, or patron of guilty or suspected, of the infernal machine for destroying Bonaparte. I knew him\n well, having been a lodger in the same house with him & much teazed by his eager hopes on wch. I constantly threw\n cold water, of obtaining the aid of Congress, for his grand project. Having failed in this chance, he was advized by me\n & others to make the experiment of subscriptions, with the most auspicious names heading the list, and considering\n the general influence of Genl. Washington, and the particular influence of Col. Hamilton on the corps of speculator[s] then\n suddenly enriched by the funding system, the prospect was encouraging. But just as the circular address was about to be\n dispatched, it was put into his head that the scheme, was merely intended to get rid of his importunities, and being of\n the genus irritabile he suddenly went off in anger & disgust leaving behind him heavy drafts on Genl. W. Mr.\n Jefferson &c. &c. for the busts &c. he had presented to them. His drafts were not the effect of\n avarice, but of his wants, all his resources havg. been exhausted in the tedious pursuit of his object. He was an\n Enthusiastic worshipper of Liberty & Fame; and his whole soul was bent on securing the latter, by rearing a\n monument to the Former, which he considered as personified in the American Republic. Attempts were made to engage him for\n a statue of Gen. W. but he wd not stoop to [that].\n I was lately served with notice that Commissioners appointed by the Court of Chancery at Staunton to measure\n the work at the University, charged & sued for by a Mr. O would attend for that purpose on the 10 or 11 of this\n month. I take for granted that the oth[er] visitors have received the Like notice, and that the Proctor will attend to the\n matter. The whole case, is but very slightly known to me, being of long standing, and of a date when things of that sort\n were almost exclusively under the direction of Mr. Jefferson & the Proctor.\n * See if answer from Mr. Tucker names the paper alluded to as inclosed to him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2033", "content": "Title: James Madison to Thomas S. Grimke, 1 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Grimk\u00e9, Thomas S.\n J.M. with his respects to Mr. G offers his acknowledgments, for the Copy of his address before the Richland\n School recommending the Bible as a Class book in all Seminaries of Education. The copy for the University of Virginia\n subsequently recd. has been duly forwarded.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2034", "content": "Title: James Madison to Martin L. Hurlbut, 1 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hurlbut, Martin L.\n I recd. Sir, tho\u2019 not exactly in the due time, your letter of April 25. with a copy of your pamphlet, on the\n subject of which you request my opinions.\n With a request opening so wide a field I could not undertake a full compliance, without forgetting the age at\n which it finds me, and that I have other engagements precluding such a task. I must hope therefore you will accept in\n place of it, a few remarks which tho\u2019 not adapted to the use you had contemplated, may manifest my respect for your\n wishes, and for the subject which prompted them.\n The pamphlet certainly evinces a very strong pen, & talents adequate to the discussion of\n constitutional topics, of the most interesting class. But in doing it this justice, and adding with pleasure, that it\n contains much matter, with which my views of the Constitution of the U.S. accord; I must add also that it contains views\n of the Constitution from which mine widely differ.\n I refer particularly to the construction you seem to put on the introductory clause \"We the people and on the\n phrases \"Common defence & Genl. welfare\" Either of these, if taken as a measure of the powers of the Genl. Govt.\n would supersede the elaborated specifications which compose the Body of the Instrument in contravention to the fairest\n rules of interpretation, and if I am to answer yr. appeal to me as a witness, I must say that The real measure of the\n powers meant to be granted to Congress by the Convention, as I understood and believe, is to be sought in the\n specifications; to be expounded indeed not with the strictness applied to an ordinary Statute by a Court of Law; nor on\n the other hand with a latitude, that under the name of means for carrying into execution a limited Government, would\n transform it into a Government without limits.\n But whatever respect may be thought due to the intention of the Convention, which prepared & proposed\n the Constitution, as presumptive evidence of the general understanding at the time of the language used, it must be kept\n in mind that the only authoritative intentions were those of the people of the States, as expressed thro\u2019 the Conventions\n which ratified the Constitution\n That in a Constitution, so new, and so complicated, there should be occasional difficulties &\n differences in the practical expositions of it, can surprize no one; and this must continue to be the case, as happens to\n new laws on complex subjects, until a course of practice of sufficient uniformity and duration to carry with it the public\n sanction, shall settle doubtful or contested meanings.\n As there are legal rules of interpreting laws there must be analogous rules for interpreting Constns; and\n among the obvious and just guides applicable to the Constn. of the U. S. may be mentioned\n 1. the evils & defects for curing which the Constitution was called for & introduced.\n 2. the comments prevailing at the time it was adopted.3. the early, deliberate & continued,\n practice under the Constitution, as preferable to constructions, adopted on the spur of occasions, and subject to the\n vicissitudes of party or personal [ ]\n On recurring to the origin of the Constitution and examing[expansion sign] the structure of the Govt. we perceive that it is\n neither a Federal Govt. created by the State Govts. like the Revolutionary Congress; nor a consolidated Govt. (as that\n term is now applied) created by the people of the U. S. as one community, and as such acting by a numerical majority of\n The facts of the case which must decide its true character, a character without a prototype, are\n that the Constitution was created by the people, but by the people as composing distinct States, and acting\n that being derived from the same source as the Constitutions of the States it has within each State, the\n same authority as the Constitution of the State, and is as much a Constitution in the strict sense of the term, as the\n Constution [expansion sign] of the State:\n that being a Compact among the States, in their highest sovereign capacity, and constituting the people\n thereof one people for certain purposes, it is not revocable or alterable at the will of the States individually; as the\n Constitution of a State is revocable & alterable at its individual will:\n that the sovereign or supreme powers of Govt. are divided into the separate depositories, of the Govt. of the\n U. S. and the U. S. and the Govts. of the individual States:\n that the Govt. of the U. S. is a Govt. in as strict a sense of the term, as the Govts. of the States being\n like them, organized into a Legislative, Executive & Judiciary Dept. operating like them directly on persons\n & things, and having like them the command of a physical force for executing the powers committed to it:\n that the Supreme powers of Govt. being divided between different Govts.; and controversies as to the landmarks\n of jurisdiction being unavoidable, provision for a peaceable & authoritative decision of them, was obviously\n that to leave this decision to the States, numerous as they were & with a prospective increase, would\n evidently result in conflicting decisions subversive of the Common Govt. and of the Union itself:\n that according to the actual provision, against such calamities, the Constitution & laws of the U. S.\n are declared to be paramount to those of the individual States, & an appellate supremacy is vested in the Judicial\n that as safeguards agst. usurpations and abuses of power by the Govt. of the U. S. the members of its\n Legislative, and the head of its Executive Department, are eligible by & responsible to the people of the States,\n or the Legislatures of the States; and as well the Judicial as the Executive functionaries including the Head, are\n impeachable by the Representatives of the people in one branch of the Legislature of the U. S. and triable by the\n Representatives of the States in the other Branch:\n that in case of an experienced inadequacy of these provisions, an ulterior resort is provided in amendments\n attainable by intervention of the States, which may better adapt the Constitution for the purposes of its creation:\n Should all these provisions fail, and a degree of oppression ensue, rendering resistance & revolution\n a lesser evil than a longer passive obedience, there can remain but this ultima ratio, applicable to extreme cases, whether\n between nations or the component parts of them.\n Such, Sir, I take to be an outline view, tho\u2019 an imperfect one, of the pol: System, presented in the\n Constitution of the U. S. Whether it be the best System that might have been devised, or what the improvements that might\n be made in it, are questions equally beyond the scope of your letter and that of the answer, with which, I pray you to\n accept my respects & good wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2035", "content": "Title: James Madison to Martin L. Hurlbut, 1 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hurlbut, Martin L.\n I received Sir, tho\u2019 not exactly in the due time, your letter of April 25th. with a copy of your pamphlet, on\n the subject of which you request my opinions\n With a request opening so wide a field, I could not undertake a full compliance, without forgetting the age at which it finds me, and that I have other engagements precluding\n such a task. I must hope therefore, you will accept in place of it, a few remarks which, tho\u2019 not adapted to the use you\n had contemplated, may manifest my respect for your wishes, and for the subject which prompted them.\n The pamphlet certainly evinces a very strong pen, and talents adequate to the discussion of Constitutional\n topics, of the most interesting class. But in doing it this justice, and adding with pleasure, that it contains much\n matter, with which my views of the Constitution accord; I must add also that it contains views of the Constitution from\n I refer particularly to the construction you seem to put on the introductory clause \"We the people of the\n United States, in order to form a more perfect union\", &c. and on the phrases \"Common defence and general welfare\".\n Either of these, if taken as a measure of the powers of the General Government, would supersede the elaborated\n specifications which compose the body of the Instrument in contravention to the fairest rules of interpretation, and if I\n am to answer your appeal to me as a witness, I must say that the real measure of the powers meant to be granted to\n Congress by the Convention, as I understood and believe, is to be sought in the specifications; to be expounded, indeed,\n not with the strictness applied to an ordinary statute by a Court of law; nor on the other hand, with a latitude, that\n under the name of means for carrying into execution a limited Government, would transform it into a Government without\n But whatever respect may be thought due to the intention of the Convention, which prepared and proposed the\n Constitution, as a presumptive evidence of the general understanding at the time of the language used, it must be kept in\n mind that the only authoritative intentions were those of the people of the States, as expressed through the Conventions\n which ratified the Constitution.\n That in a Constitution, so new, and so complicated, there should be occasional difficulties and differences\n in the practical expositions of it, can surprize no one; and this must continue to be the case, as happens to new laws on\n complex subjects, until a course of practice of sufficient uniformity and duration to carry with it the public sanction,\n shall settle doubtful or contested meanings.\n As there are legal rules of interpreting laws, there must be analogous rules for interpreting Constitutions;\n and among the obvious and just guides applicable to the Constitution of the United States, may be mentioned,\n 1. the evils and defects for curing which the Constitution was called for and introduced.\n 2. the comments prevailing at the time it was adopted.\n 3. the early, deliberate and continued practice under the Constitution, as preferable to constructions adopted on the spur\n of occasions, and subject to the vicissitudes of party or as personal ascendencies.\n On recurring to the origin of the Constitution, and examining the structure of the Government, we perceive\n that it is neither a Federal Government created by the State Governments like the Revolutionary Congress; nor a\n consolidated Government (as that term is now applied) created by the people of the United States as one community, and as\n such acting by a numerical majority of the whole.\n The facts of the case, which must decide its true character, a character without a prototype, are, that the\n Constitution was created by the people, but by the people as composing distinct States, and acting by a majority in each:\n that being derived from the same source as the Constitutions of the States, it has within each State, the same authority\n as the Constitution of the State, and is as much a Constitution in the strict sense of the term, as the Constitution of\n the State: that being a Compact among the States in their highest sovereign capacity, and constituting the people thereof\n one people for certain purposes, it is not revocable or alterable at the will of the States individually, as the\n Constitution of a State is revocable and alterable at its individual will: that the sovereign or supreme powers of the\n Government are divided into the separate depositories of the Government of the United States, and the Governments of the\n Individual States: that the Government of the United States is a Government in as strict a sense of the term, as the\n Governments of the States; being like them, organized into a Legislative, Executive and Judiciary Department, operating\n like them, directly on persons and things, and having like them, the command of a physical force for executing the powers\n committed to it: that the Supreme powers of Government being divided between different Governments, and controversies as\n to the landmarks of jurisdiction, being unavoidable; provision for a peaceable and authoritative decision of them was\n obviously essential: that to leave this decision to the States, numerous as they are in with a prospective increase, would\n evidently result in conflicting decisions, subversive of the Common Government and of the Union itself: that according to\n the actual provision against such calamities, the Constitution & laws of the United States are declared to be\n paramount to those of the Individual States, and an appellate supremacy is vested in the Judicial power of the United\n States: that as safeguards against usurpations and abuses of power by the Government of the United States, the members of\n its Legislative and the head of its Executive Department, are eligible by and responsible to the people of the States, or\n the Legislatures of the States; and as well the Judicial, as the Executive functionaries including the Head, are\n impeachable by the Representatives of the people in one branch of the Legislature of the United States, and triable by the\n Representatives of the States in the other branch: that in case of an experienced inadequacy of these provisions, an\n ulterior resort is provided in amendments attainable by an intervention of the States, which may better adapt the\n Constitution for the purposes of its creation:\n Should all these provisions fail, and a degree of oppression ensue, rendering resistance and revolution a\n lesser evil than a longer passive obedience, there can remain but the ultima ratio, applicable to extreme cases, whether\n between nations, or the component parts of them.\n Such, Sir, I take to be an outline view, tho\u2019 an imperfect one, of the political system presented in the\n Constitution of the United States. Whether it be the best system that might have been devised, or what the improvements\n that might be made in it, are questions equally beyond the scope of your letter, and that of the answer, with which, I\n pray you to accept my respects and good wishes.\n J M. having experienced a miscarriage of his letters on several late instances will thank Mr H\n for a line [in reply] noting that this got safe to hand", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-04-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2036", "content": "Title: Marsh, Capen and Lyon to James Madison, 4 May 1830\nFrom: Marsh, Capen & Lyon\nTo: Madison, James\n Though not personally known to you, yet, we feel a confidence in addressing one who is ever ready and able to\n appreciate motives, and wishes well to every design that is calculated to promote the welfare of this country.\n We can only state the subject (of this letter) simply, as we should hold it out of place to urge any thing to\n a person who is by far more capable of judging of its expediency, than our selves.\n Believing most firmly that much of the prosperity of this country depends upon the sound and substantial\n doctrines and advice of those men who have proved to the world the disinterestedness of their motives and the purity of\n their patriotism, we are persuaded that when they shall be no more, a greater security could not exist for the rights\n & liberties of this Country than their works in the hands of every citizen. And we know\n of no writing that would be of greater service than yours. A compilation of them would afford the public a benefit and \n convenience which many have long desired and which, of course, can be executed under your direction with more judgement and\n accuracy than in the hands of any other individual.\n It is our wish, should you deem it expedient, to make arrangements to publish the same either for you, or\n for ourselves, allowing an ample price for the copy right.\n Our firm has a house established in Boston and another in Concord N. H. and should it be agreeable for you to\n answer our request, in any way, we shall be happy to give references as it regards our responsibleness and promptitude in\n business. Wishing you health and peace, We are with high consideration of Respect Your Most Obt. & Humb. Servts.\n Booksellers and Publishers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2037", "content": "Title: Jared Sparks to James Madison, 5 May 1830\nFrom: Sparks, Jared\nTo: Madison, James\n I take the liberty to forward to you a recent number of the N. A. Review, which contains an article (p. 454)\n written by me respecting early revolutionary matters, in which you may possibly find some things to interest you, should\n you ever have leisure to look into it.\n Since my return I have conversed with Mr Adams concerning Charles Pinckney\u2019s draft of a constitution. He says\n it was furnished by Mr Pinckney, and that he has never been able to hear of another copy. It was accompanied by a long\n letter (written in 1819) now in the Department of State, in which Mr Pinckney claims to himself great merit for the part\n he took in framing the constitution. A copy of this letter may doubtless be procured from Mr Brent, should you desire to\n see it. Mr Adams mentioned the draft once to Mr Rufus King, who said he remembered such a draft, but that it went to a\n committee with other papers, and was never heard of afterwards. Mr King\u2019s views of the subject, as far as I could collect\n them from Mr Adams, were precisely such as you expressed.\n I reflect with unmingled pleasure on my visit to Montpellier. I only fear, that my inquisitiveness and\n paper-searching propensity were too troublesome to you.\n Please to present my best regards to Mrs Madison, and accept the assurances of the profound respect with\n which, I am, sir, your much obliged & most obt. sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2038", "content": "Title: James Madison to Edward Livingston, 8 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Livingston, Edward\n Your letter of April 29 with the copy of your speech was duly recd.; but not without a little delay\n occasioned by a misdirection of it to Charlottesville instead of Orange Court House.\n You have succeeded better in your interpretation of the Virginia proceedings in 98-99 than those who have\n seen in them, a co-incidence with the Nullifying doctrine so called. This doctrine as new to me as it was to you, derives\n no support from the best co-temporary elucidations of those proceedings.\u2013 the debates on the Resolutions, the address of\n the Legislature to its Constituents, and the scope of the objections made by the Legislatures of other States, whose\n concurrence in the Resolutions was invited & refused.\n The error in the late Comments on the Virga. proceedings has arisen from a failure to distinguish between\n what is declaratory of opinion, and what is ipso facto executory; between the right of the parties, and of a single party; and between resorts within the purview of the Constitution, and the ultima ratio\n which appeals from a Constitution cancelled by its abuses, to original rights paramount to all Constitutions.\n I thank you, Sir, for a communication which I owe to your politeness, and your friendly recollections. It\n presents very able views of several very interesting subjects, and merits the attentive perusal which I doubt not it will\n Mrs. Madison, tho\u2019 a stranger as I am to Mrs Livingston & your daughter joins in the offer to them\n & yourself, of the cordial respects & good wishes, which we pray may be accepted.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2039", "content": "Title: James Madison to George McDuffie, 8 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: McDuffie, George\n I have recd. a copy of the late Report, on the Bank of the U.S. and finding by the name on the envelope, that\n I am indebted for the communication to your politeness, I tender you my thanks for it. The document contains very\n interesting & instructive views of the subject; particularly of the objectionable features in the substitute\n proposed for the existing Bank.\n I am glad to find that the Report sanctions the sufficiency of the course and character of the precedents\n which I had regarded as overruling individual judgments in expounding the Constitution. You are not aware perhaps of a\n circumstance, weighing against the plea that the chain of precedents was broken by the negative on a Bank bill by the\n casting vote of the President of the Senate, given expressly on the ground that the Bill was not authorized by the\n Constitution. The circumstance alluded to, is that the equality of votes which threw the casting one on the Chair, was the\n result of a Union of a number of members who objected to the expediency only of the Bill, with those wh[o] opposed it on\n constitutional grounds. On a naked question of Constitutionality, it was understood that there would have been a majority\n who made no objection on that score. (the journal of the Senate may yet test the fact)\n Will you permit me Sir to suggest for consideration whether the Report (p. 9-10) in the position &\n reasoning applied to the effect of a change in the quantity on the value of a currency, sufficiently distinguishes between\n a specie currency, and a currency not convertible into specie. The latter being of local circulation only, must, unless\n the local use for it increase or diminish, with the increase or decrease of its quantity, be changeable in its value, as\n the quantity of the currency changes. The metals on the other hand, having a universal currency, would not be equally\n affected by local changes in their circulating amount. A surplus, instead of producing a proportional depreciation at\n home, might bear the expense of transportation and avail itself of its current value abroad.\n If I have misconceived the meaning of the Report, you will be good enough to pardon the error, and to accept,\n with a repetition of my thanks, assurances of my great & cordial respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2040", "content": "Title: James Hillhouse to James Madison, 10 May 1830\nFrom: Hillhouse, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I take the liberty of enclosing you a Pamphlet, containing a revision of the Amendments to the constitution\n of the United States, which twenty two years since I presented to the Senate. Occurrances, since that period, furnish\n additional reasons for adopting some different mode of appointing a chief Magistrate, than the one now in practice\u2014\u2014\u2014 I have\n a great dread of civil commotion, which would be more peculiarly calamitous in our country, than in almost any other.\n No nation on earth have an Organized body, so peculiarly adapted to such a selection. A senate appointed with an express reference to their being the Candidates for the two first offices in\n our government, and having six years experience in the discharge of executive duties, before they can receive such an\n appointment, would ensure a President both competent, and well qualified.\n It would be highly gratifying to me, if you would give to the pamphlet a careful perusal, and favor me with\n your remarks, an opinion thereon.\n Please present my kind regards to Mrs. Madison, and assure her, that notwithstanding the lapse of time since\n I had the pleasure of seeing her, I still number her among my most valued friends\u2014\u2014\u2014 With\n sentiments of the highest respect and esteem I am dear Sir Your Obedt. Hume. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-11-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2041", "content": "Title: James Madison to Marsh, Capen, and Lyon, 11 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Marsh, Capen & Lyon\n I have recd. your letter of the 4th. inst in which you suggest a compilation for the press, of my writings on\n With respect to such of them as have been already in print, I have no reason to suppose that a republication\n of them would be of the avail estimated by your partiality.\n And as to any manuscripts among my papers, the contents of which may be worthy of preservation, they are\n either not of sufficient amount, to fall within the scope of your suggestion, or are deemed more proper for posthumous\n consideration than for an earlier publication.\n There being nothing, I presume in this communication, that could lead to a public notice of it, I need not\n request what I take for granted that it will be regarded as for yourselves alone I thank you, gentlemen for your good\n wishes, & pray you to accept a sincere return of mine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-14-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2042", "content": "Title: James Madison to William Allen, 14 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Allen, William\n I shall have occasion to draw on you for $150 payable on the 20th. inst: and I must request you to place prior to the 25th. inst. $120. in the B. Bank of the U.S. at Richmond, subject to the draft of\n Edward Coles. You will of course sell my flour to those amounts, if not already sold. Friendly respects ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-14-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2043", "content": "Title: James Madison to Josiah Stoddard Johnston, 14 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Johnston, Josiah Stoddard\n J. Madison with his respects to Mr. Johnston, returns many thanks for the copy of his late very able speech\n in the Senate of the U. States. It would seem not easy to resist the force of its reasoning against the doctrine, which\n claims for the States, individually, a constitutional veto, having the effect of nullifying a law, unless overruled by\n three-forths of the States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-14-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2044", "content": "Title: James Madison to Bernard Peyton, 14 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\n You will receive, from my waggons, now preparing to set out 4 more Hhds of Tobo. I inclose a note annexing to\n the number of each Hhd [?] particular character. We calculate that there will be at least a dozen more, which will be\n forwarded as fast as possible. But as these with some exceptions, will be of inferior quality, I leave it to your better\n judgt. to decide, whether the prospects in the market, for the superior Tobo recommend an early or delayed sale, for\n Please to send by the returning waggons six sacs of salt, having regard to the quality of the Sacs-also half\n a hundr weight of Hoop Iron for Tubs &.c.\n The articles sent by the last trip of the waggons were safely brought", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-17-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2045", "content": "Title: James Madison to James Hillhouse, 17 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hillhouse, James\n I have received your letter of the 10th. instant with the pamphlet containing the proposed amendments of the\n Constitution of the United States, on which you request my opinion and remarks.\n Whatever pleasure might be felt in a fuller compliance with your request, I must avail myself of the pleas of\n the age I have reached, and of the controul of other engagements, for not venturing on more than the few observations\n suggested by a perusal of what you have submitted to the public.\n I readily acknowledge the ingenuity which devised the plan you recommend and the strength of reasoning with\n which you support it. I cannot however but regard it as liable to the following remarks.\n 1. The first that occurs, is that the large States would not exchange the proportional agency they now have\n in the appointment of the Chief Magistrate, for a mode placing the largest and smallest States on a perfect equality in\n that Cardinal transaction. New York has in it, even now, more than thirteen times the weight of several of the States, and\n other States according to their magnitudes, would decide on the change with correspondent calculations & feelings.\n The difficulty of reconciling the larger States to the equality in the Senate is known to have been the most threatening\n that was encountered in framing the Constitution. It is known also that the powers committed to that Body, comprehending\n as they do, Legislative, Executive and Judicial functions, was among the most serious objections with many to the adoption\n 2. As the President elect would generally be without any previous evidence of National confidence, and have\n been in responsible relations only to a particular State, there might be danger of State partialities, and a certainty of\n injurious suspicions of them.\n 3. Considering the ordinary composition of the Senate, and the number (in a little time nearly 20) out of\n which a single one was to be taken by pure chance; it must often happen, that the winner of the prize would want some of\n the qualities necessary to command the respect of the nation, and possibly be marked with some of an opposite tendency. On\n a review of composition of that Body thro\u2019 the successive periods of its existence, (antecedent to the present which may\n be an exception) how often will names present themselves, which would be seen with mortified feelings at the head of the\n Nation. It might happen, it is true, that in the choice of Senators an eventual elevation to that important trust, might\n produce more circumspection in the State Legislatures. But so remote a contingency could not be expected to have any great\n influence; besides that there might be States not furnishing at the time, characters which would satisfy the pride or\n inspire the confidence of the States and of the people.\n 4. A President not appointed by the Nation & without the weight derived from its selection and\n confidence, could not afford the advantage expected from the qualified negative on the acts of the Legislative branch of\n the Government. He might either shrink from the delicacy of such an interposition, or it might be overruled with too\n little hesitation by the body checked in its career.\n 5. In the vicissitudes of party, adverse views & feelings will exist between the Senate &\n President. Under the amendments proposed, a spirit of opposition in the former to the latter, would probably be more\n frequent than heretofore. In such a State of things, how apt might the Senate be to embarrass the President, by refusing\n to concur in the removal of an obnoxious officer; how prone would be a refractory officer having powerful friends in the\n Senate to take shelter under that authority and bid defiance to the President; and with such discord and anarchy in the\n Executive department, how impaired would be the security for a due execution of the laws?\n 6. On the supposition that the above objection, would be over\u2013balanced by the advantage of reducing the power\n and the patronage now attached to the Presidential office; it has generally been admitted that the Heads of Departments at\n least, who are at once the associates and organs, of the Chief Magistrate, ought to be well disposed towards him, and not\n independent on him. What would be the situation of the President, and what might be the effect on the Executive business,\n if those immediately around him, and in daily consultation with him, could, however adverse to him, in their feelings and\n their views, be fastened upon him, by a Senate disposed to take side with them? The harmony so expedient between the\n President and Heads of Departments, and among the latter themselves, has been too liable to interruption under an\n organization apparently so well providing against it.\n I am aware that some of these objections might be mitigated, if not removed; but not I suspect in a degree,\n to render the proposed modification of the Executive Department, an eligible substitute for the one existing. At the same\n time I am duly sensible of the evils incident to the existing one, and that a solid improvement of it is a desideratum\n that ought to be welcomed by all enlightened patriots.\n In the mean time I cannot feel all the alarm you express at the prospect for the future, as reflected from\n the mirror of the past. It will be a rare case that the Presidential contest will not issue in a choice that will not\n discredit the Station, and not be acquiesced in by the unsucessful party, foreseeing as it must do, the appeal to be again\n made at no very distant day, to the will of the Nation. As long as the Country shall be exempt from a Military force\n powerful in itself, and combined with a powerful faction, liberty and peace will find safeguards in the Elective resource,\n and the spirit of the people. The dangers, which threaten our political system, least remote, are perhaps of other sorts\n I will only add to these remarks, what is indeed sufficiently evident, that they are too hasty and too crude\n for any other than a private and that an indulgent eye.\n Mrs. Madison is highly gratified by your kind expressions towards her, & begs you to be assured that\n she still feels for you that affectionate friendship with which you impressed her many years ago. Permit me to join her in\n best wishes for your health & every other happiness.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-17-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2046", "content": "Title: James Taylor to James Madison, 17 May 1830\nFrom: Taylor, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I have done my self the pleasure to address the inclosed letter to my old friend your worthy Lady. It will\n give you both some acct of our friends in this state. And I am sure you both feel an interest in what concerns all of us,\n who properly estimate your services & friendship & that of your worthy Lady. Have you heard of the death of our\n old friend & connection Majr Wm. Taylor of Jefferson? He died about 2 months ago.\n I felt much interested for the event of the deliberations of your late convention. On the whole I think it\n (as far as I am capable of judging) as good a Constitution, as could have reasonably been expected, under all\n considerations of conflicting interests: and I hope it will be ratified.\n I spent a day with the Revd. W Campbell a few days ago at Cincinnati he told me he was acquainted with you\n & seemed much pleased with that acquaintance. He seemed to wish the Constitution adopted, but not by a large\n majority, hoping in a reasonable time to obtain something more for the West I have the pleasure of hearing from you\n & Mrs M occationally, by our mutual friends. Gov: Coles called on me as he passed down the Ohio a short time since,\n I unfortunately was not at home, but he informed Mrs. T. that you & Lady were well.\n Young W Macon spent a day or two with us during the last summer, we were all much pleased with him &\n regretted that he could not have spent some time with us. He appears to be a prudent worthy Man. I had the pleasure to\n receive a letter from him about the time the convention rose, in which he named your good health & that of your\n Lady. I assure you the whole of my family take a lively interest in what ever concerns you & Lady.\n I should have answered W Macons letter long since, but did not know where to address him. I am sorry the\n lower country did not agree with him, as he informed me he succeeded in obtaining a good station in business. I gave him\n Will you do me the favor to give the inclosed letter its proper address. Not having his letter with me I am\n not certain of his given name, but think it Robert.\n Be pleased to name me to my friends & connections as it may be convenient to you to do &\n Particularly to Col Macons family in terms of friendship.\n Our crops of small pease are generally promising it is rather cool & dry to bring forward corn as\n rapidly as we could wish. With great respect I have the honor to be Dr Sir yours sincerely", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-18-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2048", "content": "Title: Mathew Carey to James Madison, 18 May 1830\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Madison, James\n I have for many years deeply regretted, that numerous pamphlets, published in Great Britain, admirably\n calculated to promote the happiness and prosperity of society, are never republished here; and as only a few copies of\n pamphlets are imported, they are almost altogether unknown to our citizens--I have likewise regretted that many pamphlets\n and essays of a similar character, written and published in this country, are almost wholly unknown out of the town or\n city in which they make their appearance. To obviate this evil, and disseminate such productions extensively, I submit for\n your consideration, a project, which, if properly supported, will answer that purpose to a\n certain extent. It remains to be seen whether in the cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, there can be\n found a dozen or twenty public-spirited citizens, who will make the trifling sacrifice necessary for the accomplishment of\n so important an object. Yours, respectfully,\n P. S. May I be permitted to add, that for above eleven years past, I have annually expended in printing and paper, for the\n public benefit, gratuitously, above twelve times the amount of the proposed subscription? Is it not full time to call for\n Whereas numerous pamphlets are published in Great Britain, which would be eminently beneficial to society, if\n republished here\u2014 but which, from their very limited probable sales, no bookseller could publish without loss, and\n therefore they are almost altogether unknown to our citizens\u2014 and whereas various pamphlets and newspaper essays, equally\n valuable, appear in this country, which have a very limited circulation\u2014 and whereas it is highly desirable, that\n productions of this description should be disseminated as widely as possible\u2014 and whereas associations for the promotion\n of useful knowledge have been found highly advantageous in Great Britain, and would be equally useful in this country\u2014\n therefore the subscribers have resolved to associate for the purpose of publishing and circulating gratuitously, pamphlets\n and essays of the character above described, under the following constitution:\u2014\n 1. The title of this Society shall be\u2014 \"The Society for the Dissemination of Useful Knowledge.\"\n 2. It shall consist of as many members as shall sign this Constitution, and conform to its terms.\n 3. The officers shall be a President, Vice President, Secretary, and Treasurer, who shall have all the\n powers, and perform all the duties usually pertaining to such officers.\n 4. The subscription shall be twenty-five dollars, payable at the time of subscription.\n 5. As this is a novel undertaking, and may not be found to answer the expectations of the parties, the\n engagement shall be only for a year, in the first instance; to be renewed, at the expiration of that term, should the\n 6. It shall go into operation as soon as twelve subscribers are procured.\n 7. A committee of publication, of three members, shall be appointed, without whose unanimous concurrence no\n pamphlet shall be printed.\n 8. No works on any points whatever of religious controversy, or politics, or on the disputed points of\n political economy, shall be published by the Society. \n 9. Among the primary objects of the Society shall be the dissemination of important statistics, and of sound\n doctrines on the subject of education, and on the best means of promoting national and individual prosperity, happiness,\n 10. Such pamphlets or essays as the Society shall publish, shall be distributed, gratuitously, as extensively\n as possible through the union, among enlightened citizens likely to have influence on society.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-24-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2049", "content": "Title: James Madison to Thomas Ritchie, 24 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Ritchie, Thomas\n J. Madison with his respects to Mr. R. remarks that a Marginal note in the Enquire[r] of the 18th. infers from\n the pages of Helvidius, that J.M. solemnly protested agst. the Proclamation of Neutrality,\" as it has been called. The\n Protest was not agst. the Proclamation, but agst. the Executive Prerogative, attempted to be engrafted on it in the\n publication of Pacificus to which that of Helvidius was an answer. The latter [ ] the proclamation in its true\n construction. There was nothing therefore in the Protest adverse to the act of Genl. Washington or the participation of\n Mr. Jefferson in it. If Mr. R. on recurring to Helvidius, particularly the introductory & last letter, should be\n satisfied that an error has been committed, he will of course correct it; which may be done without reference to the\n suggestion of J. M. who does not wish to obtrude unnecessarily public explanations, leaving room for erroneous inferences\n from silence in other cases.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-24-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2051", "content": "Title: Daniel Webster to James Madison, 24 May 1830\nFrom: Webster, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\n I have hitherto forborne to send you a copy of the speech delivered by me on a recent occasion, from an\n apprehension, that, since the speech referred to opinions supposed by some, but not admitted by others, to have received\n your approbation in time passed, you might imagine that I expected from you some intimation of what was the truth, on this\n point. But, altho\u2019 I feel reluctant to omit longer to send you the speech, I pray you to be advised, that I do not feel\n that I have the slightest right to call on you for any expression of opinion, or any remark on former occurrences. I would\n not, indeed, conceal my conscious concern not to have misunderstood, or misrepresented, the Resolutions which are understood\n to have recd. your concurrence; nor my full conviction, that on questions of this kind, your opinions are of the greatest\n possible weight. Nevertheless, there is nothing which gives me a right to expect from you any suggestion or remark.\n I avail myself gladly of this opportunity to present my most respectful & grateful remembrance to Mrs\n Madison, & to tender to you renewed assurances of my highest respect, & most fervent good wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-26-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2052", "content": "Title: Joseph C. Cabell to James Madison, 26 May 1830\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph C.\nTo: Madison, James\n I returned to this place last evening from the northern neck, after an absence of three weeks. I received\n your favor of 10th Apl. with Mr. Grimke\u2019s pamphlet just before I set out on my journey, and should have written you sooner, but\n for the mass of business which has engrossed my attention in the interval, & my frequent & rapid journies.\n On my arrival here I took up the Conl. Whig of the 21st. instant and was struck by a reference to your letters on the\n subject of the Carolina doctrines. The reference will doubtless do much good at this time; but as I presume it relates to\n your private letters to me, I hasten to make you an explanation & apology, for this unauthorized use of your name.\n I thought it important to counteract the doctrines of the new school in the Enquirer by enlisting the Constitutional Whig\n on the other side. With this view I authorized Mr. Pleasants as I came thro\u2019 Richmond in April, to call on my brother on\n his return to town about the 1st. May, for my pamphlet & your private letters to me, & requested him to\n read them, & to preserve them as a confidential trust till I should be coming up about the last of May. At the\n latter period, I was to confer with him & some other friends as to the most expedient means of protesting agt. the\n reading given to the Report of 99 at the Jefferson dinner in Washington. In the interim I urged Mr. Pleasants to study the\n documents & to exert his talents in opposition to the dangerous doctrines to the South. I owe it to Mr. P. to\n acknowledge that I averred it to be my impression that it was all important to the Union that your real opinions shd. be\n known. But so far was I from giving him any authority to use your name, I expressly informed him of my promise to you and\n requested that no further step in regard to my papers should be taken till my return. Indeed, he himself acknowledges that\n he has acted without authority. My object was to do good. If I have erred or given offense, I hope to be excused. Indeed,\n I must plead the same apology for Mr. Pleasants. The most alarming doctrines are abroad. The adverse party are using your\n name to prepare the people of the South for the most\u2013 the most horrible measures\u2013 We know your real opinions to be the\n reverse, and think they may again save our country from the most dire calamities. Still I solemnly aver, that the remarks\n in the Whig are unauthorized by me. I was only deliberating as to what ought to be done. Perhaps, my dear Sir, Pleasants,\n after all is right. The fact, as stated by him, is true. It will have an immense influence in the community. In this State\n & to the north, the public mind is in a state to make such a declaration most acceptable. The Nullifiers have few\n friends in this State. The fact that you disapprove their policy, will disarm them of their chief weapon to the South. I will\n write this evening to Pleasants to urge him to go not an inch further & to pause till I come up next week. Should\n it be necessary I will come out with a full disclosure of all the circumstances which have led to the unauthorized use of\n your name. I will be in Richmond in a week, & remain there till the 10th June, & then go to Warminster.\n If no one ventures to contradict Mr. Pleasants, I doubt whether the simple declaration made by him, is not the best thing that\n could be done.\u2013 I know of but one application for the Law Chair\u2013 and that as yet, is confidential, it is from Genl. Cocke\n in behalf of Mr. Maxwell. I have heard one other person spoken of, but no application is preferred. I will write you more\n fully on this subject in future. My time will be more my own for some time to come, than it has been of late. Most respy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-27-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2053", "content": "Title: James Madison to Peleg Sprague, 27 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Sprague, Peleg\n J. M. presents to his respects to Mr. Sprague, with many thanks for the Copy of his Speech on the 16th. of\n April; which may justly be classed with the most interesting materials for the Legislative History of the Period.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-27-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2054", "content": "Title: James Madison to Daniel Webster, 27 May 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Webster, Daniel\n I recd. by the mail of yesterday, your favor of the 24th. accompanied by a copy of your late Speech, for which\n I return my thanks. I had before recd. more than one Copy from other sources; and had read the Speech with a full sense of\n its powerful bearing on the subjects discussed, and particularly its overwhelming effect on the nullifying doctrine of S.\n Carolina. Altho I have not concealed my opinions of that doctrine, and, of the use made of the proceedings of Virga.* in\n 1798-99, 1 have been unwilling to make a public exhibition of them, as well from the consideration that it might appear\n obtrusive, as that it might enlist me, as a newspaper Polemic, and lay me under an obligation to correct errors in other\n cases, in which I was concerned, or by, my silence admit that they were not errors. I had however been led by a letter from\n a distinguished Champion of the new doctrine, to explain my views of the subject somewhat at large, and in an answer,\n afterwards to a letter from Mr. Everett, to enclose a copy of them. For a particular reason assigned to Mr. E. I asked the\n favor of him not to regard it as for public use. Taking for granted that you are in friendship with him, I beg leave to\n refer you to that communication, as an Economy for my pen. The reference will remove the scruple he might otherwise feel,\n in submitting it to your perusal.\n The actual System of Govt. for the U.S. is so unexampled in its origin, so complex in its structure, and so\n peculiar in some of its features, that in describing it the political vocabulary does not furnish terms sufficiently\n distinctive & appropriate, without a detailed resort to the facts of the case. With that aid I endeavored to\n sketch the System, which I understand to constitute the people of the Several States one people for certain purposes, with\n a Government competent to the effectuation of them.\n Mrs. M. joins in the acknowledgts. & sincere return of your friendly recollections, with the\n addition of the respects & good wishes, wch. we pray may be tendered to Mrs. Webster.\n *Neither the term nullifying nor nullification is in the Resolutions of Virginia; nor is either of them in the Resolutions\n of Kentucky in 1798 drawn by Mr. Jefferson. The Resolutions of that State in 1799 in which the word Nullification appears,\n were not drawn by him, as is shewn by the last paragraph of his letter to W. C. Nicholas. see Vol. 3 of his Correspondence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "05-29-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2055", "content": "Title: Nicholas P. Trist to James Madison, 29 May 1830\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas P.\nTo: Madison, James\n On reading the message of the President on the Maysville road bill, you will be, probably, as astounded as I was, at the preposterous misconstruction of your very plain language, and the\n ascription to you of a concession utterly at variance with the idea of a limitation of the authority of the Fed. govt, and\n with the uniform & emphatic tone of your mind on these subjects. Conceiving it to be a sacred debt of gratitude to\n you, on the part of the active generation, to rescue yr. opinions from such misconception; and moreover, a duty to the cause, to deprive such a heresy of the support of your name, I wrote yesterday afternoon, a\n piece with that view, and went with it in my pocket to the Intelligencer office. They had made up their matter for\n to-day\u2019s paper; & as the piece would not therefore appear till monday, I brought it home. On further reflexion, I\n determined to send it to Richmond, and to preserve the incognito. And on still further reflexion, it has occurred to me\n that, perhaps, it may be more agreeable to you to take this matter into your own hands: This rather is the suggestion of\n one or two friends; and although I doubt whether you will do any thing in it, I will suspend my communication till I can\n ascertain your wishes on the subject. Do not give yourself the trouble to write more than one\n line. I trust you will not consider this as improper officiousness. Under my own impulses, I had not the remotest\n idea of any communication with you on the subject; & those impulses were very strong. Indeed, there passes not a\n day, scarcely an hour, in which the \u2019fantastic tricks\u2019 that are cut here, do not raise my\n public spirit to the boiling point. Such a scene!! However, there is one refreshing \"Sign\", if\n no more; and that is the working men\u2019s party in N. Y.; on whom I have had my eye from the\n formation of the first germ, and by whom my hopes of something like a respectable exercise of the principle of self\n government, and of a final purification of the political atmosphere, are raised every day. You probably know nothing about\n them; for if you have seen any thing, it has probably been the impudent, barefaced laying of the\n partizan presses, who feel that their knell is tolling, & that their doom is sealed unless they can arrest the\n formation of this party\u2013 the only party that I know any thing about, which is founded on honest\n principle, or respects aught save the most narro personal considerations.\n I have no doubt that the portion, at least, of the message, to which I have reference, is the work of M. V.\n B.\u2013 which will give you the measure of his intellect. But what is to be expected of minds that have nothing of the vivifying principle an abstract love of Truth? With a daily increasing veneration &", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2058", "content": "Title: James Madison to Henry Colman, 1 June 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Colman, Henry\n J. M. with his respects to Mr. C. thanks him for the Copy of his \"Hints addressed to the farmers of Essex.\"\n The Hints deserve attention every where; some of them particularly in this State, which though more &\n more exchanging its planting for a farming character, is not proportionally advanced in the rules of practice belonging to", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2059", "content": "Title: [Nicholas P. Trist] to James Madison, 1 June 1830\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas P.\nTo: Madison, James\n By a singular coincidence, just after your last note was recd. Elliott came into my office, from which the\n cold reception I have made it a point to give him, had kept him more aloof than he was first disposed to me. He mentioned\n that \"partly on business, partly on pleasure\" he was going to pay you a visit; I availed myself of the opportunity to say\n that you were indisposed at present, which has induced him to postpone his visit. Mr Brent to whom I mentioned the\n intended visit (and who is a very good tempered, lenient, easy man; who scarcely ever speaks harshly of any one) then\n spoke of him as an utterly unprincipled Sycophant; and mentioned several facts which had come\n under his own observation which supported the worst character that could be given of him. He is one of those creatures who\n will do any thing for money; and withal, his impudent assurance is of the most outr\u00e9 character. Such is my opinion of the creature, that I would not consider any thing which\n he wished to get into his hands, safe, while he was under the roof. In a word he is a printer-rascal, the very worst of all rascals; as my limited experience suffices to satisfy me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2061", "content": "Title: James Madison to Nicholas P. Trist, 3 June 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Trist, Nicholas P.\n Your favour of May 29 was duly recd. The construction put, in the Presidents message, on the Veto in 1817 agst.\n the power of Congress as to internal improvements, could not fail to surprize me. To my consciousness that the Veto was\n meant to deny, as well the appropriating, as the executing & jurisdictional branches of the power, was added, the\n fact that as far as has ever fallen under my notice, the references to the Veto, have, without a single previous\n exception, so understood it. It happens, odd as it may seem, that I cannot find among my papers, printed or manuscript, a\n copy of my message. The Edition of State papers by Wait, which I have, is not brought down to that date. I cannot\n therefore ascertain from the entire text, whether the fault in any degree lies there. I feel much confidence that the\n misconstruction is the effect of a too slight & hasty examination of the document. I am sorry for the error, on\n every account: and am aware of what I owe to the kind sensibility which prompted your wish to correct it. As this will\n probably be done from some quarter or other thro\u2019 the Gazettes, and justice, as far as I am concerned, be involved in the\n correction, I hope you will consult in this as in all cases, rather the delicacy of your position, than the friendly\n impulses which ought to be under its controul.\n Since my letter to you on the nullifying doctrine, I have been led into correspondences in which some\n additional views of the subject were introduced. The two facts I am induced to mention, are 1. that the printed address of\n the Virginia Assembly in -98 to the people, gives no countenance to the doctrine, any more than the debates on the\n Resolutions. 2. that the term \"nullification\" in the Kentucky Resolutions, belongs to those of -99 with which Mr. Jefferson had nothing to do, as is proved by his letter to Mr. W. C. Nicholas in Vol. 3. p.\n 429 of his Correspondence. The Resolutions of -98. drawn by him, contain neither that nor any equivalent term. With", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2062", "content": "Title: James Madison to Martin Van Buren, 3 June 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Van Buren, Martin\n J. Madison has duly recd the Copy of the President\u2019s Message forwarded by Mr. Van Buren. In returning his\n thanks for this polite attention, he regrets the necessity of observing that the Message has not rightly conceived the\n intention of J. M. in his Veto in 1817. on the Bill relating to Internal Improvements. It was an object of the Veto to\n deny to Congress, as well the appropriating power, as the executing and jurisdictional branches of it. And it is believed\n that this was the general understanding at the time, and has continued to be so, according to the references occasionally\n made to the document. Whether the language employed duly conveyed the meaning of which J. M. retains the consciousness, is\n a question on which he does not presume to judge for others.\n Relying on the candour to which these remarks are addressed, he tenders to Mr. Van Buren renewed assurances\n of his high esteem & good wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2063", "content": "Title: Henry Clay to James Madison, 3 June 1830\nFrom: Clay, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\n Mr. Henderson, an eminent Attorney and Counseller at Law, residing in the State of Mississippi, who will\n present to you this letter, being desirous of your acquaintance, I take much pleasure in introducing him to you as a\n gentleman of high and Respectable consideration in his own State and worthy of it wherever he may go.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2064", "content": "Title: Howard Malcom to James Madison, 3 June 1830\nFrom: Malcom, Howard\nTo: Madison, James\n Knowing the deep interest you continue to take in topics such as are treated in the accompanying reports of\n the prison aid Society I take the liberty of forwarding you a copy. I send you another copy to give to some friend. With", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-04-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2065", "content": "Title: Allan Pollock Jr. to James Madison, 4 June 1830\nFrom: Pollock, Allan Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\n I sent you immediately after the rising of the Virginia Convention\u2013 a copy Life of Arthur Lee\u2013 and did not\n know untill yesterday that it had never been delivered to Mr. Gray by the person who I sent it by from Richd. Accordingly\n I send you another copy\u2013 you can settle with Mr. Gray (the Post-Master) for the same at $4\u2013 I have not a copy like the\n first sent you, (in Russia) or I would send it you. You will please excuse the delay\u2013 as it is owing to the\n copy sent being lost. with much respect sir I remain your obt servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2066", "content": "Title: James Madison to William Henry Harrison, 5 June 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Harrison, William Henry\n I recd. in due time the copy of your \"Remarks on Charges made agst. you during your Diplomatic residence in\n Columbia\"; but have been prevented by ill health and other causes, from an earlier acknowledgment of your politeness.\n I now tender you my thanks for the communication. The Remarks are not only acceptable to your friends as they\n relate to yourself, but valuable in illustrating the State of things in a quarter where every thing is made interesting, by\n its relation to the Cause of Self\u2013Govt. It is a happy reflection, that whilst the final success of the Experiment, there\n will be among the strongest supports of the cause, a failure can be fairly explained by the unfortunate peculiarity of the\n circumstances under which the experiment is made. Whatever may have been the different views taken of the letter to\n Bolivar, none can contest to the intellectual and literary merit, stamped upon it, or be insensible to the Republican\n feelings which prompted it. With a repetition of my thanks I pray you to accept my high esteem, and Cordial respects ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2067", "content": "Title: James Madison to Bernard Peyton, 5 June 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\n With this will be delivered four Hhds of Tobo. No. 13. equal to the best. 14. short pyebald. 15. & 16.\n There will be at least 12 Hhds. to follow six of them equal to the best, the remaining six inferior. It is\n not improbable that the quantity yet in bulk will yield several addl. Hhds. The crop wd. have been a fine as well as large\n one if justice had been done it.\n I fear it will be late before we shall be able to get the whole to market. The delay is occasioned by the\n neglect of the late overseer in not having the shipping done, & by the pressure of the incipient crop.\n Be so good as to say, what is the prospect in the market for some time to come as it relates to Tobo. of the\n different rates of quality. The whole of the best on hand is yet to ship.\n Please to send by the waggons 6 Sacs of Salt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-09-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2069", "content": "Title: Nicholas P. Trist to James Madison, 9 June 1830\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas P.\nTo: Madison, James\n Your favor in answer to mine, has come safe to hand. Such is the character of the attention now given to\n public affairs, that I think it quite doubtful whether the absurdity in question\u2014glaring as it is\u2014will not escape\n notice. It is not in the exact line of Scent of either or any of the packs. A production which,\n to a mind at all familiar with your and Mr Jefferson\u2019s principles, could not be even hastily read, without disclosing its\n inanity, together with the danger to the cause with which it is pregnant, is, as you see, hailed with actual rapture by the great Sentinels of the Constitution, Senatorial\n & Editorial. In their extacy, none of them can see that the concession which it ascribes to you both (and which,\n so far as any thing can be made out of the Stuff, is considered by the writer as unavoidable)\n involves an utter abandonment of the very idea of limits to the federal field of action.\n Be assured that, whatever I do, I shall not expose myself recklessly. Moreover, accidental circumstances\n have, entre nous, thrown me upon ground where the honest propensities of a free man may be\n indulged with considerable impunity. To be sure, their indulgence may dim further prospects\n which might otherwise be realized; but at least shall I enjoy those feelings by which a votary of Truth is repaid for his\n worship; together with the exhilaration attendant upon looking down, in place of the depressing\n consciousness of looking up, to things that are beneath us.\n Your message is in Niles Reg. V. 12. March to September, 1817. p. 25.\n The accompanying papers and letters, I send, not for any thing complimentary to myself which may be found in\n the latter, but because I believe it will give you pleasure to see one sign unlike all the\n rest, and that the spirit which actuated yourself & others is not entirely dead. After\n looking over them at your leisure, please return them, without giving yourself the trouble to write\n a line. With daily increasing veneration, I am yr. affectionate Servt\n Under date, Aug. 13. 1829, the first letter I ever got from him, R. D. Owen (eldest son of the old man)\n writes thus.\"I see no effectual remedy for this evil, except the establishment of a\n National system of education, in each State of the Union; and unless I believed that such a measure would be carried in a\n few years, perhaps in this State, or if not here, in Pennsylvania, I should consider it scarcely a pleasure to be a father\n at all. I do expect to see this measure carried in one or other of these States within ten\n years, perhaps within five years from this time. That is at present the great object to which we devote our attention,\n & to which we shall call the attention of our readers again and again. If I live to see it carried even in one\n State, & feel that our paper and our other public exertions have aided in carrying it, I shall be much more than\n repaid for all we have done & for all we have risked, even were it ten times more than it has been.\"\n I have thought several times, in connection with Jonathan Elliot the printer here, that on one occasion of my\n visiting Montpellier, you had been exchanging letters with him about some publication of his, and that it would not be\n amiss to put you on your guard against him. He is a very low fellow; without, I am satisfied;\n the shadow of respectability about him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-09-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2070", "content": "Title: Martin Van Buren to James Madison, 9 June 1830\nFrom: Van Buren, Martin\nTo: Madison, James\n I have shown your note of the 3[d] Instant to the President, who requests me to express his regret that he has\n misconceived your intentions in regard to your veto on the Bill for Internal Improvements in 1817. So far as opportunities\n place it in his power to correct the error in informal conversations, he will not fail to do so; and should an occasion\n occur in which a more formal correction would be pertinent, it will give him pleasure to make it, if advised that that\n course would be preferred by you.\n Will you excuse me for troubling you again upon this interesting and perplexing subject. I am deeply\n sensible of the necessity of repose to one of your advanced age, & of the claims to its enjoyment which are\n founded upon your past usefulness; but deriving confidence from your ready acquiescence in my wishes on a former occasion,\n I venture to intrude once more upon your retirement. You have had some experience of the injurious tendency of Legislation\n upon this subject by Congress, but no one can have an adequate idea of the demoralizing effect which for a few years past\n it has had upon their proceedings, without being on the spot, & forming a part of the Government. The President\n is deeply impressed with the importance of averting its further progress, & very willing to incur whatever\n responsibility he can properly take upon himself, to promote that object. You have seen the ground he has taken and can\n appreciate fully the position he occupies. It is unnecessary for me to say to you that the matter cannot rest here, but\n that it will be necessary for him to go further at the next session of Congress.\n Among the points which will then come up for consideration will be the following viz\n 1 The establishment of some rule which shall give the greatest practicable precision to the power of\n appropriating money for objects of general concern.\n 2dy. A rule for the government of grants for light houses, and the improvement of Harbours and rivers, which\n will avoid the objects which it is desirable to exclude from the present action of the Government, and at the same time to\n do what is imperiously required by a due regard to the general commerce of the Country.\n 3d The expediency of refusing all appropriations for Internal Improvements (other than those of the\n character last referred to, if they can be so called) until the national debt is paid; as well on account of the\n sufficiency of that motive as to give time for the adoption of some constitutional or other arrangement by which the whole\n subject may be placed on better grounds; an arrangement which will never be seriously attempted, as long as scattering\n appropriations are made & the scramble for them thereby encouraged.\n 4th. The strong objections which exist [agst]. subscriptions to the Stock of private companies by the U.\n There is no man more willing to hear with patience & weigh with candour the suggestions of those in\n whom he has confidence than the President.\n The relation in which I stand to him will give him the right to be furnished with my views upon these\n matters; and I need not say how much I would be benefitted in forming & fortified in restoring them [by] your friendly\n advice. I ask it in confidence, & will receive, whatever your leisure and inclination may induce you to say upon\n the subject, under the same obligation. Wishing to be kindly remembered to Mrs. Madison I am Dr Sir Very truly yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-12-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2071", "content": "Title: James Madison to George Tucker, 12 June 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Tucker, George\n This will introduce Mr. Laurence late Charge d\u2019Affaires at London, & Mr. Kemble also of N. York. They\n intend to halt at the University, in a tour they are making thro\u2019 the Virga. and I ask for them the favor of yr. civilities,\n well assured of that they will be well bestowed With cordial salutations", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-14-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2072", "content": "Title: Ferdinand R. Hassler to James Madison, 14 June 1830\nFrom: Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolph\nTo: Madison, James\n Permit me with the present to present to You a Copy of my logarithmic and trigonometric Tables, which just\n now appear in the public, to which I made the Introduction in, 5 languages, as the intermediate titles shew, that they may\n acquire more general course; the numbers being the same for all, this extension appeared to me proper, so that each of the\n 4 living languages might have the book in its own language, and the latin make it general for all properly instructed men.\n It is an object of satisfaction to me, by forwarding to You from time to time some results of my work in the\n line of science, in which You have honored me with Your confidence, during Your administration, to recall to myself the\n satisfaction it afforded to me, so much more lively as none of the administrations since Yours, appears to bestow any\n attention to the subject which procured me the pleasure of Your acquaintance. I hope to be able to send You more similar\n works, of which two are already begun.\n I take the Liberty to join another Copy, for the Library of the University of Virginia, and hope the use of\n the book will be introduced there. After some more experience I hope even the University will also adopt my other books,\n or recomand them for adoption in the schools preparing for the University= Course; as their System and correction will become\n always more evident as I proceed further in my intended Coursus, which I think will be found much more appropriated to the\n want, and course of reasoning, in this country, than the european courses now in use, which do not bear to the general\n course of education the proper relation, and, as appears to me from experience in the results, have not been very happily\n Allow me Sir, to recomand myself in the continuance of Your friendly recollection, and accept the expressions\n of my constant esteem and attachment Most excellent Sir Your obed Srt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-15-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2073", "content": "Title: Martin L. Hurlbut to James Madison, 15 June 1830\nFrom: Hurlbut, Martin L.\nTo: Madison, James\n Unusual occupation together with a slight indisposition, has prevented my acknowledging the receipt of the\n communicature, with which you had the goodness to favour me, & for which I beg you to accept my sincere thanks. I\n have availed myself of your permission\u2013 which I understood to be implied in the fact of your replying to my former letter\u2013\n to insert an extract from it in the \u2019Charleston Courier\u2019. I trust it will not be without effect in resisting the absurd\n & mischievous doctrines prevalent in this quarter.\n With the \u2019outline\u2019 you have drawn of the leading doctrines of the Constitution I am fully satisfied. To some of\n these leading doctrines\u2013 these general principles\u2013 I should probably be disposed to give\u2013 practically\u2013 a more liberal\n construction than you would, perhaps, deem justifiable. Though I contend for no greater liberality of construction than is\n warranted by precedents, which I regard as both safe & settled. On one point, I may be\n allowed to suggest\u2013 that I think you have misunderstood my meaning. I refer to my views of the origin of the Constitution, the source whence its powers were derived. If I understand your views on this subject, I\n cannot perceive wherein they differ from my own. I regard the Constitution as having emanated from the people\u2013 the sole authoritative act giving it existence & efficiency, was the act of its\n ratification by the people\u2013 but by the people of each state. This will be seen on a reference\n to my pamphlet page [2]7. ca\u2013 I never supposed that it was ratified by the nation in the\n aggregate\u2013 without reference to the states individually. The States were the only organized bodies\u2013 the only\n communities\u2013 at that time existing. The nation was not: in so far as it now exists, it owes its existence to this very act. In short, I was contending against what I regard as a fatal\n heresy in this matter\u2013 the doctrine, namely, that the Constitution is a mere compact or league\n between Sovereign States. Whenever this becomes the prevalent doctrine, it need not the gift of prophecy to predict, that\n our union is at an end. Such a government\u2013 if a government it can be called\u2013 will not answer the exigencies of this\n country. It does appear to me that he must be deaf to the monitions of experience, & blind to what is even now\n passing around him, who is not sensible of this truth. My construction of the \u2019general phrase\u2019 in the Constitution may,\n very possibly, be too broad\u2013 at least, my language on this topic may be not sufficiently guarded, & precise.\n Still, I cannot resist the deep & earnest conviction, that any construction of the Constitution, in practice,\n essentially less liberal than this, will be found insufficient to hold these States together.\n The experience of the last 18 months has afforded a lesson on this subject, which it were infatutation to disregard.\n But I have extended these remarks further than I intended\u2013 further, perhaps, than I had a right to presume on\n your indulgence. I have the honour to be with the highest respect Your most obed &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-10-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2075", "content": "Title: James Madison to Howard Malcom, 18 June 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Malcom, Howard\n The 2 Copies of the \"Reports on Prison discipline\" referred to in your letter of the 3d. inst: were recd.\n some days ago. The letter itself was brought by the last mail with the post mark of Charleston S.C. to which it had been\n missent. The duplicate for a friend I have sent to Mr. Howard as one to both of us.\n I have not yet been able to give an entire reading to the little volume, but have looked eno\u2019 into it to\n perceive that it is full of valuable instruction on the interesting subject which it investigates Be pleased to accept\n Sir with my thanks for your polite attention, assurances of my esteem & my cordial respects ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-22-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2077", "content": "Title: George Joy to James Madison, 22 June 1830\nFrom: Joy, George\nTo: Madison, James\n It is long since I had the pleasure of addressing you, and still longer since I had that of hearing from you.\n The Time was when I should have troubled you with a long narrative of my political movements; but I have\n great repugnance to invading your repose:\u2014 otherwise I could have sent you half a Dozen folio Sheets of Correspondence with\n the Powers that be; in which you would recognize Documents that have passed under your eye relating to the Colonial\n question; and which I have had occasion to bring before Mr. Huskisson, Lord Holland and others, and finally in the present\n year before the Duke of Wellington, with such Comments on things past, and prognostick deductions as comport with my\n notions on that Subject, which are not unknown to you; but with what effect, save Compliments and thanks is yet unknown to\n me; tho\u2019 some months have elapsed since my last Communication. It was on hearing of a division in the Cabinet without\n knowing how the parties were divided, and without any absolute certainty that there was such division, that I thought it\n might be useful to address the Duke, to whom I had a very respectable avenue; and perhaps it is more to that than to any\n force of argument that I am indebted for the polite reception and acknowledgement of my Lucubrations.\n I have every disposition to labour in this vineyard whenever I can be of use, or even for the Chance of it\n where no harm can arise; for I am \"for the Country, let who will be at the Helm\".\n The enclosed Letter relates to an Error of the Press in a Letter from Mr. Jefferson to you of the 28th Decr.\n 1794\u2013 in which Mr. Jay is disparaged by having his name put for Mr. Joy.\u2013 as Mr. Jay was in England at the time referred to, it may have excited some enquiry, and my friend Mr Biddle of\n Philadelphia has suggested that the enemies of Mr. Jefferson may be making Comments to his prejudice for not entering into\n any subject submitted by him. I dont suppose it is of much consequence; but not knowing the address of Mr. Thomas\n Jefferson Randolph, I must beg the favor of you to forward it to him.\n I should rejoice greatly to receive a line from you; especially if it should inform me of your good health\n and welfare; being always most truly and faithfully Your friend & Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-23-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2078", "content": "Title: James Madison to Robley Dunglison, 23 June 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dunglison, Robley\n I inclose a copy of a late publication of Mr. Hassler, presented by him as you will observe to the Library of\n the University. He indulges a hope, that it may be found worthy of adoption into the use of the Institution.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-23-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2079", "content": "Title: Nicholas P. Trist to James Madison, 23 June 1830\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas P.\nTo: Madison, James\n Procrastination has prevented my sooner writing on a subject which the deep interest I take in the University\n has long determined me to venture to broach to you. I have very little time for the purpose now, and moreover, my head\n swims like a top in consequence of my rest having been disturbed last night by my little girl; but, from the near approach\n of the meeting of the visitors, there is not room for further delay. The appointment of a successor to Mr Lomax is a\n subject of pretty general conversation, and felt to be a very important & (considering the circumstances) a very\n difficult task of the approaching session. If the difficulties under which the Board have to act, do not lead to so\n unfortunate a result as the election of some ordinary filler of the bar, they will, with me, be\n rather cause for gratulation than regret; as the alternative would be the appointment of some young man, who, (supposing\n only an equal, or even a less, measure of talent) I am satisfied, will always prove a better material for making a\n Professor of, than one already eminent, & already hardened as a practitioner. The\n experience of the University in Messrs Long & Key, gives strong countenance to this idea. It is generally supposed\n that the smallness of the salary will prevent the acceptance by any man of eminence; and many have been talked of, for the\n situation, who either from not yet having attained the age, or not being intended by nature, for eminence in the\n profession, have not reached it. Among the latter is Mr Maxwell of Norfolk: the appointment of\n whom would sound to my ears like the Knell of all the hopes we have cherished concerning the Institution. Among the\n former, is Mr Davis (J. A. G.) of Charlottesville: who, I have no earthly doubt, would, now, be pronounced by any competent judge, as, incomparably, the superior of Mr M. in every\n characteristic of a lawyer; and who, in a very few years, would not fail, by his industry and talent, to bring the School into notice. But it is not only with Mr M., but with any one you are likely to obtain (and with many of those even who would decline) that I would compare Mr Davis.\n His appointment would be not a comparatively only, but a positively\n good one. Whether he would forego the prospects which are opening upon him at the bar, for this Situation, you will have\n it in your power, any time during the meeting of the Board, to ascertain. Meanwhile, let me take the liberty of earnestly suggesting to you to make some enquiries as to the prospects which the appointment of\n Mr Davis would present to the University. The persons, immediately connected with him in the practice, most capable of\n appreciating his acquirements, and what is far more important, his capacity for further acquirements & for\n usefulness, are P. P. Barbour, and Judge Stuart. In the name of the University, then, let me request you to ask their\n opinion as to his ability to do honor to the appointment. This might be done in a strictly confidential manner; so as to\n prevent its reaching either D\u2019s ears, or those of any one else. There is another thing which might be done. Some three or\n four years ago, I recollect that D. prepared for Judge Stuart a written argument on a very difficult point of the law of eviction. I have understood that this has been very highly spoken of by Judge S. and\n other Judges (among others, Judge Carr) to whom he showed it. This might be obtained from\n Davis, through Dr Dunglison or some one else, without his knowing the purpose to which it was to be applied. It would\n furnish to yourself and Mr Johnson, the measure of D\u2019s legal capability 3 or 4 years ago: since\n which, it is well known that he has been as close a student as his numerous other avocations allowed. His course of\n reading too, has been less with a view to immediate practise & reputation than to making himself a scientific\n lawyer. The opinion of the Professors too, will, I am certain, be found highly favorable, in every respect. I know that\n both intellectually & morally, he was a great favorite of Long & Key.\n I trust you have recovered from the indisposition mentioned in your last, & that there will be no\n obstacle to your attendance at the meeting. There is another subject connected with the University, on which I shall\n take an early opportunity to speak. Meanwhile, accept my most affte. remembrance for yourself & Mrs Madison\n As Mr Barbour is so little at home, it would be well to apply to him, without delay.\n Mrs Randolph goes to spend the summer in Boston. We set out on Sunday next, & I go with her as far as\n Philadelphia, where I take my little daughter for an operation on her tonsils (one which is attended with no pain nor\n danger) which prove a constant source of anxiety to us & danger to her. If this trip should chance to put it in my\n power to execute any commission whatever for you do not fail to command me a letter to Phila. will get there before I", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2080", "content": "Title: James Madison to Ferdinand R. Hassler, 24 June 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolph\n I have recd. with yr. letter of the 14. 2 Copies of yr. Logarithmic & Trigonometric Tables,\n and have forwarded to the University the one presented to its Library. For the other I return my personal thanks with an\n offer of my best wishes that yr. labours in the cause of Science may be duly rewarded With cordl. salutations", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "06-30-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2082", "content": "Title: James Madison to James Monroe, 30 June 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n I have not heard a word from you or of you thro\u2019 any Channel, since my letter of the . I augur favorably from\n this silence, as to your health, and hope to see you here by the 7 or 8th. of the approaching month. I am anxious for your\n attendance at the Meeting of the Visitors,(on the 10th. of July), who will have sundry\n interesting matters before them, particularly the appointment of a Successor to Mr. Lomax. Several names will probably be\n brought forward. Among them is that of Mr. Davis, Secretary of the Board, if the pulse of the members, should be\n found to beat in his favor. I mention this in confidence as it has been mentioned to me; Mr. Davis being a Modest man,\n & his friends feeling much delicacy. From the slight knowledge I have of Mr. D. I have formed a very favorable\n opinion of his talents, and his amiable disposition; and I learn from Mr. P. P. Barbour who knows him well, that he has \n strong mind, intensity of application, and legal arguements, which he is daily extending, that are truly respectable.\n Mr. B. refers to a written Law Argument of Mr. D, that placed him, both for sound reasoning, and critical research, high\n in the estimation of good Judges. Drop me a line on the rect. of this, and it will be in time to assure me that I shall\n have your Company to the University. Health & all other good wishes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-03-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2084", "content": "Title: James Madison to Asher Robbins, 3 July 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Robbins, Asher\n J. Madison with his respects to Mr. Robbins, returns his thanks for the speech of M. R. in the Senate of the\n The Constitutional system of the U. S. being truly a Non-descript, can not be explained by the classifying\n & technical terms applied to other Governments; and the speech has judiciously adopted the mode of precise\n delineation of its features, according to the fact.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2085", "content": "Title: James Madison to Martin Van Buren, 5 July 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Van Buren, Martin\n Your letter of June 9th. came duly to hand. On the subject of the discrepancy between the construction put by\n the message of the President on the Veto of 1817. and the intention of its author, the President will of course consult\n his own view of the case. For myself, I am aware that the document must speak for itself, and that that intention can not\n be substituted for the established rules of interpretation.\n The several points on which you desire my ideas are necessarily vague, and the observations on them can not\n well be otherwise. They are suggested by a respect for your request, rather than by a hope that they can assist the object\n \"Point 1. the establishment of some rule which shall give the greatest practicable precision to the power of\n appropriating money too objects of general concern\"\n The rule must refer, it is presumed, either to the objects of appropriation, or to the apportionment of the\n A specification of the objects of general concern, in terms as definite as may be, seems to be the rule most\n applicable; thus Roads, simply, if for all the uses of Roads; or roads post and military, if limited to those uses; or\n post roads only, if so limited; Thus, Canals, either generally, or for specified uses: So again Education, as limited to a\n University, or extended to Seminaries of other denominations.\n As to the apportionment of the money, no rule can exclude Legislative discretion but that of a distribution\n among the States according to their presumed contributions: that is to their ratio of Representation in Congress. The\n advantages of this rule are its certainty, & its apparent equity. The objections to it may be that, on one hand, it\n would increase the comparative agency of the Federal Govt. and on the other that the money might not be expended on\n objects of general concern; the interests of particular States not happening to coincide with the general interest in\n relation to improvements within such States\n \"2. A rule for the Government of Grants for Light houses, and the improvement of Harbours and rivers, which\n will avoid the objects which it is desirable to exclude from the present action of the Government; and at the same time to\n do what is imperiously required by a regard to the general Commerce of the Country\"\n National grants in these cases, seem to admit no possible rule of discrimination, but as the objects may be\n of a national or local character. The difficulty lies, as in all cases when the degree\n & not the nature, of the case, is to govern the decision. In the extremes, the judgment\n is easily formed; as between removing obstructions in the Mississippi the highway of commerce for half the nation, and a\n like operation, giving but little extension to the navigable use of a river itself of confined use. In the intermediate\n cases, Legislative discretion, and consequently Legislative errors & partialities are unavoidable. Some controul\n is attainable, in doubtful cases, from preliminary Investigations & Reports by disinterested & responsible\n In defraying the expence of internal improvements, strict justice would require that a part only and not the\n whole should be borne by the nation. Take for examples, the Harbours of N. York and New Orleans. However important in a\n commercial view they may be to the other portions of the Union, the States to which they belong, must derive a peculiar as well as a common advantage from improvements made in\n them, and could afford therefore to combine with grants from the common Treasury, proportional contributions from their\n own. On this principle it is, that the practice has prevailed in the States, (as it has done with Congress) of dividing\n the expence of certain improvements, between the funds of the State, and the contributions of those locally interested in\n Extravagant and disproportionate expenditures, on Harbours, Light Houses & other arrangements on the\n SeaBoard ought certainly to be controuled as much as possible. But it seems not to be sufficiently recollected that in\n relation to our foreign Commerce, the burden & benefit of accomodating &\n protecting it, necessarily go together, and must do so as long & as far, as the public revenue continues to be\n drawn thro\u2019 the Custom House. Whatever gives facility and security to navigation, cheapens imports; and all who consume\n them where ever residing, are alike interested in what has that effect. If they consume they ought, as they now do, to\n pay. If they do not consume, they do not pay. The consumer in the most inland State, derives the same advantage from the\n necessary & prudent expenditures for the security of our foreign navigation, as the consumer in a maritime State.\n Other local expenditures, have not of themselves a correspondent operation\n \"3. The expediency of refusing all appropriations for internal improvements (other than those of the\n character last referred to, if they even be so called) until the national debt is paid; as well on account of the\n sufficiency of that motive, as to give time for the adoption of some Constitutional or other arrangement, by which the\n whole subject may be placed on better grounds; an arrangement which will never be seriously attempted as long as\n scattering appropriations are made, and the scramble for them thereby encouraged\"\n The expediency of refusing appropriations, with a view to the previous discharge of the public debt, involves\n considerations which can be best weighed & compared at the focus of lights on the subject. A distant view like\n mine, can only suggest the remark too vague to be of value, that a material delay ought not to be incurred for objects,\n not both important and urgent; nor such objects to be neglected in order to avoid an immaterial delay. This is indeed is but\n the amount of the exception glanced at in your parenthesis.\n The mortifying scenes connected with a surplus revenue, are the natural offspring of a surplus; and can not\n perhaps be entirely prevented by any plan of appropriation, which allows a scope to Legislative discretion. The evil will\n have a powerful controul in the pervading dislike to taxes, even the most indirect. The taxes lately repealed are an index\n of it. Were the whole revenue expended on internal improvements, drawn from direct taxation, there would be danger of too\n much parsimony rather than too much profusion at the Treasury.\n \"4. The strong objections which exist against subscriptions to the Stock of private companies, by the U.\n The objections are doubtless in many respects strong. Yet cases might present themselves which might not be\n favored by the State, whilst the concurring agency of an undertaking company, would be desireable in a national view.\n There was a time, it is said, when the State of Delaware, influenced by the profits of a Portage, between the Delaware & Chesapeake, was unfriendly to the Canal now forming so important a link of\n internal communication between the North & South. Undertakings by private companies carry with them a presumptive\n evidence of utility, & the private stakes in them, some security for economy in the execution; the want of which\n is the bane of public undertakings. Still the importunities of private companies, can not be listened to, with more\n caution than prudence requires.\n I have, as you know, never considered the powers claimed for Congress over Roads & Canals, as within\n the grants of the Constitution. But such improvements being justly ranked among the greatest advantages and best evidences\n of good Govt., & having moreover, with us, the peculiar recommendation of binding the several parts of the Union\n more firmly together, I have always thought the power ought to be possessed by the Common Govt., which commands the least\n unpopular & most productive sources of revenue, and can alone select improvements with an eye to the national\n good. The States are restricted in their pecuniary resources, and Roads & Canals most important in a national\n view, might not be important to the State or States possessing the domain & the soil; or might even be deemed\n disadvantageous, and, on the most favourable supposition might require a concert of means & regulations among\n several States not easily effected, nor unlikely to be altogether omitted\n These considerations have pleaded with me in favor of the policy of vesting in Congress an authority over\n internal improvements. I am sensible, at the same time, of the magnitude of the trust, as well as of the difficulty of\n executing it properly, & the greater difficulty of executing it satisfactorily.\n On the supposition of a due establishment of the power in Congress, one of the modes of using it might be, to\n apportion a reasonable share of the disposable revenue of the U. States among the States to be applied by them to cases of\n State concern; with a reserved discretion in Congress to effectuate improvements of general concern, which the States\n might not be able or not disposed to provide for.\n If Congress do not mean to throw away the rich fund inherent in the public lands, would not the sales of\n them, after their liberation from the original pledge, be aptly appropriated to objects of internal improvement. And why\n not also, with a supply of competent authority, to the removal to better situations of the free black as well as red\n population, objects, confessedly of National importance and desirable to all parties. But I am travelling out of the\n The date of your letter reminds me of the delay of the answer. The delay has been occasioned by interruptions\n of my health; and the answer, such as it is, is offered in the same confidence in which it was asked. With great esteem\n Accidents having happened to my letters in several instances a single line noting the safe arrival of this will be <", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-07-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2088", "content": "Title: Joseph C. Cabell to James Madison, 7 July 1830\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph C.\nTo: Madison, James\n I have been retarded in my return home by unexampled occupation & several bilious attacks. I have\n received at this place your favor of 31st. May, & read it with the highest gratification. I am on my way home with\n Mrs. Cabell, and shall scarcely get to Charlottesville till tuesday evening. I regret exceedingly the necessity of being\n absent. I enclose you confidentially Genl. Cocke\u2019s letter of 16 March. You will not fail to remark the spirit of Mr. M\u2019s\n letter, on a certain subject. I know of no other application as yet. Very resy. & truly yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2089", "content": "Title: James Madison to John Jordan Crittenden, 8 July 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crittenden, John Jordan\n Inclosed are eighty dollars in discharge of the debt stated in your letter of March 5th. The fraction over\n the precise sum may be passed to the discount on the notes of the State Bank; notes of the U.S. Bank not being at\n command. Mrs. Willis joins in the thanks offered for your attention to our interests and in regretting the delay in\n answering your letter. We had been desirous of finding a conveyance, preferable to that of the Mail; but none occurred.\n With great & cordial esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2090", "content": "Title: Nicholas P. Trist to James Madison, 8 July 1830\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas P.\nTo: Madison, James\n In the scrawl I sent you just before my departure for Philadelphia, I adverted to another subject, on which I\n proposed to write soon. Circumstances have encouraged my procrastinating disposition, until it has brought me to the last\n moment. The subject in question is the creation of a Professorship for (for this is truly the\n only light in which the subject can be viewed by an impartial spectator) Dr. Johnson. It would not be the creation of a\n professorship; and then, the appointment of Dr J. but the creation of a place for Dr J. This\n would be the realization of the worst forebodings of Mr Jefferson, on this subject; and this, I am informed, will take\n place, unless opposed by you. However necessary such a professorship might be, the appointment of such an individual to\n it, would be a great calamity\u2013 it would attach lasting discredit to the University. He has not\n the intellect ever to make a respectable professor; and to this fact, I am satisfied that every man competent to judge\n will testify. His only quality is that of a good cleaner & arranger of bones\u2013 and upon this quality, &\n this solely, is founded the idea of some, that he is a fit person to fill a chair. But were he calculated to shed ever so\n strong a lustre on the institution, the creation of such an office is uncalled for. If you will recur to the circumstances\n of the creation of the office of demonstrator, this will, I think, be made very apparent. This office was deemed quite\n adequate to the necessities of the School; and upon this understanding, it was created, without reference to the individual who was to fill it. Hundreds of young men, perfectly competent to the office, may be\n had for the emoluments now attached to it. The idea of a professorship, if traced to its Source, will be found to\n originate altogether in the disposition to encrease the emoluments & gratify the pride of Dr J. It has really no\n other foundation. I am satisfied that if you will give yourself the trouble to revolve the\n subject, Many objections will present themselves, which, without reference to Dr J\u2019s qualifications, will probably if suggested by you, make the Board sensible of the impropriety of this step. But\n supposing the expediency of creating a professorship in lieu of the Demonstratorship, to be apparent: then the proper course would seem to be to create it,\n without reference to the individual who now fills the latter situation; and then make the best Choice (from among those\n who may be had) to fill the professorship. This is so obvious, that none could object to it; and yet if this course were\n proposed, the friends of Dr J. would be made sensible how greatly the disposition to serve him, is now biassing their\n The operation on our little girl\u2019s throat was happily performed. In great haste, and with affte Salutations\n to Mrs Madison, Yrs, with affte reverence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2091", "content": "Title: G. C____k to James Madison, 10 July 1830\nFrom: C\u2014\u2014k, G.\nTo: Madison, James\n It may be singular and perhaps reprehensible, for a lad to obtrude himself upon the attention of a man, to\n whom he is connected, neither by the ties of personal friendship, nor the familiarity of acquaintance;\u2014 particularly, when\n the one is a boy sprung up in the recess of the country in perfect obscurity, while the other is advanced far before him\u2013 even to the van of our country\u2019s glory.\n Nevertheless, in this relation I now address myself to you; and when my apology is heard, I trust no\n unfavorable prepossession will remain.\n Scarcely eighteen years of age, it is my delight to contemplate and admire the distinguished characters, who\n have blessed, and continue to bless, this happy land. From that Comet, which first alighted the alter of Liberty in\n America, through the splendid galaxy which adorns our political horison, my mind dwells, with enthusiasm, upon every\n patriot star & burns with emulation at the thought of their example.\n In this glorious list, let me say, sir, your character has elicited a large portion of my respect &\n admiration. Beside that religious devotion to country sustained by the most efficient talents, which has characterized\n your political life; that profound & discriminating intellect, that chaste & acute judgment, added to the\n most classic taste, are the qualities which occupy my greatest respect, & demand the veneration of every\n Considering you as a man possessed of all the lights of philosophy, all the qualities of the accomplished\n scholar, and the benevolence insiparable from these qualities; and acknowledging myself to be a youth inspired by an\n emulation that cannot rest this side of the excellence in literature to which yourself have attained; let me say that the\n object of this communication is to ask your attention on this subject. I fear at the same time, it were too much to ask,\n but if I felt perfectly confident of your approbation, I would ask the advantage of a correspondence with you, and beg\n that you would occasionally devote a moment of your leisure to writing me a lecture on the subject, which, by this time,\n you may have perceived, I consider so essential and inestimable. The favor would greatly subserve my objects, and never be\n forgotten by an emulous youth\n N.B. If this deserve a reply, let it be forwarded to Nineveh Frederick cty Va.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2092", "content": "Title: Lafayette to James Madison, 10 July 1830\nFrom: Lafayette\nTo: Madison, James\n This letter will be delivered by Mr Ruggi whom You Have known at Charlottesville in His Statuary\n profession. He called upon Mr Rives, Mr David and myself, Several Months ago, with a paper Signed by the professors of\n the University, engaging them, to the amount of $1000 towards the payment of a Statue of our illustrious friend Jefferson\n provided, on its Arrival at Charlottesville it Was approved and Appreciated by a Competitive Committee. Such is the first\n Step to a very desirable object. But Mr Ruggi ought to Have Collected in Virginia and other States a larger list of\n Suscribers Before He Undertook to Have this Capital Work performed By European Artists. This he omitted to do, and on\n Application to an italian Sculptor He Was asked $10000 He Says that the Evaluation By My friend Mr david the first Actual\n Sculptor in France, a member of the institute, and a Most Generous Gentleman, does not exceed $8000. Mr Ruggi Has\n determined to do What he should Have Begun With, and to Revisit the United States to Collect Subscriptions. He Requests a\n letter of introduction to You, and through You to our friends more particularly interested in the Concerns of the\n University, and the intended plan. I Need Not tell How Happy I Would Be to See Such an Homage paid to the Memory of\n Jefferson, and I Request You Will put me on the list of the Subscribers for three or four hundred dollars, or more as You\n will See it Goes on With other friends and Admirers. It Were to Be Wished Mr david Was entrusted With the Work, a\n Collossal Statue Was Spoken of, But it Might be of an ordinary Size and thereby Some What Cheaper. I am Sure He Would do\n it, for the Sake of His love of freedom and personal glory at a lower price than any other Artist; But I Must See him\n Before I Say any thing positive on the Subject. In the Mean While I Send this letter to Mr Ruggi. With my affectionate\n Respects to Mrs Madison I am What You Have long known me Your most afictionate friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2093", "content": "Title: Board of Visitors, University of Virginia, 10 July 1830\nFrom: Board of Visitors, University of Virginia\nTo: \n At a meeting of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, at the University on Saturday the\n 10th. of July 1830: Present, the Rector, Mr. Monroe being prevented from attending by indisposition, and Genl.\n Breckenridge by the sickness of his Family.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-14-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2096", "content": "Title: Minutes of the Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia, 14 July 1830\nFrom: \nTo: \n Wednesday the 14th. Present the same members, & Chapman Johnson and Joseph C. Cabell.\n On motion resolved; That the sentence of the Faculty pronounced on the 22d. of May in the present year\n expelling John Willis, a student of the University, is approved; and that the sentence pronounced on the 4th. of the\n same month expelling the student, Robert W. Walton, is also approved.\n Resolved, That a student may be permitted to change his dormitory, by the Chairman for good cause shewn.\n Resolved, That, dismissed students shall be interdicted from the precincts in the same manner as suspended\n students, and whenever a student shall be expelled dismissed, or suspended from the University, it shall be a part of\n his sentence, that he is interdicted from the precincts, as prescribed in the Enactments, and that part shall be\n communicated to him in writing.\n Resolved, That students who have been expelled, suspended or dismissed, may hereafter be permitted to\n come within the precincts of the University, on the written permission of the Chairman, for a stated time for good\n Resolved, That the words \"Unless by leave of some professor\", be stricken out from the 7th. Clause of Ch:\n 6. of the printed enactments at page 41, and that The following words, viz, Unless by leave of\n the Chairman in the manner prescribed by law, be inserted.\n Resolved, That offences against the laws of the land may be left to the cognizance of the Civil\n Magistrate, if claimed by him; or may be subjected by the Faculty to any of the punishments permitted by the\n Enactments; and this whether the civil magistrate shall have taken cognizance of them or not; & that the 7th.\n section of the 4th. Chapter of the printed enactments be repealed\n Resolved, That the Board perceives with regret that any professor should regard himself at liberty to\n alter or neglect the hour for the commencement of his lectures, or to direct the bell to be rung at any other time\n than that prescribed by the Enactments, and indulge the hope that reflection will satisfy every professor that he\n should prefer submitting to some personal inconvenience, rather than violate the positive provisions of a general law.\n The accounts of the Bursar and Proctor were handed in.\n The chairman of the Faculty laid before the Board the reports required by the Enactments together with\n the weekly reports of the Professors.\n The Board then adjourn till tomorrow 8. O.Clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2098", "content": "Title: Jared Sparks to James Madison, 16 July 1830\nFrom: Sparks, Jared\nTo: Madison, James\n I send you enclosed a copy of the extract contained in the Draft of Washington\u2019s Farewell Address, as first\n transmitted by him to Hamilton. You will remember my saying to you, that this extract purports to be the Address, which he\n intended for the public, if he had resigned at the end of his first term. It is doubtless essentially the same as the\n Sketch you sent him. Perhaps it may have undergone slight alterations. If so, I trust you will favor me with an exact copy of the original.\n You will also receive herewith a number of the North American Review for January, in which you will find (pp.\n 15-25) some remarks on Mr Jay\u2019s negotiations, which accord exactly with the tenor of M. de Rayneval\u2019s letter to Mr Monroe.\n The quotations there made are from the original papers, to which I had access in the British office of Foreign Affairs. I\n have written to Mr Monroe, respecting the copy you allowed me to take, but have not as yet received an answer.\n Tomorrow I shall set off on a tour of five or six weeks to Quebec, and the classic regions on the Lakes,\n chiefly with the view of examining minutely the battle grounds and other localities of historical note. With the greatest\n respect and sincere regards. I have the honor to be, Sir, your much obliged & most obt. servt.\n \"The period which will close the appointment with which my fellow citizens have honoured me, being not\n very distant, and the time actually arrived at which their thoughts must be designating the citizen who is to\n administer the Executive Government of the United States during the ensuing term, it may be requisite to a more\n distinct expression of the public voice that I should apprise such of my fellow citizens as may retain their\n partiality towards me, that I am not to be numbered among those out of whom a choice is to be made.\n \"I beg them to be assured that the Resolution which dictates this intimation has not been taken without\n the strictest regard to the relation which as a dutiful citizen, I bear to my country; and that in withdrawing that\n tender of my service which silence in my situation might imply, I am not influenced by the smallest deficiency of zeal\n for its future interests, or of grateful respect for its past kindness; but by the fullest persuasion that such a step\n \"The impressions under which I entered on the present arduous trust were explained on the proper\n occasion. In discharge of this trust, I can only say that I contributed towards the organization and administration of\n the Government, the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment was capable. For any errors which may have flowed\n from this source, I feel all the regret which an anxiety for the public good can excite; not without the double\n consolation however arising from a consciousness of their being involuntary, and an experience of the candor which\n will interpret them. If there were any circumstances which could give value to my inferior qualifications for the\n trust, these circumstances must have been temporary. In this light was the undertaking viewed when I ventured upon it.\n Being moreover still farther advanced into the decline of life, I am every day more sensible that the increasing\n weight of years, renders the private walks of it in the shade of retirement, as necessary as they will be acceptable\n to me. May I be allowed to add, that it will be among the highest as well as purest enjoyments that can sweeten the\n remnant of my days; to partake, in a private station in the midst of my fellow citizens, of that benign influence of\n good laws under a free Government which has been the ultimate object of all our wishes, and in which I confide as the\n happy reward of our cares and labours. May I be allowed further to add as a consideration far more important, that an\n early example of rotation in an office of so high & delicate a nature, may equally accord with the republican\n spirit of our Constitution, and the ideas of liberty and safety entertained by the people.\"If a farewell address is to be added at the expiration of the term, the following paragraph may conclude\n \"Under these circumstances a return to my private station according to the purpose with which I quitted\n it, is the part which duty as well as inclination assigns me. In executing it I shall carry with me every tender\n recollection which gratitude to my fellow Citizens can awaken; and a sensibility to the permanent happiness of my\n Country which will render it the object of my unceasing vows and most fervent supplications.\"(Should no further address be intended, the preceding clause may be omitted and the present address\n \"In contemplating the moment at which the curtain is to drop for ever on the public scenes of my life, my\n sensations anticipate and do not permit me to suspend, the deep acknowledgments required by that debt of gratitude\n which I owe to my beloved country, for the many honors it has conferred on me,\u2013 for the distinguished confidence it has\n reposed in me,\u2013 and for the opportunities I have thus enjoyed, of testifying my inviolable attachment by the most\n steadfast services which my faculties could render. All the returns I have now to make will be in those vows which I\n shall carry with me to my retirement and to my grave, that Heaven may continue to favour the people of the United\n States with the choicests tokens of its beneficence; that their union in brotherly affection may be perpetual;\u2013 that the\n free constitution which is the work of their own hands, may be sacredly maintained;\u2013 that its administration in every\n department may be stamped with wisdom and with virtues\u2013 and that this character may be ensured to it, by that\n watchfulness over public servants, and public measures, which on one hand will be necessary to prevent or correct a\n degeneracy;\u2013 and that forbearance, on the other, from unfounded or indiscriminate jealousies, which would deprive the\n public of the best services, by depriving a conscious integrity of one of the noblest incitements to perform them:\u2013\n that in fine, the happiness of the people of America, under the auspices of liberty, may be made complete, by so\n careful, a preservation and so prudent a use of this blessing, as will acquire them the glorious satisfaction of\n recommending it to the affection, the praise and the adoption of every nation which is yet a stranger to it.\"And may we not dwell with well grounded hopes on this flattering prospect, when we reflect on the many\n ties by which the people of America are bound together, and the many proofs they have given of an enlightened\n judgment and a magnanimous patriotism.\"We may all be considered as the children of one common Country. We have all been embarked in one common\n cause. We have all had our share in common sufferings and common successes. The portion of the Earth allotted for the\n theatre of our fortunes, fulfils our most sanguine desires. All its essential interests are the same, whilst the\n diversities arising from climate, from soil, and from other local and lesser peculiarities, will naturally form a\n mutual relation of the parts, that may give the whole a more entire independence, than has any other nation.\"To confirm these motives to an affectionate and permanent Union and to secure the great objects of it,\n we have established a common Government, which being free in its principles, being founded in our own choice, being\n intended as the guardian of our common rights and the patron of our common interests, and wisely containing within\n itself a provision for its own amendment as experience may point out its errors, seems to promise every thing that can\n be expected from such an institution; and if supported by wise counsels, by virtuous conduct, and by mutual &\n friendly allowances, must approach as near to perfection as any human work can aspire, and nearer than any which the\n annals of mankind have recorded.\"With these wishes & hopes I shall make my exit from civil life; and I have taken the same\n liberty of expressing them which I formerly used in offering the sentiments which were suggested by my exit from\n military life. If in either instance, I have presumed more than I ought on the indulgence of my fellow citizens, they\n will be too generous to ascribe it to any other cause, than the extreme solicitude which I am bound to feel, and which I\n can never cease to feel, for their liberty their prosperity and their happiness.\"", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2099", "content": "Title: Board of Visitors, University of Virginia, 16 July 1830\nFrom: Board of Visitors, University of Virginia\nTo: \n The Board met according to adjournment.\n Mr. Randolph, appointed a Committee at the last session of the Board, for the purpose of examining and\n settling the Bursar\u2019s and Proctor\u2019s accounts, made the following report:\u2014Th: J. Randolph to whom was referred the\n examination of the accounts of the Bursar and Proctor at the last meeting of the Board, reports;\u2014That he has employed Mr.\n Martin Dawson to perform this duty, who has examined the Proctor\u2019s account from the 5th. day of December 1827 to the 10th.\n day of July 1830, and states that the Proctor has legal voucher\u2019s for the sum of $57,010.25 leaving in the hands of the\n Bursar a balance of $1068.56; that in consequence of drafts afloat, there is a difference between the accounts of the\n Bursar & Proctor: For further information referrence is respectfully made to the accompanying statement by Mr.\n The Board then adjourned till tomorrow 8. O.\u2019C.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-17-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2100", "content": "Title: Board of Visitors, University of Virginia, 17 July 1830\nFrom: Board of Visitors, University of Virginia\nTo: \n The Board met according to adjournment\n Resolved, That the Chairman\u2019s private book annually communicated to the Board, be preserved by the Secretary\n Resolved, That Dr. Patterson be appointed Chairman of the Faculty for one year from the end of this session.\n The Board then adjourned till Monday 8. O.Clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-19-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2101", "content": "Title: Board of Visitors, University of Virginia, 19 July 1830\nFrom: Board of Visitors, University of Virginia\nTo: \n The Board met according to adjournment.\n Resolved, That it is the duty of the Chairman, from time to time, to lay before the Faculty all such\n information as, in his opinion, the interests of the University may require, and promptly to bring to their attention all\n such offences against the laws as he may deem proper for their animadversion; especially all such as he may think\n deserving major punishments. In the performance of this duty the Chairman will be amenable to the Visitors alone for the\n exercise of a sound discretion.\n The Faculty may, at pleasure call on the Chairman for information touching any subject proper for their\n deliberations, and it will be his duty to communicate it if in his power, or to assign to them the reasons which induce\n him to think that the interests of the University require that it should be withheld; but the Faculty can, in no case\n proceed to punish or to try an offence, not brought before them by the Chairman.\n It is the duty of the Professors, and demonstrator, promptly to communicate to the Chairman all offences\n against the Enactments, which come to their knowledge, and to interpose to prevent any such offences in their presence.\n Such interposition, however, can never require or justify the language of passion, nor, beyond the limit of the lecture\n room, can it require any other than that of friendly warning and parental admonition.\n Any student resisting or resenting such interposition, his advisers, aiders and abettors shall be deemed\n insubordinate, and will be liable to any of the minor or major punishments according to the degree of his offence.\n The Board then adjourned till tomorrow 8. O.Clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2103", "content": "Title: Board of Visitors, University of Virginia, 21 July 1830\nFrom: Board of Visitors, University of Virginia\nTo: \n The Board met according to adjournment.\n Resolved, That the Communication of Dr. Bl\u00e6tterman of this date respecting the pavilion and grounds\n heretofore in his occupation, be referred to the Executive committee, with authority to grant the privileges he asks,\n under such restrictions as they deem expedient, and with further authority, if the pavilion should be, hereafter,\n otherwise appropriated, to assign to him some convenient dormitory or other room, rent free, as a study.\n Resolved, That students desirous of attending the class of Physiology alone, in the school of medicine, shall\n be allowed to attend that on the payment of a fee of fifteen dollars.\n Resolved, That no student without leave of the Faculty shall attend any teacher, out of the University for\n the purpose of learning any thing taught in any of the schools of the University;\u2013and if any offend herein he shall be\n liable to any of the minor or major punishments.\n Resolved, That it shall be the duty of each person occupying a tenement of the University to have the privies\n of their respective tenements cleansed on the first monday of every month, and upon neglecting to do so for the space of\n five days after the first day of the Month it shall be the duty of the Proctor to have it done, and charge the occupant\n Resolved, That the Proctor shall have the Wells, pumps &c, of the various tenements of the\n University, put in order without delay.\n Resolved, That students above the age of Twenty years, proving their ages to the satisfaction of the Faculty\n may reside out of the precincts, in such private boarding houses as the Faculty may approve.\n Any student resident within the University, and failing to deposit his funds, or any part thereof, with the\n Proctor, as required by the Enactments, shall be liable to any of the punishments prescribed by the enactments minor or\n major. He shall moreover be liable to pay to the Proctor, on all monies acknowledged by him not to have been deposited a\n commission of four percent, and if he refuse to make the declaration required of him by the enactments, he shall pay to\n the Proctor the sum of Twenty dollars in addition to any commissions he may have before paid. His delinquency shall, in\n every case be communicated to his parent or guardian in the circular letter of the Chairman.\n Drunkenness or gaming, by any student may be punished by a minor or major punishment tho\u2019 it be the first\n offence of which he shall have been convicted.\n The repetition of offences made liable to minor punishments shall subject the student guilty thereof to\n either minor or major punishments, or to dismission, at the discretion of the Faculty.\n Resolved, That when any student shall leave the University by permission of the Faculty, on account of ill\n health, or shall die before the end of the session, the proctor shall return to him, his parent, guardian or proper\n representative, a proportion of the rent which he shall have paid for his dormitory and the use of the public rooms,\n bearing the same ratio to the whole amount of rent paid, that the residue of the session after his removal or death, bears\n The claims of the students Cary Wickham, and Cary S. Page will be settled by the Proctor according to the\n same rule, upon the certificate of the Faculty that they were permitted to retire on account of ill health.\n Resolved, That the account presented by the Demonstrator of Anatomy and surgery against the University for\n Resolved, That Dr. Frank Carr be appointed Secretary to this Board.\n The Committee of Inspection made their report submitting the following resolutions which were adopted:\n 1. Resolved, That, so soon as the funds will permit, a permanent annuity be set apart and appropriated to the\n 2. Resolved, That the Executive committee be authorised to cause the seats to be removed from the present\n lecture room to the present dissecting room in the anatomical Theatre; that the present lecture room be converted into a\n dissecting room, and fitted up with a furnace and boiler if required; that the present dissecting room be converted into a\n lect room; that the large apartment in the basement story be appropriated to the purposes of a Museum; and that the\n anatomical preparations &c in the small room now used as a Museum be transferred to the former larger apartment,\n and the latter be given up as a working room to the Demonstrator of Anatomy.\n 3. Resolved, that authority be given for the payment of a bill of sundries furnished for the accommodation of\n his department by the Demonstrator of Anatomy, amounting to $34.42\u00bd\n 4. Resolved, That until such time as the Board may deem it unnecessary, the professors of Natural philosophy\n and chemistry, and the Demonstrator of Anatomy be required to present annually to the Board of Visitors a fresh list of\n all the objects in the apparatus attached to their respective departments.\n 5. Resolved, That the proctor be authorised to pay G. W. Spooner\u2019s bill amounting to $122.74 for presses made\n for the accommodation of the Chemical apparatus, and for casing with sashes & wire frames two of the windows in\n the chemical lecture room.\n 6. Resolved, That the Executive Committee be authorised forthwith to have the wood cistern in the Chemical\n Laboratory replaced by ones of brick and water proof lime; that they cause the requisite painting and white washing at the\n forge and fire place in the same Laboratory to be done without delay, and the fire place in the chemical lecture room to\n be altered so as to prevent smoking, by the application of a smoke disperser at the top of the Chimney.\n 7. Resolved, That the authority heretofore given to liquidate Dr. McNevin\u2019s bill for chemical apparatus\n purchased of him, be continued, and that the said bill so liquidated be paid off as soon as the funds of the University\n 8. Resolved, That the chairman of the Faculty be requested to address a letter to Messrs. Lukens &\n Peale of Philadelphia conveying to them the grateful acknowledgments of the Board of Visitors for their valuable services\n in repairing the philosophical apparatus of the University\n 9. Resolved, That so soon as the funds will permit the Executive Committee be requested, on consultation with\n the professor of Natural philosophy, to procure for the use of the Observatory, a Telescope of the scale and description\n now recommended by him to the Board of Visitors.\n 10. Resolved, That the Executive Committee cause the tops of the Benches to be renewed, and the other changes\n in the seats in the philosophical lecture room, now recommended by the Professor, to be forthwith executed.\n 11. Resolved, That the Executive Committee be authorised to cause forthwith to be executed the plan of\n arranging a series of rising seats in the public lecture room now recommended by professor Bonnycastle, and that the\n professors have authority to cause the lecture rooms to be locked up in their absence.\n 12. Resolved, That, it being represented that it will be proper to have the two gymnasia fitted up as public\n halls for the use of the University, the Faculty be requested to report a plan of suitable alterations, to the Visitors at\n their next annual meeting.\n 13. Resolved, That the Executive Committee be required to have proper measures speedily taken for stopping\n the Leaks in the various roofs of the buildings of the University.\n 14. Resolved, That as soon as the state of the funds will permit, the Executive Committee cause to be\n renewed, annually, one tenth part of the exterior covering of the dormitories on the lawn, and the two pavilions with flat\n roofs, taking care that the framing shall be of Locust, and the planking of heart pine, heart poplar or Locust.\n 15. Resolved, That the Executive Committee, as soon as the funds will permit, be authorised to cause to be\n erected the Iron railing heretofore directed, across the covering of the gymnasium contiguous to the pavilion occupied by\n 16. Resolved, That authority be given to professor Bonnycastle to cause a door of communication to be cut\n from his pavilion to the dormitory contiguous to it on the south side thereof.\n 17. Resolved, That the Executive Committee be required to prepare and to lay before the Board of Visitors at\n its next meeting a proper plan for an establishment of outer gardens and offices on the eastern and western sides of the\n University, and that they be authorised to take such steps as may be necessary to accompany their report with a survey of\n the grounds, and the requisite illustrative drawings: and that they have further authority to cause a hedge to be planted\n within the enclosure, extending around the pleasure grounds of the University.\n 18. Resolved, That it is expedient, as soon as the state of the funds will permit, to set apart and\n appropriate a permanent fund for the annual repair of the Buildings of the University, and that the proctor, under the\n directions of the Executive Committee, report to the Visitors at their next meeting, as to the amount of which such\n permanent fund should consist.\n 19. The Authority heretofore given to the Executive Committee on the subject of the cost of the different\n objects in the philosophical and astronomical apparatus having not been executed, they are hereby required to proceed to\n it\u2019s execution with as little delay as practicable, and, in their proceedings upon this subject to consult with the\n professor of Mathematics, as well as the professor of Natural philosophy and astronomy.\n 20. Resolved, That the proctor be required, under the direction of the Executive Committee to cause a range\n of trees to be planted on the Exterior sides of the outer streets to the East and west of the University.\n 21. Resolved that the Executive Committee be requested to report to the Visitors at the Commencement of each\n annual meeting all the unexecuted resolutions of the Board, & the causes of their non-execution.\n The Committee of Finance made a report accompanied by the following resolution which was adopted:\n Resolved, That the sterling money in the hands of the Barings in London, heretofore placed under the control\n of the Executive committee, be applied first, to satisfy such engagements as the Committee have made or authorised; next\n to purchase the law books mentioned in the list L; and, lastly, to the puchase of such other books for the Library\n recommended by the professors as the Committee may approve.\n Resolved, That the claim of Mr. Rose to a remission of his rent from the 1st. to the 20th. of August 1829, be\n referred to the Executive committee.\n Resolved, That the request of Dr. Harrison to have an alteration made in his garden, be referred to the\n Resolved, That J. S. Skinner\u2019s be paid his account of $35. out of the Sterling fund.\n The Board then adjourned without day", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2104", "content": "Title: James Madison to the President and Directors of the Literary Fund, 21 July 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: President and Directors of the Literary Fund\n The following report was made to the president and Directors of the Literary Fund.\n In obedience to the law requiring the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia to make an annual\n report to the President and Directors of the Literary Fund to be laid before the Legislature at their next succeeding\n meeting, embracing a full account of the disbursements, the Funds on hand, and a general statement of the condition of the\n said University, the Rector and Visitors make the following report.\n In conformity to the provisions of the Act of the General Assembly, establishing the University of Virginia,\n which requires of the Rector and visitors that they should annually visit the Institution, for the purpose of enquiring\n into the proceedings and practices thereat, & of examining into the progress of the Students, they held a stated\n annual meeting commencing on the 14th. of July and terminating on the 22d. of that month and embracing in their session\n the period of the public Summer examination.\n During this time the Board were occupied in inspecting the institution, occasionally attending the\n examination of the Classes, and in discharging the other duties devolved upon them by the Legislature. As the result of\n inquiries instituted by them into the state and Condition of the University, and the progress of the Students, they are\n gratified in being able to state that the general management and economy of the Institution have been such as to meet the\n continued approbation of the Board. Where they appeared to be defective such remedies have been applied as were deemed\n most suitable and adequate. The general habits and proficiency of the young men who resort hither for instruction, bear\n ample testimony to the zeal and ability of the professors, to their own devotion and ardor in the pursuits of Science, and\n to the fidelity and judgment with which the laws and regulations enacted for the government of the University have been\n The Board have been gratified to find a proof of the increased assiduity and success of the students in the\n circumstance of a much greater number having been received as graduates in the several schools, than at any former\n The judicial office conferred on Professor Lomax has withdrawn him from the chair of Law in this Institution.\n In referring to the event the Board cannot satisfy their feelings without bearing testimony to the high legal\n attainments, the devotion to his duties and the other attractive merits by which he was characterised.\n On the invitation of the Board Mr. John A. G. Davis consented to fill the vacated chair for the term of\n twelve months; and from the opportunities afforded the Members of estimating his fine talents, his legal acquirements, and\n his appropriate habits, a just confidence is entertained that the trust he has undertaken, will be ably and faithfully\n The Board have deemed it expedient to provide for the employment of a tutor in the school of Modern Languages\n with a salary of five hundred dollars per annum, and one third of the fees paid in that school.\n To provide this renumeration it has been necessary to make a corresponding reduction in the emoluments of the Professor,\n in the discharge of the duties of whose chair he has been appointed to assist. The appointment thus provided for, is to be\n held during the pleasure of the Visitors. The Tutor is required to conform to all the laws of the Institution, and to\n reside within the precincts, where convenient accommodation are to be assigned himself and Family within the Dormitories\n or Hotels and grounds of the University.\n Some change has been also made in the Schools of Moral Philosophy and Antient languages. Instruction in\n Rhetoric & Belles Lettres, heretofore required to be given in the School of Antient languages has been transferred\n to that of moral Philosophy, while, in the latter, The Fee of fifteen dollars for attending the class of political\n Economy, has been abolished, and the Professor is entitled to receive a full fee from every student attending his school,\n in which political Economy is included.\n Provision has been made enabling those who may be desirous of attending the class of physiology alone in the\n school of Medicine, to do so on the payment of a fee of fifteen dollars.\n The Board have the Satisfaction to state that, notwithstanding the continued pressure of pecuniary\n difficulties experienced in the Country, the number of students attending the various schools of the University, during\n the recent Session, has suffered no diminution, but has rather increased when compared with the preceding one, having\n been, in that which has just terminated, one hundred and thirty three: The state of the schools being as follows:\n The accounts of the receipts, disbursements, and Funds on hand, as rendered by the Bursar and Proctor, are given\n with this report, as required by Law", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2105", "content": "Title: John J. Crittenden to James Madison, 21 July 1830\nFrom: Crittenden, John Jordan\nTo: Madison, James\n I trouble you merely to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 8th Inst:, enclosing eighty dollars in\n satisfaction of the claim which I had the honor to state to you in my letter of the 5th of March last. With the most", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2108", "content": "Title: James Madison to William Allen, 26 July 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Allen, William\n I have no draft on Col.\u2013 Minor from Mr H Taylor, for the $25. mentioned in yours of the 22d. [ ] but a letter\n from him saying that Col. M. would be furnished with that sum to be paid to me. I can only inclose therefore a rect which\n you say will suffice: Out of the little fund produced by this and the balance in your hands please to pay what I am in\n debt to Mr. Gray, and to the Printer Mr. Harrow, if not exceeding the fund. Shd. there be a deficiency let me know,\n & it will be made up. With friendly respects ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2109", "content": "Title: James Madison to Hersant, 26 July 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hersant\n Your favour inclosing the communications from the Baron & Baroness de Neuville, came duly to hand;\n and I beg leave to request that you will be equally kind in giving the inclosed a proper conveyance, tendering to you at\n the same time the cordial acknowledgments & respects, to which Mrs. M. makes herself a party", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2110", "content": "Title: James Madison to Baron Hyde de Neuville, 26 July 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hyde de Neuville, Jean Guillaume, Baron\n I have recd. through Monsr. Chersant, the two pamphlets for which I am indebted to your politeness, the one\n \"Discours d\u2019ouverture prononc\u00e9 a la S\u00e9ance generale &c&c\" the other \"De la question Portugaise\". I cannot\n return my thanks for them, without remarking that the first is equally distinguished by its instructive, and by its\n philanthropic views; and that the second is a proof that the young Claimant of the throne of Portugal, could not have been\n favoured with a better informed or more eloquent advocate.\n I am induced by the interest you take in whatever concerns our Country, to inclose a copy of the new\n Constitution adopted by Virginia. It has just received the popular sanction, by votes of about 25,000. against 15,000; and\n will be carried into execution within the present year. As must happen in such cases, it is the offspring of mutual\n concessions of opinions & interests, and the parent of some dissatisfactions. But the people of America are too\n well schooled in the duty & practice of submitting to the will of the majority, to permit any serious uneasiness\n Mrs. Madison writes a few lines to the Baroness. In the cordial regards they express, I beg leave to join; as\n she does in the sentiments of esteem & good wishes of which I pray you to accept the sincere assurance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-27-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2111", "content": "Title: John C. Harris to James Madison, 27 July 1830\nFrom: Harris, John C.\nTo: Madison, James\n Deeply impressed, as I am with a thorough Conviction, that your Honour had gone into retirement, to repose in\n quiet; and tho\u2019 at all times watching, with a patriots eye, and feeling with a patriots heart,\n every eventful crisis of your Country, yet determined, no dout, to take no part in any political Canvass or Strife that might occur in any part of our Union, State or County, unless for the purpose of\n real & indispensable good, Notwithstanding, I beg that you will so fair depart from this at least, in consequence\n of the importance of the matter in the sequel, and honour me so much as to comply with the request herein submitted.\u2013 It is made for no other\n purpose than to enable me, through your answer to do justice to a distinguished fellow Citizen and Statesman\u2014 Governor\n Barbour. Since that Gentleman became a Candidate for our fall election, many painful and unpleasant things have\n transpired to wound the feelings of himself and his friends. I am one, among the many of Colo. Barbour\u2019s friends, who were\n also the friends of President Jackson; and who most cordially and sincerely hoped that the party Strife, and great\n political Commotion which pervaded and agitated the Community so roughly, pending the last Presidential Canvass, had\n subsided into eternal oblivion; and that it could not with any propriety be renewed, in this our County Election \"Our\n Family Affair\" as Governor B. very aptly called it at our April Election. And we did hope that the present Canvass would have been conducted in the most magnanimous and Republican manner.\u2013 But we regret\n that a departure from this anticipations, is widely different, and that many unpleasant, and entierly [inclative], things have been\n renewed and agitated with the most gigantic exaggeration, to the pain and chagrin of Govr. Barbour and his friends. And\n Sir, among the many tricks adverted to, and not the least of them, is the singular one, which impells me thus reluctantly, to intrude upon that repose which now must be so sweet to you, and that settled\n purpose of nutrality and retirement. It is rumoured through the County, but more particularly in the upper parts, by\n whose agency we know not, that your honour had said that Capt. Davis would be your choice, of the two candidates presented\n to us for our next and important legislature. None could impugn the exalted right of the\n freedom of opinion, and of the elective franchise\u2013 and none can doubt of the extent of the influence, that, such an\n opinion would have upon the people of Orange from You Sir, in any and every political subject\n or matter that can present its self in our immediate, or remote Community.\n We had heard also on the other hand that, you should have said, that it was a political Crisis in our Commonwealth, approaching in importance, the late Convention; and that required whatever of Talent,\n Wisdom, and experience of the County which could be commanded, not much less imperiously so, than did the late Convention. Yet Governor Barbour\u2019s friends do not wish to act upon this ground, untill, if so at\n all, it is more formally recieved from you Sir, and with your approbation.\n If Sir, it will entierly meet your approbation and Convenience, will you honour me\n with a few lines in reply to this inquiry after the truth of the foundation of these reports, so at least as to enable me\n to repell the charge against us, if groundless, and to aid the distinguished individual to whom they allude.\n I hope Sir, that the interest I feel for justice to be done, and the disinterestedness of my motives, further\n than patriotic & virtuous; and also to repell those [puisne] subterfuges to which resort is had, will pleade and be my\n excuse to you for being thus lengthy, and thus I fear intrusive: And beg that you will attribute to me the best of motives. Most Respectfully your obedient Humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-29-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2112", "content": "Title: Nicholas P. Trist to James Madison, 29 July 1830\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas P.\nTo: Madison, James\n The step which I now take, I venture on With the less reluctance, as, if not entirely approved by you, it will rest altogether with you to prevent its reaching the field of impropriety. Mr\n Davis has written to ask me to procure, & send him without loss of time, a book which I once lent him. I have\n determined to avoid delay by sending him my copy; but it being altogether uncertain when this could be done, I have, after\n some hesitation, concluded on getting it as far as Montpellier, at least, under your frank; and requesting you to send it,\n either by mail, or if there be the slightest objection, by the stage, to Charlottesville. The consideration which has\n emboldened me to take this liberty, is, that the object in getting the book on, is really a public & not a private\n I congratulate you on the result of the meeting: both the facta, and the infecta. Davis will, I am sure, justify the appointment, fully; and\n raise the Law-School, before long, to eminence, which, I am satisfied a case-hardened lawyer never would have done. Of all\n situations in the world; it is that which I should have chosen for myself. There is that intimate conviction which has seldom existed without some ground, & which is\n corroborated more & more every day\u2014 that I could be useful in this line; and I should like above all things to display\n that utility in Virginia. Had I been able to foresee Mr Lomax\u2019s resignation, I think I could\n have done something that would have attracted the attention of the Board to myself. As it is, I must content myself with\n another theatre; on which I shall probably commence acting within a couple of years.\n You have, of course, heard that Mrs Cutts & her daughters left us 10 days ago. Those she left behind\n are well, as is the case with ourselves. Our affectionate wishes attend Mrs Madison & yourself", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "07-31-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2114", "content": "Title: James Madison to Hubbard Taylor[?], 31 July 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Taylor, Hubbard\n In the acct of Mr Harrow inclosed in yours of the 27 Ult. I find an error charging me for the year 1826. I\n return the acct. with the rect. for that year. As the error appears to proceed from another hand, it is possible that Mr\n Harrow in tracing may discover others. I am under a faint impression that my last payment was of still later date, but as\n I observe no rect. for it, I shall infer that I am mistaken if the Books of Mr H. do not shew the contrary. The 4 dollars\n overpd. may be credited for the year 1830.\n Excuse the trouble I am giving you by the small matters & accept my cordial respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-02-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2115", "content": "Title: James Madison to Bernard Peyton, 2 August 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\n Be so good as to mention the balance in your hand after paying a draft of $100 dollars whilst I was at the\n University. I am endeavouring to make up before the 1st. of Sepr the discount day at the Bank as much as will discharge\n one half of my debt to it. Friendly salutations\n I have in the Tobo. Houses the amt of a few Hhds reported to be abt. half a dozen, which the delays of my discharged\n overseer, & the busy Seasons since have made it impossible to prepare for market. The quality is probably not\n essentially different from what has been sold. How long can a further postponement take place, without passing the", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2117", "content": "Title: William Allen to James Madison, 3 August 1830\nFrom: Allen, William\nTo: Madison, James\n I have yours of the 31st. Ulto. with the receipts of Mr. Harrow. Mr. H. is expected in town in a few days\n when I will request him to examine more thoroughly into his Accounts than his agent can do & advise you of the\n result. It will give me pleasure at all times to render you any services in my power. With much respect, I am Your Most", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2119", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson Randolph to James Madison, 3 August 1830\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Jefferson\nTo: Madison, James\n I Enclose for your consideration a letter from Majr Crozet, the Engineer of the state recommending his\n brother as an assistant in the school of modern Languages. It might be desirable in the event of Mr Herv\u00e9 not being within\n our reach to make enquiries respecting Monr Crozet. Of this however as you will judge best. With feelings of the most\n devoted attachment respectfully", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-04-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2120", "content": "Title: James Madison to William Allen, 4 August 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Allen, William\n Please to send by Waggoner Aleck about 50 [lbs?] of Java Coffee. If the quality be particularly good, the\n quantity may be doubled. He will be down the day after tomorrow with a load of Wheat from the Sale of which, the article\n may be paid for Friendly respects ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2121", "content": "Title: James Madison to Alexander H. Everett, 5 August 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Everett, Alexander H.\n J. Madison has received & returns his thanks for the copy with which he has been favored by Mr.\n Everett, of his Oration on the last 4th. of July. The enlightened views taken of the great Event commemorated, shew that\n the subject, often & ably as it has been handled, was not exhausted.\n From the passage in the Oration which connects particular circumstances with the original Draft of the\n Declaration of Independence, it is inferred that the letter of Mr. Jefferson in his published correspondence Vol. 4th. p.\n 375 & seq. had not fallen under the eye of the Orator\n J. M. is reminded by this occasion of the thanks he owes and now offers Mr. E. for the copy of his able\n & well-timed Comment on the protecting policy of G. Britain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2122", "content": "Title: James Madison to Edward Everett, 5 August 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Everett, Edward\n J. Madison with his best respects to Mr. Everett, thanks him for the Copy of his \"Address on the Centennial\n Anniversary of the Arrival of Governour Winthrop at Charlestown\"\n The theme, interesting as it is, in itself, derives new attraction from the touching details and appropriate\n reflections woven into the Address.\n J. M takes this occasion of thanking Mr. E. for the copy heretofore forwarded, of his very able Speech on the\n Indian subject, in the House of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2123", "content": "Title: Mathew Carey to James Madison, 6 August 1830\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Madison, James\n By this Mail, I send you three numbers of a series of papers, intended to dispel the delusions under which\n many of the Citizens of the Southern States, particularly in South Carolina & Georgia, labour, respecting the\n Tariff. I am flattered by my friends into the belief that I have taken impregnable ground.\n With them I send some other articles of my writing, the whole of which I request you will accept, as a mark\n of sincere esteem, on the part of Your obt. Hble. Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2124", "content": "Title: Joseph Blunt to James Madison, 10 August 1830\nFrom: Blunt, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n I take the liberty to send you by this mail, the 3rd Vol of the Annual Register. I can scarcely hope that\n your avocations, (engrossing as they must prove even in your retirement) will permit you to peruse it, but in the hope\n that some portions of it may prove interesting, I venture to transmit it. I am Sir with great respect your Obt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-11-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2125", "content": "Title: James Madison to Thomas Jefferson Randolph, 11 August 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Jefferson\n I recd yesterday yrs. of the 3d inst. inclosing a letter from Mr. Crozet, which I return. It wd. seem not\n amiss for your answer, to permit him to make enquiries of his brother, but without authorizing any expectation that might\n not be fulfilled, I enclose also a letter from Mr. Herv\u00e9, in whose favor I find Mr. Cabell has transmitted you a copy of a\n letter from Chevalie with that of another from C. de la Pena, presenting himself as a Candidate. On the subject of this\n last, I enclose a letter from Mr. Johnson, communicating a recommendation of him by Mr. Leigh, and promising at the same\n time to make inquiries concerning to Mr. Herv\u00e9. From the aspect given to the qualifications of Mr Herv\u00e9, by Mr Cabell and\n from the manner in which you allude to him I conclude that he will be regarded as the most eligible among those yet\n brought into view, more especially with the exception of Crozet he alone is a native of the\n Country, whose language in its spoken as well as written character is of primary importance.\n How far his existing engagements can be surmounted, or a temporary substitute be admissible, I know not that I can afford\n you & General Cocke any aid in deciding. I need not repeat that I shall cheerfully acquiesce in your decisions\n on these as in all other cases whatever they be. very affey yrs ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-14-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2126", "content": "Title: John King to James Madison, 14 August 1830\nFrom: King, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Not having the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with you nor the advantage of an epistolary introduction\n by a friend I must therefore beg pardon for the liberty taken by a stranger for this abrupt obtrusion of himself &\n Suffice it to observe that from recent acts of congress making provision for the payment of Officers\n & soldiers of the revolutionary War, The heirs of Col. Thomas Bullett (whom you may have been personally\n acquainted with & who was as they understand Adjutant General of the Virginia Line of Continental Troops stationed\n at Williamburg in 1775) are under impressions that they are entitled to payment for services of said Bullett as Officer\n aforesaid he having as they believe died in the Service\u2014\n But from the burning of the War Office at Washington, by an incendiary as was suppos\u2019d, and consequently with\n it all records & papers thereof many years since the Heirs of said Bullett are deprived of access to written\n records and in the absence thereof have now to resort to living ones amongst whom they have thought of you whom they\n understood was an Officer also at Williamsburg at that Crisis\u2014\n Now if you can aid the descendants & Heirs of Bullett (with whom I am partly interested by marriage\n with a grand daughter of Judge Cuthbert Bullett brother & heir of said Thomas & whom you may have also\n been acquainted with) in the investigation by giving such information as you may be in possession of in relation to the\n subject it will be gratefully recieved by them through me their agent.\n I have obtain\u2019d a certificate from Chief Justice Marshall which affords considerable light & help in\n the prosecution of this claim, but the evidence is not conclusive.\n I would be glad to hear from you at an early period if convenient to your leisure hourswith sentiments of\n the highest consideration respect & esteem I am Dr Sir Yours &c sincerely\n P S Robert Pollard Esqr. of this place has also given me a certificate on this subject which is corroborative but not final", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2127", "content": "Title: Chapman Johnson to James Madison, 15 August 1830\nFrom: Johnson, Chapman\nTo: Madison, James\n Since I inclosed you an extract of a letter from Mr Leigh recommending Colo. de la Pe\u00f1a for the appointment\n of tutor in the school of Modern languages, I have received several other communications, on the subject of that\n appointment which I send you herewith\u2013\n One is from Mr. Stanard very strongly recommending Colo. Colonna, an Italian gentleman now in Richmond. He\n has been residing there for a year or two, engaged in teaching, and though I have no personal acquaintance with him, I\n have formed a very favorable opinion of his character\u2013 His want of knowledge of the English language, with which his\n acquaintance I believe is very limitted,\u2013 his age, he being somewhat advanced in life,\u2013 and his former habits, not those I\n believe of a literary man, would probably be less objection to him, in [a subaltern] situation, while they would leave\n little hope that he would ever be well qualified for the professors chair\u2014\n Another is from Mr. Cabell accompanying a short note from Mr. Herv\u00e9 to Mr. Chevalli\u00e9, and a letter from Mr.\n Chevalli\u00e9 to Mr. Cabell, all in the same sheet of paper\u2014\n And the third is from Mr. Leigh, in answer to a letter I wrote him, on the subject of Mr. Herv\u00e9\u2014\n It would seem from these letters that Mr. Herv\u00e9\u2019s engagements will not allow him, to accept the appointment\n if he is required to enter on the duties of his office at the next Session of the University, but that the appointment\n would be acceptable to him, if it would be conferred with an understanding for that the first year he may substitute a\n suitable person such as shall be approved\u2014\n I am decidedly of opinion that he is much better suited to our purposes than any one, who has yet been\n presented to our view\u2014 and I would certainly prefer, unless another appointment altogether acceptable can be made that we should\n do nothing to put it out of our power to command his services hereafter\u2013 I should even think it better to leave the\n appointment open, during the next session, rather than appoint permanently any one, not entirely acceptable\u2014 and I should\n be quite satisfied to adopt Mr. Herv\u00e9\u2019s suggestion if he can furnish an acceptable substitute\u2014\n I will write to Richmond, and endeavour to learn what are his prospects for furnishing such a substitute\u2014 and\n communicate the result to you\u2013 with very great respect your obt. Svt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2128", "content": "Title: James Monroe to James Madison, 15 August 1830\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Young Mr Watson who has been with us, since the vacation, and will call on you on his return home, will give\n you information of the state of my health, & of that of my family. We hope that yours is perfectly restored, from\n a slight attack, which he informs us you suffered, at the University, & that Mrs. Madison enjoys good health.\n I have received a letter from Mr Sparks since I last wrote to you, informing me, that you had allowed him to\n take a copy of Mr. Raynevalls, respecting occurrences in the negotiation for peace, in 1782. 3. & in reply I\n assurd him, that in so doing, you had acted, in perfect accord with my wishes. I intimated what related to Mr Vaughan, in\n that affair, as that I should, informed him, of what had occurrd, that he might communicate any view, which he had taken of\n those occurrences, either to Mr. Sparks, or to me for him, if he thought proper.\n Mr Hay has, before this, we presume reachd the warm Springs, accompanied by his daughter Mrs Ringgold,\n & Dr Werks. We heard from him at Staunton, which he had reached without injury. We hope that the exercise,\n & water, will restore him. Our best regards to Mrs Madison\u2014 your friend\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-17-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2129", "content": "Title: James Madison to John King, 17 August 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: King, John\n I recd. by yesterdays mail your letter of the 14th. and am sorry I can not aid in satisfying the enquiry it\n makes concerning Genl. Thomas Bullett. I recollect that in the year 1775. I saw him in Williamsburg, where I happened to\n be, tho\u2019 not in the character you suppose, and where he was stationed in a Military command; but I had no acquaintance\n with him. Of the time of his death & whether he died in the Continental service, I am entirely ignorant. With his\n brother Cuthbert, I became acquainted in the year following, being both members of the Convention in that year. With", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-19-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2130", "content": "Title: Jonathan Elliot to James Madison, 19 August 1830\nFrom: Elliot, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\n Your friendly favor of the 7th. ult was duly recd. In the compilation of the work on the Constitution I am\n fully sensible of the imperfection of many of the materials, and the barrenness of the field at this remote period, since\n the question of adoption was agitated; but you will perceive I have been reluctantly obliged to embody matter, evidently\n written with a \"bias\" I have strong reason to suspect Mr Martin, and you have confirmed my suspicions of this \"bias\"\u2014\n Judge Yeates is also very questionable as you intimate\u2014 but as I found them, I have given them, to the world; with all\n their imperfections on their heads\u2014 on the responsibility of the individual writers. Politicians are constantly asking\n copies of both\u2014 and until your more authentic work appears, I believe the public possess no other disclosures of the\n Debates in General Convention.\n From so exalted and venerated a friend, it is the highest source of gratification to receive your approbation\n of the illustrative selections, on the Constitution, Contained in the 4th volume. I hope they\n may prove of utility in aiding those who search to expound our inestimable Constitution.\n Whenever it should meet the views of yourself, or your family, I should be glad to give $2 or $3000 for your\n manuscript debates to publish, or in proportion for a larger quantity of manuscript, connected with your useful labours.\n It is probably superfluous to add, that there is now more than ever, the most intense anxiety to procure yr. work on the\n Constitution. Come when it will, it will come, like the refreshing dew, and dispel the mists, that the selfish or\n interested, are endeavouring, by nullifying doctrines, to obscure the Constitution. But as I have heard yr. desire in relation to\n the disposition of that M.S. perhaps I ought not to mention it.\n In May 1818, some Numbers of the Federalist received corrections, by your hand,\n for an edition by Mr Gideon of this City: a Copyright has been taken by him for that edition\n & corrections. I am now very desirous to produce an edition with a few corrections from yr. pen, when an\n opportunity offers\u2014 uniform with the 4 vols. on the Constitution just published, which cannot with Mr Gideon\u2019s monopoly be done, without you favor me with a glance at the work for my edition to give it\n confidence and currency. May I hope for such a favor? I design to stereotype in a durable way that valuable Commentary.\n Very truly & very sincerely yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-20-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2131", "content": "Title: James Madison to Edward Everett, 20 August 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Everett, Edward\n I have recd. yours of the 11th. inst: & wish I could give the information it asks with the desired\n particularity and certainty.\n I believe, though I may possibly be wrong, that no answers to the Virginia Resolutions of -98, were given by\n States, other than those enumerated in the pamphlet you have. I have not the means of ascertaining the fact. If any\n instructions were given by the Legislature to the Senators in Congress, beyond the transmission of the Resolutions, they\n must be found in the Journals of the proper year, which I do not possess. I have only a broken set which does not contain\n them. A compleat set has latterly been collected and published, but no copy, as far as I know, is at present within my\n There is not, I am persuaded, the slightest grounds for supposing that Mr. Jefferson departed from his\n purpose not to furnish Kentucky with a set of Resolutions for the year -99. It is certain that he penned the Resolutions\n of -98. and probably in the terms in which they passed. It was in those of -99 that the word \"nullification appears.\n Finding among my pamphlets a Copy of the Debates in the Virginia House of Delegates on the Resolns. of 98,\n and one of an Address of the two Houses, to their Constituents on the occasion, I enclose them for your perusal. And I add\n another, tho\u2019 it is less likely to be new to you, the \"Report of a Committee of the S. Carolina H. of Representatives.\n Decr. 19. 1828.\" in which the nullifying doctrine is stated in the precise form in which it is now asserted. There was a\n Protest by the Minority in the Virga. Legisl[re]. of -98. agst. the Resolutions, but I have no copy. The matter of it may be\n inferred from their speeches in the Debates. I was not a member in that year; tho\u2019 the penman of the Resolutions, as now\n Previous to the rect. of your letter above acknowledged, that of the 7th. had come safe to hand. The use you\n wish to make of the copy of the letter to which it refers, has become particularly liable to an objection which lately\n supervened. A letter from my correspondent says that he is not satisfied with my views of the subject, and that he means\n to give me a fuller explanation of his own intimating at the same time, that I have not seized in one instance, what was\n intended by him. These circumstances alone would render a public use of the copy in question indelicate at least. I must\n therefore undertake a letter to yourself, with such variations as will make it a letter per se; altho\u2019 the unsettled state\n in which my health has been left by a bilious attack during a late visit to our University, unfits me not a little for\n executing the task in the manner that might be wished. In the mean time I offer you my cordial salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-20-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2132", "content": "Title: James Madison to James Monroe, 20 August 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Yours of the 15th. was brought to me from the post=office, Mr. Watson having passed on without calling as you\n expected him to do. We lost therefore the information he was to give as to your health & that of your family\n Your silence favors the hope that it has improved. Let us have a proof however under your own hand. My health was again\n interrupted whilst I was at University, and I am yet not thoroughly in statu quo, but getting to be so Mrs. Madison is\n indisposed, but without symtoms of a threatening nature. I am very glad to learn that Mr. Hay not withstand, your\n unfavorable acct. of his situation, not only got home, but has been able to bear a trip to the Springs, which I hope will\n compleat the cure unfinished at Washington by the sons of Asculapius.\n I must refer you to the copy of our proceedings at University due to you from the Clerk Docr. Frank Carr,\n successor to Mr. Davis, who for a year, probably introductory to a permanency, takes the Chair vacated by Mr. Lomax. The\n Board was thin, Mr. Breckenridge as well as yourself not attending, and the business of course limited to indispensable\n The drought has been in this quarter, extremely severe, both, on our Corn & Tobo. A few of my neighbors\n have escaped in a certain degree. I am among the greatest sufferers. I hope you have had better fortune. Be assured always\n of our best wishes for the happiness of yourself & all around you", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-20-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2133", "content": "Title: Thomas G. Addison to James Madison, 20 August 1830\nFrom: Addison, Thomas Grafton\nTo: Madison, James\n I beg leave respectfully to request Your attention to the Enclosed Communication, & Sincerely hope\n You will excuse the liberty I take in trespassing upon your Kindness\u2014 I remain with sentiments of Great regard Your Most\n Should you accede to my request you will be pleased to Enclose me the letter to this City I should be pleased to hear\n The above are Correct copies from the originals in my possession & I beg leave to invite Your attention to the\n Subject of this Communication. Respectfully Your Most Obt. St.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-23-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2135", "content": "Title: James Madison to Bernard Peyton, 23 August 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\n I inclose $500, which with the balance in your hand, will make up $1000, for the Bank. Should I be under a\n mistake as to the amount of that balance, be so good as to supply the defic[icy] & the advance shall be immediately\n replaced. I am anxious that the approaching dates when the Bank will accept a payment without loss to the debtor, may be\n availed of. I have retained a memorandm. of the Nos. & dates & of each note, for the contingency of a\n miscarage by the Mail, for wch. I would have substituted a private conveyance if one had offered. I inclose also, a\n I fear we shall not be able to prepare the residue of our Tobo. in time for the Market Season, without\n neglecting the growing crop, or the threashing out our Wheat. The harvest was the best we have had for a number of years.\n The intense & protracted drought, has been fatal to our Crop of Corn, and without speedy supply of the most\n favorable weather will prove nearly so to the Tobo. which no weather can make an average Crop. Some of my neighbors\n have fared better. I happen to have been within the very focus of the burning drought. With cordial esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-28-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2137", "content": "Title: James Madison to Edward Everett, 28 August 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Everett, Edward\n I inclose the letter promised. You will perceive that some of the topics deserved more development, than the\n state of my health, and the limited time would permit. The right of the States collectively to hold the States\n individually to a bargain, a breach of which by a single one would throw the whole into confusion, and essentially affect\n the interests of some of them, merits an illustration, which belongs to other pens than mine, and if conducted with a\n conciliatory tone, might be very useful. With cordial Salutations", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-28-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2138", "content": "Title: James Madison to [Edward Everett], 28 August 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Everett, Edward\n I have duly received your letter in which you refer to the \"nullifying doctrine\" advocated, as a\n Constitutional right, by some of our distinguished fellow citizens; and to the proceedings of the Virginia Legislature in\n -98 & 99, as appealed to in behalf of that doctrine; and you express a wish for my ideas on those subjects.\n I am aware of the delicacy of the task in some respects, and the difficulty in every respect of doing full\n justice to it. But having in more than one instance complied with a like request from other friendly quarters, I do not\n decline a sketch of the views which I have been led to take of the doctrine in question, as well as some others connected\n with them; and of the grounds from which it appears, that the proceedings of Virginia have been misconceived by those who\n have appealed to them. In order to understand the true character of the Constitution of the United States, the error, not\n uncommon, must be avoided, of viewing it through the medium, either of a Consolidated Government, or of a Confederated\n Government, whilst it is neither the one nor the other; but a mixture of both. And having in no model, the similitudes and\n analogies applicable to other systems of Government, it must more than any other, be its own interpreter according to its\n text and the facts of the case.\n From these it will be seen, that the characteristic peculiarities of the Constitution are 1. the mode of its\n formation. 2. the division of the supreme powers of Government between the States in their united capacity, and the States\n in their Individual capacities.\n 1. It was formed not by the Governments of the component States, as the Federal Government for which it was\n substituted, was formed: Nor was it formed by a majority of the people of the United States, as a single community, in the\n manner of a consolidated government.\n It was formed by the States, that is by the people in each of the States, acting in their highest sovereign\n capacity; and formed consequently by the same authority which formed the State Constitutions.\n Being thus derived from the same source as the Constitutions of the States, it has, within each State; the\n same authority as the Constitution of the State; and is as much a Constitution, in the strict sense of the term, within\n its prescribed sphere, as the Constitutions of the States are, within their respective spheres: But with this obvious and\n essential difference, that being a compact among the States in their highest sovereign capacity, and constituting the\n people thereof one people for certain purposes, it cannot be altered or annulled at the will of the States individually,\n as the Constitution of a State may be at its individual will.\n 2. And that it divides the Supreme powers of Government, between the Government of the United States, and the\n Governments of the Individual States, is stamped on the face of the Instrument; the powers of war and of taxation, of\n commerce and of treaties, and other enumerated powers vested in the government of the United States, being of as high and\n sovereign a character, as any of powers reserved to the State Governments.\n Nor is the Government of the United States, created by the Constitution, less a Government in the strict\n sense of the term, within the sphere of its powers, than the Governments created by the Constitutions of the States are,\n within their several spheres. It is like them organized into a legislative Executive and Judiciary Departments. It\n operates like them, directly on persons and things And like them, it has at command a physical force for executing the\n powers committed to it. The concurrent operation, in certain cases, is one of the features marking the peculiarity of the\n Between these different Constitutional governments, the one operating in all the States, the others operating\n separately in each, with the aggregate powers of government divided between them, it could not escape attention, that\n controversies would arise concerning the boundaries of jurisdiction; and that some provision ought to be made for such\n occurrences. A political system that does not provide for a peaceable and authoritative termination of occurring\n controversies, would not be more than the shadow of a Government; the object and end of a real government being, the\n substitution of law and order, for uncertainty confusion and violence.\n That to have left a final decision, in such cases, to each of the States, then thirteen, and already twenty\n four, could not fail to make the Constitution and laws of the United States different in different States, was obvious;\n and not less obvious, that this diversity of independent decisions, must altogether distract the Government of the Union,\n and speedily put an end to the Union itself. A uniform authority of the laws, is in itself a vital principle. Some of the\n most important laws could not be partially executed. They must be executed in all the States or they could be duly\n executed in none. An impost or an excise, for example, if not in force in some States, would be defeated in others. It is\n well known that this was among the lessons of experience, which had a primary influence in bringing about the existing\n Constitution. A loss of its general authority would moreover revive the exasperating questions between the States holding\n ports for foreign commerce and the adjoining States without them; to which are now added, all the inland States,\n necessarily carrying on their foreign commerce thro\u2019 other States.\n To have made the decisions under the authority of the Individual States, co-ordinate, in all cases, with\n decisions under the authority of the United States, would unavoidably produce collisions incompatible with the peace of\n society, and with that regular and efficient administration, which is of the essence of free governments. Scenes could not\n be avoided, in which a Ministerial officer of the United States and the correspondent officer of an individual State,\n would have rencounters in executing conflicting decrees; the result of which would depend on the comparative force of the\n local posse attending them; and that, a casualty depending on the political opinions and party feelings in different\n To have referred every clashing decision, under the two authorities, for a final decision to the States as\n parties to the Constitution, would be attended with delays, with inconveniences, and with expences, amounting to a\n prohibition of the expedient; not to mention its tendency to impair the salutary veneration for a system requiring such\n frequent interpositions, nor the delicate questions which might present themselves as to the form of stating the appeal,\n and as to the Quorum for deciding it.\n To have trusted to negociation for adjusting disputes between the Government of the United States and the\n State Governments, as between Independent and separate Sovereignties, would have lost sight altogether of a Constitution\n and Government for the Union; and opened a direct road from a failure of that resort, to the ultima ratio between nations\n wholly independent of and alien to each other. If the idea had its origin in the process of adjustment, between separate\n branches of the same Government, the analogy entirely fails. In the case of disputes between independent parts of the same\n Government, neither part being able to consummate its will, nor the Government to proceed without a concurrence of the\n parts, necessity brings about an accommodation. In disputes between a State Government, and the Government of the United\n States, the case is practically as well as theoretically different; each party possessing all the departments of an\n organized government, legislative, executive, and judiciary; and having each, a physical force to support its pretensions.\n Although the issue of negociation might sometimes avoid this extremity, how often would it happen among so many States,\n that an unaccommodating spirit in some would render that resource unavailing? A contrary supposition would not accord with\n a knowledge of human nature or the evidence of our own political history.\n The Constitution not relying on any of the preceding modifications, for its safe and successful operation,\n has expressly declared, on one hand 1. \"that the Constitution and the laws made in pursuance thereof and all treaties made\n under the authority of the United States, shall be the Supreme law of the land; 2. that the Judges of every State shall be\n bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution and laws of any State, to the contrary notwithstanding; 3. that the Judicial\n power of the United States shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under the Constitution, the laws of the\n United States, and treaties made under their authority &ca.\"\n On the other hand, as a security of the rights and powers of the States, in their individual capacities,\n against an undue preponderance of the powers granted to the Government over them in their united capacity, the\n Constitution has relied on 1. the responsibility of the Senators and Representatives in the Legislature of the United\n States to the Legislatures and people of the States. 2. the responsibility of the President to the people of the United\n States; and 3. the liability of the Executive and judiciary functionaries of the United States to impeachment by the\n Representatives of the people of the States, in one branch of the Legislature of the United States, and trial by the\n Representatives of the States, in the other branch: the State functionaries, Legislative Executive, and Judiciary, being\n at the same time, in their appointment and responsibility, altogether independent of the agency or authority of the United\n How far this structure of the Government of the United States be adequate and safe for its objects, time\n alone can absolutely determine. Experience seems to have shewn that whatever may grow out of future stages of our national\n career, there is, as yet a sufficient controul, in the popular will, over the Executive and Legislative Departments of the\n Government. When the Alien and Sedition laws were passed in contravention of the opinions and feelings of the community,\n the first elections that ensued, put an end to them. And whatever may have been the character of other acts, in the\n judgment of many of us, it is but true, that they have generally accorded with the views of a majority of the States and\n of the people. At the present day it seems well understood, that the laws which have created most dissatisfaction, have\n had a like sanction without doors; and that whether continued varied or repealed, a like proof will be given of the\n sympathy and responsibility of the Representative body, to the Constituent body. Indeed the great complaint now is,\n against the results of this sympathy and responsibility in the Legislative policy of the nation.\n With respect to the Judicial power of the United States, and the authority of the Supreme Court in relation\n to the boundary of Jurisdiction between the Federal and the State Governments, I may be permitted to refer to the XXXIX\n number of the \"Federalist\" for the light in which the subject was regarded by its writer, at the period when the\n Constitution was depending; and it is believed, that the same was the prevailing view then taken of it, that the same view\n has continued to prevail, and that it does so at this time, notwithstanding the eminent exceptions to it.\n But it is perfectly consistent with the concession of this power to the Supreme Court, in cases falling\n within the course of its functions, to maintain that the power has not always been rightly exercised. To say nothing of\n the period, happily a short one, when Judges in their Seats, did not abstain from intemperate and party harangues, equally\n at variance with their duty and their dignity; there have been occasional decisions from the Bench, which have incurred\n serious and extensive disapprobation. Still it would seem, that, with but few exceptions, the course of the Judiciary has\n been hitherto sustained by the predominant sense of the Nation.\n Those who have denied or doubted the supremacy of the Judicial power of the United States, and denounce at\n the same time a nullifying power in a State, seem not to have sufficiently adverted to the utter inefficiency of a\n supremacy in a law of the land, without a supremacy in the exposition and execution of the law; nor to the destruction of\n all equipoise between the Federal Government and the State Governments if, whilst the Functionaries of the Federal\n Government are directly or indirectly elected by and responsible to the States, and the Functionaries of the States are in\n their appointment and responsibility wholly independent of the United States, no constitutional controul of any sort\n belonged to the United States over the States. Under such an organization, it is evident that it would be in the power of\n the States, individually, to pass unauthorised laws, and to carry them into compleat effect, anything in the Constitution\n and laws of the United States to the contrary notwithstanding. This would be a nullifying power in its plenary character;\n and whether it had its final effect, thro\u2019 the Legislative Executive or Judiciary organ of the State, would be equally\n fatal to the constituted relation between the two Governments.\n Should the provisions of the Constitution as here reviewed, be found not to secure the Government and rights\n of the States, against usurpations and abuses on the part of the United States, the final resort within the purview of the\n Constitution, lies in an amendment of the Constitution according to a process applicable by the States.\n And in the event of a failure of every Constitutional resort, and an accumulation of usurpations and abuses,\n rendering passive obedience and non-resistance a greater evil, than resistance and revolution, there can remain but one\n resort, the last of all; an appeal from the cancelled obligations of the Constitional compact, to original rights and the\n law of self preservation. This is the ultima ratio under all Goverments, whether consolidated, confederated, or a compound\n of both; and it cannot be doubted that a single member of the Union, in the extremity supposed, but in that only, would\n have a right, as an extra and ultra constitutional right, to make the appeal.\n This brings us to the expedient lately advanced, which claims for a single State, a right to appeal against\n an exercise of power by the Government of the United States decided by the State to be unconstitutional, to the parties to\n the Constitutional compact; the decision of the State to have the effect of nullifying the act of the Government of the\n United States, unless the decision of the States be reversed by three fourths of the parties.\n The distinguished names and high authorities which appear to have assented and given a practical scope to\n this doctrine, entitle it to a respect which it might be difficult otherwise to feel for it.\n If the doctrine were to be understood as requiring the three fourths of the States to sustain, instead of\n that proportion, to reverse the decision of the appealing State, the decision to be without effect during the appeal, it\n would be sufficient to remark, that this extra constitutional course might well give way, to that marked out by the\n Constitution, which authorises two thirds of the States to institute, and three fourths to effectuate, an amendment of the\n Constitution establishing a permanent rule of the highest authority, in place of an irregular precedent of construction\n But it is understood that the nullifying doctrine imports that the decision of the State is to be presumed\n valid, and that it overrules the law of the United States, unless overruled by three fourths of the States.\n Can more be necessary to demonstrate the inadmissibility of such a doctrine, than that it puts it in the\n power of the smallest fraction over one fourth of the United States, that is, of seven states out of twenty four, to give\n the law, and even the Constitution to seventeen States; each of the seventeen having as parties to the Constitution, an\n equal right with each of the seven, to expound it, and to insist on the exposition. That the seven might, in particular\n instances be right, and the seventeen wrong, is more than possible. But to establish a positive and permanent rule giving\n such a power, to such a minority, over such a majority, would overturn the first principle of free government, and in\n practice necessarily overturn the government itself.\n It is to be recollected that the Constitution was proposed to the people of the States as a whole, and unanimously adopted by the States as a whole, it being\n a part of the Constitution that not less than three fourths of the States should be competent to make any alteration in\n what had been unanimously agreed to. So great is the caution on this point, that in two cases where peculiar interests\n were at stake, a proportion even of three fourths are distrusted, and unanimity required to make an alteration.\n When the Constitution was adopted as a whole, it is certain that there are many parts which, if separately\n proposed, would have been promptly rejected. It is far from impossible, that every part of a Constitution might be\n rejected by a majority, and yet taken together as a whole, be unanimously accepted. Free Constitutions will rarely if ever\n be formed, without reciprocal concessions; without articles conditioned on and balancing each other. Is there a\n Constitution of a single State out of the twenty four, that would bear the experiment of having its component parts\n submitted to the people and separately decided on?\n What the fate of the Constitution of the United States would be if a small proportion of the States could\n expunge parts of it particularly valued by a large majority, can have but one answer.\n The difficulty is not removed by limiting the doctrine to cases of construction. How many cases of that sort,\n involving cardinal provisions of the Constitution, have occurred? How many now exist? How many may hereafter spring up?\n How many might be ingeniously created, if entitled to the privilege of a decision in the mode proposed?\n Is it certain that the principle of that mode would not reach further than is contemplated. If a single State\n can of right require three fourths of its co-states to overrule its exposition of the Constitution, because that\n proportion is authorised to amend it, would the plea be less plausible that, as the Constitution was unanimously\n established, it ought to be unanimously expounded?\n The reply to all such suggestions seems to be unavoidable and irresistible; that the Constitution is a\n compact, that its text is to be expounded according to the provisions for expounding it\u2013 making a part of the compact; and\n that none of the parties can rightfully renounce the expounding provision more than any other part. When such a right\n accrues, as may accrue, it must grow out of abuses of the compact, releasing the sufferers from their fealty to it.\n In favor of the nullifying claim for the States, individually, it appears as you observe that the proceedings\n of the Legislature of Virginia in 98 & 99 against the Alien and Sedition Acts, are much dwelt upon.\n It may often happen, as experience proves, that erroneous constructions not anticipated, may not be\n sufficiently guarded against, in the language used; and it is due to the distinguished individuals who have misconceived\n the intention of those proceedings, to suppose that the meaning of the Legislature, though well comprehended at the time,\n may not now be obvious to those unacquainted with the cotemporary indications and impressions.\n But it is believed that by keeping in view the distinction between the Governments of the States, and the\n States in the sense in which they were parties to the Constitution; between the rights of the parties, in their\n concurrent, and in their individual capacities; between the several modes and objects of interposition against the abuses\n of power; and especially between interpositions within the purview of the Constitution, and interpositions appealing from\n the Constitution to the rights of nature paramount to all Constitutions; with these distinctions kept in view, and an\n attention, always of explanatory use, to the views and arguments, which were combated, a confidence is felt, that the\n Resolutions of Virginia as vindicated in the Report on them, will be found entitled to an exposition, shewing a\n consistency in their parts, and an inconsistency of the whole with the doctrine under consideration.\n That the Legislature could not have intended to sanction such a doctrine, is to be inferred from the debates\n in the House of Delegates, and from the address of the two Houses, to their Constituents, on the subject of the\n Resolutions. The tenor of the debates, which were ably conducted and are understood to have been revised for the press by\n most if not all of the speakers, discloses no reference whatever to a constitutional right in an individual State, to\n arrest by force the operation of a law of the United States. Concert among the States for redress against the Alien and\n Sedition laws, as acts of usurped power, was a leading sentiment; and the attainment of a concert, the immediate object of\n the course adopted by the Legislature, which was that of inviting the other States \"to concur,\n in declaring the acts to be unconstitutional, and to co-operate by the necessary and proper\n measures, in maintaining unimpaired the authorities rights and liberties reserved to the States respectively and to the\n people\".* That by the necessary and proper measures to be concurrently and co-operatively taken, were meant measures known to the Constitution, particularly the ordinary\n controul of the people and Legislatures of the States, over the Government of the United States, cannot be doubted; and\n the interposition of this controul, as the event shewed, was equal to the occasion.\n * see the concluding Resolution of -98.It is worthy of remark, and explanatory of the intentions of the Legislature, that the words \"not law, but\n utterly null, void, and of no force or effect\" which had followed, in one of the Resolutions, the word \"unconstitutional\",\n were struck out by common consent. Tho\u2019 the words were in fact but synonomous with \"unconstitutional\"; yet to guard\n against a misunderstanding of this phrase as more than declaratory of opinion, the word unconstitutional, alone was\n retained, as not liable to that danger.\n The published Address of the Legislature to the people their Constituents affords another conclusive evidence\n of its views. The address warns them against the encroaching spirit of the General Government, argues the\n unconstitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Acts, points to other instances in which the constitutional limits had been\n overleaped; dwells on the dangerous mode of deriving power by implication; and in general presses the necessity of\n watching over the consolidating tendency of the Federal policy. But nothing is said that can be understood to look to\n means of maintaining the rights of the States, beyond the regular ones, within the forms of the Constitution.\n If any further lights on the subject could be needed, a very strong one is reflected in the answers to the\n Resolutions, by the States which protested against them. The main objection of these, beyond a few general complaints of\n the inflammatory tendency of the Resolutions, was directed against the assumed authority of a State Legislature to declare\n a law of the United States unconstitutional, which they pronounced an unwarrantable interference with the exclusive\n jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States. Had the Resolutions been regarded as avowing and maintaining a\n right, in an individual State, to arrest by force the execution of a law of the United States, it must be presumed that it\n would have been a conspicuous object of their denunciation. With cordial salutations", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2139", "content": "Title: James Madison to Edward Everett, 31 August 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Everett, Edward\n In the letter inclosed by the last mail, I omitted to insert in the margin, the\n extract from the \"Federalist\" referred to in the text. Be so good as to supply the omission by subjoining in the margin\n the following transcribed passages from No. 39.*\n *No. 39. \"It is true, that in controversies relating to the boundary between the two jurisdictions, the tribunal which is\n ultimately to decide, is to be established under the general government. But this does not change the principle of the\n case. The decision is to be impartially made, according to the rules of the Constitution; and all the usual and most\n effectual precautions are taken to secure this impartiality. Some such tribunal is clearly essential to prevent an appeal\n to the sword, and a dissolution of the compact; and that it ought to be established under the general, rather than under\n the local governments; or, to speak more properly, that it could be safely established under the first alone, is a\n position not likely to be combated.\"\n Perhaps it may be not amiss, also to erase from the date of the letter, the day of\n the month, making the entire month the date. With cordial esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2142", "content": "Title: James Madison to Jonathan Elliot, 1 September 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Elliot, Jonathan\n I recd in due time your letter of Aug. 19. On what relates to my manuscript papers, I could only repeat what\n I have heretofore observed.\n With respect to an Edition of the Federalist, with remarks saving it from an identity with that covered by a\n copyright, alth I am sensible that the work under that title would admit of pertinent comments having that effect, yet\n I can not conceal from myself, that the time has past with me, being now in my 80th. year, when I could add such a task, to\n more unavoidable or more u[ ]nt claims on my attention.\n I should have acknowledged sooner your friendly letter; but my health has of late been unsettled, and is at\n present in a feeble state. With respects & good wishes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-02-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2144", "content": "Title: James Madison to Nicholas P. Trist, 2 September 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Trist, Nicholas P.\n On the receipt of yours of July 29, I forwarded the Book intended for Mr. Davis, and take for granted it got\n safe to hand. He met with the ready concurrences of the Board in making him the successor to Mr. Lomax for one year, with\n a prospect of the permanency, to which I doubt not the probation will recommend him. I need not say that whatever be the\n future change of Theatre meditated by yourself, you will have my best wishes for success on it.\n I ought perhaps to mention to you that since my letter to you on the subject of the Virga. Resolutions in\n -98. and the nullifying doctrine of the present day, I have been drawn into several correspondances on those subjects, in\n which my letters had a wider scope; particularly a late one which it is not improbable will find its way to the public.\n One or two points touched in the letter to you happened not to be included in it.\n The inclosed letter contains a payment in Bank Notes, of a Debt to Mr. W. S. Nicholls of George Town. Will\n you do me the favor to hand it to him and receive the surplus if there be any; and if eno\u2019 to pay it over to Gales\n & Seaton in discharge of my arrears for their Gazettes I know not the precise sum due to either of the Creditors\n We are sorry to learn that Mrs. Trist has been latterly on the sick list. Mrs. M. joins in the hope\n that her health is restored, and in affectionate wishes for the happiness of you both", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-06-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2145", "content": "Title: James Madison to Thomas W. Gilmer, 6 September 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Gilmer, Thomas W.\n I received by the last mail yours of Augt. 31. I concur with you entirely in the expediency of promoting, as\n much as possible, a sympathy between the interests of the incipient and the finishing establishments provided for public\n education; and in the particular expedient you suggest, of providing for a compleat education at the public expence, of\n youths of distinguished capacities whose parents are too poor to defray the expence. Such a provision made part of a bill for\n the \"diffusion of knowledge\" in the code prepared by Mr Jefferson Mr Wythe and Mr Pendleton, between the years 1776\n & 1779. The bill proposed to carry the selected youths thro\u2019 the several gradations of Schools, from the lowest to\n the highest; and it deserves consideration, whether instead of an immediate transition from the primary Schools to the\n University, it would not be better to substitute a preparatory course at some intermediate Seminary, chosen with the\n approbation of the parents or Guardians. One of the recommendations of this benevolent provision in behalf of native\n genius, is, as you observe, the nursery it would form for competent teachers in the primary schools But it may be\n questionable whether a compulsive destination of them to that service would in practice answer\n expectation. The other prospects opened to their presumed talents and acquirements, might make them reluctant and\n therefore the less eligible agents.\n As it is probable that the case of the primary schools, will be among the objects taken up at the next\n session of the Legislature, I am glad to find you are turning your attention so particularly to it; and that the aid of\n the Faculty is so attainable. A satisfactory plan for primary schools, is certainly a vital desideratum, in ou[r]\n Republics, and is at the same found to be a diffic[ult] one every where. It might be useful to consult, as fa[r] as there\n may be opportunities, the different modif[ica]tions presented in the laws of the different states. I[n] New England N. York\n and Pennsylvania examples may possibly afford useful hints. There has lately I beleive been a plan discussed, if not\n adopted by t[he] Legislature of Maryland where the situation is m[ore] analogous than that of the more northern States,\n to the situation of Virginia. The most serious difficulty in all the Southern States, results from the character of their\n population, and the want of density in the free part of it. This I take to be the main cause of the little success of the\n experiment now on foot with us. I hope that some improvements may be devised, that will render it less inadequate to its\n object: and I should be proud of sharing in the merit But, my age, the unsettled state of my health, my limited\n acquaintance with the local circumstances to be accommodated, and my inexperience of the principles, dispositions and\n views which prevail in the Legislative Body, unfit me for the flattering co-operation you would assign me. The task I am\n persuaded will be left in hands much better in all those respects.\n I think with you also that it will be useful as well as honorable for the University, that it should be\n understood to take a warm interest in the primary Schools, and that the judgement of those, most immediately connected\n with it and presumably most cognizant of the subject of Education, accords with any particular plan for improving them.\n But I submit for consideration, whether a direct proposition, volunteered from that quarter, would not be less eligible, than\n such explanations and assurances on the subject, as would be appropriate, from the Representatives of the District, in the\n Legislative Councils. But on this point your knowledge of the temper and sensibilities prevailing in them make you a\n better judge than I am. With cordial esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-07-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2147", "content": "Title: Edward Everett to James Madison, 7 September 1830\nFrom: Everett, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\n I beg leave to acknowledge, with Sincere thankfulness, the receipt of your favors of the 20th and 31st, with\n the pamphlets accompanying the former, & the Exposition of the views entertained by you, on the subject of\n Nullification, enclosed in the latter. The pamphlet containing the address of the general assembly to the People of\n Virginia I had not before seen.\n I am sincerely concerned to understand from Your letter of the 20th., that Your health has suffered from a\n bilious attack this Summer, from which I hope You have recovered. Your kindness in taking the trouble to write to me,\n under such circumstances, greatly increases the obligation. Be pleased to accept the assurance of my gratitude &", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-10-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2149", "content": "Title: James Madison: Memorandum on Nullification, 10 September 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Another consequence suggests itself as following the nullifying rule\u2013I will illustrate it practically\u2013\n Suppose S. Carolina to be supported by the requisite number of States in her appeal against the tariff, it is null\u2013 but\n Pennsylvania, with equal right as one of the seventeen, vitally interested in the continuance of the law, and supported by\n a greater number of sister States, appeals pari passu with S. Carolina\u2013 Is it not clear that two conflicting decisions can\n be made perhaps at the same time\u2013 which is to rule?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-10-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2150", "content": "Title: G. C___k to James Madison, 10 September 1830\nFrom: C\u2014\u2014k, G.\nTo: Madison, James\n The respect which my late letter received from you in Your free and polite reply, deserves my cordial\n acknowledgments. Though the purpose of that letter did not meet with the success I had hoped for, yet the respectful\n manner in which my solicitations were declined, make an impression on me with regard to yourself, which I shall ever\n Tho. the character of my letter may have been rather novel, I trust it justified no unfavorable suspicions.\n Let me say again, it was undissembled, open and sincere, the emanation of a youthful mind, unguarded by a knowledge of the\n world, and unconscious of a mean or dishonorable act. The suppression of my whole name was, I thought, judicious under\n peculiar circumstances; tho. it might not have been withheld if a correspondence had been secured.\n These remarks may be unnecessary & perhaps unwelcome; I nevertheless offer them with an assurance of", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-12-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2151", "content": "Title: James Madison to Joseph C. Cabell, 12 September 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Cabell, Joseph C.\n Your favour of Aug. 3 was duly recd. with the two letters you inclosed. I received at the same time a letter\n from Mr. Th. J. Randolph inclosing one to him from Mr Crozet recommending his brother for the Tutorship. Mr. Johnson has\n been in correspondence with Richmond on the Candidates in that place; and has come to a conclusion so strong in favor of\n Herv\u00e9, that he is willing, if no better provision presents itself, to accept him with the privilege of appointing a\n substitute for one year. It appears so desirable not to lose Herv\u00e9, that I have expressed to Mr. R. & Gen. Cocke\n my concurrence in the opinion of Mr. Johnson; and I presume they will give effect to the arrangement unless they possess\n information not yet known to me.\n I have been drawn into several correspondences on the \"nullifying\" doctrine of S. Carolina and the use made\n of the Proceedings of Virginia in 98-99. In a late letter, tho\u2019 omitting a few topics in preceding ones, I have taken a\n pretty comprehensive view of the case, which will probably find its way to the public at no distant day. I mention it to\n you in consequence of our conversations whilst at the University. It may be well however to let this communication sleep\n My indisposition at the University left my health unsettled for some time after my return home; but I am\n again in statu quo. Mrs. Madison has just passed thro\u2019 an attack of Cholera which for a short time was alarming. She is\n now much relieved. She joins in best wishes for health & all other blessings for yourself & those dearest\n I return the letters inclosed in yours Since writing the above Docr. Blatterman has arrived. He says Colonna is appointed\n as understood from Mr. Randolph, but no arrangement communicated to him as to the precise relation & division of\n functions between the Professor & Tutor. The Doctr. is much in the fidgets, apprehending collision if not\n degradation. These are dangers equally difficult & desireable to be guarded agst. I wish you could aid in the\n task. The interest of the University is involved in it", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-12-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2152", "content": "Title: Nicholas P. Trist to James Madison, 12 September 1830\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas P.\nTo: Madison, James\n I wrote a line the day after the receipt of your letter, to inform you of its safe arrival. It did not rain\n that afternoon, as I then anticipated, & I went to Georgetown. Mr Nicholls, however, was out; nor could the\n gentleman in his store tell me where he could be found. The next day it rained heavily; & the day after, I was\n laid up. The indisposition although severe was very transient, & I went to Georgetown yesterday afternoon, when I\n was more successful. Mr N. opened the letter, found the money safe, & told me that, as it would require a little\n time, he would postpone the Settlement till tuesday, when he would call on me at the Dept.\n I am very happy to hear that your scruples as to appearing on the subject of Nullification have been\n overcome, as it seems that even in So. Ca. the thing has not yet got so far as to be beyond recovery. I wrote a piece for\n the Intelligencer a week or two since, pointing out the error as to Mr J.\u2019s connexion with the Kentucky resolutions of\n \u201999. He has postponed it on acct. of the news from France & other matters. Do you yet receive Walsh\u2019s paper? If\n you do, you must I think have been struck with the tone of the remarks introductory to the French news. The more I have\n looked at them, the more have they outraged my feelings; and I have accordingly endeavored to draw down upon them the\n genera[l] censure which I think they deserve. (I\u2019m since told that there is an extreme intimacy\n between W. & de Menon, whom you probably know & who is a Polignac en petit.) This piece als[o] is postponed. Our best affections for Mrs Madison &\n Did you notice the article (\u2019twas published in the Telegraph,) from an English Whig paper\u2014 the Chronicle, I\n believe, which, almost in so many words, told the Br. Govt. that its turn would come next, unless it took care to conform", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-13-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2153", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson Randolph to James Madison, 13 September 1830\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Jefferson\nTo: Madison, James\n Mr Johnsons letter to you of Aug 25th (enclosing a copy of Mr Leighs to him) was recieved when Genl Cocke was\n with me. we had the evening before determined to recommend to you the temporary appointment of Col Colonna D\u2019Ormano as\n assistant to the professor of modern languages. The reciept of Mr Johnsons letter without comment from you induced us to\n believe the course recommended of a temporary appointment, was approved. we have therefore to save time announced to Col\n Colonna his appointment for one year, leaving the permanent of appointment of Mr Herv\u00e8, a matter to be acted upon at our\n leisure. We refer to you as being most competent, to assign the respective duties to the professor & assistant. Dr\n Blaetterman calling soon after Genl Cocke left me. I advised him to communicate his views to you relative to a division of\n duties. I will advise Col Colonna to the same course, as I apprehend much danger of dissention between them upon the\n subject. Drs Dunglisson and Patterson have each had conversations with Colonna and find him an excellent French Tutor so\n far as pronunciation goes and a man of education he understands French: Spanish & Italian.\n Should you feel the task of assigning the respective duties to the gentlemen unpleasant, governed by your\n advice I will take upon myself the more unpleasant part of it, or any part or portion you may please to assign to me. With\n feelings of the most affectionate and devoted attachment yours,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-17-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2155", "content": "Title: James Madison to Nicholas P. Trist, 17 September 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Trist, Nicholas P.\n Yours of Sunday last has been duly recd. I thank you for your obliging attention to the packet for Nicholls.\n He has acknowledged the receipt of its contents, and you need not put pen to paper further on the subject.\n You observe that you had in a communication to the Nat:. Intelligencer pointed out the error as to Mr.\n Jefferson\u2019s connection with the Kentucky Resolns. of \u201399. If not too late to recall it, it may be well to do so. My\n suggestion is not unfounded (however true it be that he did not draw them), as will be explained at more leisure than I\n Mrs. M. was attacked some days ago with a Chol. Morb. which created for a time serious alarm. She is now fast\n recovering, as I am gradually from an unsettled state of health left by a bilious attack at the University. I hope\n your health & that of Mrs. Trist are again good. In this Mrs M. joins as she does in the offer of affectionate", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2157", "content": "Title: James Madison to Thomas Jefferson Randolph, 19 September 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Jefferson\n I inclose a letter from Col. Colonna, with a copy of my answer. I am afraid he will be startled at the Title\n of Tutor if he attatches to it as I suspect he will, an inferiority to that he has underscored. Wishing you well thro the\n conflicting sensibilities & anticipation you may have to deal with I renew to you my cordial salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2158", "content": "Title: James Madison to Colonna d\u2019Ornano, 19 September 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: d\u2019Ornano, Colonna\n Previous to the receipt of your letter of the 15. instant I had communicated to my colleagues of the Exve\n Committee Mr Randolph & Genl. Cocke the view of the division of duties between the Professor & the Tutor\n of modern languages in our University. From a comparison of these views with their own, and the required concert with the\n Professor, will result the explanation which is the object of yr. letter. I pray you Sir to accept the assurance of my", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-21-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2159", "content": "Title: James Madison to Bernard Peyton, 21 September 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\n The inclosed Check for* [$]2000. will enable you by drawg the amt. from [ ] to close my acct. with the B.\n there. If so and it be allowed for the premature payment I acquiesce in the sacrifice. I cannot take my leave of this\n business, witht. returng you many & very sincere thanks, for your kind aids in managing it: with wch. be pleased\n to accept my best respects & wishes\n *of W. M. in favr. of [?] Davis, on Farmers Bank at Fredg.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-21-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2161", "content": "Title: Nicholas P. Trist to James Madison, 21 September 1830\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas P.\nTo: Madison, James\n Mr. Gales having told me on Saturday that the communication in question would appear in the ensuing paper, I\n was apprehensive, on the receipt of your last favor, that it would be too late to avail myself of the suggestion contained\n in it. The paper yesterday morning, however, proved not to contain it; and I went down to the printing office as soon as I\n could. Mr G. (nor S.) was not in; & after waiting a considerable time to see one or the other, I enquired of the\n foreman, & ascertained that the piece had been in the printer\u2019s hands but had been taken away that morning by Mr\n G.\u2013 I left a line requesting him to hold it back till further directions.\n It so happened that, on Saturday, Elliott called on me to say that he had been advised by Mr Barry to apply\n to me for information concerning the authorship of the Virginia documents & the Kentucky. The former, I told him, were doubtless yours; but the latter (of \u201999) were not Mr Jefferson\u2019s, as he would ascertain from his published letters. To get rid of him, for he\n is very much disposed to [live] conversation, and is a creature whom I cannot abide\u2014 knowing him\n to be a rogue of the most brazen impudence\u2014 I mentioned that a communication had been sent to the Intelligr. & wd.\n shortly appear, commenting on the evidence which I considered conclusive both on the point of his not having used\n \"Nullification\", & on the sense in which it was used by him, even if the former point had to be abandoned. He then\n observed that he was on the eve of publishing an appendix to his last vol. and would be obliged to me for permission to\n see, & copy if he thought proper, the communication in question; which I gave\u2014 The communication, of course, does\n not introduce you in any way.\n Thus stands the matter, and you will oblige me (without giving yourself the trouble to enter into\n explanations as to the ground of the suggestion) by stating in a line, whether, under these circumstances of partial\n publicity, \u2019tis worth while to withdraw the thing.\n I am again perfectly well; and Mrs T. will be in a little while. She & the rest unite in\n affectionate adieux to Mrs Madison & yourself.\n A letter just recd. from Edgehill speaks very flatteringly, through Lewis Randolph, who attends him, of Mr.\n Davis\u2019s first attempts at his new vocation. L. thinks him the most agreeable lecturer he ever\n heard; and he has, I believe, heard them all.\n I have recd. of Mr Nicholls $3.27, the balance in your favor. Your account at the Intelligr. office is $12.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-23-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2163", "content": "Title: James Madison to Nicholas P. Trist, 23 September 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Trist, Nicholas P.\n Yours of the 21st. was recd. yesterday. On the question of recalling the communication made for the Natl.\n Intelligencer I submit the following statement.\n In a letter, lately noticed from Mr. Jefferson dated Novr. 17. 1799, he \"encloses me a\n copy of the draught of the Kentucky Resolves\", (a press copy of his own manuscript). Not a word of explanation is\n mentioned. It was probably sent, & possibly at my request, in consequence of my being a member elect of the Virga.\n Legislature of -99, which would have to vindicate its contemporary Resolutions of -98. It is remarkable that the paper\n differs both from the Kentucky Resolns. of -98, and from those of -99. It agrees with the former in the main, and must have\n been the pattern of the Resolutions of that year; but contains passages, omitted in them, which employ the terms,\n nullification & nullifying: and it differs in the quantity of matter from the Resols. of -99; but agrees with them\n in a passage which employs that language, and would seem to have been the origin of it. I conjecture that the\n Correspondent in Kentucky, probably Col. George Nicholas, might think it better to leave out particular parts of the\n draft, than risk a misconstruction or misapplication of them; and that the paper might, notwithstanding, be within the\n reach & use of the Legislature of -99, and furnish the phraseology containing the term Nullification &c.\n Whether Mr. Jefferson had noted the difference between his draft, & the Resols. of -98, (he could not have seen\n those of -99, which passed Novr. 14) does not appear. The files of Mr. J-n, particularly his correspondence with\n Kentucky, must throw light on the whole subject. This aspect of the case seems to favour a recall of the communication, if\n practicable. Tho\u2019 it be true that Mr. J. did not draft the Resols. of -99, a denial of it simply, might imply more than\n would be consistent with a knowledge of what is here stated.\n I find by the last acct. from G. & S. thro\u2019 their Collector Donaho, that there will be due $12. on the\n 19th. of next month, and I enclose $10. leaving the addition to be supplied by the little balance from Nicholls. But I am\n really ashamed to trouble you with such trifles.\n I thank you for the Essay on \"Distress for Rent &c\". I have not yet read it, and can not say when I\n shall be able to do so, tho\u2019 I anticipate an analytic and accurate view of the subject, instructive to better Lawyers than", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-23-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2164", "content": "Title: William Allen to James Madison, 23 September 1830\nFrom: Allen, William\nTo: Madison, James\n By Aleck who left here yesterday I have sent One half Ton Plaister\n 1 3/8 yds. Superfine Black Cloth & Trimmings\n And by John who left here this morning I have sent One half ton Plaister\n All of which will I am in hopes reach you in safety. The price of Flour being rather down I have thought it best to store\n the four loads delivered as \u214c your letter of the 20th. beleiving that it will not be worse & may probably be\n better which will I am in hopes meet your approbation. Very respectfully Your Most Obt. St", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2167", "content": "Title: James Madison to Henry Colman, 26 September 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Colman, Henry\n Your favor of July 24. was duly recd. accompanied by the little Treatise of Dr. Holyoke, and your\n biographical Sermon. They are separately entitled to my thanks and jointly the more so. Such a treatise at the age of the\n Author is remarkable and altho\u2019 it may contain little new, on a subject little admitting it: it contains truths well\n deserving repetition, and made particularly impressive by the associated circumstances.\n The delay in acknowledgng your politeness has been occasioned by a bad state till of late, and I tender you\n this apology for it, with a reassurance of my cordial respects & good wishes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2168", "content": "Title: Joseph Blunt to James Madison, 27 September 1830\nFrom: Blunt, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n I received your favor of the 19th inst enclosing the payment for the Annual Register in due course of mail.\n It was not my intention in sending you the Volumes to request your subscription to the work; but as you seemed unwilling\n to retain them on any other footing, permit me to express to you my thanks for that indirect approbation of the work. With\n the sincerest wishes for your health & happiness in your retirement I am respectfully your Obt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2170", "content": "Title: Charles J. Ingersoll and Others to James Madison, 1 October 1830\nFrom: Ingersoll, Charles Jared\nTo: Madison, James\n The Penn Society, request the honor of Mr. Madison\u2019s company at their Anniversary Dinner, to take place the\n 25 instant, at 5 o\u2019clock in the afternoon at the Mansionhouse Hotel, Philadelphia.\n The favor of an answer is requested and a communication of your toast if you do not attend.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-02-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2171", "content": "Title: James Madison to William Wirt, 2 October 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Wirt, William\n I have received the copy of your \"address\" to the two societies of Rutgers College, and that of your \"opinion\"\n on the case of the Cherokees, for both of which I return my thanks.\n The address chose, certainly, a good subject, and made good use of it. And the views you have presented of\n the question between Georgia and the Cherokees, are a sufficient pledge if there were no others, to those sons of the\n Forest, now the pupils of Civilization, that justice will be done to their cause, whether the Forum for its final hearing,\n be a Federal court, the American public or the civilised world.\n I cannot but regret some of the Argumentative appeals which have been made to the minds of the Indians. What,\n they may say, have we to do with the Federal Constitution or the relations formed by it between the Union and its members.\n We were no parties to the compact, and cannot be affected by it. And as to a charter of the King of England, is it not as\n much a Mockery to them, as the Bull of a pope dividing the world of discovery between the Spaniar[ds] and the Portuguese, was\n held to be by the nations who disowned and disdained his authority.\n The plea, with the best aspect, for dispossessing Indians of the lands on which they have lived, is, that by\n not incorporating their Labour, and associating fixed improvements with the Soil, they have not appropriated it to\n themselves, nor made the destined use of its capacity for increasing the number, of the enjoyments of the human race. But\n this plea whatever original force be allowed to it, is here repelled by the fact, that the Indians are making the very use\n of that capacity which the plea requires, enforced by the other fact, that the claimants themselves, by their councils,\n their exhortations and their effective aids, have promoted that happy change in the condition of the Indians, which is now\n The most difficult problem, is that of reconciling their interests with their rights. It is so evident that\n they can never be tranquil or happy, within the bounds of a state, either in a separate or subject character, that a\n removal to another home, if a good one can be found, may well be the wish of their best friends. But the removal ought to\n be made voluntary, by adequate inducements present and prospective; and no means ought to be grudged, which such a measure\n may require. I take this occasion, Sir, to reassure you of my high esteem & my cordial regards.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-03-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2172", "content": "Title: E. Callender to James Madison, 3 October 1830\nFrom: Callender, E.\nTo: Madison, James\n I have Left Boston a few Days Since with a view of opening an academy, here but finding Little encouragment\n Shall proceed in a Day or too\u2014 Back to Boston I have been much disapointed in not obtaneing my wishes perhaps it is all for\n the best, your Family has been much abused my Vindication, has given much displeasure, but I heed it not\u2014 My persecution\n has been of a Fowl Black deep nature, which in part induced me to leave Boston\u2014 I now most Solemnly Sware I have not\n received any favors of name or nature from your Family at any time whatever so help me God; but if you could Send me\n relief, by private conveyance it would be highly exceptible at this time. I wote Some time Since for a Birth under\n Goverment but have had no answer\n I have yet by me my manuscrip writings of about three hundred Pages, astronemy, Philosephy, Botany &\n Divinity, allso a number of drawings of Plants, leaves, Trees & Flowers, which I have a great disire, you could\n See the whole, as I think they would afford you much pleasure;\u2014 all the Letters I have ever wrote you has been of the\n purest Langage no vulgarity in them if any one has forged my Signature & wrote to the contra I am free from blame\n I know well the assasind Vilinay which has for a Long Time been leveled against me and have ever been on the alert\u2014 It is\n my long & Studied acquirements they have level\u2019d there Vengence at through me, which I have long despis\u2019d\n & treated with consumate contempt if you write me under cover address my Letter to James Anderson My warmest\n regards to you & Family I am most Respy your obt Serv", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-04-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2173", "content": "Title: Thomas Bee to James Madison, 4 October 1830\nFrom: Bee, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n I took the liberty, some months ago, of writing to you upon the subject of the Virginia University, and I was\n much flattered by your early answer to that letter. You will gratify me, extremely by extending\n your civility to the few lines with which I now trouble you, provided your recollection should enable you to confirm the anecdote submitted to you. The late debate upon Foote\u2019s Resolutions, in which\n Messrs. Webster and Livingston laid so much stress upon the words \"We the People\", in the preamble to the Federal\n Constitution, brought forceably to my mind more than one conversation with the late John Rutledge, Chief-Justice of this\n State, &, afterwards, of the U. S. whom you, no doubt, perfectly remember. As I know no other person living to\n whose memory I can appeal, I trust you will excuse this recourse to you.Mr. Rutledge, then, as I have already stated, delighted to tell the following\n He said that, after all the articles of the Constitution had been agreed upon, Roger\n Sherman, of Connecticut, introduced to the notice of the Convention a lengthy and tedious preamble, with which Gouverneur Morris was so much tired that, as\n soon as Mr. Sherman had sat down, he rose & proposed the words \"We the People\", exactly as they now stand; which\n Mr. Rutledge, if I remember right, seconded, & the thing was carried by acclamation.\n That such was the case, I have no doubt; &, if your memory enables you to support my statement, I\n cannot help thinking it historically curious that so much stress should now be laid upon a form that occupied so little time & attention then. In fact, such off-hand people as Mr. Morris & Mr.\n Rutledge sometimes do more harm than they are aware of. If Mr. Sherman\u2019s key to the\n Constitution (for such every preamble is to every law) had been adopted, one half of Mr.\n Webster\u2019s speech & as much of Mr. Livingston\u2019s able answer to it, might have been spared, and a construction of\n the nature of our government might have been avoided, the effects of which no man can foresee.\n It is not impossible, I think, that this inquiry should (as Lord Bolingbroke says) \"touch a spring in your\n memory\" which, before it is unwound, may lead to a sketch of the history of the Convention, such as no other person is so\n well qualified as yourself, to give. In this case, I shall have rendered a service to my country: if, however, you should\n confine yourself to merely answering my question, I beg you will inform me whether I may give publicity to your letter.\n I renew my excuses for thus troubling you a second time; tho\u2019, I confess, it gratifies me to assure you, once\n more, of the very high respect with which I am, dear Sir, your very obedt. Servt.\n our State is greatly agitated; but I am disposed to think & to hope that a Convention will not be agreed to. In Charleston,\n the approaching election will probably exhibit a decided majority against that, or whatever else may end in nullification:\n but Charleston may be overpower\u2019d at Columbia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2174", "content": "Title: James Madison to Jared Sparks, 5 October 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Sparks, Jared\n Your letter of July 16. was duly recd. The acknowledgment of it has awaited your return from your tour to\n Quebec, which I presume has by this time taken place.\n Inclosed is the exact copy you wish of the draft of an address prepared for President Washington at his\n request, in the year 1792, when he meditated a retirement at the expiration of his first term. You will observe that (with\n a few verbal exceptions) it differs from the \"Extract\" inclosed in your letter only in the provisional paragraphs, which had become inapplicable to the period & plan of his communication to Col:\n The No. of the N. American Review for Jan 7. last, being I find a duplicate, I return it. The pages to which\n you refer, throw a valuable light on a transaction, which was taking historical root, in a shape unjust as well as\n erroneous. Did you ever notice the \"Life of Mr. Jay,\" in Delaplaine\u2019s Biographical work? The materials of it were\n evidently derived from the papers, if not the pen of Mr. Jay, and are marked by the misconceptions into which he had\n fallen. It may be incidentally noted as one of the confirmations of the fallibility of Mr. Hamilton\u2019s memory in allotting\n the Nos. in the \"Federalist\", to the respective writers, that one of them No. 64, which appears by Delaplaine, to have\n been written by Mr. Jay, as it certainly was, is put on the list of Mr. Hamilton, as was not less certainly the case with\n a number of others written by another hand.\n Previous to the receipt of your letter, I had recd. one from Mr. Monroe, to whom I had mentioned the liberty\n I had taken with Raynaval\u2019s Memoir. I inclose the part of his letter, answering that part of mine.\n Mrs. Madison offers you many thanks for the very interesting narrative, of which Ledyard is the subject. She\n has read it with great pleasure, and with a just sensibility to the additional value which the Volume has, as a token of\n the politeness & regard of the Author. With great esteem & cordial salutations", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2175", "content": "Title: William Wirt to James Madison, 5 October 1830\nFrom: Wirt, William\nTo: Madison, James\n I thank for your letter of the 2nd. inst. and concur with you entirely as to the best mode of solving the\n political problem with regard to the Indians within the bounds of the States\u2013 and as I am extremely unwilling that you\n should think me either so Quixotically weak or so diabolically wicked as to have excited this contest (of which some of\n the news-papers have accused me) I wish to inform you that I have impressed this very opinion on the Indians. While the\n delegation were yet with me, in consultation on this subject and several others which had grown out of their treaties, I\n addressed a letter to John Ross, the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, in which, adverting to a florid description\n of the lands offered to them in the West in exchange for their lands in the States, which had been given by Colo.\n McKinney, the Superintendent of Indian affairs at Washington, to the Indian Board at New York, I say\u2013 \"Admitting Mr.\n McKinney\u2019s description (of that country) to be true, there are many in the U. S. who will think it your wisest course to\n remove\u2013 and I am among them\u2013 My own opinion is in favor of your right to remain and of your exemption from the laws of the\n neighbouring States. I think the right is your\u2019s, also, on the other two questions that I have stated. But still if I\n could be assured that you woud gain, in exchange for your present lands, others of equal value, where you would never\n again be disturbed by the approach of the Whites, and where you and your descendants would be masters forever, and be\n permitted to grow and encrease, in peace, I, for one, would most strenuously advise you to go, and give up this\n heart-breaking contest.\" In answer he informs me that the country had been explored\u2013 that it was entirely unfit for\n agriculture, being destitute both of wood and water\u2013 that they would be surrounded by Savage tribes who would dispute the\n country with them, involve them in perpetual wars, break up all their plans of civilization, and compel them to relapse\n into barbarism in their own defense. In confirmation of his statement I perceive by the papers that that portion of the\n Cherokee Nation who have removed to that Country, are engaged in constant and bloody skirmishes with the Pawnees and\n Osages, with whom they are compelled to wage, in their own defense, a war of extermination\u2013\n My situation in the contest is one entirely unsought on my part, and is, in truth, a very painful one. The\n President having declared in favor of the right of Georgia to extend her laws over the Cherokees, will place the Supreme\n Court in a delicate and fearful predicament if they should differ from that opinion and the consequences, whatever they\n may be, will be charged to this controversy, which I shall be accused of having wickedly fomented\u2013 And yet, from the\n beginning, I have not been able to perceive how I could have shrunk from the part thus cast upon me, without admitting\n myself to be unworthy of my profession. There may be those who will think that it was my duty as a citizen of the U. S. to\n have yielded to the President\u2019s construction of the treaties as leaving these people exposed to the right of legislation\n in Georgia; but you will observe that the act which he considers as having exposed them to this consequence is their\n having made a Constitution and laws within the limits of Georgia and to have admitted this consequence would have been a\n tacit admission of the criminality of all the preceding administrations, and all the preceding congresses in having\n encouraged them to do this very thing. Our illustrious friend Mr Jefferson directly encouraged it by the answer which he gave to the double deputation from the Cherokees, in 1808\u2013 That the treaty rights of other nations may be\n invaded by laws of the States was contemplated by the Constitution; hence the Supreme Court was invested with jurisdiction\n in controversies between a State and a foreign State\u2013 Article III \u00a7 2\u2013 and by the 6th. article treaties are declared to compose a part of the Supreme law of the land and the Judges in the several States are\n required to respect them, the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. I cannot perceive,\n therefore, what political or moral impropriety there can be in a professional man\u2019s expressing and defending, judicially,\n an honest opinion with regard to these treaty rights, thus clearly made a judicial question, altho\u2019 he may have the\n misfortune to differ from the opinion of the executive branch of the government with regard to these rights\u2013 Had this\n affair been a private one personal to my self, I shd. not have\n presumed to trouble you with it. But it involves a great question of political morality in which the whole American\n Community is concerned, and I set too much store by your good opinion to leave the motives of my conduct in doubt.\n The argument against the title of the Indians to their lands, compared with the argument in favor of our\n title to them, presents a most exquisite absurdity. It is said that they have no other title to those lands than having\n chased their game over them, or seen them from the tops of the distant mountains. And yet we contend that an English,\n Spanish\u2013 or french ship having sailed along the coast, or entered the mouth of a river, gives a complete title by discovery to the sovereign of the sailor, not only to the coast seen, but to the unseen\n interior up to the unknown heads of the rivers and even across to the Pacific! We say again that they can have no title\n but to so much land as they can now cultivate, without any regard to their increasing posterity: and yet we hold that we have\n a perfect title to millions upon millions of acres, confessedly beyond our present capacity for cultivation! Your view of\n the effect of their altered condition, as civilized agriculturalists, on the argument drawn from the writers on natural\n law which applied to them in their Savage State, is unanswerable, except by the new and strange ground now taken that they\n had no right to alter their condition and to become agriculturalists.\n I ought to beg your pardon for troubling you with so long a letter\u2013 but I perceive that you take an interest\n in the subject\u2013 and I feel a deep interest in shewing you that I have done nothing to forfeit your good opinion\u2013 Yrs most", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-07-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2176", "content": "Title: James Madison to Edward Everett, 7 October 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Everett, Edward\n I return my thanks for your favour of the 28. ult. with a copy of the Chapter from the N. A. Review for this\n month. I have read the review of the Debates with great pleasure. It must diffuse light on the subject of them every\n where; and would make an overwhelming impression where it is most needed, if the delirious excitement were not it would\n seem, an overmatch for reason & truth.\n The only inaccuracies observable in my printed letter, are a few slight ones chargeable probably on the\n transcript from the original draft. The principal one is an omission, in the last paragraph of the 84th. page, of the\n words-\"with these distinctions in view and\"-before the words-\"with an attention always &c\". The meaning is not\n altered by the omission; but without such a break in the sentence, a bungling, if not obscure aspect is given to it.\n You will excuse me for suggesting that you have erred in stating that \"I wrote the greatest part of the\n \"Federalist.\" A greater number of the papers were written by Col. Hamilton: as will be seen by the correct distribution of\n them, in the Washington Edition by Gidion. A very few of the Nos. were from the third hand. Accept Sir the thanks which I\n owe you, and be assured of my great & cordial esteem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-07-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2177", "content": "Title: A. Crozet to James Madison, 7 October 1830\nFrom: Crozet, A.\nTo: Madison, James\n I have seen it mentioned in the prospectus of the University of Virginia that hereafter, a tutor will be\n attached to the department of Modern Languages; I received since a letter from my brother stating that no appointment had\n yet been made by the Faculty. I therefore, take the liberty of offering myself as a candidate for the situation. Having\n been educated in one of the first schools in Paris, of which city I am a native and having obtained great experience and\n some success in the business of teaching for the last ten years, I have full confidence that my services would prove\n I shall be very much indebted to you for making my demand known to the faculty and honour me with an answer\n as early as possible. I am, respectfully, your very humble & obdt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2178", "content": "Title: Joseph C. Cabell to James Madison, 8 October 1830\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph C.\nTo: Madison, James\n Your favour of Sep 12 was duly received by the mail. That part of it which relates to Doctr. Blatterman\u2019s\n difficulties will be best attended to, when I visit the University about the middle of next week, which will result from\n the circumstance of my being summoned as a witness at that time in the suit of Galt v. Carter in the Superior Court of\n Albemarle. I will call upon the Doctr: & Col. Colonna and do every thing in my power to produce harmony between\n them. In the interim it appears to me that in the absence of special instructions from the Visitors, the head of the\n Department should prescribe the duties of the assistant. I apprehend we shall before long be compelled to look out for a\n substitute for Doct: Blatterman. In a letter of the 1st. inst. my nephew says to me; \"I suppose you have heard of Mr.\n Colonna\u2019s appointment for one year; as yet he is staying at Xaupi\u2019s. Doctr. Blatterman, I believe, is going to sell his\n house & live in the University; he thinks it very hard that his duties are increased & his pay diminished;\n he says if he was not so much involved he would leave here & indeed I believe he has offered all his property for\n sale.\" I confess I am unable to conceive how Doctr. Blatterman\u2019s duties have been increased. As his reputation is very high\n as a philologist it is very probable that he will soon find a place more agreeable to his feelings in some other\n University. I hope we will retain him long enough to lessen the effects of his loss. Should any thing worthy of\n communication present itself, I will write you from Charlottesville. I entirely concurred in the view which you ascribe to\n Mr. Johnson, on the subject of the assistant, & without then being apprized of his precise sentiments, wrote to\n the same effect to Mr. T. J. Randolph. It is probable that the latter & Genl. Cocke have acted in conformity to\n the same opinion. It is not improbable that the Revolution in France will cause the return of Col: Colonna to his native\n I am much gratified to hear that your views on the question of the Nullifying powers are soon to be fully\n before the public. The sooner the better. The people of South Carolina seem still to be driving on in their mad career.\n Nullification is dead in this state. I have complied with your advice, by letting the question of the federal umpirage lie\n Mrs. Cabell & myself are gratfied to hear of the entire recovery of Mrs Madison & yourself.\n May you both enjoy every blessing is the fervent prayer of dear Sir, your most respectful & ever faithful friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-09-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2180", "content": "Title: James Madison to Martin Van Buren, 9 October 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Van Buren, Martin\n I recd. your letter of July 30 in due time, but have taken advantage of the permitted delay in answering it.\n Altho\u2019 I have again turned in my thoughts the subjects of your preceding letter, on which \"any further remarks from me\n would be acceptable\", I do not find that I can add any thing material to what is said in my letter of July 5, or in former\n ones. Particular cases of local improvements or establishments having immediate relation to internal commerce and\n navigation, will continue to produce questions of difficulty, either constitutional or as to utility or impartiality,\n which can only be decided according to their respective merits. No general rule founded on precise definitions, is perhaps\n possible: certainly none that relates to such cases as those of Lighthouses, which must depend on the evidence before the\n compentent Authority. In procuring that evidence, it will, of course be incumbent on that Authority, to employ the means\n & precautions most appropriate\n With regard to the Veto of 1817, I wish it to be understood that I have no particular solicitude; nor can the\n President be under any obligation to notice the subject, if his construction of the language of the Document be unchanged.\n My notice of it to you when acknowledging the rect. of the message you politely enclosed to me, was necessary to guard my\n consistency agst. an inference from my silence.\n With a regret that I can not make you a more important communication I renew the assurances of my great\n esteem & my cordial salutations", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2181", "content": "Title: James Madison to Thomas S. Grimk\u00e9, 10 October 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Grimk\u00e9, Thomas S.\n The copy of your Oration delivered at N. H. inclosed to me for the University of Virga. has been recd.\n & will be duly attended to. A later mail has brought me a Copy for which I owe my personal acknowledgments.\n The perusal of the Oration has left a just impression of the merit imparted to it by the copiousness of its\n learning & the richness of its Eloquence. Be pleased to accept Sir the assurances of my high & cordial", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-13-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2185", "content": "Title: James Madison to Charles J. Ingersoll and Others, 13 October 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Ingersoll, Charles Jared\n J. Madison has recd. the polite invitation of the \"Penn Society\" to their anniversary dinner on the 25th.\n inst: Being under the necessity of denying himself, the pleasure of accepting it, he complies with the requested\n alternative by offering as a toast--\"The immortal memory of Penn who subdued the ferocity of Savages by his virtues\n & enlightened the Civilized world by his Institutions\"", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2187", "content": "Title: Robert M. Patterson to James Madison, 15 October 1830\nFrom: Patterson, Robert M.\nTo: Madison, James\n Mr. Hugh A. Garland, who was for some years Professor of Ancient Languages at Hampden-Sydney College, has\n lately resigned his chair, and come on here to enrol himself as a student of this University. His peculiar situation\n induces him, however, to ask an exemption from the law regarding Uniform, and from the examinations. These are privileges\n which cannot be granted without the approbation of the Rector, and I write to ask it, as Mr. Garland\u2019s request.\n There is also another point in this case that may require a reference to you. Mr. Garland wishes his wife and\n child to reside here with him, and Mr. Rose, to whom they are related, has offered them a room in his hotel. But our\n enactments forbid the hotel-keepers from receiving any boarders for pay, except students, and it cannot be asked that Mr.\n Rose should entertain these guests for several months, without remuneration. Have you, then, any objection to his\n receiving them as boarders, under the peculiar circumstances in which they are placed?\n Mr. Garland means to attend the lectures of five or six of the professors, and states that \"one of his\n objects is to learn the general mode of instruction pursued in this institution, having been led to believe, from\n experience and observation, that the system of education pursued in other Colleges is erroneous.\" It is certainly to our\n honour, that a professor from another college, should enter our University, as a student, with such avowed views; and I\n hope, therefore, that you may judge it proper to grant him the privileges he asks for. It would be very inconvenient, if a\n dispensing power, with regard to the laws, did not exist, to a certain extent, and for special cases, somewhere,\u2014 and I\n have presumed that it must be considered as belonging to the highest officer of the institution.\n The present number of matriculates is, think, 118,\u2014 about the same as at this period of the session, last\n year. If the professional schools were as full as usual, the whole number in the University would already exceed that of\n any former year, except the second. The students seem, in general, to be attentive to their duties, and disposed to obey\n the laws. One case, however, requiring a major punishment, has already occurred. A young gentleman from Alabama,\u2014 Mr. Percy\n Walker,\u2014 was suspended, for two weeks, for having a card-party at his dormitory, and was afterwards dismissed from the\n institution, for having broken the terms of his suspension, by coming to Charlottesville, and again gambling while there.\n Let us hope that this early example may prevent the occurrence of any similar offence. I am, dear Sir, with the highest\n respect, Your very faithful Servant, &c.,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-20-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2190", "content": "Title: James Madison to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 20 October 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\n This [will] be handed to you by [James] To[dd from] Philada. who intends to enter himself a Student of the\n University. Being young & a perfect stranger, he will need all the kindness, in getting him properly settled which\n I well know yr. readiness to bestow in such cases. It is particularly desirable that he shd have in his dormitory an\n advantageous associate. He proposes to attend the Schools of Ancient Languages, Modern Languages, &\n Mathema & you will be good eno\u2019 to introduce him to the respective Professors.\n I find that instead of Cash he has brought a draft on the Bank at Richmond, which I hope can be readily\n negociated in Charlottesville", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-20-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2191", "content": "Title: Walter T. Brooke to James Madison, 20 October 1830\nFrom: Brooke, Walter T.\nTo: Madison, James\n You will please excuse the liberty taken in addressing you. I have done it through the suggestion of Doct.\n Rose of Alabama, who I had the pleasure of meeting yesterday; The object of this is to ascertain if possible the time that\n Walter Brooke was commissioned as a Commodore in the Virginia state Navy during the Revolutionary War, The statute of the\n legislature of Virginia commissioned all persons at that time who served, the books which would give the information I so\n much want, were sent to the Navy Department here many years since, and during the late War were burnt.\n My Grandfathers Commission being lost; and under the act of Congress of the 30th May last he is entitled to a\n considerable proportion of the public Lands appropriated to pay the officers and seamen who served in that War. And should\n it be in your power to give me the information so much wanted, it will ever be remembered as an act of great Kindness to\n myself and relations I am very respectfully Your obt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-20-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2192", "content": "Title: I. Irvine Hitchcock & Co. to James Madison, 20 October 1830\nFrom: I. Irvine Hitchcock & Co.\nTo: Madison, James\n Permit us to call your attention to the little bill below, and to ask its discharge as soon as Convenient. We\n should be happy Sir to receive your order to send you the Amer. Farmer either in sheet, or bound according to your\n directions. We are, Sir, Your Obdt Servts\n For subscription to American Farmer, One year, from March 1828 to March 1829 ......... $4.00", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-23-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2193", "content": "Title: James Madison to Walter T. Brooke, 23 October 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Brooke, Walter T.\n I have recd. your letter of the 20th & wish I could give you the requested information. But if I\n ever had any knowledge of the time when Commodore Brooke was commissioned in the Virga. State Navy, I have now no\n recollection of the circumstance: nor do I possess the means of otherwise ascertaining it. I am sorry that I can not even\n refer you to any living source, from which the desired information could be hoped for. With respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-23-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2194", "content": "Title: James Madison to Thomas S. Grimk\u00e9, 23 October 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Grimk\u00e9, Thomas S.\n I have recd. your letter of the 14th. inst: and with a view to the information it requests concerning our\n University, inclose a printed Copy of its Statutes, with one of the By laws of the Faculty, and a manuscript statement of\n the expences of a Student. There are a few Resolutions of the Visitors not yet in print, but not material to your object.\n With respect to the course of Study, it is to be observed that the Students are not formed into graduated\n Classes, as in most if not all of the American Colleges & Universities; but attend such of the Schools as their\n parents or themselves chuse; the mode of instruction being by lectures of the respective Professors & text books,\n and by constant & strict examinations, preparatory to the annual one which is solemn & effective\n On the subject of the youths in the predicament which involves your son, I must refer you to [section symbol]\n 6. pa. 24. of the Enactments, by which you will see that there is no insuperable bar to their admission into the\n University. But it may be expected that the evidence of general good conduct, other than a certificate from the College,\n to be satisfactory must be strong in proportion to the cause preventing the certificate\n In a few lines addressed to Charleston, I acknowledged the receipt of your several pamphlets; and, with my\n thanks for my share of them, forwarded the others as you desired to the University. I address this as suggested to\n Columbia With great & cordial esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-23-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2195", "content": "Title: James Madison to Thomas Jefferson Randolph, 23 October 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Jefferson\n I have recd. yours of the 18th. post marked 20th. inclosing the Bill of Nickline & Johnson. I am\n afraid the authority over us, will think the acct. very heavy one. The papers shewing the precise situation of the\n sterling fund, being I believe in the hands of the last Chairman of the Faculty or the Secretary of the Board of Visitors, I\n must ask the favor of you, to have a draft in the adapted form & amount, made out, & forwarded to me, if\n On consulting the Resolution, which provided for the accomodation of the Tutor, I observe that in allotting\n him quarters in a Hotel or dormitory it contemplated the case of his having a family. Should it be thought however, that\n his occupying the Pavilion in question, can not interfere with any probable need of it for other uses, & it be\n with an understanding that it is an arrangement subject to the revision of the Board, I shall not dissent from the\n indulgence. With great & affecte esteem\n As I sign the acct. as one of the Executive Committee one other name at least is to be added, if the formality be", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-23-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2196", "content": "Title: James Madison to Henry R. Schoolcraft, 23 October 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Schoolcraft, Henry R.\n J. Madison with his respects to Mr. Schoolcraft, thanks him for the copy of his valuable discourse before \"the\n Historical Socty of Michigan\".To the seasonable exhortation which it gives to others, it adds an example which may\n be advantageously followed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "10-28-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2198", "content": "Title: Joseph C. Cabell to James Madison, 28 October 1830\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph C.\nTo: Madison, James\n I set out from this place for Charlottesville on the [11]th & returned home on the 17th inst., having\n spent a part of the 15th & 16th at the University. The difficulty as to the boundary of duties between Doct:\n Blatterman & Col: Colonna appeared no longer to exist. I did not see the latter, as he resided without the\n precincts, at Xaup[i]\u2019s, and there was no particular reason why I should call on him. I was the more disposed to decline\n calling, from my perfect conviction that his Italian accent, & want of general literature, would prevent me on a\n future occasion from voting for his continuance in his present situation. I had several interviews with Doctr. Blatterman,\n the result of which was a confirmation of my favorable dispositions toward him. He appears to be deeply affected by the\n late proceedings of the board of Visitors, & repeatedly shed tears in speaking of them. Those proceedings seem to\n have had a favorable effect on his conduct as a Professor, and if they should not drive him from the Institution, will\n make him one of its most valuable members. He has advertized his property in the country for sale, & altho\u2019 he has\n not done so, as to his buildings and lots near the University, I believe it proceeds from perfect despair of getting their\n value. His wife continues her school, & he occasionally visits her: but he still occupies & spends most of\n his time in his pavilion, and appears to undergo great labour in the discharge of his duties. Whilst Colonna attends to\n the Junior classes, he conducts the Senior. Until I visited him of late I was unable to recollect how we had augmented his\n duties. I was made sensible how much we had done so, or how much he has advanced in the discharge of them, by seeing his\n various courses of written Lectures. He is actually preparing & delivering, a separate course on English, French,\n Spanish, Italian & German Literature, besides a course of Lectures on History, making in the whole six courses,\n the five first of which he is now for the first time composing or compiling. He read me specimens of these Lectures,\n & they appeared to me to be executed with ability. The task which he is executing is Herculean, and his\n fulfillment of it will doubtless raise him in the scale of public opinion. My view was very cursory, but what passed on\n the occasion, strengthened my impression of the expediency of an Assistant in the lower duties of this professorship, and\n of the importance of retaining Doct: Blatterman. He did not hesitate to say that he was inclined to leave the institution;\n but his remarks went to shew that he would prefer to remain, if the late arrangements could be modified. He complains of\n injustice of course, but the burthen of his complaint is that we have lessened his compensation whilst we have added to\n his duties. He considers Colonna altogether unfit for his station, & seemed to be on bad terms with him. He\n admitted the expediency of an assistant; but thinks that he should be allowed to select one on his responsibility\n & upon his own terms, & alleges that he could get a competent one from Paris, for a moderate compensation,\n very far short of the deduction now made from his salary & fees. He desires also to retain his Pavilion &\n garden. Upon these conditions, he seemed to think that his continuance permanently would be advisable, especially as he\n has in some sort, identified himself with the institution. I spoke with Doct: Patterson on this subject, who suggested\n that the 3d. of the Salary might be properly withdrawn, but that it would be better to give him the fees. I intimated to\n Doct: B. that the Visitors might possibly modify their late resolutions, & expressed my high approbation of his\n various Lectures on Literature, assuring him that I believed they would augment his class, & redound greatly to\n his reputation. I more than ever deprecate the rash policy of driving such a man from the Institution, when we know that\n his learning will go with him, not to return in another, & when we hold our ablest professors by a brittle tenure.\n I am inclined to the opinion that I should do well to apprize Mr. Herv\u00e9, that the exact compensation offered to him of\n late, may not be offered in future. He probably would come for $500. I had a good deal of conversation with Doct:\n Dunglison, and am sorry to perceive that he is thinking seriously of getting some other more profitable situation in some\n of our larger towns. The medical school has sensibly declined in numbers: & Doct: D. thinks it never will prosper\n from the defects of the situation. His chief reason is, that the Academical Schools contribute nothing to the Medical\n & this result he thinks will continue, because after an Academical Course, young men are tired of the place,\n & prefer new situations. I replied to him, that an objection standing on no better foundation might in my opinion\n be removed, & cited as proof the success of the Transylvania School. The present depressed state of the Medical\n School, is certainly sufficient to justify Doct: D. in endeavoring to mend his situation. I would do a good deal to retain\n him, but doubt whether we shall be able to do so. The present state of things in that department, brings up the question,\n whether it would be advisable to create the professorship of Anatomy & Surgery, and whether it would not be best\n to continue the place of Demonstrator, with a small amt. of compensation, & on a scale of perfect subordination,\n so as to increase the relative compensation of the head of the Department. Doctor Johnson complains bitterly of his\n situation, & of having been deceived in regard to his expected advancement in the\n institution. He again assured me that he should not continue in his present situation, & speaks of going to\n France. I was not so much surprized at these declarations, as I was to hear from the Doct: himself, after all that has\n passed, that he is now of opinion that the alterations at the Anatomical theater which he has been urging for three years,\n & which the Board lately directed to be made, are not necessary, because less expensive substitutes may be\n adopted. Doct: D. first informed me of this change in the mind of the Demonstrator, & I was, I confess, difficult\n of belief, till I made the enquiry & had the assurance from the latter in person. Upon the whole, as this\n gentleman is always dissatisfied, & always threatening to leave the place, and whilst he complains of deception,\n does not seem to know what arrangements will please him, I think the better way will be to let him depart, &\n perhaps to take care to make his successor a mere instrument in the hands of the [pro]fessor of medicine; at least till\n the prospects of the department materially change. There must be two grades of instructors in the Institution. But these\n subordinates are ever striving to be coordinate with the heads of the Departments, & fire at the bare idea of\n inferiority. The general state & condition of the University gave me great satisfaction.\n Your Letter to the Editors of the North American Review has given me the most heartfelt satisfaction, as it\n is lucid, conclusive & unanswerable, & I have no doubt will have an effect equal to that produced by your\n letters on the Tariff; that is to say, an effect as great, as ever was produced by any document in any age or country. The\n mad conduct of the Southern States has prepared the nation for it: and I have not a doubt that it will settle the great\n questions to which it relates. That kind providence may preserve you many years, for such great & inestimable\n services, is, dear Sir, the fervent & unceasing prayer of your ever affectionate & devoted friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-04-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2199", "content": "Title: James Madison to I. Irvine Hitchcock, 4 November 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hitchcock, I. Irvine\n Your letter of the 20th. Ult. was not recd. till yesterday. It probably took some erroneous course before it\n arrived at the Post Office near me. (Orange Ct House)\n I enclose $4 in discharge of the acct. forwarded. The blame of delay is chargeable in part at least on Mr.\n Skinner; as will appear from my letter to him of Apl. 14. 1829, in which I requested him to mention the balance due from\n me. His silence contributed to prevent my thoughts from recurring to the subject.\n The letter above referred to will shew that the withdrawal of my name from the subscription list of the\n American Farmer, was not the effect of any diminished sense of the merit of the work; and having no reason to doubt that\n in the present hands it will be equally entitled to my good wishes for its continued success, I add them to the respects I", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-04-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2201", "content": "Title: Giacomo Raggi to James Madison, 4 November 1830\nFrom: Raggi, Giacomo\nTo: Madison, James\n Mr Giacomo Raggi takes the liberty of forwarding the enclosed letter to Mr. Madison Mr Raggi had the honour\n of receiving it from the hands of General Lafayette to be delivered personally, but finding himself sick and without\n resources in New York, is under the painful necessity of foregoing this honour With respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-06-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2202", "content": "Title: Thomas Bee to James Madison, 6 November 1830\nFrom: Bee, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n I have two motives for troubling you with a few words in answer to your last\u2014 First, to thank you for your\n obliging attention to the subject of my letter; Secondly, to explain a circumstance that I must have stated incorrectly.\n Be assured, Sir, that, at your age & with that multiplicity of engagements that crowd necessarily upon you, I\n should have never presumed to request a history of the Convention of 1789, in the form of a communication to me. All I intended was to suggest that you would, if possible, leave behind you such reminiscences of that time & occasion as might occasionally present themselves to your\n mind. One page a day, the employment of your hor\u00e6 subseciv\u00e6, would be sufficient to furnish very valuable materials to the\n future historian; and I shall continue to hope that something of that kind will be found to make part of your literary legacy to your country: perhaps, the task is already perform\u2019d.\n I shall certainly make an attentive search into the printed Journal of the Convention, as soon as I can\n procure the volume; but I suppose that Mr. Gouverneur Morris\u2019 substitution of the short\n preamble, for Mr. Sherman\u2019s lengthy one, may have passed with the recorder of the proceedings\n as a matter of course, which he was not required to notice. I wish, however, that there was any mode left in which Mr.\n Sherman might still be allowed to \"bestow his tediousness upon us.\" It is obvious, Sir, that this letter requires no\n answer. If it had, or if it even put you to the expence of postage, I should think it needed many apologies. As it is, I\n shall only profit by the occasion it affords of renewing my thanks, & offering assurances of the sincere esteem\n and respect with which I am, dear Sir, Your obedt. Servt.\n The probability of a Convention of this State upon the subject of the Tariff &c, is reduced to almost nothing. It\n appears, indeed, that our game is at length taken up at Boston! The re-publication of Mr. Webster\u2019s anti-tariff speech of\n 1820 is as fair as that of Mcduffie\u2019s \"One of the People,\" in 1821. In short, the inconsistency of public men in these\n times is only to be explained upon the principles of Shakespear\u2019s Benedict, who vowed that he would \"die a bachelor,\"\n merely because he never expected \"to be a married man\". Our political leaders would do well to imitate his na\u00efvet\u00e9,\n & to live peaceably with one another. The late elections in this State created bitter\n animosities, & have left some deep wounds: a convention would have exasperated both,\n and could not, I think, have done any good.\n We live in an age of strange things. Mr. Quincy Adams is, it seems, to retrograde\n into Congress, &, if Mr. Clay is our next President, will, I am persuaded, be once more Secretary of State! In\n that case, I shall think of Foote\u2019s admirable mot about the poet Thomson, whom he compared to\n \"a ninepin\u2013 big in the middle, & little at both ends.\" Thomson is reported to have been dull when he sat down to\n table\u2013 brilliant after drinking some wine\u2013 & stupidly drunk before he could be induced\n to retire. But, as Lord Melcombe says in the preface to his \"Diary,\" \u2013 \"tout pour la trippe\"! Mr. Adams will fancy that he is nothing more than patriotic. Alas! poor human nature!", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2203", "content": "Title: James Madison to Edward Coles, 8 November 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Coles, Edward\n I recd., my dear Sir, by the last mail yours of the 4th. inst very unexpectedly from the place of its date. It gave us however the first agreeable evidence that your brother Tucker\n must have been relieved from his critical illness. The latest previous accounts had produced much anxiety; and it was\n under a great pressure of it, that Mrs. & Mr. Stevenson left us for Richmond. Mrs. S. herself was not well when\n she set out, and we had an unfavorable report of the manner in which she bore the fatigue of the first day. Your silence\n as to her health, implies, we trust, that the effect was transient.\n I cannot but think that you have not fully understood Mr. Stevenson or perhaps that he has not fully\n explained himself on the subject of the Judicial Power of the U.S. Limited as this may be in criminal cases, he would,\n himself, I presume not deny it in some of the cases you mention, and for some of your reasons in favor of it. The most\n delicate part of the Federal Constitution, and that on which Candid Commentators are least unanimous, is the relation\n between the Fedl & State Courts, and the line dividing the cases within their respective Jurisdictions. It\n was not my purpose to discuss & discriminate those cases, but to shew the necessity of a power to decide on\n conflicting claims; & that this must belong to a Forum under the General Authority; it being presumed that this\n would refuse a cognizance of cases not within its sphere: & it being understood that a usurpation of it, like\n other usurpations by that or by other Departments, would be open for whatever remedies, regular or extreme, the occasions\n might call for. I was not unaware of the sensitiveness of very many, and the errors of not a few in this quarter, on this\n particular subject; but supposed that my view of it was guarded against necessary offence to either Class. It would\n seem from several notices of it in Newspapers that it has not been so fortunate. The writers as yet are more disposed to\n charge it with a departure from the Report of -99, than to investigate its constitutionality: and in several instances\n without a correct exposition of either the letter or of the Report.\n I am sorry to learn that your health is still feeble, tho\u2019 I ought not to be surprized at it; the state of it\n brought us by your Sister & Mr. S. having been unfavorable. Should you on that or other accounts pass the Winter\n on this side of the mountains, we shall claim a large share of your time; the larger as you will have to repair the\n disappointment of our late expectation.\n Accept from us all, affectionate wishes for your health & the addition of every other happiness\n I subscribed many years ago for the works of Dr. Franklin Edited by Mr. Duane. I recd. & paid for the 2, 3, 4,\n & 5. Vol. The 1st. was postponed with a view to further biographical materials. This I never obtained. If you can\n make it coincide with a walk for other purposes, be so good as to ascertain whether & how I can now do so; the\n same as to the supplemental Vols. compleating the works of Franklin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-12-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2205", "content": "Title: John H. Lee to James Madison, 12 November 1830\nFrom: Lee, John H.\nTo: Madison, James\n Enclosed you have the answers of Mrs Bell & Tapscott to a Bill in chancery filed in the Daviess\n Circuit Court, by Mrs Willis & yourself: the death of Bell & non-residence of some of his Hiers precluded\n you from the F C Court; & I was compelled with great reluctance to institute the Suit in Daviess under the most\n perfect conviction, that every method would be resorted to, to sustain them in possession as long as possible. You also\n have the answers of Mrs Willis & yourself, it is necessary they should be signed & sworn to in the\n presence of a Justice for the County & certified by him; You can discover from the papers taken collectively what\n is necessary to answer & make any alteration you deem necessary: The defendants say they are determined to appeal\n when a Decree is had here unless you will convey to them two hundred acres of the surplus land in one of the Tracts;\n & their Atty assures them he can sustain them in possession at least five year: I make these statements to you\n that you may determine whether it would be most conducive to your interest, to await the delay of the Suit, or purchase\n thier silence: the Farms are going very much to decay since they have abandoned the Idea of paying for them: In addition\n to these circumstances, there will be thrown into market in a short time large tracts of land near the Court House of\n superior quality, and thier locality more eligible than yours; Wm R Griffith notwithstanding the high estimate he put upon\n your land, is now offering lands adjoining yours, & of similar quality at $150 pr acre, & I believe would\n In your answer it will be necessary to state the manner you derive title as the title papers are in your\n Brothers name, & I believe it would be best the contract between your Brother & yourself were filed in the\n Suit; as to the dates of the Patents, you can refer to them as being filed in the Suit; If attended with no inconvenience\n to you I shall be glad to receive the necessary papers, as early as March next, in hopes of having every thing prepared by\n the Apl Term of the Court: Should the defendants be induced to withdraw thier defence a Decree must be had before you can\n come into Lawful possession of the land\u2014 I am Sir; very respectfully your ob Svt\n N BDates of Patents", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-14-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2206", "content": "Title: William B. Sprague to James Madison, 14 November 1830\nFrom: Sprague, William Buell\nTo: Madison, James\n Being on a visit at this place from Albany, a friend of mine here, Mr I. K. Tefft has expressed a wish to\n address you on a particular subject, and as he feels some delicacy in doing it, I have volunteered on the strength of the\n paper acquaintance with which you have honored me to offer him an introduction. I will only say that he is a gentleman of\n fine literary taste and of a truly deserving and excellent character; and from what I have experienced of your kindness,\n I doubt not that you will cheerfully attend to his request. I am, Dear Sir, Most respectfully, Your truly obliged", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-17-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2209", "content": "Title: Thomas Johnson to James Madison, 17 November 1830\nFrom: Johnson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n Several of the members of my Class, and one or two individuals of Charlottesville, have requested me to\n deliver some instructions on the Principles of Dentistry; and I have determined to do so,\n unless, the measure is opposed by yourself or the other members of the Executive Committee. The compensation which I am to\n receive is only $10, each, which will not much exceed the actual expense I shall incur.\n I feel solicitous to direct the attention of the intelligent members of our profession to a branch of surgery\n which is at present almost exclusively in the hands of ignorant itinerants. Another object with me in giving a course of\n dental instruction, is, to afford all the aid in my power to several members of my Class who intend pursuing dentistry as\n a profession, and who have resorted to this University to study it in a scientific manner; and this I could not do,\n unless, at least ten individuals would form themselves into a Class.\n I should have applied to the Board of Visitors, at the last session of the Board, for permission to take\n private pupils, had not a Member told me that he thought I could do so without an application.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-18-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2211", "content": "Title: James Madison to John A. G. Davis, 18 November 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Davis, John A. G.\n I recd. yesterday your letter inclosing the Bills of Exchange for Messrs. Nicklin & Johnson, and\n gave them immediately the proper destination in the compleated form.\n The approach of the day when the annual Report of the Visitors for the Genl. Assembly is to be made, will\n apologize for my reminding you of the request that you would soon follow the example of your Predecessor in the\n Secretaryship, in preparing, for the Rector the usual Document with its appurtenances. I took the liberty of asking this\n favor of you because the proceedings to be Reported, belonged to your official period. But I doubt not that your\n Successor will obligingly share in the task I am imposing. With great & cordial esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-19-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2212", "content": "Title: William F. Gray to James Madison, 19 November 1830\nFrom: Gray, William F.\nTo: Madison, James\nThe above named articles are sent to Mr. Allen\u2019s as you directed. I have not in store any such paper as the\n sample you sent me. I will order some forthwith, and I hope to have it by this day week, and will send it to you by first\n opportunity. Very Respectfully Your obt. Svt.\n P. S. Should either the writing paper or the wax not answer your purposes, pray return them without hesitation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2213", "content": "Title: William Allen to James Madison, 20 November 1830\nFrom: Allen, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Alleck left here this evening & takes with him\n 6 loaves best quality Sugar\n 1 Box Spermacetti Candles\n 1 Canister Gunpowder Tea 2d. quality\n 1 Bottle Martinique Mans. Snuff\n 1 Bundle Stationery from Wm. F. Gray\u2019s\n 1 Bundle Cloth all of which I am in hopes will reach you safely, he only brought two Kegs & One of\n them being useless I have furnished two new ones. The Weather is so warm that I do not think it safe to send the Oysters\n in the shell, they will be forwarded when Alleck comes down again, Java Coffee & Buckwheat Meal I am in the daily\n expectation of receiving they will be sent by the next opportunity likewise. They are not to be had in town at present or\n they would have been forwarded. I am with much respect Your Obt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2214", "content": "Title: Frederick A. Packard to James Madison, 20 November 1830\nFrom: Packard, Frederick A.\nTo: Madison, James\n American Sunday School Union\n Some months since we published a work entitled \"Life of George Washington\"\u2013 266 pages 18[vo] I enclose to you\n by the same mail two periodical pamphlets each of which contains a succinct notice of the character & design of\n the work\u2013 We are about Stereotyping it & several friends\u2013 among them the late Judge Washington & Col\n Varick of New York\u2013 have suggested many improvements\u2013 There is one point on which we find it very difficult to gain\n Accurate information & it is one of so much importance that we have even ventured to trouble you with an inquiry\u2013\n What were the circumstances which attended the final vote on the declaration of independence? In what sense, if in any,\n was it unanimously adopted?\n We should do ourselves the pleasure to send you a few copies of the work, was not an improved edition\n contemplated\u2013 As it is, the information you may be disposed to give will probably be communicated to many who will be\n required hereafter to sustain that national character, which Washington did so much to obtain\n for us, & which you have done so much dignify & Exalt\u2013 With the hope that you may not find it inconvenient\n to answer our inquiry, Accept our best wishes for your health & happiness. Your obedt. servt\n for the Committee of PublicationAm. S. S. Union\n P. S. It may not be Amiss to add that our Life of Washington has already been adopted, as a reading book in the Common\n Schools in Charleston S. C & elsewhere\u2013 & is very extensively circulated as a child\u2019s reading or library", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2215", "content": "Title: Andrew Stevenson to James Madison, 20 November 1830\nFrom: Stevenson, Andrew\nTo: Madison, James\n My hands have been so full since my return home that I have been prevented, till now, from availing myself\n of your kind permission to address you, in relation to some of the important & interesting subjects, discussed by\n us, during my recent visit to Montpelier. I do not intend however, at this time, to touch those vital\n questions, in the discussion of which you have lately taken part, & to which the public mind has been so\n strongly attracted; at a more convenient period (& that not very distant) I shall hope to lay before you my views & opinions upon these all important subjects,\n & to solicit for them, your kind and considerate attention! I shall do this with the utmost freedom\n & frankness; & the more so, because between those in pursuit of truth, & whose objects are the\n same, I have ever thought there ought to be no reserve; and because I am very sure, that you will receive them in the same\n affectionate spirit in which they will be offered, & that if I am wrong, yet even error\n will have some claim to indulgence, if not respect, when it is believed to be truth! Of one\n thing my dear Sir, I seize this occasion of assuring you, that Party Politics, form no part of\n this, or ever will, of any letter that I shall address to you! I flatter myself that you will do me the justice to\n believe, that my only object will be truth & a proper understanding of those great questions, which we all know\n & feel, to be so intimately connected with the preservation of our holy union & the prosperity &\n happiness of our common Country! I know too well the value of quiet & repose at yr. time of life. I estimate too\n highly your character & services, & feel too deep & cordial an affection for you to wish even to\n see you in the arena of Party strife or Political warfare, much less to become the instrument,\n of placing you there! Far, very far, from it! Such you know cannot be my wish or object; but yet, I believe, there are\n occasions and periods in which the opinions, & counsels, & admonitions of our fathers (who may have retired\n from the Public Stage) ought not only, not to be withheld from their Country, but should be fully & freely\n expressed; and I can readily imagine, that it was under such impressions, that you have recently on more than one occasion\n felt yourself not only justified, but required to mingle in the Political discussions of the day! that you will continue\n to do so, whenever the times, & the occasion shall make it necessary & proper, I have no doubt! I will now\n proceed to the more immediate object of this letter! You will recollect that I mentioned to you during my late visit, when\n upon the subject, that I thought it very apparent, that an effort was displaying itself, to revive the old doctrine, of\n unlimitted power & discretion in the national Legislature to pronounce upon all subjects, connected with the\n common defense, & general welfare; in other words, that the addition of the words \"to pay the\n debts & provide for the common defense & general welfare of the U. States,\" in the eighth section\n of the first Article of the Constitution, was now claimed as a distinct & substantive grant of Power, &\n that its only qualification was that the objects, to which an appropriation of money might be\n made, must be general or national & not local! This sweeping & dangerous\n doctrine of unlimitted power over the general welfare, was first publicly & openly avowed, I believe by General\n Hamilton, soon after the adoption of the Constitution, in his celebrated Report upon Manufactures, & by a\n Committee of the House of Representatives, upon the subject of Agriculture\u2013 It was then met & denounced by the Republican Party, and always by yourself; most ably in your report of 98\n & 99 & again in your veto upon the Bonus Rule, in the last year of your Administration! Indeed numbers of\n The Federalist, & in the Debates of the Virginia Convention (which ratified the\n Constitution) the subject (in answer to certain objections made against this part of the constitution by its opposers) was\n discussed & the idea scouted, that these words gave any additional Power, or were intended to have any other\n effect, than that of limitting the power, previously granted! That this clause, is now looked to by many as conferring on\n the Congress, a general Power to provide for the general welfare, is very certain & I\n mentioned to you several striking examples, both in & out of Congress, as proof of it\u2013 Indeed some of the present\n advocates for this Power, go much farther than General Hamilton, & his friends ever went, & construe this\n clause as giving a general Power to the Federal Government, to legislate over any subject connected with the General\n Welfare, or calculated to better the condition of the Country; whilst others claiming to be\n more moderate, confine the Power to those matters only in which there may be an appropriation of\n money! It should not be difficult to shew, that in either case, that a right in the General Government, would\n render it one of unlimitted & boundless Power! You are apprised also of the fact, I\n presume, that among other reasons for this construction, force has been attempted to be given to that clause of the\n Constitution, by shewing, that in most of the printed editions of the Constitution, there is a semi-colon (;) after the\n word \"excises\"; which would seem to give that member of the sentence, a signification\n independent of the following words, & not reached by them! When I was last with you,\n you were good enough to shew me a printed draft of the constitution (furnished the members of the Federal Convention\n & printed by its order after all the amendments had been discussed & agreed to) & on examining the\n clause in the eighth section, I was struck with the fact, that after the word \"excises\", there\n was a comma; & that the words, \"to pay the debts &\n provide for the common defense, & general welfare of the U States\"; (which had been added as an amendment\n to the original clause) follow immediately as part of one sentence, with only the intervention of a Comma; & were\n intended evidently only, as a restriction of the objects to which, the money arising from taxes,\n duties, imports, & excises, should be applied!\n I think you also informed me that the original writing of the Constitution, was the same, as this printed\n draft, which you had preserved!\n On examining the Journal of the Federal Convention, I find in the plan of the Constitution reported by a\n Committee on the sixth of August 1787 (page 220) that the first part of this section of the Constitution, stood thus.\n \"The Legislature of the U. States, shall have power to levy and collect taxes, duties, Imports, &\n Amendments to the report having on the 18 & 20 of August been refer\u2019d to another Committee, on the 22\n of August (page 277) Mr Rutledge reported, that at the end of the section after the word, \"excises\", the following words, should be added; \"for the payment of the debts &\n necessary expences of the U States.\" This was agreed to, but after serious reconsideration & amendments,\n the Convention finally settled down to the provision, as it now stands in the existing Constitution! No one can trace the\n various propositions & amendments offered & agreed to & not be satisfied, that these words \"to pay the debts & provide for the Common Defense & General Welfare of the U.\n States\" were intended only as restrictive to the objects to which the money, arising\n from the taxing Power, should be applied, & not as enlarging the Powers of the\n Any other construction, would render the particular enumeration of Powers useless,\n & transform, what was intended as a limitted Government into one of unlimitted discretion! That this is yr opinion\n I know, & that it is the true one, I can never doubt! I must therefore ask the favor of you my dr. Sir, to express again\n yr opinions upon this Subject; to state the reasons which influenced you & your friends in voting for the addition\n of these words, to the original clause of the Constitution, as it was first reported & agreed to; that you will\n give also, if in yr. power, the history of the various changes & amendments, which the Journal shews; &\n especially yr recollection, whether it was ever avowed by the members of the Convention who formed the Constitution, in\n debate, or otherwise, that these words about the General Welfare,\n were intended, or understood, as giving the Power, now claimed for them; and moreover, whether in defending the\n Constitution, before the People, or in its ratification by them, a clear understanding did not prevail, that these words,\n were alone intended as a restriction upon the appropriating Power of the Government!\n I need not again repeat to you my motives in wishing this information; my desire is to have yr permission to\n lay yr answer before the Public, when I deem it proper; but at the same time, I assure you, that it will not be done,\n unless you permit it & that no use will be made of it, but under such restrictions as you may think proper to\n Mrs. S. desires to be presented to Mrs Madison & yourself in the most affectionate terms, in which I\n cordially unite, & be assured of the sincere Sentiments of esteem & attachment, with which I am dr. Sir,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-22-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2217", "content": "Title: James Madison to Thomas Jefferson Randolph, 22 November 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Jefferson\n I inclose for yourself & Genl. Cocke, a letter from Docr Johnson, requesting the sanction of the\n Executive Committee to a course of Instruction to private pupils on the principles of Dentistry\n If the measure do not fall within the spirit of the Enactment (page 16) imposing a restraint on Professors,\n or be sanctioned by precedent no objection would seem to be called for; the object itself being useful. But as it lies\n with the Professor of Medicine, according to the Resolution appointing a Demonstrator, to define his duties, delicacy\n towards the Professor may require his privity at least to such an arrangement.\n Having mentioned in my answer to Docr. Johnson that his letter would be communicated to the other members of\n the Committee, and that he would learn from them the views taken of the subject, I must ask the favor of you to give him\n this information considering me as concurring in whatever may be the result of the consultation between Genl. Cocke\n & yourself. With affectionate esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-22-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2218", "content": "Title: Philip Pendleton Kennedy to James Madison, 22 November 1830\nFrom: Kennedy, Philip Pendleton\nTo: Madison, James\n I have taken the liberty as you will perceive from the package accompanying this letter, to send you a\n Pamphlet which I published about the 16th of October last, upon the doctrine of Nullification. I directed the Bookseller\n who had the distributing of it to send you one, which I have just been informed he neglected to do. Whereupon I now\n inclose you a copy, with the hope that you (the Magnus Apollo, of this doctrine I uphold), will find it interesting enough\n to yeild you some return for the time and trouble of reading it. yours with esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-26-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2219", "content": "Title: James Madison to Frederick A. Packard, 26 November 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Packard, Frederick A.\n I have just recd. your letter of the 20th. with the two pamphlets sent by the same mail. I should feel\n a pleasure in satisfying the enquiry you make with respect to \"the circumstances attending the final vote on the\n Declaration of Independence, and in what sense, if in any, it was unanimously adopted.\" But not being a member of the\n Congress of that date, I can have no personal knowledge of what passed on the occasion. It is probable that some of the\n writings of Mr. Jefferson lately published may be a source of more explanation than any other I could refer to. Not having\n at hand the opportunity of consulting them, I cannot point to the particular passages. With respect & good wishes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "11-27-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2221", "content": "Title: William Allen to James Madison, 27 November 1830\nFrom: Allen, William\nTo: Madison, James\n By Alleck who left here this day I send\n 1 Barrel & One half Barrel, best quality bro. Sugar\n 5 loaves Common loaf Sugar\n 1 half barrel Buckwheat Meal\n 1 pair gum elastic Ovrshoes &\n I have also furnished Alleck at his request with fifty cents for the purpose of shoeing his horses which he\n said was absolutely necessary for him to have done I am Very respectfully Your Most Obt. Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2222", "content": "Title: Indenture. Release of land to James Madison, December 1830\nFrom: Chapman, Reynolds,Cowherd, Francis K.,Howard, Charles P.\nTo: Madison, James\n This Indenture, made this day of one thousand eight hundred and thirty between Charles P. Howard and Reynolds\n Chapman of the first part Coleby Cowherd of the second part, Francis K. Cowherd of the third part and James Madison of the\n fourth part, all of the county of Orange and state of Virginia. Whereas the said James Madison, in order to secure to the\n said Francis K. Cowherd the payment of the sum of three thousand dollars, did by deed dated the 20th day of September\n 1828, which is of record in the county court of Orange, convey to the said Charles P. Howard and Reynolds Chapman, and the\n survivor of them and the heirs of such survivor, all that tract or parcel of land, situate, lying and being in the said\n county of Orange, called Blackmeadow, adjoining the lands of Coleby Cowherd, Yelverton Cowherd and others and containing\n by estimation eight hundred acres in trust for the uses and purposes in the said deed specified; and whereas the said\n James Madison has paid to the said Francis K. Cowherd the full amount of the debt including interest intended to be\n secured by the deed aforesaid, and the said James Madison having sold and conveyed the aforesaid tract of land to the said\n Coleby Cowherd, he has requested the said Charles P. Howard and Reynolds Chapman to release to him all the right, title\n and interest which accrued to them and which they derived, in and to the said tract or parcel of land, under and by the\n deed of trust aforesaid\u2014Now therefore, this Indenture witnesseth, that the said Charles P. Howard and Reynolds Chapman\n for and in consideration of the premises, and of the sum of one dollar to them in hand paid by the said Coleby Cowherd, at\n and before the sealing and delivery hereof, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and by and with the assent of the\n said Francis K. Cowherd and James Madison, testified by their being parties hereto, and signing and sealing these\n presents\u2014Have granted, bargained, sold and released and do by these presents, grant, bargain, sell and release unto the\n said Coleby Cowherd his heirs and assigns all the right, title and interest, which accrued to them and which they\n derived, under and by the deed of trust aforesaid, in to the aforesaid tract of land\u2014To have and to hold the same to him\n the said Coleby Cowherd, his heirs and assigns, free from all claim of them, the said Charles P. Howard and Reynolds\n Chapman, and of all persons claiming by, from or under them. In testimony whereof the parties aforesaid have hereunto put\n their hands and affixed their seals the day and year first above written.\n Signed, sealed and delivered,\n Francis K. Cowherd (seal)Reynolds Chapman (seal)James Madison (seal)Coleby Cowherd (seal)\n Wm. Cowherd At a quarterly court held for the county of Orange at the courthouse, on monday the twenty eighth of March\n 1831\u2014This Indenture of Release was acknowledged by Reynolds Chapman a party thereto, and proved as to the execution of\n Charles P. Howard, Francis K Cowherd, James Madison and Coleby Cowherd also parties to the same, by the oaths of John H.\n Lee, John C. Payne and William Cowherd the witnesses thereto, and ordered to be recorded ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2224", "content": "Title: James Madison to Edward Everett, December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Everett, Edward\n It occurs that the notions prevailing here agst. any subordination in the highest Judicial Authy of the State to that of the U. S. & the spirit of Criticism of which there have been\n examples, may render the word concurrent, preferable to that of co-ordinate as applied in one\n of the paragraphs of my letter of \u2014Be so good therefore as to erase the latter & insert the former. The\n change seems to be merely verbal, and insignificant: but the subject is a tender & even a sore one in this quarter,\n and can not be touched too discreetly. Co-ordinate, tho guarded, by the phrase, in all cases", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2225", "content": "Title: James Madison: Notes on nullification and Thomas Jefferson\u2019s writings, December 1830\nFrom: \nTo: \n All Govts. hitherto bad: either tending to despotism, or to anarchy & thro\u2019 that to despotism. The\n expedt. of fedl. repub: aiming at a security agst both, merits a fair experiments, and the good wishes of all. [It h]as\n worked well as yet. It has controul\u2019d the Genl Govt. thro the States, as in al: & sedn. laws, and the States when\n flying individually out of [thorn] yr. orbits have under the influence of this Govt. and the powers of others, States returned\n unto their regular paths\u2014So mark: Kentucky Georgia, and\u2014so it is hoped will S. Carolina\n The wrong get right before the right get wrong. The silent controul of the Genl. Govt. has a great preventive\n effect in the absence of which individual States might go wrong witht. otherwise being aware of the propensity to do so.\n For Mr. J\u2014ns idea of the proper object of the Virga. Assembly in 1799, as to al. & Sed; laws see his\n letter to W. C. Nicholas vol. 3. p. 428: Secession not Nullification, the extreme resort: this\n subsequent to the paper as to that the rightful remedy\u2014It must mean the same thing, or if not the last Se[ce]ssion, the\n Vol. 3. p 430. \"All agree that an election of Presid. Electors by district wd best if it could be general\"\n For reasons which put Hamilton in Irons at Williamsburg\u2014see Vol. 1. p. 455\n For Mr. Jns constitutional views\u2014see Vol. 4 p 414-420\n Wd. have preferred leavg. direct taxation exclusively to the States, Vol. 2. p.\n May 23.89 See Vol. 2. p 318-9 for change of opinion in favor of New York\n For his opinion of the Fedst. see Vol. 2. p. 392 \"as being in my opinion the best commentary on properties of\n Govt. which was ever written. In some parts it is discoverable that the author means only to say what may be best said in\n defence of opinions in which he did not concur. But in general it establishes firmly the plan of Govt. I confess it has\n rectified me on several points.\"\n Vol 9. p. 121. Opinion of Mr. Jn as to Indian rights within State limits, & objections to protective\n p. 310-11. As to size of Repub: \"The smaller the societies, the more violent & more convulsive their\n \"every State acts entirely to raise the nation\u2019s internal improvement\" but modified agst. \"abuse\" marks his letter [to] JM p. . also p.\n 392 letter to E. Livingston more fully", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2226", "content": "Title: James Madison: Autobiography, December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n J. M. was born on the 5th of Mar. (O. 5) 1751. His parents J. M. & N. (Conway) Madison, resided in\n the County of Orange in Virga. At the time of his birth they were on a visit to her mother, who resided on the\n Rappahannoc, at Port Conway in the County of King George.\n At the age of about 12 years, he was placed by his father under the tuition of Donald Robertson, from\n Scotland, a man of extensive learning, and a distinguished Teacher, in the County of King & Queen. With him he\n studied the Latin & Greek Languages, was taught to read but not to speak French; and besides Arithmetic and\n Geography, made some progress in Algebra & Geometry. Miscellaneous literature was also embraced by the Plan of the\n Having remained 3 or 4 years with Mr. Robertson, he prosecuted his Studies for a year or two under the Revd.\n Ths. Martin the Parish Minister of the Estabd. Church, (of England as then called) who lived with his father as a private\n One of the Earliest books which engaged his attention was the \"Spectator,\" which, from his own experience, he\n inferred to be particularly adapted to inculcate in youthful minds, just sentiments an appetite for knowledge, and a taste\n for the improvement of the mind and manners.\n In the year 1769, by the advice of Mr. Martin, and his brother Alexander, both of whom had been educated at\n Nassau Hall in N. J., he was sent to that College, of which Docr. Witherspoon was then President in preference to William\n & Mary, the climate of which was unhealthy for persons going from a mountainous Region. He there went thro\u2019 the\n ordinary Course of Studies, and in the Autumn of 1771, recd. a diploma of B. of Arts. His health being at the time too\n infirm for a journey home, he passed the ensuing winter in Princeton, employing his time in miscellaneous Studies; but not\n without a reference to the profession of the Law; He availed himself of this opportunity of acquiring a slight knowledge\n of the Hebrew, which was not among the College Studies.\n His very infirm health, had been occasioned not a little by a redoubled labour, in which he was joined by a\n fellow Student Jas. Ross, in accomplishing the studies of two years within one, having obtained from the faculty a promise\n that in case their preparation for t[he] usual degree, should be found unexceptionable, the honor should be conferred. The\n effect on his health, was increased also by an indiscreet experiment of the minimum of sleep & the maximum of\n application, which the Constitution would bear. The former was reduced for some weeks, to less than five hours in the 24.*\n *He became satisfied that no real progress was gained by such a disproportionate extension of the hours of\n study, nor did he consider their success in performing the task of two years in one as any extraordinary atchievement. It\n could have been effected by others with little more than the ordinary exertion. The effect on his health proceeded from\n the extraordinary exertion made to justify the indulgence granted by the Faculty and to insure the attainment of his\n object. Hence it is probable they were better qualified in one year than they would have been in two by the ordinary\n The extreme neglect of the French language at that day in the public Seminaries will appear from an incident\n soon after he had entered the College, then one of the most conspicuous in the Colonies. Docr. Witherspoon who spoke the\n language, had invited a visit from a French Gentleman, who could not speak a word of English. The Gentleman happened to\n arrive, when the Docr. happened to be absent, and not a single member of the family knew a word of French. In this\n embarrassment Mrs. Witherspoon, sent to the College for some one who cd relieve her from it. On application to the\n members of the faculty, it was found that not one of them knew any thing of French; and it was found also on successive\n applications to the Students, that all of them were equally ignorant, with the single exception of himself, who conscious of his\n incapacity for a conversation in the language, endeavored to decline the task. As nothing better, however could be done,\n it was insisted that he should meet the stranger. The meeting took place, with a salutation & questions on his\n part, wch. tho\u2019 they wd have been intelligible to the eye were perfectly otherwise gall to the ear, especially from the rapid\n utterances of the Speaker The Scene was as awkward as possible; but fortunately after abortive efforts sufficiently\n repeated, the Docr. arrived to the great relief of all the parties, and not a moment lost in the escape of the discomfited\n On his return to Virga. he continued for several years in very feeble health but without neglecting a course\n of reading, which mingled miscellaneous subjects with the studies intended to qualify him for the Bar, for a practice at\n which however he never formed any absolute determination.\n On the commencement of the dispute with G-B, he entered with the prevailing Zeal into the Amn cause; being\n under very early and strong impressions in favor of liberty both Civil & Religious. His devotion to the latter\n found a particular occasion for its exercise in the persecution instituted in his County as elsewhere agst the preachers\n belonging to the Sect of Baptists then beginning to spread thro\u2019 the Country. Notwithstandg\u2014the enthusiasm which\n contributed to render them obnoxious to the sober public opinion as well as to the laws then in force, against Parishes descenting from the Estabd. Religion, he spared no exertion to [save] them from imprisonment\n & to promote their release from it. This interposition, tho\u2019 a mere duty prescribed by his conscience, obtained\n for him a lasting place in the favor of that particular sect. Happily it was not long before the fruits of Independence\n and of the spirit & principles which led to it, included a compleat establishment of the Rights of Conscience\n without any distinction of Sects or individuals.\n In 1775. He was elected a member of the Convn. for the County, living at the time with his father (who was\n Chairman of it) and had a part in the County proceedings belonging to the period. The spirit of the epoch may be seen in\n the address to P. H. on His expedition having for object the military Stores in Williamsburg, rifled by Govr. Dunmore.\n He was restrained from entering into the military service by the unsettled state of his health and the\n discouraging feebleness of his Constitution of which he was fully admonished by his experience during the exercises and\n movements of a minute Company which he had joined.\n In the Spring of 1776, he was initiated into the political career by a County election to the Convention\n which formed the original Constitution of the State with the Declaration of Rights prefixed to it; and which on the 16 day\n of May unanimously instructed the Deputies in Congs. to propose the final separation from G. B.\n as Declared by that Body on the 4th. of July following. Being young & in the midst of distinguished &\n experienced members of the Convention, he did not enter into its debates; tho he occasionally suggested amendments; the\n most material of which was a change of the terms in which the freedom of Conscience was expressed in the proposed\n Declaration of Rights. This important & meritorious Instrument was drawn by Geo: Mason, who had inadvertently\n adopted the word toleration, in the article on that subject. The change suggested and accepted,\n substituted a phraseology which\u2014declared designated the freedom of Conscience to be a nat. &\n absolute right. See in the files of J. M. the printed report of the Committee, with\n the proposed change in the hand of J. M.\n In the election of Delegates to the Legislature for the ensuing year (1777), he was an unsuccessful\n candidate. Previous to the Revolution the Election of the County representatives, was as in England, septennial, and it was as there, the usage, for the candidates to recommend\n themselves to the voters, not only by personal solicitation, but by the corrupting influence of spirituous liquors, and\n other treats, having a like tendency. Regarding these as equally inconsistent with the purity of moral & of\n republican principles; and anxious to promote, by his example, the proper reform, he trusted to the new views of the\n subject which he hoped would prevail with the people; whilst his competitors adhered to the old practice. The consequence\n was that the election went against him; his abstinence being represented as the effect of pride or parsimony.\n In the course of the ensuing Session of the Legislature he was appointed by it a member of the Council of\n State, P. Henry being then Govr. of that Body he continued a member till late in the year 1779. Ths. Jefferson being then\n Govr; when he was appointed a Delegate to the Revolutionary Congs.\n To prepare himself for this service, he employed an unavoidable detention from it, in making himself\n acquainted with the State of the Continental affairs, and particularly that of the finances which, owing to the\n depreciation of the paper currency, was truly deplorable. The view he was led to take of the evil and its causes, was put\n on a paper, now to be found in several periodical publications, particularly in Freneau\u2019s Natl. Gazette No.\n He took his Seat in Congs. in March 1780, and was continued a member by annual re-elections till the\n expiration of the allowed term of three years, computed from the definitive ratification of the Articles of Confederation\n in 1781. On his arrival, &c at Philada. he found that Congs. had, after prolonged discussions just adopted the new\n Scheme of a Currency, by which forty of the paper dollars in circulation, were to be replaced by a single one.\n For the proceedings of Congress during the above period & his participation in them see their\n journals; secret & public, his correspondence from the Spot, with Jos: Jones. Edm. Randolph, Ths. Jefferson,\n & others on his files; and the debates which he took down commencing Novr. 1782, and continued to the end of his\n term in the year following; see particularly, in a Communication in Niles Register for a correction of an erroneous\n Statement of an important transaction relating to the Mississippi, which first appeared in Ramsay\u2019s History of the\n Revolution, and has been followed in other publications; Pitkin\u2019s history among them. The right of the U. S., to the\n navigation of that River, was maintained by him, in every situation & on every occasion, which made it proper. One\n proof of his solicitude & exertions in its behalf, may be seen in the Instructions of Congress drawn by him given\n to Mr. Jay on the day of 1780. See also his Letter of to Lafayette, on his files.\n On his return to private life he resumed his Law studies, to which the forenoon was chiefly dedicated. In the\n afternoon he indulged in miscellaneous reading; which embraced among other works of philosophical cast, those of Buffon\n whose views of nature, however fanciful & even absurd in some instances, were highly attractive in others,\n & especially by the fascinating eloquence wch. distinguishes them. Whilst engaged on the zoological volumes, he\n availed himself of the means occasionally falling into his hands, of making minute comparisons of sundry of our\n quadrupeds, with those bearing the name,or having the resemblance of them in Europe. Among his papers are notes of the\n details, which might save in a small degree the labour of more scientific & systematic observers.\n He was soon however called from this disposal of his time, by the wish of his Countrymen, that he should be\n one of their representatives in the Legislature of the State; a service to which he yielded with the less reluctance, as\n it wd. give him an opportunity of placing in a favorable position, the cause of reform in our federal System, then in the\n paroxism of its infirmities, and filling every well informed patriot with the most acute anxieties.\n He was accordingly elected in the Spring of 1784, & reelected for the two successive years. For the\n Legislative proceedings of Virga. during that interesting period embracing the Convention at Annapolis, proposed grants of\n power to Congs, & its recommendation of that at Phila; the project of a Religious Estabt. & the separation of\n Kentucky from Virga., the effort for paper money, the revised Code of laws prepared by J. W. & P., the case of\n British debts, the offered & declined donations to Genl. W. the attempted one to Ths. Paine &c. see his\n correspondence with Genl. W. E. R. and particularly the copious one, with Mr. J__n during the period.\n see also the Memorial & Remonstrance agst. the Religs. Establ. and an explanatory letter to Geo: Mason\n of Green Spring, notes of the proceedings at Annapolis, and an explanatory Correspondence with Noah Webster, as to the\n origin of the Convention there. In the Statement prefixed to the Laws of U. S. edited by Rush & Colvin, there is\n an error in ascribing the Resolns. of Virga. in 1785 i e those cited to J. M. They were the Report of a Come. on his advice\n it varied them from a longer duration to that of years. This circumstance contributed to abandonment of them.\n The Convention at Annapolis having recommended another with enlarged powers to be held at Phila. the year\n following, He brought forward the Act of compliance on the part of Virga. assembly which availing itself of the early\n period of [ ] set the first example of deciding on the measure, tho\u2019 it is believed that the\n legisl, of N. J. was the first in taking the measure into\n consideration. See the act of Virga; also his correspondence with Genl. Washington,\n After his appt. as a deputy to that Convention, he turned his attention and researches to the sources ancient\n & modern, of information and guidance as to its object. Of the result of these he had the use both in the\n Convention and afterwards in the \"Federalist\". For the first shoots in his thoughts, of a plan of Fedl. Govt. see his\n letter to Ths Jeff 19. March E. R. of 8 Feby 1787. and to Genl. W. of the same year.\n Of the proceedings of the Convention & his part in them, see the debates taken by him at great\n length; and with great care: and which will fill 3 vols. 8[0.] or more. The notes of Judge Yates full of errors, some of\n them very gross. see his letter to Jon: Elliott, & others, particularly N. P. Trist\u2014\n During this period & until the expiration of the Old Congress he continued a member of that Body. Of\n its proceedings previous to & subsequent to the Convention of 1787, see the debates taken by him, and his\n correspondence with E. R. Mr. Jos. Jones, Mr. Pendleton & Mr. Jefferson. His main object in returning to a service\n in that Body; was to bring abt. if possible, the cancelling, of the project of Mr. Jay for shutting the Mississippi wch.\n threatened an alienation of Kentucky then a part of Virga. from any increase of Fedl. power, with such an evidence in view\n [of] a disposition in those possessing it to make that sacrifice.\n It was in this interval between the close of the Fedl. Convention, and the meeting of the State Conventions,\n that the \"Federalist\"\u2014was written. For his share in it see Gideons Edition\n The papers first meant for the important & doubtful State of N. Y. and signed \"A Citizen of N. Y.\n afterwards meant for all the States\u2014under\u2014Publius\u2014In the early Stage, the papers shewn by the writers each to another\n before going to the press. This inconvenient as Nos being required for a week & committing too much each for the\n *The numbers subsequent to the last written by him were first seen by him, in print, after his return to\n Virginia which was hastened by the approaching election.\n In the month of April 1788, he was elected by the County of Orange a delegate to the State Convention which\n was to decide on the Constitution proposed by the Fedl. Convention a part of the session absent from confinement with bilious fever. For his part in it see the\n published debates, which tho\u2019 impartially are defectively taken, and in his case sometimes erroneously, sometimes\n unintelligibly; see his correspondence during the Session with Alexr. Hamilton & Rufus King.\n In Feby. 1789, he was elected a Representative from the district in wch. he lived, to the first Congs. under\n the new Constn. and was continued a member by re-elections till Mar. 1797, when he declined being longer a Candidate. He\n had become wearied with pub. life, and longed for a return to a State in which he cd. endulge his relish for the\n intellectual pleasures of the Closet, and the pursuits of rural life, the only resources of his future support. He had\n also in the year 1794. entered the married State, with a partner who favored these views; and added every happiness to his\n life which femal merit could impart. In retiring from the pub. service at that juncture he had the example of Gen. W. and\n his testimony of the prosperous condition of the Country.\n For the preference he had felt in the outset of the New Govt. of a seat in the House of Reps. to one in the\n Senate; for the particular means used to prevent his election to the latter, and the party arrangt. of the [H. of R] districts with\n a view to prevent his election to the former, see the letters of E. R. Edmd. Carrington, F. C. & Geo. Lee\n Turberville.\u2014See also a letter of J. M. to. E. Randolph Mar. 4. 1789.\n For the acct. of inaugural address of Genl. W. 1789 see papers of Genl. W. in hands of Mr. Sparks &\n correspondence of J M with Gen W.\n On the question of giving a title to the P. see Journals of 2 Houses particularly\n the entry on that of Senate; See letters of J. M. to E. R. &\u2014\n For the answer to the address drawn by J. M. as chairman of the Committee & place of delivering it, [\n ] in a Come Room See his letters to .\n [printer\u2019s fist] Observn. J. M. was detained by sickness on the road from the Commencement of the 2d. session,\n and found on his arrival at N. Y. that the answers of both Houses had been delivered by the Speakers heading the members,\n For the etiquette of the first Levee, see the printed letter of Mr. J\u2014n on the subject. (J. M. was present\n For his course* whilst a member of the H. of Reps. in relation to amendts. to the Constn.\u2014to the trade with\n G. B. & particularly her W. I. Colonies.\u2014to the tariff\u2014to the power of Removal\u2014to the funding System*\u2014to the [t dagger] Bank--to the Carriage tax\u2014to the resolutions, called the Virga. Resols\u2014for an alternative impost on imports from\n Nats. not in treaty with the U. S. or to Giles Resoln. agst. Secy of Treasy. to Jays treaty*\u2014&c. &c. see Debates in Congs. (Freneaus Nat: Gazette) the pamphlets \"Pol Observations (by J. M.\n & Helvidius). the correspondence wth. E. R. Jos. Jones. Mr. Jefferson et al.\u2014particularly letters of J. M. to E.\n also [thorn sign]e. draft of Objectn. to Bank at the request of Genl. W. (on his files, for the use of Genl\u2014in the event of his\n negativing [thorn sign]e. Bill\n For an explanation of the mystery enveloping the case that produced Giles Resolns\u2014see letter of E. R.\u20141811.\n as stated in a paper on the files of J M.\n Note, Mr. Dalton a Senator communicated to Mr. Jones, that Genl. W observed to him, that he wd. not have\n sanctioned the Bill putting the commerce of Engd. on the same footing with Nations in Treaty; but that he was given to\n understand that the Senate had in view another mode of operating on her monopolizing policy.\n In relation to the Valedy. Address of Genl. W\u2014see correspondence with Gen. W. and Notes of Conversations\n with him on the subject of his retiring at the end of his first term.\n In 1799, being not disinclined, as urged by his friends (particularly Col J. Taylor & W. C. Nicholas\n (see their letters)), to be a Candidate for the Legisl: which wd. have before it the Alien & Sedn. laws; he was\n elected a delegate from the County for that year. He was the more bound to co-operate on the occasion, as he had drawn the\n Resolns, of the preceding Session, a vindication of which was called for by the animadversions on them, by other States.\n See the Resoln. of 98.\u2013 & the Report of the Come. thereon, in 99. also the Explanation of them in his letter to\n Mr. Everett in the N. A. Review in 1830. & in papers on his files\n [printer\u2019s fist] X He forbore to follow the example, to wch he believes he was the sole exception, of receiving\n at the public expence the Articles of Stationery provided for the members, wch. he thought he was no more entitled, than\n to the Supply of other wants incident to his station. To this resolution he adhered throughout, tho\u2019 witht. attracting any\n notice to it that might lead to a reflection on others. On his first entering pub. life he had laid down strict rules for\n himself, in pecuniary matters. One, invariably observed was never to deal in pub. property, lands, debts contracts\n & money, whilst a member of the Body, whose proceedings might influence these transactions. He highly disapproved\n of pub. Bodies raising the wages of themselves, and declined receiving the addition made by the Leg. of Virga. to the\n wages of members whilst he was one. In this he was not singular. He was much surprized & disappd. at the\n incompleting of the Ratificn of the prohibitory Article proposed to the Constn. of the U. S. in 1798, which he had included\n in the proposed amendts & in 1790-1 and had much at heart.\n He disapproved also of Chaplains to Congress pd. out of the pub. Treasy. as a violation of principles He\n thought the only legitimate & becoming mode would be that of voluntary contribution from the members. See remarks\n on the subject in his manuscript papers on file.\n [dagger] for the ground on wch. he changed his opinion as to its Constitutionality of bank\u2014see his message to Congs.\u2014his letter to Mr. Haynes of Georgia\u2014and the paper on his files, in favor of precedents of a given character See also his\n letter to Jos. Cabell. & to C: J Ingersoll\n [crossed dagger] his opinion in favor of dividing the payment of the public debt between the original holders, and the\n purchasers, grew out of the enormous gain of the latter particularly out of Soldiers Certificates and the sacrifice of\n those to whom the public faith had not been fulfilled. Whilst the case of this class of Creditors was less in view he had\n opposed any discrimination; as in the Congress of 1782 prior to the final settlement with the Army. In the address drawn\n by him recommending the plan providing for the debt, til indeed the subject came close into view & the sacrifice\n of the Soldiers was brought home to reflection, he had not sufficiently scanned and felt the magnitude of the evil. Hence\n in a hasty answer to a letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, wch followed him after the adjournments he did not\n suggest the idea of discrimination, as one of the ingredients in a funding System. It grew rapidly on him on his return to\n Congs. as the subject unfolded itself; and the outrageous speculations on the floating paper pressed on the attention Such\n was the spirit which was stimulated by the prospect of converting the depreciated paper into par value, that it seized\n members of Congs who did not shrink from the practice, of purchasing thro\u2019 Brokers, the certificates at little price, and\n contributing by their votes at the same moment; to transmute them into the value of the precious metals.\n In 1800 he was appointed one of the Virga. Electors who voted for Th. J. & A. B. to be President\n & V. P. of the U. S. It was with much difficulty that a unanimous vote cd. be obtained in the Va. college of\n Electors for both, lest an equality might throw the choice into the H. of Reps. or otherwise endanger the known object of\n the people. J. M. had recd. assurances from a Confidl. friend of Burr that in a certain quarter votes would be thrown from\n B. with a view to secure a majority for J-n. This authy. alone with the persuasive language of the other Electors,\n overcame the anxiety of Mr. Wythe, whose devoted regard for Mr. J-n made him nearly inflexible. The event proved that he\n did not overrate the danger: the votes in the pledged quarter, being all given to B as well as to J\u2013n, which produced the scene at the final choice by Congs See letter of D. G. to J.\n M. Virga. was at that time extremely averse to the institution of Genl. Tickets for District elections & yielded\n only to the necessity of being on an equal footing with other States, by following their examples, and securing a\n unanimity in the voice of the State.\n In 1801. He was appd. Secy. of State and remained such till 1809, when he was elected to the Presidy. In 1812\n he was re-elected for another term ending in 1817.\n For his agency as Secretary of State see files of the Dept & State papers in print: his private\n correspondence with the Presidt. when one or the other or both were absent from Washington, and with foreign ministers\u2014see the pamphlet on the B. Doctrine as to neutral trade with the Cols. of her Enemies\u2014For the origin of the Embargo\n misrepresented by Mr. Pickering & others, see a letter to Henry Wheaton July 11 & 21 1824 see his\n correspondence with Mr. J-n. particularly the letter of Mr. J-n in his printed works. See a note among his papers of the\n opinion of Mr. Story & Mr. Bacon, & the alarm from Massts. producing it. The Embargo, if enforced wd. have\n been effectual, & could have been enforced, if instead of relying on a fidelity to the law, violations of it had\n been guarded agst. by Arming Coasting Cruisers, & authorizing the carriage of captured Smugglers into\n ports where the Courts wd. have condemned them: See in the publ. Archives the offer of service by the Seamen of\n Marblehead; who alone would have sufficed & at an expence greatly inferior to the object.\n For his career in the Executive Magistracy, see State papers\u2014his correspondence with Heads of Depts\n including Instructions to them\u2014his private Correspondence with our Ministers abroad, see particularly with Barlow, and\n his account of Bonaparte\u2019s, [right? slight?] of my letter to Barlow\u2014his correspondence with Mr. Jefferson, Mr. Pendleton &\n others on his files see statement of what passed with Rob. Smith, Eustis, Hamilton & Armstrong on their\n separation from their respective Departmts\u2014see also a publication of Armstrong in the Literary & Scientific\n Repository, and an exposure on file of its deceptive representation of the appt. of Genl. Jackson to a Command in the\n Regular army. see also the ground on which he recomended, in compliance with multiplied applications, the proclamation of\n a day for Religious Service; the ground being a voluntary concurrence of those who approved a\n general union, on such an occasion, for which the mere intimation of a day would be sufficient. See the danger of mingling\n political & even party views, with such proclamation, in the Remarks of Hamilton on the Proclamn. drafted for\n Genl W. by Edmd. Randolph. The files of the Dept of State contain the original draft with the notes referred to. A copy\n from the office of State is among the papers of J. M.\n For the origin of the War, & its [preparations? proportions?] & early operations, see letter to H. Wheaton Feby 26\u2014\n After the close of his pub. life under the U. S. he devoted himself to his farm & his books; with\n much avocation however from both, by an extensive & often laborious correspondence (as his files shew) which seems\n to be entailed on Ex-Presidts. especially when they have passd. a like prolonged & diversified career in the pub.\n service. See his letters on pol: and Constl. subjects: particularly to J. Adams, S. Roane, J. G. Jackson, Jefferson,\n Hayne, Hurlbut M. L. Everett, Haynes\u2014Trist\u2014C. J. Ingersoll\u2014Rush\u2014Walsh\u2014Defense of Mr. J-n agst. sons of Mr. Bayard,\n Nichs. Biddle, S. H. Smith, J. Robertson Jas. Hillhouse See also sundry letters & papers on Constl. and other\n subjects never printed on his files\n A small part of his time has also been given to the Agricl. Socy of albemarle, of which he was appd.\n President & of course obliged to make an address which see also a paper drawn up with a view to a\n professorship of Agriculture.\n A longer portion of his time given, as first a Visitor, then the Rector of the University. see his Obituary\n tribute on the Journal to Mr. J-n and correspondence with visitors & Professors.\n In 1829, he was prevailed on, notwithstanding his age & very feeble health being but convalescent\n from a spell of sickness to serve as a member of the convention which revised the Constn. of the States. See the letter of\n the Come. inviting him & his answer. The printed Debates shew the small part he had in them. His main object was\n to promote a compromise of ideas between parties fixed in their pol: opinion, by their local interests, &\n threatening an abortive result to an experiment closely connected with the tranquility of the State, & the\n capacity of man for self-govt. His personal opinion on the rule of suffrage and apportionment of Reps. on the mode of\n chusing the Govr. & the functions to be assigned him, were either Controuled by the known will & meditated instruction of his Consts. or by the necessity of securing an effective &\n tranquil result, by indulging the party, whose defeat would have been most pregnant with danger to it. His preference wd.\n have been the White basis for one branch, and the mixed or federal basis for the other; in the appt. of Govr., he wd. have\n preferred the people to the Legisl: allowing the Govr a qualified veto on the laws, and a nominating power to the Senate\n as in the Govt. of U. S. & some of the individual States. Tho\u2019 aware of the danger of universal suffrage, in a\n future state of Socy. such as the present State in Europe; he wd. have extended it so far as to secure in every event\n & change in the state of Society a majy. of the people on the side of power; a Govt. resting on a minority, is an\n aristocracy not a Repubc. and cd. not be safe, with a [ ]& physical force agst it, witht a standing army, an\n enslaved press, and a disarmed population. He thought also the ratio of apportionment, as well as the right of suffrage,\n being both fundamental principles, in free Govt. ought to be prescribed by the Constn. and unalterable by the Legisle:\n which otherwise might so narrow the latter & new model the former, as to transform the Repub. into an Aristocracy:\n When it had been found impossible to obtain a fixed ratio apportioning the Represents. and it being obvious, that\n inequalities wd. occur, that wd. make a re-appt. necessary, he proposed that the Legisl: sd. make [thorn sign]n an abuse of such a\n power being guarded agst. by requiring for the purpose 2/3 of each House. It was found that those most likely to suffer by\n the omission of some remedial provision preferred that omission, to the proposed supply of it. The explanation is that\n they wished for an impossibility of redress without a new Convention, as the ground of a struggle for a new Convention:\n For his views of a form of Govt. for Repub: at different epochs of his life & of his pol: experience, see letters\n to J. Brown of Kentucky correspondence with Mr. J-n. (Mr. J-n would have acquiesced in a Constn. for Virga. wth. a freehold\n suffrage for one Branch of Legis: as was found in a Conversation of J. M. wth. him, in the year 1823 or 24)\n It has been remarked that the biography of an Author must be a history of his writings. So must that of one\n whose life has in a manner been a public life, be gathered from his official transactions, and his manuscript papers on\n pubic subjects including letters to as well as from him This last fund of materials in the case of J. M. is so voluminous, as\n doubtless in many other cases, as to make it a forbidding task to consult the whole & not a little difficult to abridge\n [thorn sign]e task by select & special references, separating the relevant from the redundant or irrelative. This with the\n little time that could be devoted to the attempt, will account for the imperfect manner, in which the references to his\n files has been executed. A proper execution wd. have required not only a review of every thing penned by himself, but a\n great mass of letters from his correspondents; a labour, irreconcilable, at his age, with other indispensable demands on", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2228", "content": "Title: Nicholas P. Trist to James Madison, December 1830\nFrom: Trist, Nicholas P.\nTo: Madison, James\n Under this cover is the speech of Genl. H. which you will oblige me by returning when you have done with it.\n The particular part in question is in the appendix, p. 44. The consideration I have again bestowed on the subject confirms\n me in the conviction that it may, without difficulty, be placed in its true light. One of the passengers in the stage\n obtained at the Ct. House an orange Press, in which were the proceedings of the anti Tariff\n meeting. If you have read them, you will have noticed the resolution in which \"to pay the debts & provide for the\n general welfare\" is referred to, as one of the powers expressly given by the Constitution! And\n this too, by the jealous guardians of the Republican creed!\u2014As a companion to Genl. H\u2019s speech, I send a Palmetto Battery, as I found it on the President\u2019s table. It will give you an idea of the\n spirit that prevails in that quarter.\n Previously to my trip J. had been writing some remarks on Mr. Adams\u2019s oration, in one of the notes to which I\n ventured to criticise a passage in your letter to Mr. Everett. I did not know that you did not receive the Globe,\n & therefore did not send you a copy, which I will do. The remarks are not yet completed.\n Mrs. Cutts will have given you the details of our safe & pleasant journey With affectionate\n salutations for Mrs Madison & yourself & friendly compliments for Mr. Todd", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2229", "content": "Title: James Madison: Notes on the federal system and the nature of government, December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Compact express or tacit, [begin? bein?] & essence of free Govt.\n social compact, theoretical, but possible to be realized in [unaccepted?] tendency\n Majy. to decide, whether a necessary result or an [ ] one\n Majy. to chuse a Govt. binding on all.\n Govt. not a party to the compact, but the creature [ ] the compact being among the Governed (sound\n [construction? intention? of] Constn. [ ]\n The Compact permanent in its social origin, unless otherwise [upon?]\n The Govt. permanent, but alterable by the Authority which made it.\n All political power being created by Consent, thereby also dissoluble, modifiable, &\n The sovereign or Creating power, in the Society also revised, by consent, Kentucky & Maine\n also unitable. England & Scotland &c. [vs. us,?] [ ]\n The Sovereignty, consists of the supreme attributes of power, interest &. [ ] which are susceptible of division, as in the U. S.\n Sovereignty, therefore susceptible, by compact, of modifications\n * vary from a complete\u2014incorporation to a simple league mode by which a translation of power is mutually created &\n In none of the varying modifications, founded in consent & mutual in their obligations, is there any\n loss of dignity or equality. Each party, whether an individual in the social compact, or an independent nation in a league\n gaining as much power over other parties. as is granted to others, * expediency therefore the sole test of the compact\n Happy that power is so, if so valuable divisible, & amalgam a character, as that it can be\n adapted to the circumstances & interests of different [ ]\n Particularly happy, as it admits a compound of Fedl. & Repub Polity equally consistent with &\n [ ] conservation of liberty within, and safety without\n The Fedl. principle particularly valuable, as susceptible of [ ] adaptable to indefinite extents of space, by\n entering to contractions of its attributes; by a pyramid of Federal systems, [ ] each in the scope of its powers; nothing but time\n & space, cd. controul the practical extension over the globe; and if these can not be [constituted], how much are\n they reduced by [ ]improvements, made & to be made\u2014for a proper [ ] under J. M.\n In all cases of divided powers even the Simple Govt. among co-ordinate bodies, difficulties &\n disputes may arise, as been Legisl., Ex. & Judy on & between different branches as Senate & Represents\u2014in\n In Fedl. Systems, tho in Genl. & parties Govt. avoid them by vesting the superior expounding power in the\n former\u2014limited the difficulty to questions, as to the extreme cases\u2014[ ]; under difference a can and in the fedl. Govt. to last [ ] between the [power] to", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2230", "content": "Title: James Madison: Autobiographical notes, December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n J. M. born 5. March (O. S.) 1751 at seat of maternal grandmother opposite Port Royal\u2014recd. his elementary education at the\n home of his parents in Orange C.)\n At the age of 12\u2014placed under the tuition of Donald Robertson a distinguished teacher in King &\n Queen where he went thro the studies preparatory to a college course. Continued those studies\u2014under Revd Thos. Martin a\n private tutor in his fathers family,\u2014for several years\u2014In 1769 he entered the College at Nassau Hall Drct. Witherspoon\n then prest. and there took his degree of B. A. in the autumn of 1771. Tho\u2019 in ill health for several years he continued at\n home a course of reading not without reference to the study but with no absolute determination to the practice of law\u2014In\n 1776 he was initiated into his public career by a County election to the Convention of Va. which instructed the deputies\n of the State to propose a declaration of independence\u2014\n In the ensuing year his election defeated by his declining the popular practice of Instructing the freeholders & the advantage taken of it by his Competitor.\n formed her original Constitution\u2014he was appointed a member of under Govr. Henry By the Legislature of that year under\n Govr Jefferson He took his seat as a member of the Council of State in which he was until 1779 In March 1780 a member of\n the Revolutionary Congress by the last one of the Dept & served in that body till the end of the year 1783. The\n Journals shew the part he had in its proceedings. He was a delegate to the State Legis. of 1784-5 & 6\u2014appointed\n to the Convention at Annapolis which met in September 1786 and recommended that of Philadelphia of May 1787 of which he\n was also a member. He was also in 1786 reappointed to the old Congress and continued a member till its expiration. For the\n part he had in the various deliberative bodies of which he was a member, their Journals may be consulted. In the interval between the close\n of the Convention at Philadelphia in Septr. 1787 and the spring of 1788 he wrote his share of the \"Federalist\". In April\n 1788 he was elected to the Convention of Va. which ratified the Constitution of the U. S. and in Feby. 1789 elected to the\n 1st. Congress under the New Constitution and served till March 1797 when he declined a reelection having married in 1794\n Mrs. Todd a widow lady. He was a member of the Va. assembly of 1799 & drew the Report vindicating the Resolutions\n against the Alien & Sedition laws passed during the previous session & of which he was the author tho\u2019 not\n then a member. In 1800 he was appointed one of the Virginia Electors of President & Vice-president. He became a\n member of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s Cabinet in 1801 as Secy. of State & continued as such till 1809 when he was elected to\n the Chief Magistracy\u2014reelected for another term in 1812 and retired at the expiration. His conduct in those stations\n The printed works of Mr. M. not official are\n The memorial & Remonstrance against Religious assessments\n Helvidius in anxiety to PacificusThe papers in The Federalist\" as distributed in Gideon\u2019s edition.\n Some fugitive pieces in Freneaus Gazette published in 1791-2 including that on population + emigration in the \u2013 day of \n Political observations 1795 (on the state of parties)\n on Money (Continental) written in 1779. republished the\u2014day of \n Resolutions & Report agt. Alien & Sedition laws &ca\n Examination of British doctrine\n Address to Agricultural Society of Albemarle.\n Letter & communication to Mr Niles correcting an important historical error relating to the offered surrender of the Mississ. for a period of years to Spain.\n Letters to Mr Cabell on the Tariff power.\n Letter to Mr. Everett agaiinst nullification\n Vindication of Mr. Jefferson against the charge of the sons of Mr Bayard\n letter to A Stevenson on Common Defense & genl. welfare\n letters to Mr. Ingersoll on the constitutionality of the Bank U. S\u2014\n This list excludes of course his share in the printed proceedings of the old & new Congress &\n the Conventions & Legislature of the State of Virga and also his printed official acts during his Executive\n services in the Govt. of the U. S. I enclose also at his request a brief notice of the characteristic events of his life.\n He does not recollect any printed biography worthy of notice. A neighbouring friend in consequence of an application to Mr. M. from Mr. Longeau furnished him with a brief biographical material for his \"National Portrait gallery\", but it is\n not yet, tho\u2019 perhaps it soon may be, made public.\n Mr. M. desires me to assure you of his continued esteem & his sincere wish that your meditated trip\n across the Atlantic may have the effect of fully re-establishing your health which it is understood has of late been\n impaired, and prove in every other respect gratifying to you.\n Sir, Mr. Madison, being entirely disqualified by present indisposition to reply to your Ulto. letter of the 2 desires me", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2231", "content": "Title: James Madison: Advice to my Country, December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n As this advice, if it ever see the light will not do it till I am no more it may be considered as issuing\n from the tomb where truth alone can be respected, and the happiness of man alone consulted. It will be entitled therefore\n to whatever weight can be derived from good intentions, and from the experience of one, who has served his Country in\n various stations through a period of forty years, who espoused in his youth and adhered through his life to the cause of\n its liberty, and who has borne a part in most of the great transactions which will constitute epochs of its destiny.\n The advice nearest to my heart and deepest in my convictions is that the Union of the States be cherished\n & perpetuated. Let the open enemy to it be regarded as a Pandora with her box opened; and the disguised one, as\n the Serpent creeping with his deadly wiles into Paradise.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2232", "content": "Title: James Madison: Notes re publication of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n superfluous, that this brotherhood and particularly the members of it in our view, have a keen conception of their own\n interest which governs their negociations.\n Of the other writings of Mr. M. it may not be amiss to use the inducement they offer of inviting liberality\n in present dealing by anticipated preference in the future. The test of their value may be referred to in what is now\n offered and the bulk will be greater. An indication of their contents has not been prepared, but generally they may be\n divided\u2014into such a classification as the following\u2014\n 1. Proceedings of the Legislature of Va. and aspect of affairs preceding and at the period of the Convention.\n 2. Communications & notes of conversations with General Washington, with papers relating to [?] &\n confidential transactions connected with his administration and a portrait of his character, of Franklin & others.\n 3. Letters & writings constitutional\u2014law of nations, juridical= historical, political,\n administrative, (with notes of conversations &ca. with Armstrong,) to Heads of departments, Military & diplomatic\n functionaries, Military & Naval commanders, miscellaneous.\n As indicative of the impression of Dr. Mason with regard to Mr. Hamilton\u2019s opinions at this period founded it may be\n presumed on his access to Mr. Hamilton\u2019s papers I will add that when his speech of June the 18th. was communicated to the\n Doctor he remarked, in allusion to the favorable sentiments expressed in it towards the monarchical feature in the British\n Government, \"That he was not disappointed\".\n [ ] is to be found among the legis. papers, also of Govt.\n Enquire of Geo. Mason as to the answer of J. M. to the letters of his grandfather of 9. August & 7.\n Those who contend that a power as to Manufs. is given to the States by artc. as a substitute for such a power\n to Congs may find a conclusive answer in this determination resulting: If a power to tax imports be a mere [ ] [revenue] power,\n it can not be applied [appli]cable to Manufs without an express specification of that object, wch. is not in the article.\n If it would be applicable by the States to Manufacs. as [inclusive] of the power to regulate trade, wch. such a specification\n of Manufs. Then Congs. who have both the power to tax imports & to regulate trade can not be within the power to\n Manufactures, tho that object be not specified.\n But [as] it is certain that Reve. could not be the object of a State tax, because it is not to go into the\n Treasy. and moreover, if it was the purpose of the article, to allow the State a power as to Manufs. it wd. not follow\n that it was substituted. It might be a concurrent or supplementary power only\n On the section 30. art. 1. It [is to?] be remarked 1. that it might be not exclusive [but con?]current or\n 2. that the claim fo[r] power in the States to protect ma[nu]factures, by virtue of the power [to] lay duties\n on imports yields the point in question, by admitting [ ] the latter power includes the for[mer] and consequently that\n Congs. who possess the former possess also th[e] latter.\n 3. If the plea be that power, to protect manufactures [by?] duties on foreign Commerce, claimed for [ ]\n resu[lts?] from the power of regulating. Co[mm]erce, of which duties are a b[ ] the point is equally yielded, the power\n of Congs. to regulate C[ommerce?] is express & not denied\n 4. It cannot be all[owed?] that the encouragt. of Manu[fs.] by duties was granted to th[e} States, are [ ]\n not to the duties as a revenue object [ ], not to the [ ] of the States, the duties being p[ay]able to the U. S.: [ ]\n & object of the States wd. be [ ] encouragt. of manufactures [It] may be added that, the dut[ies] might be\n prohibitory, so as to [ ]vent revenue, and if not [ ] of revenue, wd. [ ] the checked importation, & [ ] as a\n State, so far demand the reve[nue] paid to the U. S.\n See Mr. Martin page [ ] of [Journal] What the object of the sections? an attempt to [ ] from votes is \n Sketch on paper of a system for the Govt. of the Union\n distinctly divided the powers between the who[le &] the parts, with a regular organization the former, into the\n efficacy of a [ ] Govt. was in a letter from me to E. R.: [ ]ter for Apl. 8. 1787. a copy of the let[ter] is inserted. It\n had been in [ ] was subsequently commtd. to Gen. W. (as the dates of the letters to him from Mr. J[ay and?] Mr. Hamilton,\n pubd. in the Newspa[pers by?] Mr. Sparks)\n The feature in the sketch see [X in circle] in the other paper page 5\n On the arrival of the seven [depu]ties from Virga. it occurred to them see [cross] p in ye. other paper p.\n *The resort to a Convn. for an impro[vement of] the defective confedy. had at an Early entered into the\n conversation of enlightened pa[rties?] and perhaps into the ordinary [ ] pub[l]. [ ] as early as 1781. see P. Webster\u2014\n But it is believd. that the Conven at Anaps. & its offspring, were the fi[rst] examples of the Experiment.\n On the arrival of the 7 Deps of\n & credit of the Confedn. abroad prostrated and every advantage taken of its imbecility and\n anticipated mortality. Laws passed by some of the States were formally counteracted by laws of the others. The Legislature\n of Connecticut, disgusted & provoked by an impost by Massts. falling on her consum[p]tion imposed a [ ] duty on\n imports from her sister States, of which the latter complained to Virga. & the other States. Whilst the internal\n abuses of power affecting other States as well as the authors, examples abounded of emissions of paper made a legal\n tender, of substitutions of over rat\u2019d property for money in discharge of debts, of suspensions & other\n interferences with the courts & of justice. Previous to the meeting at Philada. a very diffusive discontent with the posture\n and prospect of things had indeed shewn itself. In some places, local conventions had occurred, in others meditated;\n in Massachts. a Rebellion, had broken out so serious as produce an anxiety on the part of the State for an interposition of\n the Fed Troops, and which was with difficulty suppressed without the aid of them\n Such was the aspect of the [ ] the Confedy. presented to the Convention, to which may be added, as important\n features the impressive facts that whilst on one hand the advocates for a high toned Govt. were opposed to a hasty reform,\n in a hope that their objects would be favored by the increasing Confusion, the current language being that to be got\n right, things must get more wrong, the friends of popular Govt. on the other hand were alarmed at the danger that a delay\n of an efficient reform might be attended with an increasing anarchy, endangering the cause of Republicanism itself.\n the idea of a Convention &c turn over [unreadable]\n Havg. been put into the Deputation, in union with those of Vir[ga.] my thoughts turned to the duty imposed\n by such a task. I availed my [ ] accordingly of all the accessible lights within reach, particularly such as afforded [ ]\n into the formation & operation, of, the ancient & modern [ ]: all of which enforced by state examples the\n necessity of fulfilling the object of the Convention by such a modification of politl. power as wd. avoid the inefficacy\n of a mere Confedy, without passing into the opposite extreme of consolidating the parties into a Community possessing all\n As it is probable that the first sket[ch]\n As a progressive change of pub. opini[on] had occurred in the interval between the proposed and the actual\n meeting at Annapolis, the pub. opinion had been still further ripened for the object of the Convn. at Philada. by\n progressive developments of its necessity, in the interval between the meeting at Annapol and that at Philada.\n It had been found that whilst the obvious & essential demands of the fedl. treasury were unsupplied\n & likely to be so, under the impotence of the Fedl. Govt. the States not only refused or declined to grant to\n Congs. the means of providing a remedy, but were rushing more & more into an anarchy in relation to the Fedl.\n authority; into angry & even vindictive collisions among themselves on the subject of their Foreign Commerce, and\n into measures within themselves, pregnant equally incompatible with justice, and the other attributes of good Govts.\n The Fedl. Governt. had lost its Authy. Its requisitions were but the Shadows of it: the Natl. Treaties were,\n not always respected; the character &\n It may be proper to remark, that with a very few exceptions, the speeches were neither furnished, nor revised,\n nor sanctioned by the speakers, but written out, from my notes, aided by the freshness of my recollections. A further remark\n may be proper, that views of the subject might occasionally be presented in the Speeches & [ ] with a latent\n reference, to a compromise on some middle ground, by mutual concessions. The exceptions alluded to were 1st. the sketch\n furnished by Mr. Randolph of his Speech on the introduction of his propositions on the day of 2. The Speech of Mr.\n Hamilton who happened to call on me when putting the last hand to it & who acknowledged its fidelity without\n sujesting more than a few mere verbal alterations which were made. 3. The Speech of a Gouverneur Morris on the _______ day\n of ___________ which was communicated to him on a like occasion, & who acquiesced in it without even a verbal\n change*. The speeches of Doctr. Franklin excepting a few brief ones are copied from writings by himself, and read to the\n Convention by his colleague Mr. Wilson it being inconvenient to the Doctor to remain long on his feet.\n *The correctness of his language & the distinctness of his enunciation was particularly favorable to a reporter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2233", "content": "Title: Giacomo Raggi to James Madison, 1 December 1830\nFrom: Raggi, Giacomo\nTo: Madison, James\n De New-York j\u2019eus l\u2019honneur de vous addresser une lettre de Monsieur le G\u00e9n\u00e9ral la Fayette, et je serais charm\u00e9\n de savoir que vous l\u2019avez re\u00e7ue.\n Si je ne craignais pas d\u2019abuser de vos momens, je prendrais la libert\u00e9 de vous dire, que lorsque j\u2019\u00e9tais ici\n on proposa d\u2019\u00e9riger une Statue de Marbre en honneur de l\u2019 Monsieur Thomas Jefferson. la d\u00e9pense en aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 faite par\n subscription, et en attendant huit ou neuf des Professeurs Sign\u00e8rent pour un somme de cent piastres (dollars) chacun. Je\n partis pour l\u2019Europe, j\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 en Italie et en France pour remplir l\u2019obligation volontaire \u00e0 laquelle je m\u2019\u00e9tais engag\u00e9\n qu\u2019enfin en France j\u2019ai trouv\u00e9 la personne capable de remplir les conditions contenues dans le pr\u00e9ambule de la\n Suscription; c\u2019est Monsieur David membre de L\u2019Institut National, recomand\u00e9 par le m\u00eame Mr. la Fayette dans les termes\n suivans \"Mr. David, a member of the Institute, is in my humble opinion the best living Sculptor in France he is among the\n artists in the highest esteem\"\n Attach\u00e9 \u00e0 la m\u00e9moire d\u2019un des premiers caracteres des Etats unis; Credule jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la bonhommie, j\u2019ai fait plus\n d\u2019un voyage, j\u2019ai fait des d\u00e9penses considerables, j\u2019arrive \u00e0 Charlottesville, et \u00e0 mon grave \u00e9tonnement, je trouve que la\n suscription commenc\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9, avait \u00e9t\u00e9 oubli\u00e9e, et Jefferson n\u2019\u00e9tait plus. je ne pense pas qu\u2019on ait voulu se\n jouer de la cr\u00e9dulit\u00e9 d\u2019un pauvre \u00e9tranger, mais que ce soit plut\u00f4t un effet naturel \u00e0 l\u2019homme d\u2019oublier les bienfaiteurs\n du genre humain lorsqu\u2019ils ne sont plus \"Ingrata patria ne < > quid\" Il n\u2019y a que le Venerable Madison qui puisse\n \u00e9veiller l\u2019apathie nationale pour honorer la m\u00e9moire d\u2019un grand homme. je sais que les monumens qu\u2019on \u00e9l\u00e8ve ne sont\n d\u2019aucune utilit\u00e9 aux morts, mais ils sont un encouragement pour les vivans; de m\u00eame que la violation des tombeaux est un\n sacril\u00e8ge contre la civilisation et non pour les cendres des tr\u00e9pass\u00e9s je finis d\u2019abuser de votre patience; par un paragraphe\n \"I see that Mr. Raggi is sensible of the precious necessity of collecting a greater number of subscribers, among whom as I\n have united to my friend Mr. Madison, I should be proud and happy to see my name placed\"\n Thomas Jefferson n\u2019appartient pas seulement \u00e0 la Virginie, mais a tous les \u00e9tats-unis, mais au monde civilis\u00e9\n et \u00e0 la posterit\u00e9. Jjai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec un tr\u00e8s-profond respect Monsieur, votre tr\u00e8s-humble et tr\u00e8s obt. Sr\n [The following translation has not been confirmed by an authoritative foreign language translator:]\n From New York, I had the honor to address a letter from Gen. Lafayette to you, and I should be [ ] to know\n If I were not afraid of wasting your time, I should take the liberty of telling you, that when I was here,\n there was a proposal for erecting a marble statue in honor of Ex-President Jefferson. The expense was to be paid by\n subscription; and in the meantime eight or nine of the professors signed up for a sum of a hundred dollars each. I left\n for Europe; I was in Italy and France, in order to fulfill the voluntary obligation which I had taken upon myself, that\n [still depending from \"telling you\" ]finally in France I found the person able to fulfill the conditions contained in the\n preamble of the Subscription list; it is M. David, a member of the National Institute, recommended by M. Lafayette\n himself, in the following terms: [English in original]\n Attached to the memory of one of the first characters of the United States; credulous to the point of\n simplicity; I made more than one trip, I made considerable expenditures, I have arrived in C. and, to my serious\n astonishment, I find that the subscription begun at the University had been forgotten, and Jefferson was no more. I don\u2019t\n think that people were trying to amuse themselves with the credulity of a poor foreigner, rather that it is a natural\n effect with man to forget the benefactors of the human race, when they are no more. \"The ungrateful homeland [ ] nothing [\n ].\" It is only the venerable Madison who would be able to awaken the national apathy in order to honor the memory of a\n great man. I know that the monuments people put up are of no use to the dead, but they are an encouragement to the living;\n just as the violation of tombs is a sacrilege against civilization [ ] for the ashes of the dead. I will finish abusing\n your patience with a paragraph from Ge. Lafayette [English in original]\n Thomas Jefferson does not belong to Virginia alone, but to all the United States, but to the civilized world", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-03-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2234", "content": "Title: James Madison to Israel Keech Teftt, 3 December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Tefft, Israel Keech\n I have recd. Sir, your letter of Novr. 17. accompanied by one from the Revd. Mr. Sprague, and in compliance\n with your request, I inclose autographs of certain individuals such as you refer to. I would willingly have given with\n their names more of their writing, but could not do it without mutilating the sense, or embracing matter of a private\n nature. There is particularly a difficulty where the letter does not close on the first or the\n third page. Several other Autographs would have been added, those of P. Henry, G. Wythe,\n Gco. Mason &c &c but it was found that their letters on my files had been taxed to the full in that way.\n In the year 1828, I recd. from J. V. Buren sundry numbers of the \"Savannah Georgian\", containing continuations of the Notes of Majr. Pierce in the Federal Convention of 1787. They were\n probably sent on account of a marginal suggestion of inconsistency between language held by me in the Convention, with\n regard to an Executive Veto, and a use made of the power by myself when in the Executive Administration. The inconsistency\n is done away by the distinction not adverted to between an absolute Veto, to which the language\n was applied, and the qualified Veto which was exercised. I avail myself, Sir, of your proffered\n kindness, by asking you to procure for me, if it can be conveniently done, such of the numbers of the \"Georgian,\"\n preceding No. 124. Apl. 21. 1828, and succeeding No. 129. Apl. 26. 1828, as contain notes of Majr. Pierce in that\n Convention; forwarding with them the charge of the Editors which will be remitted to them. It will be matter of curiosity,\n at least, to compare the notes taken on the same subjects by different members of the Body.\n If Mr. Sprague be still with you, be pleased to make known to him, that his letter was received and duly\n appreciated, and to accept for yourself my respects and salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2236", "content": "Title: James Madison to Edward Everett, 5 December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Everett, Edward\n The copy of your Lecture on the Working Men\u2019s party was duly recd; and presuming you to be now at Washington,\n I address thither my thanks for the pleasure afforded by the judicious interesting and well-timed observations, which you\n availed yourself of the occasion to inculcate. With cordial esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-06-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2238", "content": "Title: Henry A. S. Dearborn to James Madison, 6 December 1830\nFrom: Dearborn, Henry A. S.\nTo: Madison, James\n Massachusetts Horticultural Society\n You having been elected an Honorary member of the Massachusetts Horticultural\n Society, I have the pleasure of transmitting its diploma.\n It is less than two years since this Institution was organized, but I am happy to inform you that its success\n has far exceeded our expectations; and from the cheering patronage which has been received, we are encouraged in the hope,\n that the original plan will soon be more fully developed, and the sphere of its action enlarged.\n An extensive correspondence has been opened with similar Institutions, and distinguished horticulturists in\n this country, Europe, Asia, and South America. The interchange of intelligence and of such seeds and plants as may be\n considered useful or interesting, are the chief objects of that friendly intercourse which has been so auspiciously\n Happy in the opportunity of offering a pledge of the high estimation in which your services, for the\n advancement of the various branches of rural economy are held, this Society will consider it a favor, to be instructed, in\n what manner, it can best subserve the objects, you may be desirous of accomplishing, within the domain of horticulture.\n If it is in my power to render you any service, connected with the pursuits of agronomical industry, be\n assured, I shall be gratified, by receiving your commands. Very respectfully, Your most ob\u2019t serv\u2019t,\n President of the Mass. Hor. Soc.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-07-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2239", "content": "Title: James Madison to Thomas Jefferson Randolph, 7 December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Jefferson\n I enclose two letters from Giacomo Ruggi, & a letter from Genl Lafayette on the subject of them. I\n enclose also an undated answer to Ruggi who appears to have been equally precipitate in his outset, and neglectful in\n suffering such a lapse of time, without seeking the information on which his perseverance should have depended. If you\n think a different answer could be safely given, be so good as to return the one sent; and to be assured, that any thing deemed\n proper & practicable in the case, will receive all the aid I can give. With affecte regards ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-08-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2241", "content": "Title: James Madison to Philip Pendleton Kennedy, 8 December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Kennedy, Philip Pendleton\n Your letter of Novr 22 came in due time. The pamphlet to which it refers was not received till the 5th\n The more the doctrine under the name of \"Nullification\" is examined, the more it is found irreconciliable\n with the moral obligation involved in political compacts, the test to which the pamphlet justly and impressively brings\n the doctrine, as applied to the Constitutional compact of the United States.\n Be pleased to accept Sir, my thanks for your polite attention and with them my respects and good wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-10-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2242", "content": "Title: James Madison to James Maury, 10 December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Maury, James\n If I had less confidence in your goodness, I should want resolution to approach you with an apology for my\n long silence, since your last favor was added to the balance against me. Throughout the period my health, with short\n intervals, has been much affected, and the intervals happened to be occupied with drudgeries of the pen, which I could not\n well shun. [Your intelligent and interesting son whom I had the pleasure of seeing in Richmond during the Convention, and\n should have seen with greater pleasure at Mtpellier, has probably given you some account of the proceedings of that body;\n which had occasional aspects a little ominous, but which terminated in a constitution, which few deny to be a great\n improvement of the old one, though not a few beyond the mountains, murmer at as short of a just reform. In the N. W.\n counties on the Ohio, there has been so much excitement, that a project was formed to annex themselves to the state of\n Maryland; but there is little danger that it will be pursued into serious consequences. The most disagreeable feature in\n our general affairs, is the discontent in the Southern States, Virginia included, with the Tariff and the expenditures on\n Roads and Canals. In South Carolina the Spirit has been so violent, as to engender doctrines of the most menacing\n tendency. Happily she is not supported in them, even by the States most sympathising with her complaints. And I trust all\n our difficulties will gradually yeild to the patriotic considerations which have been so remedial in former instances.]\n As you may not have recd. a copy of our new Constitution, I enclose one, which will enable you to compare it\n with your recollections of the old. I will enclose also the Message of the President just published, if I obtain a copy in\n I presume you receive from better sources than I am, whatever information, relating to our Crops and prices,\n would be acceptable. In this quarter the season has been remarkably unfavorable to the crops of corn & Tobo. to\n the corn severly so. The Crops of wheat were the best we have had for some years. This is understood to be the case\n I am unable to give you any late information as to your friends in Albermale. The Deaths of Mr Divers and\n his lady are doubtless Known to you. Col Lindsay in spite of his crippling accident, is again on his legs, and walking,\n I will not my friend, in the Spanish fashion, wish you may live a thousand years; \u2019but you have my best wishes\n that your remaining ones whatever be their number, may experience all the blessings congenial with them. Mrs M charges me\n P.S. The message of the P. is inclosed. I reserve the Copy of the Constitution for a channel of Conveyance more suitable than the", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-11-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2244", "content": "Title: James Madison to Martin Van Buren, 11 December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Van Buren, Martin\n I take a liberty, for which I must again apologize; in requesting that the enclosed letters may be forwarded\n with the first dispatches from the Office of State for Paris & Liverpool, renewing to you, at the same time,\n assurances of my high esteem & cordial respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-13-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2246", "content": "Title: William Richardson to James Madison, 13 December 1830\nFrom: Richardson, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Not having been so fortunate as to hear that the Professorship of Mathematics in your College was vacant\n until it was filled up, has prevented my appearing as a Candidate, which otherwise I should have done. I trust however\n that you will not consider it an unwarrantable liberty if I request to be informed whether or not such situations as\n adjoint professorships exist among you, and if so, whether or not any one may happen to be unoccupied. The grounds on\n which I venture to offer myself to your notice are briefly these\u2014I am at present, and have been for nearly nine years\n Assistant at the Royal Observatory of Greenwich with a salary of rather more than two hundred pounds per annum, which is\n increased ten pounds every three years\u2014I was this year honoured by the Gold Medal of the Astronomical Society of England\n for determining anew the Constant of Aberration\u2014My investigations relative to the Comet of 1823-4 are before the world\n and I am at present engaged in reducing Sir Thomas Brisbanes observations at Paramatta.\n I have preferred stating the public grounds on which I now take the liberty to address you, to forwarding\n certificates, from a wish to avoid all unnecessary trouble. Should any situation like that above mentioned be vacant and myself\n permitted to appear a candidate, I shall have the honour to submit to you such testimonials as will excuse, if not\n justify, my present application.\n An answer, sent under cover to the Reverend Thomas John Hussey 49 Long Acre London, is respectfully\n solicited, and I have the honour, Gentlemen, to remain Your obedient Servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-13-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2247", "content": "Title: Martin Van Buren to James Madison, 13 December 1830\nFrom: Van Buren, Martin\nTo: Madison, James\n I take pleasure in sending you the enclosed & beg to be kindly remembered to Mrs. Madison &\n to assure you of my unalterable Respect & esteem\n With Mr Van Burens best respects for Mr & Mrs. Madison\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-15-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2248", "content": "Title: James Madison to James Monroe, 15 December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n I have recd. yours of the 7th. You will not doubt that our sympathies have been fully with you during the\n afflictions which have befallen you. I think you have done well in chusing your present situation, & for the\n reasons you express. I hope you will experience from it all the improvement which your health needs, and every\n advantage promised by it. My fear is that the Winter may be too rude for the state of your Constitution; and cannot but\n advise that you await not the vicissitudes of weather to which the Climate of N. York is subject during the Season,\n immediately succeeding the Winter. I have not been entirely well for a week past. Rheumatic touches have twinged me of\n nights, and hobbled my gait in the day. As I am getting better, however; I console myself with the calculation the attack\n I thank you for the Address of Mr. Governeur. It speaks well for his talents, and his susceptibility of apt\n Will you obtain the necessary aid in having the inclosed letter for our old friend at Liverpool, put into the\n best channel for an early & certain conveyance. Mrs. Madison unites on every good wish for yourself,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-15-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2249", "content": "Title: William Emmons to James Madison, 15 December 1830\nFrom: Emmons, William\nTo: Madison, James\n With emotions of gratitude for your patronage, for our National Poem\u2014I have the pleasure after a great effort to bring out the revised Edition in a Style as I trust alike honourable to the\n American charicter as well as those eminent Citizens who obedient to the calls of their Country step\u2019t forth in the defence of your Administration during a trying period\u2014(It is painful to my feelings to state, a debt of Two Thousand Dollars hangs\n over me on account of the pr[e]sent Edition. Hence should the President [be] disposed\u2014to assist the effort $10 the price of the\n work can be fowarded to Con\u2019l. Richard. M. Johnson Washing City. The improvements alone in the work have added about 200\n pages Returning my thanks for your kind reception and subscription while at Richmond\u2014I am Dear Sir your obt Svt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-15-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2250", "content": "Title: John Randolph to James Madison, 15 December 1830\nFrom: Randolph, John\nTo: Madison, James\n I have been requested by a particular friend of the gentleman who writes the letter accompanying this, to\n enclose it to the Rector of our University. This occasions an intrusion on your time and leisure, which I trust you will\n pardon. The applicant I have every reason to beleive to be in the highest degree deserving. In case that there shall be no\n vacancy in the University of Virginia, it would be conferring a favor on a man of great merit to make known his\n pretensions to the University of Wm and Mary; or perhaps to the New Institution about to be established in New York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-15-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2251", "content": "Title: James B. Reynolds to James Madison, 15 December 1830\nFrom: Reynolds, James B.\nTo: Madison, James\n As a citizen of the United States, I feel greatly indebted to you, for your last publick effort, in putting\n down the Nullifiers, and thereby preserving the Constitution, which you have long laboured to establish and sustain. And\n although I have nothing of moment to Communicate, yet I could not rest satisfied, until I made my acknowledgements to One\n who has done so much for his Country. So long as public Sentiment and Virtue are calculated to Control and Curb the fiery\n Spirits of freemen, we have nothing to fear. You have then, performed a great duty, in stepping forward at this crisis, in\n giving tone and action to the Sober and careful judgment of mankind. Your example I trust will not be lost. Whenever the\n materials are thus properly furnished, to the great palladium of our liberties, the press, all attempts to treason and\n disunion, Shall be indignantly frown\u2019d down. If this great principle in our government, public Opinion, shall be deeply\n cherished, and shall come to Answer all the purposes of War, or the stern arm of publick justice, it then may be said\n triumphantly, that our happy government shall be perpetual.\"\n The political horizon of Europe is far from being serene and settled. The late revolution of France, will, I\n apprehend, be productive of vast bloodshed in all the governments throughout Christendom; and if the people are not\n enlighten\u2019d enough to enjoy liberty it is a cruel Waste of life without any immediate good to the World. I wish our old\n friend Lafayette, was safely settled down in this Country for life. I fear another revolution, and he is lost for ever!\n Since I last address\u2019d you, I have become a farmer on a small Scale; and with a Small family I endeavour to\n be Contented; Although in my political career, great injustice has been done me of late years. I lost my seat in Congress,\n because I would not join the Hue & Cry against Mr. Clay. But this was to be expected, from my position and the\n great excitement. I was not able to Stem the flood. But a truce to all murmuring. I shall hope for the best. Our Rivers\n are slow in rising this Season. Cumberland, however, is high enough for Steam-Boats, and some are look\u2019d for now. This puts\n every thing in motion with us. The Crops of Tobacco are good and are coming in daily to the War[e]houses, and the price at\n New=Orleans is flattering, Say $4 25/100 and on the rise. Our Crops of Corn are short this year from the great drought,\n and although the Crops of Wheat has been abundant, yet the Weavil have been very destructive.\n Have the goodness to present my most respectful compliments to Mrs. Madison; and as Christmas is near at\n hand permit me to wish you & her a very pleasant one, and I pray you may both enjoy many, in happiness\n & good health. I remain with the greatest regard & esteem dear Sir, Your most Obt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-22-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2256", "content": "Title: James Madison to Reynolds Chapman, 22 December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Chapman, Reynolds\n Yours enclosing the paper of Mr Patton was duly recd. Fearing that the delay in hearing from me may be\n misunderstood, I think it not amiss to mention that I have been prevented from giving it the proper attention by several\n jobs of the pen, & especially by a painful Rhumatic attack not yet abated. It will give me pleasure to comply with\n the request you communicated as soon as I can: though it should be in a way no otherwise of value, than as it may offer\n views of subjects for Mr P.s own development & reflections. Affct. respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-22-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2257", "content": "Title: James Madison to Richard M. Johnson, 22 December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Johnson, Richard M.\n I have recd. a letter from Mr. Wm. Emmons accompanied by a copy of the \"Fredoniad,\" elegantly bound; observing\n at the same time that the Edition had left hanging over him a debt of $2000, and that if disposed to assist the effort \n $10, the price of the work might be forwarded to you.\n I am truly sorry that such an undertaking should have left him in such a situation, and consulting only my\n inclination, I should take a pleasure in proving my good will on the occasion. But I must frankly say that in my own\n situation I owe it to considerations of justice as well as of prudence to adopt a rule not consistent with the arrangement\n proposed. I wish M. Emmons, nevertheless, to know that in declining it, I am not the less sensible of the friendly\n feelings by which it was prompted. Be so good as to learn from him, whether the volumes which I can not retain, should be\n forwarded to you or receive any other destination. I take this occasion Sir to renew to you the assurances of my great", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-22-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2258", "content": "Title: James Madison to Martin Van Buren, 22 December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Van Buren, Martin\n Your late favor inclosing the Message of the President was duly recd. And I should have been more prompt in\n my thanks for your politeness: but for a painful Rheumatic Attack which drew my attention from every thing not immediately\n & urgently pressing on it. To this apology, permit me to add a avowed renewal of my present respectful & cordial", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-27-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2259", "content": "Title: Richard M. Johnson to James Madison, 27 December 1830\nFrom: Johnson, Richard M.\nTo: Madison, James\n Your favour has been rd respecting the books & message sent you by Wm. Emmons. His Brother the doctr\n is in the City & I will consult him what disposition to make of the Books\u2014I am extremely sorry that Wm. Emmons\n should be troubling you with his Books & He deserves to have them put into the fire. I have no doubts such things\n are one of the greatest curses that a distinguished Citizen meets with in retirement. If he has involved himself in debts\n let him extricate himself\u2014\n I passed your house on my way here & was truely sorry I could not stop & See you\u2014your", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"created_timestamp": "12-28-1830", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-02-02-2260", "content": "Title: James Madison to Isaac Winston, 28 December 1830\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Winston, Isaac\n I recd yesterday yours of the 25th. I wish I could give you a useful answer But my memory affords me no means\n for it I can say nothing either as to the time of Col. Thorntons entering the military Service or his continuance in it\n nor can I refer you to any source of information to wch application could be made with a prospect of success. My\n acquaintance with Col. T. tho\u2019 of the most cordial kind, was not attended with opportunities of much intercourse between\n us, and I was for that reason less in the way of knowing the particular steps in his career: He always possessed my\n personl esteem, as he did that of all to whom his patriotic & social merits were known.\n We learn with much pleasure that Mrs. Winston & your daughters, as well as yourself are in good\n health and your son has our best wishes for the establishmt. of his. We offer our joint & affect. regards for you\n Mr. J. Payne wd gladly send you the Tobo. you describe, but has none nor is there in the neighborh[ood]\n unsmoked. He will send you some which has been but slightly smoked", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1830}, {"title": "Abaddon", "creator": "Fairfield, Sumner Lincoln, 1803-1844", "publisher": "New York, Sleight and Robinson", "date": "1830", "language": "eng", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "Sloan Foundation", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "call_number": "6389429", "identifier-bib": "00002901821", "updatedate": "2009-10-23 12:52:21", "updater": "SheliaDeRoche", "identifier": "abaddon00fair", "uploader": "shelia@archive.org", "addeddate": "2009-10-23 12:52:23", "publicdate": "2009-10-23 12:52:30", "ppi": "400", "camera": "Canon 5D", "operator": "scanner-phillip-gordon@archive.org", "scanner": "scribe7.capitolhill.archive.org", "scandate": "20091102142213", "imagecount": "172", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/abaddon00fair", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t54f2bw0f", "curation": "[curator]stacey@archive.org[/curator][date]20091113233502[/date][state]approved[/state]", "sponsordate": "20091130", "repub_state": "4", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "filesxml": ["Fri Aug 28 3:19:22 UTC 2015", "Wed Dec 23 1:38:23 UTC 2020"], "backup_location": "ia903604_6", "openlibrary_edition": "OL24235068M", "openlibrary_work": "OL16725693W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:761131047", "lccn": "24024805", "description": "p. cm", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "99", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1830, "content": "[Abaddon, Spirit of Destruction; Other Poems by Sumner L. Fairfield, New York: Sleight and Robinson, 1829, December 11, Fifty-first year of the Independence of the United States of America, Sumner L. Fairfield deposited in this office the title of the following book: \"Abaddon, the Spirit of Destruction, and other Poems\" in conformity with the Act of Congress entitled \"An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies.\"]\nAnd to an Act entitled \"An Act supplementary to an Act for the encouragement of Learning, securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books to the authors and proprietors of such copies, and extending the benefit thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints.\"\n\nFred. J. Betts,\nClerk of the Southern District of New York.\n\nTHE DEDICATION.\n\nTo Fitz Green Halleck, Esq.,\nAs the highest and purest evidence which a poet can offer\nof his admiration of Genius united to purity of heart,\nand great poetic excellence, to devoted habits of business,\nwith profound respect for virtue and ability, and\nthe varied accomplishments of the scholar and the gentleman,\n\nThis Poem is Dedicated\n\nTHE AUTHOR.\n\nTHK ARGUMENT.\nAbaddon or Apollyon, as the name implies, is subordinate only to Satan, the adversary or tempter, who prepares by intrigue and seduction for the terrible triumphs of the Fiend of Ruin. The scenes subsequent to the flight of Abaddon have been necessarily selected for a general illustration of the desolation and agony that sin has entailed upon the world. The author's purpose was to exhibit, in the strongest light, the malevolence, ingratitude, and weakness of men; their inability to choose the highest good; their bigoted perseverance in confirmed and habitual crime; their insusceptibility, in the midst of desperate vice, to permanent impressions of virtue; and their ill-fated adherence to all that demoralizes the heart and degrades the mind. From the flight of Abaddon, the author has chosen to depict the following events:\nvast empire of History few examples could be delineated or even named in a poem so brief as this; but it is trusted that enough have been presented to unfold the melancholy truth, that man has too often been the dupe of fallacy and the slave of passion, devoted to the accomplishment of ambition or opulence \u2014 the common vain glories of life \u2014 though exposed to the penalty of popular execration and personal unhappiness. Little relief has been thrown upon the picture; for the purest religion has been for centuries made servient, in too many instances, to the perfidious policy of designing men, who sullied the purity which opposed their ambition, or annihilated by ostracism, the scaffold, or the pyre, the enlightened few of a darkened era.\n\nTrue piety, averse from contention, and humble in its lofty devotion.\nThe Spirit of Love exerts little influence over the affluent and the worldly. The Spirit of Love breathes over the agitated waters but seldom hushes their commotion. The rainbow of beauty only adorns the storm-cloud which it cannot disperse.\n\nTHE SPIRIT OF DESTRUCTION.\n\nWhere the wild darkness of the nether world\nFell with its ghastliest grandeur, and vast clouds\nTrailed o'er the panting firmament, and him\nLike sworded ministers of vengeance loomed\nUpon the dismal, thick, and deadly air.\n\nAbaddon stood companionless, and wrapped\nIn wasting thought\u2014a pyramid of mind\nOn the dark desert of Despair! Alone\nHe stood, and his broad shadow quivered o'er\nThe jagged and tumultuous clouds,\nWhere living blackness struggled with the glare\nThrown from the fierce volcano's lava breast,\nWith even a deeper gloom; for moral guilt\nTranscends the tempest's terror and the wreck.\nOf warring elements, and brands its curse,\nUpon the tortured spirit, from its throne,\nHurled down, and doomed to agonize and burn.\nAbraded of his glory \u2014 shrouded now\nIn the dire garments of the accursed race\nWhom Pride, the child of Intellect, o'erthrew,\nBuried in blackness with the muttering slaves\nOf his tremendous treasons \u2014 worst of all,\n\nAbaddon,\nToo proud in desolation's loneliest hour.\nTo hold communion with interior minds,\nOr, for a moment, bend the archangel's brow,\nTo baser natures, pale Abaddon leaned,\nAgainst a towering pillar charged with flame,\nAnd spurned the fierce coiled serpents at his feet\nWith calm derision, for he felt within\nStrong anguish past their power. His blasted brow\nWorked in a terrible torture as the throng\nOf horrible remembrances went by,\nAnd all the majesty of mind unblest\nGlared in the high and haughty scorn that burst.\nFrom his indrawn, remorseless, withering eyes.\nHurled from the pinnacle - of glory \u2014 hurled\nFrom seraph throne, from love, from heaven and hope,\nThe matchless mind, that consummated bliss\nWhen over the crystal fountain of his soul\nHovered ethereal Purity and smiled,\nNow sealed the utter madness of his doom.\nMemory - the star-eyed child of Paradise!\nRushed o'er the burning realm of banished thought.\nRaining her scorpion arrows - Shame, Remorse,\nVain Penitence and Hatred of himself\nHaunted the ruined altar of his soul.\nAnd offered up the sacrifice of death,\nThat found no mercy and could never die.\nThe glacier barriers of his banishment.\nPerdition's shattered rocks, whose awful peaks\nGleamed in the holiest light of glory lost,\nClosed round his prison-house - his living tomb\nThe Spirit of Destruction.\nOf still tremendous intellect; despair.\nFollowing his lava-filled path,\nPride held back his anguish, though no longer\nHe watched with wild agony and hate\nThe dayspring or twilight's flight on high,\nOf gleaming seraphim, or heard the hymns\nOf cherubs drinking knowledge from the fount\nOf Love and basking in the light of God.\nThe thoughts that cast him from his palmy state,\nThe limitless aspirings and desires\nOf an immortal nature, once to him\nThe ambrosia and the diadem of bliss,\nCame upon him like the specters of the past,\nTo shriek amid the ruins they had caused.\nAnd pierce like fire-bolts through his maddened brain.\nHe dared and perished in his power and pride,\nFell from the hallowed throne of cherished hope\nAnd sunk to shame \u2013 it was enough to know\nAnd feel as great minds feel their peril'd might\nAnd ruined fame and conscious guilt beyond.\nThe venal casuistry of proud self-love. He would not be Mezentius to himself And wed his great ambition to the corpse Of his dead being; nor, Procrustes-like, Measure departed happiness in heaven By present misery in Hades' vault. So back upon himself, with dire resolve, The voiceless desperation of his doom, He deeply shrunk, and reckoned not of the Power Forever paramount, nor punishment Abaddon, Doomed to the round of ages; desolate, He cherished not a hope of happier hours, Loved not, confided not, but breathed above All sympathy and fellowship and fear. He poured not tears on thunder-riven rocks, Nor sighs upon the burning air that fell Like lava on his brain and through his heart In livid lightnings wandered; but he grasped His garments of eternal flame and wrapped Their blazing folds around his giant limbs, And stood with head upraised and meteor eye.\nAnd lips whose pale, cold and bitter scorn smiled at eternity's deep agonies.\nThe Spirit of Destruction, undestroyed!\nRemote from all who fought and fell like him,\nIn the lone depths of vast Gehenna's waste,\nAnd by the lava mountains overhanging,\nThat darkened even the vaulted vapour's gloom,\nHe stood in that sick loneliness of soul,\nThat awful solitude of greatness lost.\nThe Evil, highly gifted, only know.\nWhen every passion riots on the spoils\nOf knowledge, and the fountain springs of life\nBurst in a burning flood no time can quench.\nBut that which agonized his hopeless heart\nAnd stung him oft to phrenzy \u2014 that, which hung\nOver his all-dreading yet all-daring soul\nLike thousand mountains of perpetual flame,\nWas earthly innocence.\nEre then had flown\nThe fame of man's creation in a sphere\nTHE SPIRIT OF DESTRUCTION.\nFashioned in beauty for his joy and use,\nThrough the black chambers of the central world:\nAnd misery, allied with being's deadliest foes,\nBrought Ambition and vain hope of Good,\nRestless Remorse and desolating Shame,\nPictured the loveliness and love of earth\u2014\nThe sunlight hills, to whose immortal thrones\nMorn like a seraph in its glory came;\nThe shadowy valleys, where autumnal airs\nMid pine and firwoods uttered those sweet hymns\nThat sink into the spirit and become\nOracles of future joy when earth grows dark;\nThe leafy groves, stilled at the fervid noon\nThat silence may attend on solemn thought,\nThe incense rendered on the sun's vast shrine;\nThe broad and beautiful and glittering streams,\nWhere Nature, in her soundless solitudes,\nSmiled grateful back the eternal smile of Hope.\nWith the bright hues misfortune gives to joy,\nThe outcast angel, in his dungeon gloom.\nGirdled and counselled by the false and wicked,\nWithout aim save love of change, the galley felons of unguarded guilt,\nPainted the matchless charms of newborn earth;\nAnd as he imaged forth its blissful scenes,\nHis burning, riven, desolated heart\nGroaned till the caverns of remotest hell\nEchoed, and all the envious demons laughed.\nFor well he knew that while the laws of God\nWere as the breath of life to man, no power\nCould loose Destruction's adamantine chains.\nOr shield his haughty spirit from the scoff\nAnd contumelies low of herding fiends,\nWho drivelled even in torment, and could find\nMeet mirth in wilder madness, and misdeemed\nTheir crime and agony of less amount\nWhen mind alone was wanting both to rend\nAnd still renew the anguish never to close.\nBut soon from Eden, over the wide void deep,\nReturned the adversary, the master fiend.\nMolder of fiercest passions\u2014queller, too,\nOf turbulence and vain ferocity.\nWhose serpent wisdom nourished matchless pride,\nWhose hope was ruin and whose counsel, death.\nIn guile without a peer; on holy works\nAnd customary rites attendant e'er,\nAs come their seasons\u2014with a zealot's speech\nProlonged and trumpeted that pours and pours\nLike turbid waters by the tempest hurled.\nHe holds devoted natures with the grasp\nOf death, and 'neath the pictured mask of gift\nHides the atrocity and doom of hell.\nOpinion, fount of action, falsely held.\nFound and confirms his empire; fallacies.\nWith master skill and magic, he distorts\nAnd beautifies with the fair robes of faith;\nThe martyr's sacrifice\u2014the patriot's doom\u2014\nThe just man's dungeon hours\u2014the last despair\nOf virtue, and proud honor's agony.\nTo him are mirth and music; and he feasts.\nWITH hecatombs of victims offered up upon the idol shrine of evil here,\nHis own eternal anguish and remorse. The rushing of his dragon wings, like storms\nIn mountain gorges, shook the conscious air,\nAnd rapture sounded in their vast quick sweep\nAlong the dim confines and swirling gulf\nOf chaos! Crowded round the cloud throne\nOf Pandaemonium, all the rebel horde.\nAnd rapidly, with haughty gesture, passed\nAbaddon to his place, the loftiest there\nSave one, and terribly his glowing eyes\nWatched and awaited the descending chief.\nAs in the prophet's vision by the brink\nOr Ulai's orient wave, the victor foe\nTouched not the earth in haughtiness of power,\nBut, ere confronting, conquered in the spoil;\nSo rushed the giant prince of darkness now\nOn condor pinions, with hyena eye,\nAnd broad brow in the storm-cloud deeply wrapt.\nIn his career, exultant in despair and death from birth to burial, infecting man's heart, pulse, paralyzing his spirit's power, sealing all his human hopes with vanity, burdening all pleasure with besetting fear, wedding honor to disgrace and pride to shame, bringing widowhood in youth and friendless leave unportioned orphanage in evil days. Changing each quickened breath to sobs and sighs. And o'er all scenes of love and rapture cast, 14 ABADDON, The gloom of peril, hopelessness and want, that trails and languishes yet fears to end. Crowned with a volcanic glory, came the fiend, trembling amid his triumph lest the wrath of fiercer retribution should pursue his victory, and o'er his deathless fate hang with unutterable revenge that grasps eternities of misery, though he felt awful capacities, transcendent powers, knowledge of good and evil past the scope.\nOf all created minds, and strength of will,\nMatched only by his restless agony.\nOn \u2014 on he rushed, like that dread vision born\nOver Gilboa's midnight hills when shield and spear\nShivered and regal crown and scepter rolled\nDown desolate ravines \u2014 resolved to bear\nAll evil worst imagined with a soul\nOf quenchless majesty, till over all space\nAnnihilation reigned by chaos' side.\nSo, fanning the black gulf of flame amid\nThe horrible profound, his cloud-like wings\nFurled at the flaming footstool of his throne.\n\"Triumph, Dominions!\" loud the arch-daemon cried.\nHis eyeballs flashing round; \"The Son of Heaven\n\"Has fallen as we fell! Ye Legions! Lift\n\"Your voices till the rifted concave shrieks,\n\"For I have vanquished His peerless work.\n\"We lost our birthright for Ambition's wreath,\n'Of martyrdom, and for ourselves alone\nTHE SPIRIT OF DESTRUCTION.\nWe bleed and burn; but these weak beings sought evil for evil's sake \u2013 knew not, forewarned,\nThat knowledge is the crown of destinies,\nAnd thought not that one crime in them must breed\nMyriads of myriads, and perpetuate\nMisery and madness till unnumbered years\nHave wafted hosts on hosts to one abyss\nAnd earth no more can sepulchre the dead.\n\nWho shall arraign the Tempter? faith, untried,\nMay be but falsehood; innocence becomes\nVirtue but in victorious trial; proved\nIn his proud conquest o'er deceit and guile,\nMan has been worthy of his Maker's trust,\nBut, disobedient to well-known commands,\nHe stands disrobed, unfolding what he is.\n\nThe Almighty held denial in his power\nOf the permission to attest his work,\nBut used it not; he might have crowned the man\nWith perspicacity and strength beyond.\nThe daring of the bravest, but he left\nHis creature to the workings of his will,\nThe illusions of his uncontrolled desires,\nThough oft premonished; so, at once he fell\nAnd reaped the recompense. Not mine, but his\nWho saw yet boldly sinned!\n\nWhile Satan thus harangued his rebel band,\nMounted in pyramids the lurid flames\nOn the black mountains and the vales of hell,\nAnd loud the concentrated shouts went over\nThe radiant battlements of heaven, where stood\nSeraph and cherub on their missioned charge.\n\nIt) ABADDOIN,\n\nScarce ceased the wild acclaim, ere swiftly rose\nAbaddon and down dropped his chains; the blaze\nOf battle burst along his broad, high brow,\nIts thunder from his voice; he stamped his foot,\nAnd hell recoiled; he turned his scorching eyes\nUpon the gathered fiends, and all fell back.\nSave Moloch with a shudder felt through all\nThe realm of darkness; but a withering smile\nQuivered over Satan's dreadful countenance\nTo witness thus his victory; his thoughts sprang\nOn eternity's vast shadowy wings,\nAnd down the viewless future madly rushed,\nWith the uproar of ocean breaking through\nThe crashing mountain barriers of the earth.\n\nConquered and manacled, but unsubdued,\nDespairing, yet devoted to his cause.\nHe grasped at all fantastic shapes\u2014all shades\nOf stalwart phantoms, gaunt and grim and huge,\nAnd molded them to giant foes of God.\n\nThough in his Titan heart the poison stirred,\nThrilled through each vein, and every iron nerve\nConvulsed, and mounted to his burning brain\nIn boiling eddies, yet his scornful lip\nStill pressed the chalice of a vain revenge.\n\nHe started from his vision as the fiend\nOf Ruin, dark Abaddon shook his plumes.\nBroad as the tempest's banner on the air,\nAnd roaring like the famished lion round\nThe wastes of Tadmor or Ipsamboul, cried:\n\"My time has come! No more in this black den\nOf sloth, and desolation, and despair,\nThe Spirit of Desolation.\n'Slumbers the Spirit of Destruction! Sin\nInvokes her bridegroom Ruin! Earth and Time,\n\"Already shudder, conscious of my tread.\n\"We meet no more save on our embassies\nOf woe and terror till our prince achieves\nHis glutted vengeance; but in many a land\nYe shall be gods to nations, who shall fall\nBefore your shrines and sacrifice their blood\n'In rites the stars shall mark with pale affright,\nMysteries and sorceries and magic charms,\nTo win the endless torment of our hell!\n\"My spirit feels the knowledge \u2014 fallen man\nWill dare beyond the damned \u2014 sink his soul.\nIn revenge and corruption - bare his arm\nAgainst the heavens that bless him, and exceed\nOnce taught, even my capacity of hate.\nTherefore, exult! exult! and fare thee well!\nHe said; and momentarily his pinions shook\nTheir first quick curses o'er the quivering void!\nThe Spirit of Celestial Love, that stood\nBeside the throne of mercy, breathing bliss\nThrough each ethereal bosom, inly felt\nBy that mysterious mind, which guides all thought\nAnd unwilled feeling and directs all deeds.\nThe flight of evil and the daemon's power:\nAnd, silently commissioned by that mode\nIneffable and yet well known in heaven,\nBy which the electric will of Deity\nPervades all spirits as light gleams through the eye.\nThe Angel of Benevolence arose\nAnd passed from peace and praise to wrath and hate.\nFrom perfect bliss to doubt and care and strife.\nFrom heaven's own glory to the gloom of earth. But great the reward and the final crown, A living and perpetual fount of joy, By human pride unsullied, by the lips Of guilt untouched, shrined in the unchanging skies. \u2014 Thou soul of music in a world of hate! Thou beautiful and holy spring of love And mildness, by the bland and blessed voice Of martyrs and apostles gently called Charity, that hides unreckoned sins. O'er troubled earth thou breathest balmy peace Hushing disquiet with a whisper heard Like greenwood hymns at eve; and men, unawed By storm and earthquake, to thy soft low voice Listen like convicts to unhoped reprieve. Immortal love! though generations glide In shadowy armies to the spirit-land, And kingdoms perish, and their glories fade In fabled legends, and untravelled seas Lament o'er buried cities, still thy youth.\nThy brightness and thy beauty glow the same. In living hearts thine empire changes not. And from the vale of sepulchres thy smile Wafts spirits purified to glory's home! \u2014 Forth went the angel to his trial, meek In power, by soft allurements to o'ercome The savage wrath of men, and thwart the aim Of the remorseless fiend loosed on his prey.\n\nThe Spirit of Destruction.\n\nTime with the silent speed of light passed over Eden's poor wandering exiles, and the gush Of their first anguish and remorse and woe, Beneath the hallowed influence of love, Daily endearment and affections linked, And blended destinies and humbled thoughts, Faded to an endurance and a hope That breathed like zephyr o'er them; and they drove From nature and her eloquence of bloom, Her moonlight music and her starry hymn, Her still green places of repose, her crowned\n\nAbodes.\nAnd glorious mountains, where the bannered trees against the sunset sky stood like angels, waving the way to heaven \u2014 they daily drew a blessing on their toil \u2014 a sacred charm for loneliness that fell not on the heart. Meek quiet filled with stilly dreams of days unborn \u2014 and lifted up in thankfulness and faith that linked them to immortal life With Him, the Christ, redeeming what He judged. So in each other's weal and in the love Of children smiling on a wondrous world, And, like the lonicera round the palm, climbing about their bosoms while the flowers of young mind perfumed all the enchanted air. They found their solace; winged pleasure sang around their rest, undreading future ill. Years brought their fruits and flocks, and Abel's voice cheerily went up on morning airs, and swelled in that sweet living melody of heart.\nPure thoughts inspire at hallowed eventide. His home was on the hills, his altar there; His scepter was his crook, his soul his throne, Peace was his realm, his God was everywhere. Cain tilled the earth, a stern and wayward man, Cursing the curse of toil and barrenness. Though plenty clothed the hillside and the vale With golden beauty, and his generous herds Reposed, full banqueted, on broad green meads, He reckoned not of the gentleness of love, Calm virtue and submitted pride and thoughts Exalted o'er all evil, from the dross Of earth refined and fitted for their home. But great ambition panting for renown And monuments and temples and a fame Immortal as the skies that watched his soul. Tradition, uttered by the voice of grief, Had told the pomp of hierarchies throned And sceptered seraphim, and Cain's vain heart Burned for their princedoms and their potencies.\nSo evil grew, and daily to his task he bore,\nA darker spirit; envy cast midnight o'er\nHappiness not left for him, and hatred tracked\nThe shepherd to the hills. There are two altars on\nA lonely mount, since named the Throne of Elbours,\nMidst the land of Iran, clothing its dark brow in clouds.\nWhile thunder voices down each shattered gorge,\nRavine of rocks and dreary shagged glen\nMutter and moan, and in the fiery depths\nThe Spirit of Destruction stirs. The dread volcano startles into wrath.\nBeside each shrine stand two majestic forms,\nBeautiful in early manhood, girt with strength\nAs with a robe of steel, whose thousand chains\nSleep 'neath the silken draperies and plumes\nAnd brocaded cloth of gold of courtier pomp.\nYet in their orisons and deeds unlike,\nTheir thoughts and sacrifice, a spotless lamb\nDivided lay on Abel's shrine; the fruit\nOf sacrifice, a token of atonement, on Cain's.\nOf earth, the haughty offering of a heart\nThat bid the Deity accept the form,\nAnd give back the meed deserved,\nFell from the hand of pride upon the wood\nOf Cain heaped on steep rocks in shapeless piles.\n\nThe shepherd's prayer in stillness mounts to God,\nAnd fire descends and curls in lambent wreaths\nOver faith's oblation and adoring love.\n\nBut darkly broods the storm of heavenly wrath\nOver the unholy sacrifice of guilt;\nNaked before the eye of judgment stands,\nBenetted with hypocrisies and crimes,\nThe fierce conspirator, whom evil thoughts\nClothe as a garment; and he turns aside\nFrom the heart-withering glance aghast with shame,\nYet desecrated to revenge in blood.\n\nLowered the flushed brow of Cain \u2014 his visage fell,\nAnd through the darkened avenues of sin\nThe Fiend of Ruin to his bosom stole,\nAnd stirred the livid flame: \"Thy Maker scorns thee.\"\n\"Thee and thy service, he has respect only for slaves who prostrate and do his will.\n\nAbaddon,\nThy vassal brother wins the praise of God\nBy austere life and a feigned awe of heaven,\nWhile thou, the victim, though thou hast the power\nOf victor, waitest on his sanctity,\nAnd, with a forced repentance, standest before\nTo breathe the accepted incense of thy foe!\nEarth, sea and hell cry vengeance \u2014 be avenged!\n\nCain listened and obeyed \u2014 his weapon fell \u2014\nDeath started from the gory ground and gazed\nWith haggard horror on his father fiend,\nAnd fled, the trembling vanquisher! All heaven\nIn awful stillness heard the martyr's groan,\nThe cherubim amid their worship paused,\nAnd even the viewless throne of God was veiled\nIn sevenfold darkness! \u2014 silence hushed her heart!\n\nCursed with a deathless agony \u2014 the seal\"\nOf terror on his brow, the fire of death coiling around his spirit, to man's scorn and desolation and despair marked out, creating solitude wherever he comes, shunned by the death he summoned from the sod, and left a breathing sepulchre amid the mirth of nuptials and the feast of birth, departs the Fratricide; and with him haste to the lone wilds of Elam, land of Nod, Belial and Moloch, groveling chiefs of hell.\n\nHave you beheld the Persecutor gloat over banished virtue, outcast guiltlessness? Have you beheld him following Want's slow tread to poison every little stream of life? Oh, have you heard him whisper chill distrust and viper caution into friendship's ear, and seen the electric change\u2014the altered eye, the hand withdrawn\u2014the petrified repulse\u2014while voiceless Innocence retired and wept?\n\nThe Spirit of Destruction.\n\n(Note: The number \"23\" at the end of the text appears to be unrelated and has been omitted.)\nHave you seen hatred wear the guise of grace,\nAnd robe revenge in the fair garb of heaven?\nBefore me rises the inquisitor.\nWith meek hands folded on his breast \u2014 bowed head,\nDowncast eyes, and noiseless, gliding step,\nProudly exulting in the awarded praise\nOf mild humility and zeal chastised\nBy holy ruth that weeps the doom it speaks;\nWhile rancor revels in his bigot heart,\nAnd chain and faggot \u2014 woe and lingering death\nRejoice his spirit more than temple hymns.\nThus to his spoil went forth the dreadful Fiend,\n(And he hath many a slave even now on earth)\nTo gather in the harvest of his hate.\nCrime came to consummation when the sons\nOf heaven reviled the image of their King,\nWedded idolatries and nameless rites.\nDebased their nature in the dust and sealed\nLove's bonds with the accursed race of Cain.\nHence miscreations came \u2014 the giant kings.\nOf old, and monsters, hideous birth of sin,\nPhoenicia's Anakim \u2014 Titanic chiefs,\nCentaurs and Lapithae, vampires and gnomes,\nMalign and elvish dwarfs whom dregs suffice,\n24 ABADDOiN,\nSave that they, serpent-like, will lick the dust \u2014\nBriareus, Polyphemus and their peers,\nNature's abhorrence and derision, sent\nTo riot in all wrong and waste and woe.\nBright, young and beautiful, the world overflowed\nWith shame that hath no voice in better days,\nAnd mercy, wearied with perpetual guilt,\nLifted her prayer no more, and justice cried,\n\"God's spirit shall not always strive with man!\"\nThe years of long forbearance slowly fled,\nThe vision of the prophet from all eyes\nVanished like sunrise vapors, and the words\nOf wisdom echoed like a dying voice\nIn Sinai's wilderness; no spirit bowed.\nNo heart relented at the coming wrath.\nRevel brought no joy, and shrill-voiced mirth.\nMost melancholies poured out their madness,\nAnd lozels wantoned over the poisoned bowl,\nAnd blasphemy embraced the shape of death,\nHowling hoarse curses, and all forms of sin,\nAll gross imaginings of desire,\nAll vampyre appetites and goul-like lusts\nTrampled and triumphed over the laws of God.\nThe pictured cloud conceals the wildest storm,\nThe earthquake leaps from slumber into rage,\nAnd guilt, most safe, is nearest to despair.\nAll bosoms had been gored by man's excess,\nAnd all thoughts were coined and coffered up to pile\nThe matchless monument of evil deeds.\n\nThe Spirit of Destruction. 25\nPoetry, the bride of beauty and the child\nOf Purity, immortal in the skies,\nSoiled by the atheist and the ribald, lost\nThe brightness of her birthright, the blest charm\nOf her ecstatic being that hung round\nHer sylphic form in rainbow robes of light.\nAnd fell before the altar of the Fiend.\nStruck by the pestilence that roamed each track,\nOf daily life, the Good in forests dim\nOr Al-Gezira's loneliest caverns dwelt,\nPale famished anchorets, and hoary hairs\nWaved in the winter-winds of Oman's sea.\nThese few; the undreaded Future's destinies.\nRival not present policy \u2014 the scope\nOf proud example, and expediency,\nThat sullies more than less occult offense.\nHoar heads alone revered celestial laws;\nExuberant youth, in confidence of time,\nHeld the late banquet, seeking pleasure's meed\nAmong the bowers of pain; and Jubal's lyre\nHung on the willow, harped in desert winds.\nTo crown the cup of vengeance and to bar\nAll hope forever, sons of Belial poured\nOn Noah's heart the gall of base report\nAnd pointed at him with a scoff and jeer,\nAnd drove him from their dwellings with reproach.\nThen the herald of the heavens came and closed with awful words, the prophet's mission there. Hovering over his victims in the pride of power, Abaddon listened to the roar of coming Ruin as the war-steed drinks.\n\nAt morn, the music of the noon-tide strife. Lingering like hopeless love around the form of its young worship, slowly on the verge of the bright firmament a bannered cloud rose and rested in the air. Upon its folds deep darkness hung, and oft quick shooting gleams of lurid fire withdrew.\n\nFor momentary glances of mad fear, the vast dark curtain of God's mysteries. Then up it was lifted over the lovely vault broader and blacker, and the thunder's voice over Caucasus and Shinar's evil realm rushed, like the archangel's trumpet blast of doom, crying \"Repent while judgment waits your prayers!\"\nBut silence answered, and ascended higher. The tempest in tremendous masses swept, like dust before the Samiel. On the peak, the utmost pinnacle of those vast clouds, grasping the arrowy bolts that rounded his brows hung like a crown, and glaring down on earth with eyes of basilisk that drank the blood. The appearance of a giant shape appeared; and, as the priest and prophet sadly paused To gaze and weep, he raised his swimming eyes To watch the moment when the door must close And hope expire; and, like a swirling bark In Norway's Maelstrom, sank his awe-struck heart\u2014 For he beheld Abaddon, calling up All wandering vapors from the shoreless Deep, guiding the hurricane and hurrying on The Spirit of Destruction. The dread reluctant ruin, and he heard The laugh of hell beneath the stars of heaven. Up to the zenith heaved the overwrought clouds.\nAnd the billows hung, then fell from the far horizon. Through the tumultuous welkin, flames flew like fiery scorpions; east to west replied: pole to pole. The brazen atmosphere grew ghastly mid conflicting lights and shades. It quivered till the eyeballs blurred and reeled. Peril, dismay, fainting fear, terror, confusion, and despair entered, like furious siegers for the spoil, the abodes of the deserted. While the floods fell, like Araxes from Armenian hills or thousand torrents from Cordillera's brow, down\u2014down upon the drenched and gasping earth. The apostates at their feast in obscene songs mocked Noah and his storm-ship, shouting, \"Lo! The madness of the hypocrite! His beams to the cruel seas will tell a tale of wreck, and all his crowded beasts.\"\n\"Will the lawless ocean be roared into peace. Fill round and drink for wisdom - the red wine Mantles with pure philosophy - old Cain Commends its cheering in the chilly night!\" So spoke the infidels; but morn replied. They slept the sleep of wassail; but, ere stars Faded behind the universe of clouds, Abaddon, All woke in the wild terror of the Bad. The solid battling sides poured deluge down, Typhon poured out earth's dirge from heavens of wrath, The forests shook and heaved and tossed and creaked, The waters through their dwellings dashed and moaned. The herds sent up a piteous cry - the flocks Were hurried o'er the illimitable waste Of countless torrents and the desert beasts Mingled their yells with the last wail of men. Day broke and in the gray and quivering gloom All beheld on waters bubbling up.\nFrom every fountain of the yawning earth,\nAnd pouring from each livid mass above,\nThe Cypress Ark, the home of truth and love,\nThe just man's sanctuary; and with shrieks,\nAnd supplications and despairing tears,\nTen thousand voices blended in one prayer \u2014\n\"Receive us! save us from devouring deeps!\n\"Receive us! save us from the tempest's rage!\n\"Receive us! save us from the wrath of God!\"\nBut on the surging seas and broken waves\nFloated the Ark \u2014 the eternal door was shut.\nThe shuddering waters gathered, and the cries\nOf utter, hopeless, helpless agony\nRose o'er the crash and howl of elements,\nConvulsed and quivering in each other's wrath.\nVain were uplifted arms and faces wrought\nTo anguish; vain, the hoarse and strangled voice.\nOf human passion, while the torrents swelled,\nAnd quick through shattered billows glanced pale brows.\nClosed eyes and raven hair, amid the foam.\nLike countless apparitions round the couch\nOf fever, hovering for a moment's lapse,\nThen vanishing far down the unfathomed Deep.\nDown came the Deluge. Kuma's lonely vale\nBeneath far stretching Caucasus no more\nGlowed in its beauty like a virgin bride\nUnclosing the barred vizor of her lord.\nThe bright and glorious hills above the flood\nLooked forth and vanished, while the victims clung\nTo the drowned cliffs and topmost trees and gasped\nTheir last quenched shriek for succour; every pulse\nCeased in the turbid waters\u2014every head\nSank on its cold, dark pillow\u2014all was still!\nOne moment's struggle\u2014and the silence fell;\nOne awful pang\u2014and Death swept o'er the sea\nAnd found no sacrifice! Then hoary Cine.\nWhom, a multitude of years baptized in guilt,\nAnd branded with impieties, had brought\nTo this dread expiation, among his sons,\nHis nation of idolaters, overwhelmed\nBy the resistless billows, proudly fell\nIn sullen haughty silence and cold scorn,\nUnrepentant pride; and his last breath\nQuivered with voiceless curses as he swirled\nAlong the surf and vanished in the gulf.\n\nAbaddon,\nThen with a music like the battle dirge\nFrom midnight mountains sent in waves of sound\nOver forest and dark dell and starless vale,\nAbaddon whirr'd along the dreadful waste.\n\nLoud cried he in his glory: \"Triumph yet!\n\"Sin loves her bridegroom Ruin! loyal Death\n\"Obeys his monarch and the world is mine!\"\n\nCreation groaned; the universe throughout\nInfinity with sudden terror quaked,\nThen came a Voice: \"Thou dost what God permits,\n\"Apostate, reprobate slave of crime!\"\nThe author, punisher and victim of lechery and unforgiven guilt!\nVaunt not, with fond ovation, evil done\nBy heaven's allowance, lest thy doom should be\nTo invent fresh torture for thy fellow fiends!\n\nThe Daemon quailed; yet soon above the Ark\nHovered on giant pinions, looking down\nWith vulture eyes unsated by despair.\nThe mountains trembled in the vast abyss.\nThe Hazaldera to their centre shook,\nHyrcania's sea forgot its ancient bounds,\nWandering o'er precipice and wood and wild.\nAnd ocean's viewless monsters o'er their tops\nAnd in their awful caverns rolled their vast\nUnwieldy forms and played their giant game.\n\nMeanwhile, the floating temple wandered on;\nAnd in the bosom of the house of God\nRested the child of heaven; and praise and prayer,\nChastened affection, gentle gratitude.\n\nTHE SPIRIT OF DESTRUCTION.\nSerene devotion and fearless trust were worshipped in every pure thought, saddened heart. Peace, as in Paradise, reigns sole; the asp and viper coiled beside the infant's couch, lion and elephant and cougar fed with lamb, gazelle, and antelope; the breath of wolverines and leopards stirred the fur of slumbering creatures once their hate and spoil. For there the Angel of Celestial Love abode, as afterward above the seat of mercy and between the cherubim, to commune with the spirit that had dared the scorner's blasphemy, the earth-fiend's assault, the hatred and contempt of men, and soared beyond the scope of evil\u2014and to teach his faith by prophecies of future good, and glory and dominion. How vice should minister to virtue and guilt change its nature and be fashioned into good, and all conspiracies of men and fiends but consummate the last great praise of heaven.\nSo counseled and consoled when hung the Ark on Ararat,\nAnd no more the dove came back.\nForth went the Patriarch to his own wide world.\nWhen the clear rivers had resumed their banks,\nAnd vivid verdure gladdened o'er the plain,\nAnd every tenant of the storm-ship, robed\nAgain in its peculiar nature, had gone forth\nTo breathe the living air of mountain haunts\nAnd graze upon the vale of fountains bright,\n\nAbaddon,\nWith moon and sunlight and the stars' soft smiles,\nThe rainbow revelation of the skies\nOver wood and mountain glowed with hues of heaven,\nAnd on the altar of man's sacrifice\nAppeared the missioned Angel; \"Never more,\nSaith God, shall Deluge drown the earth; no more,\nTime expires, shall dewy seedtime fail\nOr cheerful harvest; cold and heat shall track\nEach other's footsteps in the round of years.\"\nAnd birth and death to nations shall succeed,\nAs nature dictates. Upward soared the voice.\nRevered in reverend age, for all his deeds,\nWere chronicled in Honor's living scroll.\nAnd with remembrances most sacred charged,\nBeloved in his last hour, the deeper then,\nFor countless hearts had garnered up his thoughts,\nHis counsels, his examples, faith and love.\nThe Patriarch (by the sage of thousand years\nNamed Noah, consolation for the curse)\nSummoned around his deathbed from afar,\nCathay, fair Al-Gezira and the isles,\nSinte titled of the Gentiles, and the shores\nOf Oman's sea and the broad realms that clasp\nThose waters, trusted in all times with wealth\nOf argosies and galleons and triremes.\nLaden by Egypt, Sidon, Tyre and Moors\nOf Africa and proud lords of Christendom \u2014\nThese called he \u2014 sons yet chiefs and kings \u2014\nBefore his presence ere the soul grew dim.\nPoured in their waiting minds dread prophecies,\nThe apples of instruction. (33)\nAnd histories of mutable though prospered life,\nThen gave up to his Preserver God\nHis spirit, tried and purified by time.\nIn latter ages he, who wanders down\nEuphrates' banks, may see nomads stand\nBeside an ivied moss-grown monument\nMidst ancient woods, and hear the watchers say,\n\"Behold Dair Ahiinah \u2014 the temple-tomb\n\"Of him who saw the world expire and lived.\"\nOnce more the earth was peopled, and the land\nPortioned among the children of the just.\nThe branching olive in the valley grew,\nThe vintage on the hillside blushed, and grain\nWaved its green glories o'er rejoicing fields.\nBut men forgot their blessings and despised\nTheir birthright, and the standard of their king\nDeserted in the faithlessness of sin,\nDeeming their own vain workmanship could build.\nCastles are impregnable, towers proudly crowned by the blue heavens, secure from future wreck. Thus tempted he, Abaddon, for he knew that doubt brings terror\u2014fear of boundless power, avoidance of communion and concern, and final hate. To this scope he swayed the fickle mind of youth, with dread of ill. Blending sublime and thrilling phantasies of honor, greatness, affluence, and fame.\n\nHence rose corrupt condemners\u2014judges throned in bought authority and base insolence, accusers, yet dispensers of men's doom. Hence tyrants rose, who trampled on quick hearts and drank the shrieks and agonies of earth.\n\nHence envy sprang, armed at its birth with stings of scorpions, and revenge leapt on its victim with uplifted hand. But craftsmen skill'd, like Sinon in old time, who offered ruin upon Ilium's shrine. Or Clazomenian Artemon, who wrought.\nThe fierce balista or Daedalus fared not wisely against Him,\nwhose moment's thought created myriad systems, stars, and suns.\nEach artisan on Babel suddenly heard\nMysterious voices from familiar lips,\nUnknown behests from architects well-known,\nAnd each misjudged the other mad or seized\nWith fiendish possession. Anger, wrath, distrust\nThrew gloom on every stricken countenance,\nAnd sundered the assembly and dispersed\nOver undiscovered realms and wild regions.\nForest and seashore, mountain, dale, and plain,\nProud men and builders vain, who left behind\nThe monument of folly to proclaim\nThe nothingness of man's magnificence.\nIn earlier years, unvisited yet,\nThough fraught with many evils, by the rage\nOf worst assassins, in my solitude\nI sang the vengeance and the recompense\nOf guilt that wrecked the Cities of the Plain;\nAnd, earlier still, the triumph on the waste.\nOf Israel over the banded host and pride,\nThe Spirit of Destruction.\nOf Egypt long renowned for arts and arms,\nAnd now, thou beautiful impersonated Thought,\nQueen of the blest Camoenae! Dweller alone\nOn promontories high, by pebbly spring,\nClear as thy soul and mirror-like thy heart,\nHere stay thy flight; thou canst not follow death\nThrough all its triumphs in all time, nor paint\nThe Ogemon as he swiftly sweeps the world,\nRushing from woe to woe, and bearing high\nHis carnage front, crown'd with its wreath of flame.\nBut thou canst picture such disastrous deeds\nAs leave their deadliest wounds in He,\nAnd so offer upon thy country's shrine thy lay.\nGuide now my flying song through awful scenes\nThat darken the soul's sunlight, and let not\nThy deep moralities and lessons' stern\nBe wanting to instruct the soul of man.\nThat wisdom dwells with cloistered gentleness,\nAnd greatness with a conquest over desire,\nAnd fame with justice and with duty, peace!\nRemorseless avarice and serpent guile;\nThe ravine and the rapine of men loosed\nBy legal sanction on each other's weal;\nAccursed usury and trade that seared\nThe generous spirit of benignant youth;\nFeud, faction, rivalry in court and camp,\nIn nuptial pomp and gaudy obsequies,\nAnd daily intercourse; pale jealousy.\nBlighting the mildewed heart and forging wrongs\nTo consummate suspicion: envy, hate,\nEnvy, hate, abadding,\nHowling defiance or disguised to kill;\nAll desolating slander, whispered out\nIn night assemblies, and ere noontide hurled\nOver the wide town to feast upon the slain;\nThese and unnumbered terrors more were born\nWhen cities rose and thronged societies\nAnd drew sleeping passion into ruthless war.\nNeither Sheikh nor Ephori nor Archon sat on the Areopagus, nor Consul in curule chair, nor chief, king, nor czar,\nCould ever crush the giant crimes of men,\nOr hold, when maddened by indignities,\nTheir bandit natures subject to his law.\n\nAll codes and pandects and enactments framed\nBy skilled and titled senates cannot bind\nMan to his fellow's weal, nor countermine\nThe quick evasions of a mind resolved\nTo build on human heads its dome of gold.\n\nCustom creates desire, and want uplifts\nIts voice and yearns for common vanities;\nAnd folly, minister to pride, hath had\nIts bribe in every age and clime and heart;\nAnd interest coins new gold from sack and spoil\nTo bear the gorgeous pageant bravely on.\n\nSo luxury dissolves the strength of men,\nAnd poverty degrades the eagle thought;\nAnd faith deserts all commerce and all speech.\nThen tyrants trample, but the same dark fiend,\nThat covered them with purple, yet hath slaves\nMore terrible than this: and rebels crouch\nBefore the Spirit of Destruction. Around\nThe throne to cleave one despot's brain,\nAnd seat another on their vassal necks.\nThus doubt, intrigue, cabal, and mutual hate\nBear retribution to the lips of all.\nAll history is but a scroll of blood,\nThe record of destruction and despair;\nThe life of man has parted from each sod\nWhere spreads a kingdom, and the voice of woe\nUttered its wailings round triumphal cars,\nAnd purple pomp and unrestricted power,\n\"Since first the astonished sun beheld the sin\nAnd shuddering horror of Earth's fallen sire.\"\nIxion's wheel, the rock of Sisyphus,\nThe Danaides' hopeless, endless toil,\nBut image to our wiser sense of fate.\nThe misery and madness that have crowned Lust and ambition since the cherub's sword gleamed over the closed gate of lost paradise.\nLo, glorious Babylon\u2014the lady of earth's kingdoms! Beauty, strength, dominion, glory, and magnificence gleamed in her diadem, and nations quailed before the rushing squadrons of her kings.\nTowers, castles, palaces, and guarded walls.\nThat shadowed the sheen of the dayspring;\u2014 colonnades,\nWhose porphyry pillars glowed with crowns of gems,\nAnd glittering marts of merchant princes meet\nTo purchase monarchies;\u2014and temples wreathed\nWith gold and diamonds, through rosy airs\nSoaring to heaven;\u2014and from vast terraces\nGardens, like Eden's in its hours of bloom,\nGemmed with the matchless flowers of all the east,\nAnd shaded by the cedar, laurel, palm,\nAnd grovelike banyan, hanging from the walls.\n\n38 Abaddon.\nAll these defended and adorned her pride,\nHer boasted immortality of power,\nAnd captive monarchs laid their scepters down\nBeneath her footstool, while her king of kings,\nNabocolasser, deigned to bid them serve.\n\nGirded by battlements that mocked assault,\nAnd beautified by every art of man,\nHer bands invincible overspread the earth,\nAnd garnered up in her proud palaces\nThe majesty and pomp of prostrate thrones.\n\nBut strength, on odors pillowed, faints and dies,\nAnd glory brooks not love's voluptuous ease.\nFame sculpts its own throne and monument,\nOver perishable existences and things\nDoomed to decay it pours its deathless soul,\nAnd in the realms of thought forever reigns.\n\nBut from the hidden urns of gold and gems\nThe spirit of magnificence enshrined\nIn darkness, from temptation's weak research,\nThe destined king, whom vice emasculates.\nBears to his banquet poison and despair!\nNimrod and Ninus and Semiramis,\nGazed from the icy pinnacle of sublime\nAction and unslumbering toil,\nOn broken dynasties and conquered crowns;\n\nThe Spirit of Destruction. 39\nWith wine and courtesans and sycophants,\nBelshazzar reveled till the specter hand\nWrote ruin on the radiant tapestries,\nAnd ivory pillars of his banquet hall,\nAnd Mede and Persian up Euphrates' bed\nRushed to the throne that held no more a king.\n\nThe solitary Syrian pilgrim roams\nThrough Hellah's dismal hamlet and discerns,\nHe deems, from hot and drifted sand exhumed,\nRelics of Babylon\u2014yet doubts his quest,\nAnd searches more intently, while the wind\nMoans o'er the desert with a broken voice.\nAnd bats and bitterns hover, and the fox\nSprings from his burrow, and the jackal's scream\nHaunts the lone air throughout the livelong night.\nThis is ambition's triumph! this the crown\nAnd consummation of earth's monarchies!\nMyriads have toiled their threescore years,\nAnd bled, and swallowed galley food,\nAnd died, the slaves of myrmidons, for this!\nChildless Chaldea! realm of sorceries,\nAnd worldly wisdom and enchantment! queen\nOf all that charms man's nature and inflames\nHis fatal hopes \u2014 pale dust to dust gone down \u2014\nThy sole memorial but a word \u2014 a name!\nThe pale, pure pearl in summer daylight smiles,\nBut diamonds, gained by blood, alone shoot forth\nTheir radiance when the chandeliers disperse\nWavering darkness and the shapes it broods.\n\nForty AiSADUOiN,\n\nThus joy and fame, possessed by others' good,\nShed their blest beauty o'er our brief sojourn,\nWhile fierce ambition's earthquake ravages\nLeave empires blackened by a nation's gore,\nAnd glooming 'neath the volcanic blaze of war.\nStand upon the holy hill of truth and mark below the struggles and the wrath,\nThe dreadful patience of death's artisans. Behold the monarch trembling with fear,\nOf viewless treason, troubled and unblest,\nWhile envy gazes from afar and sighs.\nSee magi erring and enchanters lost\nIn their own labyrinths of fraud revered.\nWitness the wanderings of the wisest and the fall\nOf bravest combatants behold! And send\nThy spirit on the winds o'er every clime\nTo weep the ruin of earth's holiest hopes;\nTo weep that folly ministers to woe,\nThat weakness reigns with wisdom, and the blood\nOf centuries but buys a gilded tomb!\nThen what avails the voice of old renown?\nThe masques and riotings and glories past?\nLived Phalaris the merciless? There are\nWho doom the deserving to the dungeon now,\nAnd chain high merit to the felon's wheel.\nDid Thais, frantic over the maddening bowl,\nTempt him of Macedon to stain his name\nAnd in the torrent flame of Persia's throne\nPersepolis consume his memory?\nOur fathers - faith's poor exiles, fed\nThe Spirit of Destruction. (Line 41)\nBy Red Men's charity, and warmed to life\nBy their devotion to unfriended want,\nWent forth from unbought refuges and fired\nThe dwellings of the monarchs of the land;\nAnd from that midnight slaughter, all, who dared\nThe wreathing flames, fell by the sword or ball.\nDid the bold Granicus bear back to its fount\nIn Ida the shrieks of dire defeat,\nAnd Issus and Arbela wail aloud\nOver satraps, princes, and Darius slain?\nEurope through all her coasts with terror saw\nDestruction sweep o'er Austerlitz, and crush\nHispania beneath his iron foot, and hurl\nEmbattled nations to the doom knell'd out\nBy the vast Kremlin's Tocsin when his host.\nDrank the cup of vengeance to the dregs. She saw the man of destiny dethrone, Demolish and confound the crowns of kings, While on his banner-bearers in the van Of desolation hurried, leaving slaves To bury their dead conquerors -- or die. Drave Shalmaneser from Samaria, sacked And pastoral Naplousa's mountain land The countless hosts of conquered Israel To bondage, martyrdom -- and buried all Beneath the mysteries of viewless fate? Careered Sesostris in chariots drawn By kings made vassals o'er the famished lands Where erst they reigned in Plenty, Power and Peace? Who has not wept o'er Poland's utter spoil And Kosciusko like a star cast down?\n\n4:2 ABANDON,\nHis country mangled, riven, with bleeding limbs,\nHurled into Hinnom, darkened and devoured\nBy boyars, starosts -- ruffian hordes of chieftains --\nBanished and banned, her patriot spirits robbed.\nOf home and hope \u2014 her throne in ruins laid,\nAnd tyrants trampling in her temples armed!\nThrough ranks of victims crucified and racked,\nStalked fierce Volesus and his spirit glowed\nWith demon gladness and a murderer's pride.\nSee Marat on the Greve! Or hear (and quail)\nThe dying prayers of Glencoe, and the shrieks\nOf Saint Bartholomew \u2014 the feast of God,\nThe holy eve of heaven! And yet again,\nSiciha's Vespers and the torch of Fawkes,\nMark and compare! Be still and weep thy heart.\nWhat hath been is and will be. Seasons change,\nTheir advent and departure; empires fade\nAnd fall like autumn leaves; and manners take\nNew effigies, and customs like the moon,\nWane, glow and wane; and even the steadfast earth\nUnfolds fresh aspects both of land and wave;\nBut man and man's strange nature never change.\nThe mutability of brief, frail life.\nThe woes that weave their poison in the threads of being, and the vanity that sinks in loathing sickness over accomplished fame \u2014 all utter counsel vainly\u2014 madly on, borne by the whirlwind of overweening pride, he pauses not \u2014 he breathes not in repose till the grave buries pomp and great renown. THE SPIRIT OF DESTRUCTION.\n\nAnd desert winds over dreadful solitudes utter their voices \u2014 chanters for the Dead! What can avail magnificence and might, dominion bounded by the ocean's surge, and fame, whose herald was stupendous fear, search Memphian pyramids and mete by line gigantic obelisks; tread o'er the ground Where stood Diana's temple dashed to earth in blackened masses on the fated night That shuddered o'er the birth, in Macedon, Of the world's scourge and curse; or print thy foot Among the ashes of Moriali's mount, and paint in burning hues its day of doom.\nDare you face the simoom and let your voice be heard\nIn Tadmor's awful solitudes, or turn\nAnd mourn dismayed in Balbeck's domes of death;\nToll yet again the thunder knell of Rome\nAnd proud Athena, and let Egypt hear\nAnd echo back thine eloquence of thought!\nWhat shall this avail thee if thou drink\nNo loftier inspiration from the scene\nThan wonder and amaze and vain romance?\nBut if thou wilt be wise and choose thy good,\nThe large revealment is before thee here.\nRuins of glory teach thee meek content,\nBeatitude that offers silent praise,\nAnd steadfast content, the best religion \u2014 love,\nUntrembling confidence in Him who holds\nThe universe in scales, and faith prepared\nTo mingle with its Fountain at all hours.\nDestruction hath not slept since it fell its chains\nIn deep Gehenna at the fall of man;\nBut better minds on high pursuits intent.\nCreate and fashion fortune to their will. The outward ill may torture, and the strife of the heart's foes may bow the spirit down, but over all they reign at last, and bring from the world's wreck and their own sorrows food To nourish Christian meekness for the skies. Receive the legacy of buried years! The thoughts sublime of high philosophy, The thrilling music of great intellects. It argues but a helot soul to pore Over mouldering instruments of havoc \u2014 lance, Bowstring and javelin and catapult; Or pagan rituals by Menes framed, Solon or Numa \u2014 fittest offered up To sculptured deities and pictured Gods. Holier than sage sanhedrim soared the thoughts Of Plato on their glorious way, and earth Grew lovelier than love's bright imagings Beneath the starry splendor of his soul. The lion-hearted son of Arcady, Diagoras, has shined his memory too.\nIn the depths of all truth;\nFor with the wanton creed and faith of Jove's mad worshippers,\nHe held no communion, but with martial voice\nBade Venus bind her zone and veil her brow,\nAnd Pallas cast away her aegis, and no more\nGorge her beaked eagle with the blood of men.\n\nThe Spirit of Destruction. 45\n\nThe maniac son of Semele he bade\nForego his thyrsus, and no longer fill\nThe maddened brain with fierce licentious thoughts.\n\nThus in the council of his country's gods\nHe stood \u2014 like Austin by Andraste's shrine\nOn Stonehenge, girdled by the Druid band \u2014\nAnd with a dauntless eloquence portrayed\nTheir hideous idols, whom their bigots mocked.\n\nBanished, proscribed, and with anathemas\nBurdened, alone into the desert passed\nThe stern philosopher from bondage free.\n\nAnd Socrates has left his legacy.\nThe immortal science of a heart resolved\nTo ratify its greatness in the hour\nOf doom, and o'er the shrinking dread of death\nMount like Elijah to the heaven he saw.\nLo! what a hallowed beauty and a gush\nOf soft seraphic beings float around,\nWhen in the music of an elder day\nThe Samian sage Pythagoras reveals\nThe inner brightness of his spirit throned!\nThese in a gross and grovelling time gleamed out\nAs miracles of omen! And they stood\nUntrembling at the tyrant's judgment seat\nAnd heard, like Galileo from the lips\nOf Bellarmine, the fiat undismayed.\nLike them, devoted scholar, treasure up\nThe oracles of nature and be wise.\nLook not on any faith with hate or scorn,\nFor who hath throned thee in the place of God?\n\nPapist or Huguenot \u2014 Conde or Guise \u2014\nChristian or Osmanlee or Brahma's chief \u2014\nGuelph or Gibbeline \u2014 theist or priest \u2014\nTheir creeds do not call on you as arbiter!\nIt cannot help you to search the heart\nOf blessed humanity and mark the brow\nOf intellect with evil thoughts of men,\nAnd hoard in the bright mansion of the young mind\nHarsh sentences and judgments to corrode\nThe fair work of the Deity, whose love\nPervades alike all nature and all hearts.\nRejoice that thou art free to feel and think\nAnd utter without fear; that human judge\nNo longer has the power to chain thee in the flame,\nOr on the rack or stake. Beware\nThat while, with ashes on thy head, thou sittest\nIn penitence, those ashes from the fires\nOf vanity and pride fall not to sear\nThe soul that should be purified by love!\nTurn, Spirit of my song! And gaze with grief\nOnce more on death that in the noontide comes!\nI stand in crowded solitudes at nightfall,\nBy the darkening walls of the serai.\nIn beautiful Byzantium, laved by seas of old renown,\nThe Euxine, Hellespont, and fair Propontis; and the turban'd crowd,\nWith ataghan and scymitar, pass on, with hastened steps,\nThat fear yet will not shun the dreadful pestilence that sweeps along.\nThe distant light of Pera, one by one,\nShoots forth, and the sweet voice of love's guitar\nComes on the fragrant yet death-laden air,\nWith a heart-stirring influence and charm\nThat melts into the mind like childhood's smiles.\nBelow me lies a weltering trunk, and yon,\nThe headsman sheathes his kinsbal to relight\nHis quenched chibouque, and drops into the dust\nThe hoar head of the Hospodar. Along\nThe colonnades move slow the Soldan's guards,\nSilent and waiting, death they dare not fear.\nThe wan moon o'er the Bosphorus ascends,\nWith sickly lustre, and her mournful smiles.\nRest on the countless monuments that throng Byzantium's land of burial; and methinks the solemn cypress trees do moan the dirge Of all the morning sun shall see entombed. In stillness flies the pestilence; and prince and slave lie writhing for an awful hour, and perish; and the merchant's crowded mart Of loveliness from fair Circassia's vale Will open on the morrow to convey Beauty unto her bridal in the tomb. Life's breath is here extinction: moments grasp A thousand destinies; and funerals glide Like evening shadows by, as thick and fast; And up the ladder of the dead methinks I see the votaries of Islam pass, In silent shadowy multitudes, to lay The idols of the heart's worship where no more Bereavement and lone widowhood of hope Pour earth's deep night o'er visions of the blest.\n\n48 ABADDON,\n\nWoe sits in every threshold; and the hour\n\n* (It is unclear what the asterisk represents in the original text and it does not appear to be a part of the poem itself, so it is omitted in the cleaning process.)\nOf prayer, by struck muezzin called in vain,\nPasses without a voice ascending up.\nO night and pestilence! and doubt and death!\nHow terribly distinct the heart-pulse throbs,\nThat soon may cease! as through the quivering gloom\nThe quickened vision glances on the shade\nOf fierce Abaddon's form that hurries by!\n\u2014 Anark and Rioter in myriad woes!\nThe fierce orgasms of maddened agony\nHave been to thee electric ecstasy,\nDemoniac rapture\u2014since the smile of God\nWas clouded by despair that weds with crime.\nBefore thee sink the beautiful\u2014the bard,\nWasted in youth and in his flower age seared\nBy the world's Samiel and his own quick thoughts\u2014\nThe hero on the bosom of renown\u2014\nThe sun-eyed child whose being is a bliss\u2014\nThe virgin in her loveliness\u2014the son\nOf many hopes and dreams sublime of love,\nWhen the first dawnings of his fame gleam out.\nThe mightiest armies of the dead rise not\nFrom gory battlefields or lava seas\nDrowning still cities in deep floods of fire.\nOr earthquakes yawning to profoundest depths.\nOr tempest, or crusade, or ghastly plague.\nDeeper than the rent banners of the slain\nWas steeped the soul of Caesar in men's blood;\nAnd Attila from Chalons' streaming plain,\nHeaped with its hecatombs of victim's fled\nThe Spirit of Destruction.\n\nBefore Theodric with a heart afloat\nIn gore of Hun and Goth.\nJudea's soil grew rank in richness o'er the sacrifice\nChivalric monarchs, led by bigot wrath,\nOffered to Saladin and the Sepulchre.\n\nLo! awful victory o'er seas of blood\nWaving her standard, while the world contends\nOn Zama, Cannae, Waterloo, made rich\nBy human hearts forever pierced in vain!\n\nBut Persecution hath a wider range.\nAn ampler spoil than these; lo! from the roll.\nOf record starts the pallid student up, and cries: \"Thou prince of justice and of peace! Wolves ravage in thy fold, and mercy shrieks in vain for succor while the guiltless die! Familiar and inquisitor and doom! Apostle, prophet, martyr\u2014child and elder! Freedom and shackles and the axe raised, Red with the life of Hampden, Sydney, More! Tyrants and parricides and length of years, Ismael, Aurung-Zebe and Tamerlane! Oh, the soul sickens o'er the scroll of fame, The just man's wrongs, the widow's sightless tears, The orphan's helpless woes, the tyrant's power, The pride of Mammon, and the painted brow Of hypocrites exulting o'er their prey. God of the guiltless! In Peru's dark mines, Her kings dig gold for murderers! Assassins goading to the Oregon, The ancient sovereigns of our plundered realm!\"\nBut the nobler mind intends to delve for knowledge, yet shuddering over its toil. Thus, generations vanish down the gulf that opens to eternity, and the Fiend of Ruin wastes a dreaming world. But there shall come an hour when truth will stand upon the mountain and declare to earth her seraphic oracles; when love will thrill each bosom wedded to the world's wide joy. And in the fountain of the soul, the universal bliss will image; when faith will roam on lovelier meads and hills with glory clothed, over whose bright summits rainbows rest in heaven, and over the charmed universe of thought, pour its pure radiance from the shrine of God. Then cries the vision of the banished saint: In deep Gehenna's darkest depth again shall writhe in adamantine manacles the Spirit of Destruction, and no more in vainly will pale famine's hollow eye appeal.\nOr the broken voice of burning pestilence,\nOr unheard groans of battle raging on.\nBut dove-eyed peace shall float on snowy wings\nOver nations banded in each other's love,\nAnd the free souls of Heaven's blessed children flow\nIn light and love o'er earth and rest in God.\n\nThe Heart's Apocalypse.\n\nEv 'sxiRIvi 5(^'>i TOMS docpovg s'-yiw /3iou-\nAvd^wn'oj 'aruj^wv (fw^srai uroo rrij sX'rWoff. \u2014 Menander.\n\nWhy wake ye, memories of devoted hours?\nDelirious dreamers, sleep forever now!\nThrough the cold tempest, that around me lowers,\nGlance not heaven's glory on my darkened brow!\nHushed hearts, that quail o'er still despair's last vow,\nBreathe awful music 'neath a stranger's touch,\nAnd minds, that rocky as their fortunes grow,\nLike mountain torrents gush when tasked too much \u2014\nThey bear long years, but dare not feel their burden such.\n\nThough shook by every gale, yet, rooted, deep.\nYouth's hapless love lives through all power of change!\nToo pure to shrink, too proud to wail or weep,\nIt fills all things with memories vast and strange;\nWherever the rainbow bends or sunbeams range,\nOr lightning flames or thunder heralds God,\nIn ruined castle or romantic grange.\nIt gathers flowers to clothe its native sod,\nAnd o'er the birthplace hangs where young hearts rushed abroad.\n\nThe wasted heart retains its earliest glow,\nAs trampled flowers their odour, not their bloom\u2014\nThough doomed no more the thrilling bliss to know,\nThat threw its angel glance beyond the tomb;\nMid all that man's lion heart can illume,\nMid all his boundless hopes, ambitions, fears,\nOne image steals o'er all its glow and gloom,\nTroubling the fountain of forbidden tears,\nAnd fading not, though borne far down the sea of years.\n\n52. The heart's apocalypse.\nThe worn mind clings to this\u2014this beautifies The temple it must ruin; all things sink Into one passion;\u2014life of earth and skies Becomes a frenzied ecstasy to drink The poison-cup, from which we vainly shrink, The deep cup brimmed with deathless destinies! Hurled on by agony, which cannot think, We search vast ocean and world-studded skies For one sweet home to rest from grief that never dies. Again\u2014and yet again, my earliest love, Ellen! Thou fabled Clara of my song! My lonely heart, unchanged, is doomed to prove A sleepless watcher o'er thine nameless wrong\u2014 An unseen visitor, who roams along Thy desert way, and loves to trace thy tread. Though downward tending where Oppression strong No more can bow thy wildly throbbing head. Nor gore thy bosom fair among the sceptered dead! The heart's apocalypse.\nPale and chilled, your image steals,\nWith wrought brow, hollow cheek, and found eyes.\nOver me when most the quickened spirit feels,\nThe soundless hour of midnight phantasies;\nThen pallid Memory on dark wings flies,\nLike birds to Tinian's isle from ocean's storm.\nTo thee and love, romance and May-night skies,\nAnd for an hour it slumbers 'neath the charm,\nThat, as an angel's garb, has ever wrapped thy form.\nThen, in communion with eternal days,\nI clothe my soul in sanctities, and yearn\nFor that restoring hour when scorn or praise\nShall mock no more the heart that cannot learn\nTo quench the shrine where love's first odours burn;\nWhen courteous speech shall sanction spotted crime,\nAnd tyrants from their sacrifices turn\nNo more exulting, but, beyond all time,\nTrue hearts, long sundered, clasp in glory's realms sublime.\nWe feed on hope as if it were our vital food,\nAnd linger over it with a vain delight;\nWe banquet on the air when tempests brood,\nAnd breathe the rose when at its heart is blight!\nMisguided, hopeless pilgrims of the night,\nGrasping at shadows in an unknown land.\nVictims of visions, gathering wrong from right,\nWith foes behind us and on either hand.\nAnd led by danger on where giant fiends command.\n\n'Would I had been thy brother! Life had then\nBeen pleasant to thee, and thy virgin smile\nHad lingered yet\u2014like twilight in the glen,\nRevealing a bright spirit!\u2014to beguile\nThy little cares, with deep and patient toil\nTo build a quiet refuge for thy rest.\nTo love thee with a hallowed love, and pile\nBlessings around\u2014in each myself most blest\u2014\nHad been my daily joy\u2014so joy was in thy breast.\n\nBut thou art fated to endure reproof.\nLinked to a serpent evil, none can rend -\nDoomed to the dismal refuge of a roof,\nWhere hope was banished by thy nearest friend,\nCreating images of woe where blend\nAll separate features of thy own despair,\nAnd, worse than madness, destined to depend\nOn him who peopled all thy landscape fair\nWith grief, repentance, doubt, and cold and crushing care!\n\nAnd I, when vesper lifts its diamond brow,\nAnd zephyrs glide in music through the grove,\nOft sink in anguish o'er thy fate, as now,\nAnd sanctify thy sacrilege of love!\nWhere'er on earth my wayward passions rove,\nTo thee, ne'er faithless, still to Derby's wood\nThey turn enchanted\u2014and ascend above.\n\nWhen by that silent forest shore we stood,\nRememberest thou, lost love, the sun went down in blood!\n\nDespondency.\n\nThere is no bliss in being; all in vain\nWe toil and struggle here; in grief and pain.\nBorn to a world of suffering and sin,\nAnd doomed to woo what none can ever win,\nLife is a weary burden, hard to bear,\nOf dark offense and desolate despair \u2014\nA lingering helplessness \u2014 a quenchless thirst\nTo taste and yet a shuddering o'er the worst.\nThe diamond dawn of being \u2014 its blessed hours\nOf love and innocence \u2014 young budding flowers!\nIts earliest pleasures, bursting into bloom,\nOnly to blossom o'er the chill dark tomb.\nSoon fade and perish, and hope's rosy light\nThrows lurid gloom o'er sorrow's wailing night,\nWhich shrouds the heart in such unmeasured woe\nAs they, who deeply feel, alone can know.\nOh, how the heart-pulse throbs with burning flush\nWhen life's young feelings o'er the bosom gush,\nAnd earth unfolds her glories to the eye,\nAnd angel harps are heard along the sky,\nAt that sweet season when the spirit pours.\nIts starlight beauty over the eternal shores.\nWhat radiant forms glide through each Eden grove,\nForms full of loveliness and bliss and love,\n\nDespondency.\nIdeal shapes from fancy's magic mould,\nNever beheld when the warm heart grows cold,\nAnd the wan hue of sickly thought doth spread\nOver living brows the image of the dead!\n\nThe glorious skies, where angels sing in praise,\nTheir unfurled pinions flashing heaven's own blaze;\nThe fair green earth\u2014the vestibule of heaven.\nWhere spirits commune in the dusky even;\nThe wild lone main, with all its worlds beneath,\nThe dim mysterious palaces of death;\nThe joy of thought, the rainbow of the mind,\nThe silent rapture of a soul refined;\nAll cease to charm when want and woe assail\nThe shuddering spirit with their spectre wail.\n\nEven in the dayspring of confiding youth\nWhen the pure bosom is the shrine of truth.\nLost in himself amid the false and vain,\nMan looks abroad upon a world of pain\nWith the cold eye of unobservant scorn,\nAnd wonders why this wretchedness was born.\nOh, what is human hope? a voiceless star,\nThat never shines upon us where we are;\nA glimmering light, that, throned in other spheres,\nOnly reveals the darkness of our fears;\nA world beyond all other worlds on high,\nThat mocks the gaze of every mortal eye;\nA realm of dreams this life cannot fulfill.\nForever distant, wander where we will.\nOft and yet in vain my worn heart has sighed\nFor Joys that budded but to be denied;\n\nAnd vain has been my spirit's airy flight\u2014\nIt fell from heaven in sorrow's troubled night,\nAnd sunk below the common hopes of man\u2014\nSeared by the lightning of my being's ban.\nThe loftier triumphs of the human breast,\nThe proud ambition that finds no rest,\nThe rainbow joys that glitter but to die,\nAnd love, our heaven or hell beneath the sky \u2014\nAll \u2014 all are vain! The wide waste world is cursed\nBy ills and wrongs \u2014 the wildest and the worst.\nTrust not in man! confide not in the best,\nBut lock thy counsels in thine own still breast!\nHe loves thee not whose venal voice proclaims\nVile pagan worship to dark Mammon's names;\nHe loves thee not who honors thee in pride\nBut to reject when fortune is denied;\nHe loves thee not, who, in a darkened day,\nLeaves thee alone to track thy desert way,\nContent to mutter, \"O, I wish thee well!\"\nWhen earth seems opening to the nether hell.\nTrust not in man! The wisest err in ill,\nThe greatest falter \u2014 and the human will\nGrovels forever in the darkness cast\nOver life from the first sigh unto the last.\nFriends are but phantoms in thy bitter need. They counsel wisely while thy death-wounds bleed. Love lives in deep delusions born of youth, And dying in the dawn of awful truth; Faith, like the raven from the ark sent forth, Wanders unresting o'er the lonely earth; S.\n\nFifty-eight. Despondency.\n\nAnd hope, earth's only happiness, doth nurse Wild thoughts that centre in a burning curse I Trust not in man, confide not in his faith! His tongue breeds venom and his spirit\u2014death. There is no joy in life; its hopes and fears, Its cold lip-smiles and unconsoling tears, Its woes that wither and its toil that tires. Its vain illusions and its false desires; The keen pursuit, without a settled aim, Of bootless power and unaccomplished fame; The changes, chances, and unwitnessed tears, The doubts that darken into endless fears\u2014 All pour the bitterness of wrath upon.\nThe heart of man - earth's dust compounded, son!\nAlas, how poor is all he seeks to gain!\nClothed with bright pleasure but replete with pain.\nBright with the colors fond self-love bestows.\nAs mildew pictures like the morning rose;\nWarm with the deep glow of the spirit's fire.\nAs the dead earth beneath the victim's pyre;\nLove spreads its glory o'er our youth, but leaves;\nThe bosom blasted, and alone it grieves.\nMisfortune, fount of pride, in silence sears\nThe purest feelings of our earlier years.\nAnd dread dependence o'er the high mind throws\nThe robe of Nessus; and our wants and woes\nBlanche the fair cheek and furrow o'er the brow,\nAnd make our progeny what we are now.\n\nBring flowers and strew them here,\nThe love'est of the year,\nWithered, yet fragrant as her virgin fame.\nWho shivers in this sunny spot,\nYet to love's voice awaketh not.\nNor she hears in dreams her lover sigh her name.\nWhere woods o'er waters wave,\nShe has her early grave.\nAnd summer breathes lone music o'er the scene;\nIt is a green and bloomy place.\nAnd smiling Hark her living face.\nWhom memory weeps o'er, sighing \"She hath been!\"\nHow sacred silence lies\nWith dreamy heart-filled eyes,\nShedding its spirit o'er the wanderer's heart.\nBeside the mound of dust,\nWhere, throned, sit hope and trust.\nSerenely watching awful death depart.\nIn truth, 't were bliss to rest\nOn nature's rosy breast\nGrave Watching.\n'Mid all this sweetness, quiet, faith, and love,\nWhile heaven's soft airs flit round\nThe still and hallowed ground,\nAnd the blue skies lift the pure soul above.\nAlbeit, I can but grieve\nThat thou, pale girl, didst leave\nThy lover lone in such a world as this,\nYet tender is my heart's regret\nAs the last beam of suns that set.\nTo rise again, like thee, my love, in bliss. Then let me linger here, Where none of earth appear, Save gentle spirits, kindred of the skies, And muse beside the gushing spring. Where wild birds carol on the wing, And live as thou didst, love, on harmonies. Over this green bank of flowers Hover the dew-eyed hours. Blending the incense breath of earth and heaven, As thou didst hallow time By thoughts and deeds sublime, And seal eternal bliss by wrongs forgiven. Inspire me with thy soul, And while the seasons roll, No evil passion shall corrode my spirit! I can forgive my fiercest foes, And think not o'er inflicted woes, While I thy gentle soul, lost love, inherit.\n\nWhat holy joy attends Such commerce with lost friends, Lost to our eyes but living in our minds! Their memories breathe elysian bliss Around even such a world as this,\nLike Yemen's odors borne on genial winds.\nBring flowers and strew them here,\nThe loveliest of the year,\nAnd I will watch their spirits as they part;\nFor in a place so green and still,\n'Mid wood and water, vale and hill,\nMy lost love dwells for ever in my heart!\nP\u00e8re Lachaise.\n\nBeautiful city of the dead! thou standest\nEver amid the bloom of sunny skies\nAnd breath of odours, and the stars of heaven\nLook, with a mild and holy eloquence,\nUpon thee, realm of silence!\nDiamond dew and vernal rain and sunlight and sweet airs\nForever visit thee; and morn and eve\nDawn first and linger longest on thy tombs\nCrowned with their wreaths of love and rendering back\nFrom their wrought columns all the glorious beams,\nThat herald morn or bathe in trembling light\nThe calm and holy brow of shadowy eve.\n\nEmpire of pallid shades! though thou art near.\nThe noisy traffic and thronged intercourse of man, yet stillness sleeps with drooping eyes and meditative brow, forever round thy bright and sunny borders. And the trees that shadow thy fair monuments are green like hope that watches over the dead, or love that crowns their memories. Lonely birds lift up their simple songs amid the boughs, and with a gentle voice, wail over the lost, the gifted and the beautiful, as they were parted spirits hovering over dead forms till judgment summons earth to its account. Here 'tis a bliss to wander when the clouds paint the pale azure, scattering o'er the scene sunlight and shadow, mingled yet distinct, and the broad olive leaves, like human sighs, answer the whispering zephyr, and soft buds unfold their hearts to the sweet west wind's kiss.\n\nThe Cemetery of Paris.\nP\u00e8re Lachaise. 03\n\nThis text does not require cleaning as it is already perfectly readable and free of meaningless or unreadable content, modern editor additions, or OCR errors.\nAnd Nature dwells in solitude, like all\nWho sleep in silence here, their names and deeds\nLiving in sorrow's verdant memory.\nLet me forsake the cold and crushing world\nAnd hold communion with the dead! then thought,\nThe silent angel language heaven doth hear,\nPervades the universe of things and gives\nTo earth the deathless hues of happier climes.\nAll who repose undreaming here were laid\nIn their last rest with many prayers and tears,\nThe humblest as the proudest was bewailed,\nThough few were near to give the burial pomp.\nLone watchings have been here, and sighs have risen\nOft over the grave of love, and many hearts\nGone forth to meet the world's smile desolate.\nThe saint, with scrip and staff and scallop-shell\nAnd crucifix, hath closed his wanderings here.\nThe subtle schoolman, weighing thistle down\nIn the great balance of the universe.\nSleeps in the oblivion which his folios earned;\nThe sage, to whom the earth, the sea and sky\nRevealed their sacred secrets, in the dust,\nUnknown unto himself, lies cold and still;\nThe dark eyes and the rosy lips of love,\nThat basked in passion's blaze till madness came,\nHave mouldered in the darkness of the ground;\nThe lover, and the soldier, and the bard \u2014\nThe brightness, and the beauty, and the pride\nHave vanished \u2014 and the grave's great heart is still!\nAlas, that sculptured pyramid outlives\nThe name it should perpetuate! alas!\nThat obelisk and temple should but mock\nWith effigies the form that breathes no more.\nThe cypress, the acacia, and the yew\nMourn with a deep low sigh o'er buried power\nAnd mouldered loveliness and soaring mind.\nYet whisper \"Faith surmounts the storm of death!\"\nBeautiful city of the dead! to sleep.\nAmid thy shadowed solitudes, thy flowers. Thy greenness and thy beauty, where the voice, Alone heard, whispers love \u2014 and greenwood choirs Sing 'mid the stirring leaves \u2014 were very bliss Unto the weary heart and wasted mind. Broken in the world's warfare, yet still doomed To bear a brow undaunted! Oh, it were A tranquil and a holy dwelling-place For those who deeply love but love in vain, To disappointed hopes and baffled aims And persecuted youth. How sweet the sleep Of such as dream not \u2014 wake not \u2014 feel not here, Beneath the starry skies and flowery earth, 'Mid the green solitudes of Pere La Chaise!\n\nAn Evening Song of Piedmont.\n\nAve Maria! 't is the midnight hour,\nThe starry wedding of the earth and heaven,\nWhen music breathes its perfume from the flower.\nAnd high revelations to the heart are given.\nSoft over the meadows steals the dewy air,\nLike dreams of bliss, the deep blue ether glows,\nAnd the stream murmurs round its islets fair,\nThe tender night-song of a charmed repose.\nAve Maria! 't is the hour of love,\nThe kiss of rapture and the linked embrace,\nThe hallowed conversation in the dim still grove,\nThe elysium of a heart-revealing face,\nWhen all is beautiful \u2014 for we are blest,\nWhen all is lovely \u2014 for we are beloved,\nWhen all is silent \u2014 for our passions rest,\nWhen all is faithful \u2014 for our hopes are proved.\nAve Maria! 't is the hour of prayer,\nOf hushed communion with ourselves and heaven,\nWhen our waked hearts their inmost thoughts declare,\nHigh, pure, far-searching like the light of even.\nAn Evening Song of Piedmont.\nWhen hope becomes fruition and we feel\nThe holy earnest of eternal peace,\nThat bids our pride before the Omniscient kneel.\nThat bids our wild and warring passions cease.\nAve Maria! Soft the vesper hymn floats\nThrough the cloisters of yon holy pile,\nAnd 'mid the stillness of the nightwatch dim,\nAttendant spirits seem to hear and smile!\nHark! hath it ceased? The vestal seeks her cell,\nAnd reads her heart \u2014 a melancholy tale!\nA song of happier years, whose echoes swell\nOver her lost love like pale bereavement's wail.\nAve Maria! Let our prayers ascend\nFor them whose holy offices afford\nNo joy in heaven \u2014 on earth without a friend \u2014\nThat true though faded image of the Lord!\nFor them in vain the face of nature glows,\nFor them in vain the sun in glory burns,\nThe hollow breast consumes in fiery woes,\nAnd meets despair and death where'er it turns.\nAve Maria! In the deep pine wood,\nOn the clear stream and o'er the azure sky\nBland midnight smiles, and starry solitude.\nBreathes hope in every breeze that wanders by.\nAve Maria! May our last hour come\nAs bright, as pure, as gentle, heaven! as this!\nLet faith attend us, smiling to the tomb,\nAnd life and death are both the heirs of bliss!\n\nThe Imperial Sacrifice.\n\nThis poem was written at the request of my friend Jolm Howard Pajnie,\non the occasion of Charles X laying the corner stone of the monument,\nin the square of the Tuileries, to Louis XVI; one of the most unpopular acts\nwhich an ill-established monarch ever committed.\n\nHeal the rush that, like the mountain storm,\nRolls deep and awfully along?\nLo! what mute horror, like a sorcerer's charm,\nHolds that uprising throng!\nAmazed the unfettered vassal stands\nBefore his captive lord!\nSee how he gazes on his blood-red hands\nAnd shakes the purple drops from his uplifted sword.\n\nWhere is the monarch? Where his train?\nOf lords and ladies fair,\nAnd where the adoring crowd, whose hearts, like rain\nOr dew in summer's air,\nShed light and joy and regal pride\nRound Bourbon's royal son.\nHark! 'twas a groan as if a monument died.\nThe earthquake has begun!\n\nThe Imperial Sacrifice. 69\nHow the vast mass of human life doth move\nAnd tremble like an avalanche on high!\nFlows such deep terror from devoted love\nAnd loyal truth and sacred fealty!\nAlas! before the palace of his sires,\nA glorious line of kings,\nThe crownless king beneath the axe expires \u2014\nThe shout of triumph and derision rings.\n\nLo! where they move in long and dark array,\nWith banner, pau, and shroud!\nThe smoke of censers dims the eye of day.\nReligion cries aloud!\n\nHigh o'er the pomp of royal funeral rites\nIn meek devotion paid,\nThe uplifted cross moves on 'mid thousand lights.\nWhere a great nation mourns, one hermit treads!\nHow mournfully, 'mid chanted hymn,\nAnd requiem murmured low,\nAnd orisons round tapers dim,\nWhile countless forms like shadows swim,\nThe deep knell tolls a nation's wailing woe!\nWhy throng they round the accursed spot?\nAway! It was the deathbed of a king!\nO banished Bourbon! knowest thou not\nThy brother perished like a felon here.\nO hearst thou not the shout of madness ring?\nAnd seest thou not the badge of death they bear!\nFly, chief betrayed! In silence fly.\nThy throne is stained with blood!\n\n70. THE IMPERIAL SACRIFICE.\nTurn not again thy blasted eye\u2014\nThey come! they come! like Gierstein's torrent flood.\nAh! 'twas the daemon forms of other years,\nThat hurried o'er my brain;\nThe miscreant host that drank a nation's tears,\nAnd feasted on the slain.\nI see them now\u2014each gory brow.\nEach crimson hand - in wrath they stand\nEven on the spot where Louis fell\nAnd Austria's lovely daughter died!\nThey throng around like shapes of hell,\nThe sacred pomp of funeral pride,\nAnd shriek and yell and hurtle in the air,\nIn vain, to mock the rites that doom them to despair.\nThe sacrifice is paid!\nRest, martyred Louis! in thy glory rest!\nThy riven crown is laid.\nThy broken sceptre on thy bleeding breast.\nRest, for thy requiem has been said!\nRejoice, thou hearest our prayers among the blest!\nHere, on the earth once hallowed by thy blood,\nO royal martyr! let thy presence dwell!\nWhere frantic murderers at thy death hour stood,\nAnd o'er thee raised hate's maddening yell,\nWith holy joy and sacrificial praise\nWe build thy temple tomb - thy mausoleum raise!\n\nThe Last Hour of the Polonian.\nCount Pulaski, banished from his own ruined country, sought fame and true glory through his services in the American Revolution; and fell at the siege of Savannah, while rallying the flying forces of the wounded Admiral D'Estaing.\n\nVainly in battle's van,\nThe highborn Pole had striven;\nHis warriors quailed beneath the ban,\nThe doom of earth and heaven;\nAnd Warsaw's last proud spirit fled\nBefore the Cossack host,\nWhile far and near the unburied dead\nShrieked wildly \u2014 \"all is lost!\"\n\nDoomed to despair, by vultures rent,\nAnd blotted from the earth.\n\nPale Poland to the tyrant bent,\nThe child of monarch birth!\nAnd ravening hordes of serfs roamed,\nAnd sacked the imperial realm.\n\nWhere thousand kings in battle's van\nHad banner borne and helm.\n\n72 THE 1-A.ST HOUR OF THE ILOXESE.\n\nWrenched from the heart of nations \u2014 thrown,\nA felon's quivering corpse.\nA limb to each accursed one\u2014\nCould daemons spoil thee worse?\nOh, how could men behold nor stay\nThe bandit league of blood,\nThe deed of that unhallowed day\nWhose triumph none withstood?\nThou parted realm of bleeding hearts!\nThrice widowed child of woe!\nThe glory of thy power departs\nAnd leaves thee\u2014ah, how low.\nCould one of all thy sons abide\nTo see the spoiler's sword\nWave o'er the ruins of his pride,\nThe standard of his lord?\n\nLet tyrants vainly trample o'er\nThe wreck of feeble men,\nTill Europe quakes from shore to shore\nLike the wild thujider's glen!\nThey cannot break or bend or bind\nThe Will sublime and free,\nNor chain nor crush the immortal mind\u2014\nSuch, blood king! Spurn at thee.\n\nThe hunted Poles: some lit Stamboul's funeral pyre\nAmong the hills of Greece.\nThe Last Hour of the Poles.\nSome over pale Gaul their spirit cast,\nAnd Freedom's voice went up;\nAnd some - Pulaski was the last -\nDrank at our trial cup!\nHis sword - his only birthright now,\nHis heart, - his only dower,\nHis only pride - a soul to glow\nOver Freedom - hope's sole flower!\nPulaski from the ruins sprung\nOf empire, shrine and throne.\nBack on his foes a deep curse flung,\nAnd wandered forth alone!\nHe rode upon the midnight wave\nAnd dared the ocean wind;\nThe billow was a happier grave\nThan the earth he left behind:\nHis spirit mingled with the main\nAnd drank its music then, \u2014\nThere were no mounds of victims slain,\nNo screams of dying men.\nHe came where Famine held her guard,\nAnd giant Danger stood;\nHe was his own one great reward\nIn tent or field or flood!\nHis eye amid the brave and free\nShone like the brow of even -\nThe star of empire yet to be.\nThe Aurora light of heaven!\n74 THE LAST HOUR OF THE POLONESE.\nHis clarion voice to wrath awoke\nThe faint but fearless host;\nThe lightning-flash of his whirlwind stroke\nRestored the battle lost;\nHis warhorse sprang \u2014 ere carbine flashed,\nThe foeman headless laid low,\nAnd on, where treacherous wildwoods crashed,\nHe held his victor way.\nHe soared his broidered banner high\nOver Wissihiccon's glen.\nAnd sent his fierce, loud battlecry\nThrough hosts of banded men;\nWronged victor in a foreign war.\nHe laid his laurels down,\nAnd rendered to a worshipped Star\nA glory not its own.\nWhen torrent War in flame rolled on\nTo Georgia's pinewood heath.\nAnd dying prayer and shriek and groan\nCalled warriors to their death,\nLike hope around deathbed despair,\nPulaski hurried by,\nMeek grandeur in his dauntless air.\nAnd triumph in his eye.\nThe siege beneath Savannah's towers\nUnfolds its fearless band,\nWho count not foes but wasted hours,\nDear to a bleeding land;\nThe Last Hour of the Poles.\n\nYet few in peril now are blest,\nWhile thousands war within.\nHigh floats proud Albion's scornful crest,\nWho shall the glory win?\n\nSoul of the battle! son of Gaul!\nBeware thy dauntless tread!\nThe bastion shakes\u2014the ramparts fall,\nThe dying and the dead.\n\nLie mingled 'neath yon trembling tower\nWhere fires through darkness glow,\nOn! on! 'tis victory's chosen hour!\nWhy shrink the siegers now?\n\nWhere is Pulaski? Where the Gaul\nSheds life upon the ground,\nWhere Death stalks o'er the shatter'd wall,\nAnd mad Rout cries around!\n\nHark! Flight and Terror hear his cry\nAnd Glory lights his spear\u2014\nThey mount! they mount! they fall! they fly!\nWhere is that Form of Fear?\n\nLow on the green turf bleeding, dead!\nDespair lies beside him,\nFame from his plume and helm has fled -\nThe light of all his victories!\nWho laments the hero gone?\nThe fallen patriot? Two nations there;\nPoland, her last devoted son!\nColumbia! her glory's heir!\n\nThe Capture of Andre.\n\n'Twas the midnight hour, when the Traitor bade\nHis country's foe adieu,\nAnd broken moonlight played\nOn dew-dropped foliage through;\nThe autumnal wind, in gusty sighs,\nThe twinkling forest fanned.\nWhile Love seemed stooping from the skies,\nTo bless a bleeding land.\n\nIll-fated chief! Youth on thy brow.\nAmbition in thy heart,\nFame smiles in gladness on thee now -\nOh, hasten not to part!\n\nA voice comes from the dim wildwood,\nBut breathes no midnight prayer,\nAnd vast, vague forms like shadows swim -\nLo! war and death are there.\n\nHark to the sound of the measured tread!\nMark yon quick shooting gleam!\nStern hearts are where that flash is shed \u2014\nYon white tents are no dream,\nThe Capture of Andre.\nThy path lies through a host of men,\nWhose souls are in their swords,\nAnd a cross of shame is in yon glen \u2014\nThey heed no gentle words.\nOh! gallant is thy proud array,\nBut souls as proud as thine,\nLike meteor lights, around thy way\nIn gloom of battle shine.\nBeware the scathe of their patriot ire!\nThough the Traitor gives thee scope \u2014\nBeware the blaze of the beacon fire!\nOr thou hast no farther hope.\nOn, on the Briton warrior goes,\nAnd the Traitor bids God speed!\nThrough the banded line of his sleeping foes\u2014\nYoung hero! take good heed!\nThe woods are silent, but life is there,\nAnd the weapons of war are round,\nAnd a lone far cry rings on the air\u2014\nThou art on forbidden ground.\nWho rides so late?' Three warriors start from the shattered dun ravine, And fear sinks on the Briton's heart, For his camp is almost won. Speak out the watchword!' sternly gleam The bayonets raised on high, He looked to wood and field and stream, But uttered no reply.\n\nHe marched to death with a daunted heart, For his was the doom of shame; And his spirit shrunk from earth to part With a brand upon his name: And his sternest foe bewailed the fate That stained his pride of mind, As he stood in his last hour desolate, To death, not shame, resigned.\n\nHe looked to the glorious sun and sighed, And to earth he gave a tear, Then, with a thought, he cast aside The weight of his grief and fear.\n\nFor a moment's lapse each panting breath Was heard amid the crowd. Then the platform fell, and the groan of death.\nRose fearfully through the wild and loud cypress vista of the Past. Memory's Revelations. Over life's brief, fitful day, linger and watch, like pilgrims on their way over Africa's voiceless waste. What meets thee there, pale child? The glimmering ghosts of being's happier years? What hearst thou? Sighs along the whispering wild, too full of woe for tears. Gone to the realm of Mind, to the dim dwellings of the seraphs gone, the hearts that breathed their music on the wind \u2014 and I am left alone. Alone amid Life's wild stir, where toil overwears and thought corrodes the frame. And great Ambition bears the felon's slur, while Glory's but a name! 80 memory's revealings. Grief and despair attend my wayward wanderings o'er the shadowy heath. Yet, many an image of a long-loved friend floats o'er the land of death. Over the quick spirit's eye.\nLike a gleam through white clouds of Night's diamond star,\nTime's hallowed memories, from their haunts on high,\nThrill me like things that are.\nOft to the echo of my song,\nThe earliest touches of my lyre have wailed\nOver him who perished ere I cursed men's wrong.\nOver her who never quailed.\nYet there were more\u2014proud boys,\nWhose minds just budded when the stem decayed;\nWhose bright eyes gleamed with all earth's earliest joys\u2014\nAnd mirrored worlds they made.\nAnd others, to whose spell\nAll spirits bowed in rapture and in bliss,\nWhose smile like incense on the bosom fell\u2014\nDoomed to the earth-worm's kiss!\nElectric Memory springs\nTo one whom years of early love endeared.\nWe parted; Death closed round him his dark wings,\nHe died\u2014but never feared.\nmemory's revelations. 81\nDescend, pale visions! come\nRound my dark spirit on your angel pinions,\nAnd waft my prayers to heaven's ethereal home,\nOf Princedoms and Dominions! Glide, like June's twilight hues,\nO'er the green mountain and its vale of flowers,\nRound my lone path, and o'er its thorns diffuse\nOdours of lovelier hours. So my rough road shall lead,\nTemptation foiled and persecution scorned,\nWhere youth no more shall struggle, toil and bleed.\nBut Virtue reign adorned. So trial shall achieve\nIts best reward, the conscious pride of Truth,\nAnd Love no more o'er bewildered transports grieve,\nIn blest eternal youth.\n\nThe Eudemonist.\n\nLast night, over glorious woods with leaves like wings,\nLuxuriant meads and orchards all in bloom,\nAnd the glass'd beauty of transparent springs.\nWhich seemed Elysium far beyond the tomb,\nThe sunset lingered, and threw o'er the gloom\nRadiant revealments of a holier trust,\nAnd, as I gazed, methought the grave's cold womb\nSeemed but a dream, a fleeting, mortal tomb.\nCould never quench the proud and just spirit,\nNor dim the light of God in earth's unhonored dust.\nFrom their blue orbits in the realms of air,\nForth flash the myriad monarchs of the night,\nRegents of heaven! who hold o'er man's despair\nThe silent empire of serene delight;\nGloriously beautiful and deeply bright.\nTheir emanations blend like music's breath,\nAnd to the bosom through the enchanted sight,\nTheir softness and their sanctity bequeath.\nThe knowledge how to live \u2014 the hallowed awe of death.\nMemory, melancholy and patient hope\nAttend your missions through the midnight hours.\nUnfaltering courage with life's ills to cope,\nDevotion kneeling in forsaken bowers.\nThe Eudemonist. 83\nAnd breathing odours from youth's withered flowers.\nLife, at the best, a dream of happier spheres,\nA dim, vague vision while the tempest lowers.\nIn your soft light, human fears are overcome,\nBending over the throne of thought and worship heaven in tears.\nHow the spirit burns, in its seraph mood,\nTo drink your mysteries, the shadowy smile\nOf Him who formed countless worlds from chaos' flood,\nHow boundless hopes beguile the heart that toils in earthly labor.\nGive night enchantment, when the mind,\nUntaxed, untasked, around its shrine may pile\nSweet buds of thought, whose fragrance in the wind\nSoars to love's glorious realm, by martyrs scarcely divined.\nWith awful reverence on my soul I gaze,\nThe echoed image of a birthless God,\nThe trembling shadow of Jehovah's blaze.\nWhose light to heaven mounts from the buried sod;\nOn seraph wings, electric thought abroad,\nRushes and floats on midnight's silvery sea,\nAnd from all lands where human foot hath trod,\nAnd all that glow in fabling fantasy.\nReturn with hoarded gems, blessed even to be so. It is only when the dust, the tomb's dark dust, Has shrined our ashes that our memories bloom. It is only then the intellect can thrust Aside the darkness of our mortal doom; But even now, though groveling in the gloom That broods perpetual o'er the deeds of earth, The soul, in hope of spotless life to come, Drinks in quick glimpses of that deathless birth, Whose happiest days endure nor agony nor mirth. The evil know not this; the stained in soul, The seared in guilt, the branded and the lost; Cains of their kind, o'er them all seasons roll, Unmark'd, uncheered by all that gladdens most; The fiendish calumny, the tumid boast Darken their sun, and wassail wastes the night; But to the heart often pierced and foiled and crossed, Imagination, steeped in nature's light.\nBrings the highest, purest bliss from its empyreal flight. At Pentecost, the eleven sat together. Bereaved of Him who veiled his power and died, The Omnipotent, the Deathless! to his fate, That hurled destruction on man's maniac pride, Submitting meekly, poor, outcast, belied, Netted by foes, in danger, want and woe, They talked of him, from whose gored, writhing side Earth's poor life gushed, while heaven's own radiant glow Revealed the Godhead's brow, and nature shrieked below. Darkened and desolate, and rent by doubt. Faith feebly soared, though great love held its power, When suddenly high voices all about Uttered their oracles at midnight's hour. And heaven illumined, revealed each holy bower.\n\nThe Eudemonist. 85\n\nOf rest and bliss, and all spoke tongues unlearned, Adoring Him for this celestial dower. Then grieved hearts bathed in blessings, for which they yearned.\nWhile we return to the throne of God the Spirit, blessed. And thus, though often bewildered and astray, oft crushed by cares and every earthly ill, we yet sometimes may drink a wandering ray From the pure fount of Deity, and fill Our burdened spirits, on the holy hill Of the mind's Sion, with archangel thought, That well atones for suffering bravely still, And soothes the soul which years of woe have taught To reap deep wisdom from each work that God hath wrought.\n\nSunset at Sea.\n\nArmies of clouds, that with the dayspring rose, In sable masses float and fade away; The summer-sun \u2014 Jehovah's shadow \u2014 glows Along the shoreless verge of parting day; And Ocean lifts his vast brow to survey The radiance heaving like his proudest swell, And gorgeous companies in heaven delay To drink new glory ere they haste to tell In Fancy's phantom realms, how Ocean's sunset fell.\nIn the storm and gloom came morn, and midday hung\nLike a dark dream upon the overburdened brain,\nAnd the worn mind cast off its creations, the listless main:\nBut now to landsick voyagers again,\nFair heaven reveals the beauty of her brow.\nAnd where the winged clouds suddenly part in twain,\nThe evening sunbeams gush, and skies and waters glow.\n\nSunset at Sea. 87\n\nLo! where the rainbow -- radiant arc of love,\nArch of the Deluge -- Hope's celestial bride --\nMeets the wild tempest in its wrath above,\nAnd seems o'er doubt, disaster, death, to guide\nLone, trusting hearts beyond the scorn of pride!\nOn its fair height, I think, a gleaming throng\nOf cherubim repose, and seraphs glide\nAmid their choirs, with one most matchless song,\nTo waft His praise who sees and shelters human wrong.\nFar over the billowy deep the summer sun bursts,\nLike high heaven upon the spirit's eye,\nOr new-made angel's gaze, when thought doth run\nDown the bright lapses of Eternity;\nRemotest ocean and unfathomed sky,\nThrough all their depths of voiceless mysteries,\nGleam at the glance of Being throned on high.\nAnd mind is lost in what that will decrees,\nWhich holds its power alone in two eternities.\nBosomed on grandeur 'mid the purple host,\nSoft, blue, and beautiful, the crystal heaven\nLooks down like Pity on the fierce self lost.\nAnd hushes hearts that long have bled and striven;\nAnd, with a smile like that of sin forgiven,\nSeems to allure the unhappy to its breast,\nWhere God's high messengers, at morn and even,\nCome from the diamond mansions of the blest\nTo whisper oracles and soothe the soul to rest.\n\nSo through the glory and the pomp of earth,\nThe vain habiliments we weave in woe,\nThe gentle hours, that blessed our joyful birth.\nCome o'er us with a bland and budding glow.\nIn youth we feel, in manhood search and know;\nOne for enjoyment, and the other, Fame!\nOh, happier far to treasure and bestow\nThe diamonds of the heart, than crown a name,\nAnd shrine a memory here, where first Oblivion came.\n\nBefore the faint breeze, o'er the slumbering Deep,\nThe clouded ship without a sound moves on;\nAnd now the clear horizon seems to sleep\nIn that soft sea of light, as on a throne.\nWhere all the clouds adore the triumph won.\nThey rise, sink, burn \u2014 ind, ere the crimson's gone,\nThe purple robes them in a garb divine.\nTill dusky death hastens on, and utters \"All are mine!\"\n\nWhere sea and sky, like love and beauty meet.\nThe illuminated vapor revels in the breeze;\nSo deep its brilliance, and its smile so sweet,\nSo awful in their silence, trackless seas.\nWith all their wild and maddening mysteries,\nI think I sail on that charred visioned wave.\nThe saint in Patmos saw - where deathless trees\nBy mirror'd waters bloom, and princedoms lave\nTheir wings of thousand eyes - beyond earth's dungeon grave.\n\nSunset at Sea. 89\n\nAnd yon the shore of Paradise, the home\nOf wrecked affections and unblest desires,\nAnd hopes that fed on poison! thither come\nThe forms that shadowed sorrow's wasting fires,\nThe hearts that glowed along the thrilling wires;\nAnd voices, wafted on the holy air.\n\nEcho the music of archangel lyres,\nAnd many a child of sin, in Love's high prayer,\nAdores the power benign that rescued from despair.\n\nWedded to images of lonely thought,\nLinked to the dim world of past revelries,\nThe mind that long has wrought fairy enchantment from whatever it sees,\nCreates a shrine in every cloud that flees; temples and chateaux, groves and meadows bright,\nWith violet smiles, that perfume every breeze, and towers and palaces, in that deep light,\nWith the old look of pride salute the radiant sight. And in those winged and wandering mansions dwell,\nAffections, thoughts, hopes, fears, and transports past, the blighted love, that like Phaeton fell,\nThe great ambition, like a shadow cast o'er the dead solitude of Barca's waste!\nAnd through the blue and glorious boundlessness, to each sweet star that visited our last,\nAnd wild farewell, our visions haste to bless hours happier for their doubt, and victors of distress.\n\n90. Sunset at Sea.\nThou sacred Tempe of the weaned mind!\nHope in stern trial\u2014home in wildest storm!\nImagination - winged upon the wind,\nChild of the rainbow, gifted with a charm,\nThat sanctifies the heart and keeps it warm\nWith beautiful humanities - delay,\nWhile years depart, and, in all trouble, form\nThine airy armies round me, though my way\nShould lead o'er Hecla's fires or orient Himalayas!\nThou to our mood dost fashion outward things,\nAnd all the chainless elements combine\nTo shed the bloom without the bitter stings.\nThat panoply, O Earth! each flower of thine!\nThus in blest solitude we grow divine\nWith a far higher nature than our own,\nAnd follow Hope along her golden line,\nWhile mingle smile and sigh and mirth and moan,\nTo that bright realm of dreams where Mercy holds her throne.\n\nThus, in the solitude of Ocean, come\nThrilling revelations of a holier state.\nGreat thoughts that struggle for their native home.\nDeep feelings tortured in the cell of fate,\nFame crushed by falsehood, love by causeless hate;\nAnd, floating on the wave that cannot rest,\nEven Death becomes companion, courteous mate,\nAnd friend and counselor\u2014and he is blessed\nWho robes Life's tempest with the rainbow of the breast.\n\nHOPE.\n\nLike the foam on the billow as it heaves o'er the deep,\nLike a tear on the pillow when we sigh in our sleep,\nLike the siren that sings we cannot tell where,\nIs the fond hope that brings the night of despair.\n\nLike the starlight of gladness when it gleams in death's eye,\nOr the meteor of madness in the spirit's dark sky;\nLike the zephyrs that perish with the breath of their birth,\nAre the hopes that we cherish\u2014poor bondmen of earth.\n\nThe pleasures and pains that pass o'er us below,\nFade like colors and stains on the cold winter's snow.\n\n92\n\nHOPE.\nAll the loves in the bosom burn with delight,\nAre mildewed in blossom, withered with blight.\nThe sunbeam of feeling lights the ruins of love,\nAnd sorrow is stealing o'er the visions above.\nLike a spirit unblest, Hope wanders alone,\nWith a heart never at rest in the future or gone.\nShe drinks from time's cup the bright nectar of heaven,\nAnd her spirit mounts up mid the glories of even.\nBut the world drugs with bane the chalice of joy.\nAnd the storm over the plain descends from the sky.\nFrom the bowers of repose, like a spectre she starts,\nAnd she breathes the spring's rose o'er the depths of all hearts.\nBut fancy and feeling must vanish in sorrow,\nStruck hearts have no healing\u2014Hope sighs o'er to-morrow.\n\nWritten in the Park of Versailles, May 19, 1826.\n\nO'er the bright lawns of lilied France arise.\nThe purple lights that herald springtime morn,\nAnd perfume floats along the pale blue skies\nOf countless flowers born from shower and sunlight,\nThe daybreak zephyrs breathe their rosy balm.\nBland music melts along the olive wood,\nAll nature smiles in joy's elysian charm,\nThe magic of the world's deep solitude.\nMorning's young glories with their radiance gild,\nPark, vineyard, garden, forest, field and tower,\nAnd fairy flowerbells, with night's pearl dew filled,\nBreathe beauty o'er the sweetness of the hour.\nHow silent all! The monarch spell is gone,\nThat shed its bliss through every bosom here;\nEarth's fairest palace yonder stands alone.\nNo voice is heard, no waiting forms appear.\n94 stanzas.\nNone but the sentinel's \u2013 whose hollow tread\nWakes moaning echoes in the faded halls,\nThat sound along, like sighings of the dead,\nThe ruined grandeur of those kingly walls.\nAll else is silent as the realms of shade.\nAnd fountains gush and forests wave in vain;\nThe slave commanded and the king obeyed.\nAnd wild mirth mocks at desolation's reign.\nOh! 'tis a weary and a wasting thought,\nThe mirth and madness\u2014triumph and despair;\nThe pride and pomp\u2014the death throe and the naught\nThat crown with ruin scenes so heavenly fair.\nIt glooms the light of love and chills the mind,\nThis awful dream of desolating years!\nIn vain, flowers breathe upon the blooming wind,\nWhen every bud is wet with misery's tears.\nHere, blood like torrents poured in fierce affray,\nWhere anarchy's massacre swept o'er the land;\nHere, the gored Swiss groaned in the trampled way,\nWhere proud France quailed beneath a mob's command.\nHere Almain's loveliest daughter\u2014queen of mirth\u2014\nReigned and rejoiced amid her glittering train.\nHere terror hurried over the shuddering earth,\nAnd death in darkness came \u2014 led on by pain.\n\nStanzas. 95\n\nCould nature speak \u2014 could every matchless flower\nAttest the demon deeds of other days?\nWhat startling tales of tyrant treason's power\nWould rise in throbs from every violet's breast!\nHow every statue from its throne would start,\nAnd every sculptured lip grow quick with words!\nWords whose deep accents chill the quivering heart,\nAnd pierce like arrows plumed or fiery swords.\n\nOh, give me back my wildwood home again,\nThe deep lone forest where the tread of crime,\nThe shriek of woe, the clank of traitor's chain\nFall like an omen on the ear of time.\n\nHere memory blasts the wreath that beauty weaves,\nAnd the heart sickens o'er the bowers of death;\nStern truth the dreaming soul of bliss bereaves,\nEarth's highest glory hangs upon a breath.\n'Tis morning \u2014 why sleeps not Gallia's monarch train within,\nClosed the dim casements \u2014 silent every tower.\nRing out the matin chimes! more loud, again!\nProclaim the Levee! cry the banquet hour!\nStill the proud palace seems a sealed tomb,\nThe glorious sepulchre of gorgeous kings,\nWrapt in the grandeur of a living gloom,\nWhere spirits flit on dim and shadowy wings.\n\n96 stanzas.\n\nYet by each fountain where the tritons sport\nWith naiads 'mid the water's sunny play,\nMethinks, the shades of other years resort,\nBask in the bloom and bless the purple day.\n\nFor over a scene so passing fair as this,\nSpirits must hover in the charm of love,\nAnd deem it still the haunt of angel bliss,\nThe realm of blessedness and light and love.\n\nBut, even here, 'mid all that thralls the eye,\nDark thoughts and bitter memories will come;\nThough beauty dwells in fairy earth and sky.\nYet happier, dearer is my own far home. The Disinterred Mastodon.\nAnon. \u2014\nDesperate from too quick a sense of constant infelicity; cut off From peace like exiles on some barren rock. Their life's sad prison, with no more ease Than sentinels between two armies set.\n\nThy name is princely. Though no poet's magic Could make Red Jacket grace an English rhyme. Unless he had a genius for the tragic, And introduced it in a pantomime.\n\nYet it is music in the language spoken Of thine own land; and on her herald-roll, As nobly fought for, and as proud a token As Coeur de Lion's of a warrior's soul. \u2014 Halleck.\n\nDark mouldered relic of an elder time! Wreck of some fierce convulsion, all untold! Revealing voice of glory and of crime\u2014 Of plenty's golden years\u2014of garments rolled In blood of bondage to which madness sold.\nThe trusters of the traitors! From the ground you rise, giant of the days of old! Scattering your pale dust on the earth around, of buried monarchies to tell without a sound.\n\n98. THE DISINTERRED MASTODON.\n\nThe deep wild forest, where the wailing wind\nMoans its lone dirge o'er doomed and banished kings,\nWhere gushed the fearless heart and soared the mind\nOf angelic nature on its glorious wings;\nThe prairie's vast green solitude\u2014the springs,\nThat from hill fountains sung through gurgling wood,\nEchoing the music of imaginings:\nOver these you often had trod ere guilt and blood\nRained daemon curses on the holy solitude.\n\nOhio's marge\u2014Wisconsin's mountain land\nWere prophets of your footsteps, and your tread,\nLike the far tempest's sigh, came o'er that band\nOf dauntless warriors, on whose crested head\nRested the Atlas empire. O ye dead!\nYour godlike energies would once outdare\nThe bison and the mammoth; never fled\nThe unsuccored red man from most hopeless lair,\nOr shrunk your hero chiefs from last and worst despair.\n\nThe spirit of a day that knew not fear\nWas on them ere the subtle fiend of gain\nBaffled and blasted all they hoarded dear,\nAnd left them not till poverty and pain.\n\nAbasement and disease, with all their train,\nBowed the proud monarchs to the earth in shame.\nThen fell the sun they never will see again,\nThen darkness brooded o'er their ancient fame.\nAnd doubt and dust and death effaced each trophied name.\n\nFrom Kathelin to the Chippewan,\nFrom fair Mohegan to the Oregon,\nThrilled the bright spirit of immortal man \u2014\nEarth gloried in the Nation's humblest son!\n\nBut time and truth and all the vision's gone \u2014\nThe Ozark mountains o'er the wreck of crime.\nThe living sepulchre moans,\nYet their bold spirits, in sublime woe,\nLike dying volcanoes, glare o'er the dark sea of time.\nFrom Damariscotta the strong Norridgewock went forth,\nAnd dared Pejepscot's boiling flood,\nThe winter night, the storm, the beetling rock,\nThe wily foeman ambushed in the wood;\nThe Narragansett, in his simple mood,\nNourished the child that sacked his secret hold,\nAnd drank Miantonomoh's guiltless blood:\nAnd Metacom, the hero, sage and bold,\nBattled for crown and life until his heart was cold.\nAnd this is all your chronicle \u2013 huge bones\nMouldering beneath the woods of ages \u2013 ye!\nRound whose green, living, and all-worshipped thrones\nHurried a thousand tribes \u2013 dark destiny!\nCouldst thou not spare the good, the just, the free?\nThe priests of nature and the kings of joy,\nAnd must these bones be offered up to thee?\nI. Why does Joloch not quake, and why does the earth not tremble,\nWhen the last chief is shown, a beggar's mockery!\n100. The Disinterred Mastodon.\nIn vain, the devoted people of the leaves,\nCall on Lalage, invoked Ishtohoolo'st's name,\nThe iron heart that crushes, never grieves\nOver its black orgies and earth-seeking shame,\nVisits no spirit whose assassin fame\nIs hell's own lucre. The reward will come,\nThe retribution of the gory game,\nAnd Logan yet shall utter Cresap's doom,\nAnd glutted havoc turn the mad destruction home.\nHopeless remorse and helpless agony\nShall gnash and rend the slayers, for your doom\nInvokes meet vengeance from the eternal sky,\nThe bolt that hurdles through the quivering gloom.\nThen tremble, thou hoar tyrant! in thy home\nOf parricidal power! A nation's curse\nShall crown Tecumseh's, and the years to come\nShall load thy deathbed and unhonored hearse.\nWith anguish, shame, despair, none could wish thee worse.\nGone from your beautiful and glorious clime.\nTrampled, spurned, crushed by foes in power.\nDrenched, devoured, without a single crime,\nBy the fiend's fire, in the hour\nOf outcast bondage, with your dreadful dower\nBlending the ruin of woe's gift \u2014 to feel,\nYou yet may tell your tyrants in their bower,\nThat where your slaughtered fathers wont to kneel,\nYour blood will sow the soil with curses on their weal.\n\nYe eyes of Heaven! what forms behind you wear,\nSuch radiant glories as ye shed on earth?\nWhere is the Eden of their heavenly birth,\nOh, where the dwellings of those shapes of air?\nPerchance, loved ones who felt like us despair,\nAnd all the sickening ills of this world's dearth.\nFranchised from clay, may now come hurrying forth.\nTo waft above each heart-revealing prayer,\nTo listen to each sorrow of our lot,\nAnd tell earth's children, with a voice of light,\nThey dwell forever in their holy sight.\nAnd never can in glory be forgot!\nLove, the pure fountain of all mind, imparts\nIts bliss and beauty to the heaven of hearts.\n\nThe Star of Memory.\n\nLife! life! how many Scyllas dost thou hide\nIn thy calm depths, which sooner kill than threaten?\nPhineas Pletchek.\n\nOver the lone temple of ray secret mind,\nThat stands unnoted 'mid the pomp of men,\nBeam, star of memory! ever mild and kind,\nAnd wake the slumbering thoughts of youth again,\nThat every green hillside and shadowy glen\nMay bring once more the sinless hours of pleasure,\nWhen the pure bright Spirit o'er the world could fling.\nThe beauty, light and bloom of one unchanging spring!\nBliss of my childhood! Sister of my soul!\nOft over thy name my voiceless spirit sighs,\nAs my path wanders and the fleet years roll,\nAnd disappointments darken on my eyes.\nOft through the depths of vast, blue, glorious skies\nMy yearning thoughts sadly roam,\nPainting thy form 'mid those effulgencies\nThat glow forever round thy heavenly home,\nWhence thy soft smiles effuse o'er trials to come.\n\nThou wert my starlight, sister! Holy truth,\nThrilling devotion and immortal love\nWith seraph robes of beauty clothed thy youth,\nThat breathed the mildness of the snow-winged dove;\nAt eve, accustomed by thy side to rove\nFrom toil unsolaced, unrewarded, o'er\nThe new-mown meadows where the flock and drove\nGleaned after harvest, thoughts, bound down before.\nFrom their unsealed spring, with thee on high, we soared. In thy dayspring, not of earth were thou, And feeling, mother of events, foretold That malady would blanche thy beaming brow, Quench that sweet eye and leave that fresh heart cold. Yet not in fear, but grief, didst thou behold The hastened vision of thine early end, And from the sacred wisdom, stored of old, Thy sorrow with the slow discourse did blend Full many a promise blessed to soothe thy weeping friend. Thy widowed parent and thy brother heard, Cherubic Spirit! thy pure breath depart. Thy meek religion in our bosoms stirred, And hushed our dreadful hopelessness of heart. For well we knew thine was the better part, That sin could never stain thy spotless mind, Nor evil\u2014jaguar of the world's dark mart\u2014 Torture thy nature and thy bosom bind With chains of agony\u2014and so we grew resigned.\nCease, memory, your vain workings, and be still,\nLet me not repine o'er fading dreams,\nOf lost affection that with anguish fills\nA wronged and troubled heart. Thy beauty gleams\nThrough being's storm, and by its hallowed beams\nWatches pale melancholy unto rest,\nWhere the rapt soul with truth prophetic deems\nIt holds communion with thee, sister blest,\nAnd sinks away from grief on thine ethereal breast.\n\nSonnet.\n\nWelcome, Angelo, to a world of care,\nFair firstborn of my youth, thou art welcome here,\nThy smile can charm away the world's despair,\nAnd light a rainbow in the heart's wild tear.\nThy fine intelligence, thy winning ways,\nThy deep affection in life's first hours blown,\nThy father's spirit, like a mantle thrown\nAbout thee, studded by the pearly rays\nThat float like music round the faery soul.\nOf thy mild, cheerful mother, with her smiles Beaming like starlight o'er the ocean's isles,\nThat oft deep sorrow from my heart have stole \u2013\nBlend in thy dark, ardent eyes, my boy!\nLike zodiacs in the depth of heaven's deep skies I\n\nThe Dawn of the Decade.\n\nLong had I listened, free from mortal fear,\nWith inward stillness and submitted mind.\nWhen lo! its folds far waving on the wind,\nI saw the train of the departing year!\n\nHow I re-center my immortal mind\nIn the deep Sabbath of meek self-content;\nCleansed from the vaporous passions that bedim\nGod's image, sister of the Seraphim! \u2013 Coleridge.\n\nFrom the dim shrine of ages come thou forth,\nBright year! In thy pure robe of light and love,\nAnd shed upon the changed and darkened earth\nThe empyreal hues that ever bloom above!\n\nCome forth, ye destined days! And gently move.\nIn the land of youth's joyful romance,\nWith a prophet's holy gladness, prove true\nThe visions that sparkle in your glance,\nAs years of joy advance, their fairy steps.\n\nThe Dawn of the Decade. 107\n\nDeep shadows hide revelations of events,\nBut your knell sounds through the solitudes of being,\nWhen time startles on our gaze, the doom to tell\nOf myriads trembling over the last farewell;\nAnd vague presages of the awakened mind\nSwell on the broad skirts of your cloud-banner,\nVoiceless prophecies float on the wind\nTo bid the evil fear\u2014the good to be resigned.\n\nThe chill night airs moan in the withered grass,\nThe tedded grain is gathered up\u2014the flock\nWith bowed heads quivers as the frost-fiends pass,\nAnd seek the shelter of the beetling rock;\nThe leafless woods with dismal voices mock.\nThe storm-king as he rides through cheerless skies.\nAnd the deep mountain feels the rushing shock\nOf winter, on whose bosom nature dies,\nAnd birds, leaves, flowers and streams forsake their pleasants.\nThe son of toil from mead and field retires.\nStores the rich maize and serves the generous steed.\nContent with health and hope and honest sires.\nWho knew not wealth, remorse, nor bitter need;\nWhile, mid the city's pomp, wrung bosoms bleed.\nAnd riot laughs 'mid naked misery's cries.\nTrembling with anguish like a desert reed.\nAnd plumed and banner'd fashion flaunts the skies\nWith mockeries of earth's woe and glittering pageantries.\n\nThis has been ever; callous pomp preludes\nThe burglar's dark atrocities, and crime\nHaunts the pale prodigal and around him broods\nOver midnight deeds that steep the heart of time.\nCondemned and banished from hope's sunny clime,\nWedded to guilt by desolation's curse,\nYouth's better thoughts and manhood's aim sublime\nVanish before despair that follies nurse,\nLeaving the victim where no change could make him.\n\nBring forth the criminal, stern justice, hale\nThe offender to atone for edicts broken,\nWho comes? the quivering outcast, wild and pale,\nNo, 'tis Society, whose voice hath spoken\nRuin to hopelessness; and many a token,\n'Midst its vain blazon, ratifies the deed!\nBut who shall doom the tyrant, whom no ken\nCan track or power condemn? Let justice read\nThe uttered will of God and see the assassin bleed!\n\nTime to the cold extortioner can bring\nNo joy but gold, no profit but increase;\nA frozen sea, his heart can never spring,\nTo shield the friendless and shed holy peace\nOn life's wild ocean! \u2014 for the golden fleece.\nThough the Argos slave suffers, tortures, bends to baseness, courts contempt, and may not cease to feast on agonies, making fit amends for a hoar age of guilt by bribery when it ends.\n\nBut years on poverty confer the bliss of a near close, and guide the weary soul, through penitence, to meet the Earth-King's kiss with an abiding faith, that may control the dread and awe that o'er all spirits roll.\n\nWearied by toil uncheered, the child of grief resigns his portion of earth's bitter dole. Wraps his worn thoughts in blest Religion's sheaf. And lies down to his rest secure of long relief.\n\nYe hasten on, devoted days! And bear change, trial, peril on your awful wings, unwitnessed suffering and unsuccored care, the wreck of empires and the fall of kings! Oh, thickly crowd most dread imaginings.\nOf all that man must bear ere love can link\nThe amities of life \u2014 ere mercy's springs,\nUnsealed, flow forth for passion's slaves to drink,\nAnd men, from bondage loosed, may utter what they think.\n\nWeep, vigil stars! Be veiled, thou queen of light!\nEye of the universe, great sun! retire!\nFor War, in hauberk mail, comes up through the night\nTo kindle on God's shrine earth's idol fire;\nAnd pagan banner and unholy lyre\nMock the great rites by martyrs offered there;\nHeathen and atheist, in hate's fierce desire,\nBand their bold legions with the fiends of air.\nAnd Antichrist leads on to trample and to tear.\n\nThe King of Sabaoth shall meet the foe, \u2014\nWreck and convulsion herald Him along,\nAnd the hills quiver and vast oceans glow\nBefore His presence! Stained and troubled long,\nHis true adorers shall uplift their song.\nAnd rebel armies mingle with the dust. Then unbelief, woe, want and sin and wrong Shall sink to Hades, and the true and just A thousand years rejoice in their immortal trust! Beautiful vision! Poetry hath had Her multitude of dreams \u2014 her holy bowers, Creatures of purity and brightness, clad With the soul's sunshine, crowned by deathless flowers. Breathing heaven's joy and leading on the hours; But none so fair as this \u2014 oh, who shall see The maranatha broken? the dark towers Of insult and oppression low? or be, When dawns the day of peace from heaven's eternity? Patience, meantime, must wait on power, and pride Hurl back reflected scorn, and wisdom hold Counsel with prudence; duty hath defied Ancient authority, and, mild yet bold, The unanswering tyrant on his throne controlled; And conscious Virtue in an adverse time.\nMay it triumph, and may love mould all hatred,\nEndure reproach and bear the charge of crime,\nYet in the elysium's dwelling place of hallowed thought sublime.\nRELIgION UNREVEALED.\nAncient romance of visionary minds,\nShadow and symbol of a holier creed!\nTo thee wild voices, wing'd on mountain winds,\nAnd countless hecatombs, predoomed to bleed,\nAnd earth and heaven, submissive to thy reed.\nBore awful witness to surpassing thought;\nAnd many a vast emprise and godlike deed\nRendered its glory to thy fane unsought,\nAnd o'er the soul of man its thrilling magic wrought.\nThy handmaid fable shadowed love and truth.\nAs sunset waters image summer skies;\nGenius blossomed in perpetual youth.\nWielding at will prophetic destinies;\nEach gem and pearl, that in dark silence lies,\nOver thee its beauty like a sunbow shed,\nAnd for the heaven of thought, that never dies.\nMen toiled and suffered, smiling while they bled,\nTill heroes, sages, bards rose gods among the dead.\n1. Religion Unrevealed.\nOver unlearned hearts, whence gushed translucent rills\nOf mind, the floating darkness of their day\nLived with the presence of a Power, which fills\nEach dewbell, leaf and raindrop with a ray\nOf that divinity, all worlds obey.\nClothed in his terrors, on his mountain throne\nThe Olympian Thunderer sat, upon the play\nOf arrowy lightnings -- weapons all his own --\nGazing with that dread eye which ever smiles alone.\nBelow, that wondrous beauty of the heart,\nDian of Delos, with a seraph brow,\nThrew the deep sanctity, pure thoughts impart\nOver the green vale of fountains, and the snow\nOf high Olympus. With his shaft and bow,\nApollo wandered in his matchless might.\nThe god of eloquence and song, even now\nInvoked to crown the work of minds, whom night,\nIn time's abyss, then brooded o'er with still deight.\nLimpid and laughing waters leapt and sung,\nBefore the nymphs, and summer breezes came,\nHymns of the watching heavens to chant among\nThe old and solemn woods \u2014 wild haunts of fame!\nThe birthbed of full many a deathless name\nWas hallowed first by thoughts, whence forms arose\nOf virtue, beauty, glory \u2014 all that claim\nResolve and wisdom \u2014 and each wildwood rose\nAnd oak wreath gave the power which great renown bestows.\n\nImagination's Eden \u2014 Arcady!\nThy spirit triumphs yet o'er waste and death;\nThy hallowed hills, thy pure and glorious sky,\nAnd thy great thoughts, that burned in deeds beneath,\nAnd veiled with awe and beauty rock and heath,\nTo vast renown thy chosen name have given;\nAnd not less lovely in thy victor wreath.\nBehold the bland smiles, like tender eyes of even,\nOf Oread, Dryad, Muse, robed in the hues of heaven.\nThe unsearched depth of the soul's mysteries\nWas to the men of elder time a home,\nA heaven, where dwelt their mightiest deities,\nRegents of good or ill \u2014 o'er years to come\nScattering their blight or brightness! \u2014 Ocean's foam\nGave birth to nature's crown of loveliness,\nHope was their Iris through the sky to roam.\nAnd all their simple faith could not but bless\nHearts quick to share all bliss, and soothe unshunned distress.\nWatchers and warders o'er the changing fate\nOf life's brief season \u2014 thrones of spirits blest.\nWhere envy entered not, nor rival hate,\nThe stars were hope's eternal home of rest.\nThe overwrought brain, the worn and wasted breast\nDrank in the night-song of the Pleiades,\nWhose music of the mind, like leaves caressed.\nBy zephyrs winged, at dawn, on melodies,\nElysium's soul was borne on every holy breeze.\n114 RELIGION UNREVEALED.\nThe headlong torrent with its warlike noise,\nThe brook that gurgled o'er the velvet vale,\nThe hoar and giant mountain, seen afar,\nWhose dusky summit seamen wont to hail,\nEre Tiber or Piraeus saw their sail \u2014\nThe awful forest, and romantic wood.\nEach had its god, its shrine, its song and tale.\nTwilight revealments of a restless mood,\nGentle creations of the heart's dim solitude.\nGymnosophist or gnostic never beheld\nWilder or fairer visions; every spot\nWas peopled by divinities; hills swelled\nAnd valleys glowed with grandeur; unforgot,\nMan felt his Maker everywhere, and nought\nDimmed his deep faith that they, whose features won\nHis household prayer, would guide him to a lot\nBlest as the flower that blossoms in the sun.\nWhen toil had gained its reward, and virtue's race was run.\nFear had its triumphs then \u2014 when had it not?\nCocytus, Phlegethon, the gulf of gloom,\nForm shadowless in sunlight \u2014 shades of thought!\nBut sacred sympathies o'er all did bloom;\nAnd the fair urn, unlike the mouldering tomb,\nFreshened the memory of the cherished dead:\nAnd, bending o'er it, love could still illume\nThe father's ashes, and around them shed\nThe sunbeams of the soul, that followed when he fled.\n\nRELIGION UNREVEALED.\n\nAncient romance! thy spirit over me came.\nIn early years, and many a weary hour\nHath glided by, like music, while the fame\nOf genius held me in its welcome power.\nAnd now \u2014 though shadows rest upon thy bower,\nAnd sorrow weeps o'er my vain vanished dreams \u2014\nI feel, thou hadst a great and glorious dower.\nFrom whose vast treasure, time's unnumbered streams.\nHave washed to us the gold that in our vision gleams.\nThe Father's Legacy.\nBy Hudson's glorious stream, in death's cold rest,\nThy head lies low, my great and gallant sire!\nPillowed in peace on earth's eternal breast,\nNo more thy bosom pants with hope's desire.\nNow, more than ever, doth thy name inspire,\nFor lingering years have wept above thy grave.\nAnd shed their cold dews o'er my lonely lyre,\nBut to enhance the grief that could not save.\nThe settled woe that sighs o'er Hudson's midnight wave.\nIn the first gush and glory of my years,\nEre reason glowed, or memory held her power,\nThy pale proud brow was wet with infant tears,\nAnd wild cries rose in thy deserted bower.\nOh, how the dim remembrance of that hour\nCrowds on my brain like night's most shadowy dream,\nWhen winds wail loud and o'erfraught tempests lower,\nA glimpse of glory in a meteor's gleam.\nSunlight in storms \u2014 a flower upon the rushing stream. The father's legacy.\n\nThe budding boughs, the limpid light of spring,\nThe mirrored beauty of the brimming rills,\nThe greenness and the gentle airs, that bring\nLife's golden hours again, when heavenly hills\nAnd vales bore witness to the soul that thrills\nThe heart of youth ere passion riots there \u2014\nShed o'er me now the loveliness which fills,\nAt parted seasons, such as wed despair,\nWhen being's day spring breaks and all but life is fair.\n\nYet from this scene of most surpassing love,\nNot unrefreshed, I turn to happier years,\nQuick in their flight, when through the highland grove\nI ran to meet thee with ecstatic tears.\nAnd in thine arms forgot my deepest fears!\nOh, then thou wert to me what I am now\nTo one blessed boy \u2014 my sorrow's bliss \u2014 who wears\nThe very majesty of thy high brow.\nThe pride, the thought, the power, that in thine eye did glow.\nNo proud sarcophagus thy corpse enshrines,\nNo mausoleum mocks thy mouldering dust,\nBut there the rose, amid its mazy vines,\nBlooms like thy spirit with the pure and just;\nAnd -- image of earth's high and holy trust --\nDeep verdure smiles and wafts its breath to heaven,\nAnd, holier far than antique print or bust.\nLives in my heart the portrait thou hast given,\nThe worship of pure love -- the faith of autumn's even.\n\nThy Legacy was not the gold of men,\nThe slave of pomp, the vassal of the mine,\nBut an overmastering intellect, that, when\nThe world reviled and trampled, soared divine,\nAnd stood o'erpanoplied on God's own shrine!\nThis didst thou leave me, Father, and my mind\nHas been my realm of glory -- as 'twas thine --\nThough much it irks me to have cast behind.\nThy godlike skill to quell the ills of human kind,\n'Twas thine to grapple with the fiend of gain,\n'Twas thine to toil and triumph in the field,\nIt cannot be that thou shouldst faint in pain,\nAnd like a craven, to the dastard yield;\nOn Star's mead, and in the overarching weald,\nIt hath been mine to think and to be blessed.\nAnd oft on mountain pinnacles I've kneeled\nTo pray I might be gathered to my rest\nWith glory on my brow and virtue in my breast.\nThough anguish throbs through all my bosom now,\nAnd wild tears gush whenever I think of thee,\nYet like blue heaven upon Cordilleras brow,\nThy memory clothes me with divinity.\nAnd lifts my soul beyond the things that be,\nThe strife of traffic, falsehood's common fear,\nFriendship betrayed, unguarded vassalry.\nAnd every ill, that reigns and riots here,\nIn this dark world so far from thine immortal sphere.\nMy earliest smiles were yours \u2013 my earliest thoughts,\nLike rosy light in morn's translucent sky,\nFirst from yours, my spirit's sun, were caught;\nAnd as it gleams on days that vanish by.\nIt turns to thee, my fountain shrined on high!\n\u2014 My Sister! Is she with thee? Where thou art\nThy children long to be! \u2014 On starbeams fly,\nSpirits of Love! And in my raptured heart\nMake Heaven's own music till my soul in transport parts.\nAnd teach me with an awed delight to tread\nThe darksome vale that all must tread alone,\nAnd gift me with the wisdom of the dead,\nJustly to do, yet all unjustly done,\nFreely to pardon! \u2014 Till the crown is won.\nBe with me in the errings of my lot,\nThe many frailties of thine only son.\nAnd when brief records say that he is not,\nHail his wronged spirit home where sorrow is forgot.\nTHE LAST SONG TO CLARA.\nLet no man seek henceforth to be foretold what shall befall him or his children. \u2014 Milton.\n\"Wreathe thou the laurel with the bay,\nAnd let the Poet's triumph be\nThe prelude of a lovelier day,\nThe seal of immortality!\nCrown thou the brow of thought divine\nWith glory born of mind below,\nAnd fill with gifts the holy shrine\nWhere hopeless spirits kneel and glow\u2014\nNot with the light of joy to come,\nBut in the lurid splendor cast\nO'er the wild story of their doom\nFrom the soul's morning beauty past!\nSo to lorn love thou wilt fulfill\nThe fate denied in mortal days.\nAnd bear affection's harplike thrill\nThrough all hearts in thy living lays!\"\n\nTO CLARA. 121\n\nThus, as beside the tomb of love,\nThe monument of Heloise,\nI stood in that lone hour of thought.\nWhich wafts time's shrouded memories on,\nAnd pours upon the waste of naught\nThe loveliness of rapture flown,\nOne drank from spring's all spirit air\nThe accents of a voice unheard,\nAnd clasped one bliss in life's despair.\nOne thought of joy that in me stirred.\n\"Thou of the bigot's darkened time!\"\nI murmured out a faint reply,\n\"Wert doomed to bear the brand of crime\nIn the heart's home of ecstasy;\nMartyr and missioned spirit, sent\nFrom throbbing depths of holiest skies,\nTo bless earth's love in banishment,\nAnd gladden loneliest destinies.\nCome from the fountain home of heaven,\nCome from the mountainhaunts of youth.\nAnd o'er me shed the rapture given\nTo first love in the years of truth!\nGive to the glance of memory's eye\nThe flight of hope o'er future good.\nAnd to thy temple in the sky\nSummon dark thoughts from wave and wood.\nI have often bled in bitter strife,\nI have often dwelt in a lady's bower,\nTo Clara.\nBut for this fated gift, earth's life,\n'Tis time's worst mock and hate's worst dower,\nNought in its heart but care and sorrow,\nBorn in anguish, ending in darkness,\nHaunting the footprints of tomorrow,\nFor hope toward joy in shadows tending!\nThe world can talk, but I must feel.\nAnd men can counsel while I sigh,\nWealth crowns the spirit that can kneel.\nBut genius heralds destiny.\nThey murmur error past \u2014 but how?\nI was not born to bend and bow,\nGod made me free and proud and just,\nMan, this dark thing of fire and dust \u2014\nThought comes not from the mould of earth.\nNor feeling from the merchant's mart.\nAnd Glory, wed to Mind, has birth\nAlone in grief's mausoleum heart \u2014\nWouldst thou know more? Go ask the fiend\nWhy he veiled not his seraph head.\nWhy unto man he scorned to bend The brow that heaven's own glory shed! From thy shrined tomb in Paraclete Breathe yet again thy spirit o'er me. And I may better learn to meet The storms and strife that gloom before me! Thy cloistered wisdom, vesper prayers And matin hymns of hallowed love. Shed o'er these soft translucent airs And fill me with the bliss above! Tell me once more thy pillow now Is Abelard's long widowed bosom, And smiles may light my clouded brow, And hope breathe life o'er youth's dead blossom! Doomed mid a selfish herd to tread, To loathe yet leave not life's lone way, To breathe despair among the dead, And seek the warmth, yet curse the day \u2014 To stand on midnight hills, and grasp At glory's shapes, and find them madness \u2014 This, Clara, since our last wild clasp, Has been my fate in silent sadness.\nAnd as the Meccan pilgrim wanders alone along the waste of death,\nAnd cheers him, when the sand storm ends,\nBy the blessed hope of Houri's wreath,\nSo I, through living solitude,\nThine image bear with lonely joy.\nAnd, shadowed by the ancient wood,\nPaint thy bright features on the sky.\nThen should I not invoke the past\nTo counsel and console my doom,\nAnd deem I meet thee on the waste\nWhere towers sublime love's lonely tomb,\nShall not my spirit hover o'er\nThy slumbering brow and bless thee there?\nAnd on thy children's bosoms pour\nThe incense of a holy prayer.\nSweet Clara! Let me breathe my heart\nUpon those amulets of bliss,\nAnd, through their lips, to thee impart\n124 TO CLARA.\nThe rapture of a farewell kiss!\nI seek not wisdom from the crowd\nWho laugh in woe to worship pride;\nWith the world's men I can be proud,\nAnd king with king stand side by side.\nI gaze upon the stars of God,\nAnd deem my soul hath lost its sphere,\nFor some strange crime doomed to this sod,\nBuried in doubt and darkness here;\nI sink my soul within the soul\nThat lights with heaven's revealings earth,\nAnd in the dust before The Whole\nDrop prostrate into deathless birth!\n\nBut, Clara! in the dawn of mind,\nIn the young glow, the gush of heart,\nLike music linked to autumn wind,\nOur spirits wed \u2014 and can we part?\n\nCan time's mildew or fading flight\nRuin the home of hope we built?\nAnd, as we roam through storm and night,\nOur meeting bear the curse of guilt,\n\nCan we forget how oft we met,\nHow deeply loved, how wildly mourned?\nWhen tearless grief and vain regret\nBefore love's shrine their offerings burned?\n\nCan we forget the sacred charm,\nThe midnight hush of still commune,\nWhile the heart thrilled each folded arm?\nAnd hope soared up beside the moon?\nCan we forget the starlight sail to Clara.\nOn Housatonic's azure breast?\nCan memory, mind, and love all fail\nTo tell us that we have been blessed\nThere's not a grove in Ripton's vale,\nThere's not a flower beside the river,\nThat breathes not out Love's mournful tale,\nWhen pale leaves in the cold winds quiver \u2014\nAnd shall we blot from life the hour\nThat sealed us for undying fate.\nAnd o'er the bloom of young love's bower\nCast the world's scorn and bitter hate?\nI hear a voice from oceans past,\nThe heart's knell o'er returnless years;\nI stand upon life's shoreless waste.\nThe haunt and home of buried fears;\nAnd, as pale shades of hope flit by,\nAnd love in tears slow follows on,\nMissioned to one eternity.\nThat bosoms future, present, gone,\nI cast my spirit o'er thy name.\nAnd deem me blest by love's lone tomb.\nFor you are hope and fame to me --\nThe Pleiad of the world's cold gloom!\nTo My Husband.\n\nI cannot but embrace the opportunity to present, in this work, the simple offering of a heart untainted by selfishness and unchanged by adversity when evil fortune darkened and afflictions troubled the fountain of my love.\n\nThe following verses, heretofore published, were addressed by Mrs. Jake Fairfield to the author, and may illustrate to certain men of malevolence the depth and purity of a love which they can neither appreciate nor acquire.\n\nBlessed be the hour that called thee mine,\nHallowed in green bright memory!\nWhen first we met, my heart was thine --\nHow could I choose but worship thee?\n\nToo well I felt that thou hadst loved\nSome gentle heart to sorrow given,\nAnd well I knew thou hadst bestowed\nDeep feelings that were rent and riven.\nAnd in deep truth, I loved you more,\nFor having loved as years had gone,\nFor, oh, my spirit could adore\nThe heart that throbbed so long for one.\n\nTo My Husband. 127\n\nDear destined maiden! wedded now\nTo utter misery and woe!\nI love her\u2014for she kept her vow\u2014\nThough tears from her swollen eyelids flow.\n\nGenius must suffer scorn and hate,\nAnd insult from the reptile few,\nAnd I will glory that my fate\nIs blent and blessed with one so true.\n\nI love thee that thou art not loved\nBy those whose praise is infamy;\nIt is enough that thou hast proved\nThy heart doth dwell in purity.\n\nI've heard thee branded with a lie,\nAnd witnessed many an insult given\nBy envious slanderers, who defy\nTheir God, even on His throne in Heaven!\n\nFor this, I love thee, wedded one!\nThe scorn of vice is virtue's glory;\nGrieve not o'er years of sorrow gone.\nThy name shall live in glorious story.\nI would could shield thee, chosen one!\nBy cold and cruel wrongs oppressed,\nI'd wander through the world alone,\nAnd find my heaven on thine breast.\n\nTo My Husband.\nLet me partake and soothe thy grief,\nAnd bear with thee an injured name,\nFor wealth is but a gilded leaf.\nAnd venal praise crowns not true fame.\n\nCan smiles light up thy face no more?\nMust sorrow bear thee to the tomb?\nThen while I breathe on earth's cold shore,\nHappy I'll live and share thy gloom.\n\nThy pallid brow, where genius glows,\nThy stainless heart that fears not guile,\nEach, dearer than the first spring rose,\nGlance o'er ray heart like heaven's sweet smile.\n\nThou shalt not vainly suffer hate\nFrom those who scoffed and spurned thy name,\nHeaven, with whom dwells atoning fate,\nShall pour its blessing o'er thy fame.\nCould I upbraid thee, dearest one,\n'Twould be for trusting those who hate thee;\nYet gaze not thus on evil done,\nFor perfect bliss on earth would sate thee.\nFalse men, who haunt thee and pursue,\nWith hate, thy lone and sinless way,\nCannot subdue the soul whose blossoms round thee play.\n\nTo My Husband. 129\n\nI've heard thy spirit's quivering sigh,\nAnd seen thy heart in anguish torn,\nWhen friends were far and foes were nigh.\nAnd thou wert left alone forlorn.\n\nAlone? oh, no! \u2014 not so! not so!\nFor one to love and bless was near thee,\nWho pillowed oft thy head in woe,\nAnd smiled in sadness oft to cheer thee.\n\nOft will we blend our prayers, my love,\nAnd heart in heart through being roam,\nThey reck not what the world may prove,\nWho build and share each other's home.\n\nOh! let me suffer with the just,\nWhose dowry here is nought but sorrow;\nHeaven's rainbow gleams o'er earth's cold dust,\nAnd lights the storms of life's tomorrow.\nMy heart hath felt no solitude\nWhen far from all the world save thee,\nLove, where no stranger steps intrude,\nSoars to heaven's purest ecstasy.\nTime cannot bring a change to blight\nThe love I long have borne for thee \u2014\nWhile back I gaze, with dear delight,\nOr forward on the days to be!\n\nSo when Detraction and a Cynic's tongue\nHave sunk despair unto the depth of wrong,\nBy that the eye of skill may see\nTo brave the stars, though low his passage be.\n\nOver him, to whom the heartless world appears\nOne vast aceldama of guilt and woe,\nA desert watered by the bosom's tears,\nThat long have flowed and must forever flow,\nLife's earlier hours with roselight radiance bloom.\nKindling deep incense in oblivion's urn,\nBlessed is each scene of simple, trusting youth,\nEre the heart breathes earth's thick and tainted air,\nWhen the soul bowed and worshipped holy truth.\nAnd bade its voice her oracles declare;\nBackward he gazes on life's morn, and sighs,\nAnd pours his spirit through his swimming eyes.\n\nBirthday Meditations. I3i\n\nA sunbeam hovering on its golden wing,\nMissioned from heaven to light this lowliest sphere,\nThe heart breathes music in its blossoming,\nAnd throws its beauty o'er each infant year;\nBut, like a star in mist and moorlands lost,\nIt mourns, full soon, o'er all it loved the most.\n\nQuick o'er the gloomier realms of life in mirth,\nBounding, the spirit drank the rainbow light\nOf heaven, and scattered o'er the desert earth\nFair thoughts that gushed in fountains ever bright;\nOr brightness, shadowed for a moment, wore\nA veil of sadness o'er its radiant face.\nA deeper beauty than it knew before. Through the vast, glorious depths of summer's heaven, Rush the glad musings of the high-souled boy; Wing'd spirits, harping mid the clouds of evening, Float round his path to crown his simple joy; And fancy fables what the heart desires, And songs of rapture gush from golden lyres. Then Nature triumphs: forest, field and grove, Mountain and vale and ocean's pebbled shore, All breathe out blessedness and hope and love, Like Delphi and Dodona's woods of yore; And magic sounds from the stirred foliage flow. The wild billows, murmuring as they glow.\n\nLove, truth and purity impart their sweet\nAnd holy light to all they look upon,\nChildhood blesses all its wanderings meet,\nLeaving a track of rays when years have gone;\nThat when the bosom bleeds and thought grows cold.\nWe may look back and feel as we felt of old.\nGrief touches but taints not the budding heart;\nQuick tears start only from the flashing eye;\nSoon from young spirits mournful thoughts depart,\nLike melting vapors from the morning sky;\nThe radiant sunlight of the pure mind throws\nA glorious beauty o'er our darkest woes.\n'Tis the wide pestilence of sin that makes\nThis world the desert and the doom it is; \u2014\nDark wanders midnight Fraud \u2014 and Baseness slakes\nIts goul thirst in the nectar of our bliss; \u2014\nA Section shrinks \u2014 cold interest frowns on truth.\nAnd love turns weeping to the bowers of youth.\nThere memory lingers o'er the hoarded words\nOf sages old, the Pleiades of earth;\nAnd thoughts, that pierce like skilled and mirror'd swords,\nFrom the heart's sepulchre in clouds come forth;\nHoar wisdom and romance beneath the spell.\nOf music and virtue cries, \" 'tis well.\" Birthday Meditations. 133 But soon from phantom dreams of happier days We turn, like pilgrims, from the desert's fountain; Hope faintly lights our lone and wandering ways Over the steep rocks and thorns of grief's bleak mountain; Prudence and knowledge, gods of guilt and gain, Fierce tyrants, rise and revel in our pain. Alas! a child, I sighed to be a man; \u2014 I little knew the meaning of my prayer; \u2014 I recked not as in youth's greenwood paths I ran, How soon the clouds of ill would darken there! Sigh not for years \u2014 to tell thee life is woe \u2014 Change, anguish, death \u2014 all thou canst feel below! Sketches in Prose. Probably, the subsequent articles will prove as entertaining as any poem. And they will serve a double purpose in this volume \u2014 though other-\nThe young poets of Britain.\n\nShelley, the eldest son of a British baronet, began his fatal career by espousing the most dreadful doctrines in morals, politics, and religion. While yet a youthful member of the university, with a daring temerity not more reprehensible for its impiety than its folly, he compiled from the works of the French and German atheists and printed and published a pamphlet. Every line of which was equally odious to the rational unbeliever and the true-hearted Christian.\n\nThough yet in his boyhood, when Shelley was summoned before the magnates of his college to answer to the general accusation.\nHe openly defied the gray-haired theologians and attempted to vindicate the creed of Voltaire. The immediate consequence of his foolhardiness was easily imagined; he was expelled from the university, shunned by former friends, deserted by his father, and driven forth upon the world, without wisdom to direct or funds to support him. 'The world was not his friend nor the world's law;' his unreserved opinions were directly opposed to the established religious and political canons of his native land, and in the recklessness of unrelieved distress, he was fain to adopt the society and profligate career of associates, who were unrestrained in their excesses by any present or future fear. Thus the natural but impolitic course of events led him to this state.\nThe indignation of his father only ratified the evil he intended to correct, and haughty impenitence sprang up beneath the burden of his misery. Mankind, despite scorn, might be instructed by example; but age follows age, and generation after generation disappears, and the same follies are still predominant. Punishment, to be salutary, should be tempered by mercy, especially when inflicted by a paternal hand; for ten thousand instances illustrate the unremembered truth, that the fiery spirit of youth can never be redeemed from the peril of disobedience by the stern commands or even the curses of a father. Forgetful of this, the offended baronet offered his outcast son no refuge from his miseries, sought no knowledge of his pursuits, and appeared regardless of the fate that might attend him.\nFrom the deep humiliation of a spirit, waiting to be received again, to the dark haughtiness of a banished heart, there is a quick and fearful transition. Day followed day not more regularly than Shelley listened for the knock of the postman; but no tidings came. He inquired; his father had been in London, but had gone again. He wrote, but no answer followed. His humble spirit was exasperated; he earned money by advocating atheism and opposing government in the radical prints. He felt abandoned, and in turn, he abandoned all who had ceased to care for him. In a twelvemonth, he ran away from London with a boarding-school beauty, and spent many months in Scotland with as much pleasure as unwedded lovers, who live in defiance of God's laws, can expect to receive from His hand.\nHe had put the seal on his father's ban, but he little cared what he or the world thought, as long as he was blessed by the smiles of his beloved. These were to vanish soon. During his temporary absence, the partner in his guilt, actuated by the horror of her situation, threw herself into a deep river and was brought out a corpse. On such a mind as Shelley's, this awful consummation was calculated to produce the most disastrous effects. Trouble and affliction, however accumulated, never melted his nature nor rendered it pliable to the touches of reason and loving-kindness. He gazed upon each successive stroke of the thunderbolt, upon each molehill added to the mountain of his curses, as a newer and more exciting impulse to revenge; and the most charitable construction we can extend to his nature.\nThe belief that his manifold disasters, vicissitudes, and trials thoroughly deranged his mind led him to view the world as his sworn enemy. He plunged into the darkness of his creed, reveling in unintelligible mysteries, and recited his woes in most touching strains. The bitterness of his spirit pervaded every stanza of his poetry. His mind was restless, seeking relief from anything that could engage its powers. His fine energies were wasted in bewildered gropings through the darkness of future destiny and moaning discontent over everything on earth. He rushed from England to Italy and from Italy to England, like an unblessed spirit. Neither the charms of Byron nor the beauty of Italy could bring him peace.\nRon's friendship and Leigh Hunt's kind-heartedness could not compose his troubled mind or relieve his bursting heart. Like Savage, he wandered beyond the knowledge of his friends, and more than once, the heir of a baronetcy and \u00a33000 a year was doomed to make the streets of London his only shelter, while cold and hungry, weary and alone.\n\nIn the midst of these distresses, his \"Queen Mab\" appeared; and the withering severity of all orthodox reviewers attended his poem with the same immitigable reiteration as persecution pursued the ill-fated but gifted author. The metaphysical mysteriousness, the sceptical sentiments, the vague terrors and churchyard horrors of that poem were all obvious to the dimmest perception, while its hidden beauty, its delicate refinement of thought and imagery, and its admirable idiomatic style were as little perceptible to the uncomprehending critics.\nsuperficial readers, as the clear water of the river is to the clown who hobbles over the ice. Shelley was disgusted with society in all its forms; he was dissatisfied with the existence of everything natural, moral, and political. He confounded the reformer with the poet, and, in the latter capacity, imagined an Arcadian Utopia, which, in the former, he proposed to people with every grace and charity. His deviations from the canons of criticism and the social laws were soon deterred by the giants who guarded them; and the friendless poet was thrown back upon himself with a mighty arm which might have crushed him but dared not.\n\nSketches in Prose. 139.\n\nAlter almost incredible sufferings from poverty and persecution, Shelley was partially reconciled to his father; and about the same time, he allied himself to the beautiful, Harriet Westbrook.\nDaughter of William Godwin and Mary Wolstonecraft, accomplished and gifted, Miss Godwin was educated in her mother's intellectual but erring doctrines and inherited her father's strong prejudices. She affected to despise the chains of matrimony and rise above the common vassalage of her sex. Though she was the same faithful and devoted wife before and after the consummation of marriage, she did not pause to consider the moral ruin the universal adoption of her creed and practice would spread over the world. It is lamentable that Godwin's deism and Wolstonecraft's libertinism were associated in such a mind as Miss Godwin's with Shelley's self-accredited irresponsible atheism. Had her deep affections united her lawfully to a pious and kindred heart, they might have been a formidable force for good.\nShe had won her to the cross she trampled on, and the God whose being she denied; but, fascinated by Shelley's intellectual qualities, and content to follow her mother's example, she debased the spirit that might have soared to heaven and lost the friendship of all who respected the institutions of the society they adorned.\n\nOn a large annuity allowed him by his father, Shelley, with Miss Godwin, removed into the country. Many months passed away more happily than the misguided poet had hitherto experienced. There he produced many poems, and among others, that wonderful creation of genius, \"Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude.\"\n\nIn this strange emanation of his power, the poet wandered through those invisible regions and drank at those fountains of early light, where his spirit always revels.\nThe poem is filled with ecstasy. Throughout it, the poet has scattered beautiful descriptions, but we often turn away in wonder at its introduction. The splendor of his imagination gleams upon a mass of broken gems\u2014gorgeous but valueless. The gloom of his doubting heart hangs over his highest thoughts, like smoke over the triumph of death. He yearns after something beyond attainment, and, like all who pursue the dictates of abstruse argument rather than the impulse of an incorruptible heart, he is invariably unhappy, while he exerts all the power of his mind to make his reader so. Leigh Hunt esteems this poem as one of the finest productions of the age. We do not object to the language, for that is pure old English, but to the dark thoughts and heathen sentiments of \"Alastor,\" and these will forever deter the Christian from its perusal.\nThe tragedy \"The Cenci,\" produced around this time, is pronounced by all who have read it as one of the most powerful plays in English literature. Its characters are beautifully delineated, the plot artfully managed, and the denouement judiciously accomplished. Had Shelley always written like this or never written anything more, \"The Cenci\" might have held that exalted rank on the stage and in the closet, from which it is now excluded by the name of the author.\n\nUnaccustomed to economy and, like all men of genius, profuse, Shelley was soon reduced to perplexing straits and obliged to leave England to recruit his resources.\nShelley in Italy became friends with Byron, and his wounded spirit was frequently consoled by Byron's honest praises. Byron admired Shelley's genius but deprecated his sentiments, as Shelley's master-genius never wandered from a secret credence or perhaps apprehension of the truth revealed. His mind was too exalted not to seek an Almighty mind, and we have abundant reason to believe that, in his latter years, he often lamented the skepticism of his youth. The remainder of Shelley's brief and tumultuous life was spent in quiet, but his mind was more active than ever in the propagation of radicalism and infidelity. \"The Revolt of Islam\" would do great injury to young minds if comprehended with less study than Newton's Principia, but fortunately the very title is incomprehensible to the ordinary mind.\nreaders, and the whole production is a mass of splendid absurdity. The most beautiful language is enjoyed without purpose, and the finest images are brought forth to array his visions of a political millennium.\n\nThe last production of Shelley was his elegy on the death of Keats. It is equally remarkable for its singular poetic beauty and its severe criticism of Croker, the savage reviewer of Keats. Mournfully he laments his departed friend, without apprehending that his words would soon be applicable to himself. Even while he poured out his lamentations, the doom had gone forth against him \u2014 and it was speedily fulfilled.\n\nWhen he parted from Mrs. Shelley (such, at his request, she had become), to go upon a sailing excursion with Captain Williams, he little thought that a strict account of his actions would soon be demanded from him.\nThe thoughts and actions of Shelley would be necessary before they met again. The day was beautiful with a serene sky, but a sudden gust of wind arose, causing the boat to upset and drowning Shelley and his friends. After a long immersion, Shelley's body was found and buried by Byron. His wife returned to London with their two children. \"A man with the talents of an angel may be a fool\"; we wish Mrs. Shelley would remember that a man can be the same, and present the world with no more works like \"Valperga\" and \"The Last Man.\" She possesses a noble mind and writes with almost unequaled power, but she, as well as Lady Morgan, must have discovered that the wanton sacrifice of all the heart (the household female heart, especially) holds invaluable and sacred value, and tends to recommend her writings to fewer millions whose only happiness lies beyond this world.\nLord Craig provided a brief and affecting biography of Michael Bruce before his poems. Michael Bruce was the son of a humble and pious Scottish cottager. The father restricted his own limited expenditures to give his son a free education. His high expectations for his son were dashed when consumption took the life of the scholar and poet in his twenty-first year. Michael Bruce's poetry was mostly composed while he suffered under the influence of the disease. He moved among the woods, holding eloquent communion with nature, or talked of earthly bliss to his love, who well knew his fate.\nHe was journeying to a happier world, which was soft, kind, and gentle, as his own heart - gentle as the summer's rivulet, bright as the moonbeam that shone upon his wanderings, and melancholy as the poor girl who mournfully listened to his tale of hope. He never spoke of fame, but his whole spirit glowed with the fire that lights the altar of immortality. With him, life had no cares, no agitations, no remorse; and he avoided all anxious thoughts by sending forth his spirit to admire the works of God and resigning himself wholly to His will. The genius of Michael Bruce and that of the young German poet, Kbrner, were remarkably in contrast. Unlike the gallant hero of the sword and lyre, his spirit shrank from war and tumult, and he enjoyed pleasure as exquisitely on his still and lonely bed.\nof lingering death, as the soul of Kb'ner thrilled, when it parted from the battlefield to seek its everlasting abode. In one, all was mildness and simplicity; in the other, patriotism and sublimity. Each was fitted for his station: Bruce to console and comfort his weeping mother, from whom he was soon to part; Kb'ner to claim admiration and to perpetuate an exalted fame. With calm philosophy, or rather Christian resignation, Bruce wanders and moralizes among the woods and waters of \"Lochleven,\" with martial gallantry. Kb'ner wakes his countrymen to avenge their rights by the trumpet notes of his \"Wild hunting of Lutzow.\" In his parting elegy, Bruce bids a tender, pathetic, and holy farewell to all he loves on earth, and sinks to his final rest, mourned, but not lamented; Kb'ner lies.\nCharles Wolfe, wounded on the cold ground at Aspern and pours forth his last hymn to the God of battles, with the same sublime genius that marked his brief but bright career. They both fell in their youth, they both were devout Christians. The German hero's path blazed with a grander light, but the mild radiance of the Scottish poet comes over the heart like a dream of beauty.\n\nCharles Wolfe, author of \"The Burial of Sir John Moore,\" was not less remarkable for his modesty than his genius and erudition. His few poems were produced at long intervals and suggested more by opportune occasion or irresistible inspiration than any desire for fame. Devoting himself equally to his duties in the college and the church, he was not less coy with the muses than they are reputed to be with their votaries. He felt that higher duties claimed him.\nOffices more than any pertaining to the minstrel or poet had been assumed and must be maintained by him. He was not hurried away by that desire of distinction, which has too often rendered the poet unhappy, but accomplished the tasks which he assumed, with the same patience that marked the labors of Gray. During the angry contention among impudent competitors for the honor of having produced \"The Burial of Sir John Moore,\" Mr. Wolfe entertained a modest opinion of his inimitable poem, that he did not deem it worth notoriety to claim the authorship; but his friends, when he was no more, rescued this imperishable monument to his genius from the hasty clutch of imposters and exposed them to the shame they so deeply merited. Such an instance of unconscious power and disregard of distinction is seldom met with.\nThe poems of Wolfe are characterized by simplicity of expression, strong sentiment, purity, and pathos. His images are not huddled one upon another in undistinguishable redundancy, but shadowed among his thoughts, like moonlit scenes in the woods. He discourses on human mutability with the jealous beauty, not with the stern austerity of a precisian, but the gentle persuasion of a philosopher and a Christian divine. Unlike the polemicist, who loses all discretion in his zeal, he does not hurry into the noisy din of strife, resolved to be victor or vanquished; but meets his opponent on neutral ground, and sends him back to his entrenchments ashamed to protract the warfare. He advances no opinion, however indisputable, in direct defiance of prejudice, but, lamenting his dissent from the fond belief of others, gradually.\nAllies correct their errors and win them to the cause of truth. His writings prove him to be a meek and untiring apostle of his faith. The premature death of this individual is to be lamented by the lover of genuine poetry and by those who wish well to the interest of piety and virtue. Of all Wolfe's productions, \"The Burial of Sir John Moore\" has acquired and deserved the highest reputation. It is brief, but admirable; not an image is misapplied; not a word is expletive. It moves with a solemn pomp like the burial it describes; and touches, by its pathos, the finest sympathies of the heart. All customary obsequies are dispensed with, and the noble chief is buried as he fell. By this sublime hymn of death, Wolfe has immortalized both his own and the name of his hero. No British soldier mourned him more than the men who served under his command.\nI. Sketches in Prose\n\nThe name of Corunna brings to mind the memory of Sir John Moore, the heroic captain and accomplished scholar, and the Reverend Charles Wolfe, the unpretending poet of his renown. The beautiful skies of literature are often darkened by storms of passion, interest, and revenge, but the annals of letters cannot record a more fearful sacrifice to unprincipled vengeance than the fine-minded and unfortunate Keats. His pure spirit allied itself with the kindred mind of Shelley, without imbibing contamination from his principles. His heart was ever reaching after a purer state of morals and society, but he did not scorn or shun the institutions of existing polity. The dim genius of antiquity hovered over his thoughts, and he basked in the imaginative glories of forgotten days. He shrank from the follies and excesses of modern life.\nand he was surrounded by crimes and sought refuge from their influence in the dreams and oracles of other years. While he revived the beautiful and majestic imaginings of the olden time and labored to inculcate their high doctrines upon modern degeneracy, he was bitterly persecuted by the critical satrap of a mercenary government. This man, in addition to the hireling vindictiveness of office, harbored the envy of a low-minded literary rival. The fine sensibilities of Keats were wantonly sacrificed at the shrine of policy, while Croker exultingly performed the executioner's office.\n\nA proud and dignified independence breathes through all of Keats' productions; however, there is nothing in his \"Endymion,\" \"The Eve of St. Agnes,\" or the unfinished \"Hyperion,\" which could, in any possible degree, justify the privileged virulence of the Quarterly.\nHigh church Tories, whose faith rests on obsolete usages, may have found little entertainment in the writings of this gifted youth. However, the bitterness of the undistinguished invective they lavished upon him has long ago recoiled upon themselves with tenfold energy. There can be little doubt that the deep distress and despondency which terminated Keats' life were primarily occasioned by the relentless persecutions that followed his writings. This is not the only instance of premature death caused by the perfidy and vindictiveness of partisan malevolence secretly operating through the spirit of literature.\n\nThe clear genius of the poet was clouded, and his spirit broken by the infinite contumelies of his enemies. The demon of party snatched him from his studies, arrested his creative flow.\nHis composition of \"Hyperion\" led to his banishment to the continent. There, he lingered for a while before departing to a happier world, in the prime of his youth and the vigor of his hopes. The savage decree of his foes was fulfilled \u2013 the sacrifice was performed. Woe to those who officiated the fiendish rites! Let the poet be judged by himself. What can be more distinct, beautiful, and true than this address to the nightingale:\n\n\"Thou wast not born for death, immortal bird!\nNo hungry generations tread thee down;\nThe voice I heard this passing night, was heard\nIn ancient days, by emperor and clown;\nPerhaps the self-same song that found a path\nThrough the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home.\nShe stood in tears amid the alien corn.\"\n\nFurther on, we find a most original and beautiful metaphor:\nA rare thing; beauty sleeping is,\nAs if a rose would shut, and be a bud again.\nThe dethronement of Saturn by Jupiter,\nIs the subject of Hyperion. How awfully distinct are the images of the poet, as he guides the imagination to the refuge of the fallen god:\n\n\"Deep in the shady sadness of the vale,\nFar sunken from the healthy breath of morn,\nFar from the fiery noon and eve's lone star,\nSat grey-haired Saturn, quiet as a stone,\nStill as the silence round about his lair;\nForest on forest hung about his head,\nLike cloud on cloud. No stir of air was there,\nNot so much life as on a summer's day\nRob not one light seed from the feathered grass,\nBut where the dead leaf fell, there did it rest.\"\n\nUpon the sodden ground\nHis old right hand lay, nerveless, listless, dead.\nUnsceptered he was, with realmless closed eyes;\nHis bowed head seemed listening to the earth.\nHis ancient mother, for some comfort yet.\nHe describes Saturn's empress, and then proceeds:\n\"How beautiful if sorrow had not made\nSorrow more beautiful than beauty's self!\nThere was a listening fear in his regard.\nAs if calamity had but begun;\nAs if the banward clouds of evil days\nHad spent their malice, and the sullen roar\nWas with its stored thunder laboring up.\"\nYet the poet, who was equal to sustained\nAnd continued passages like these, fell a victim\nTo the cold-blooded atrocity of a cringing office-holder,\nTo the malignity and envy of Croker, Secretary of the Admiralty.\nSo long as literature and the fine arts\nAre made the vehicles of political and religious intolerance and calumny\u2014\nSo long as genius is subjected to such treatment.\nsacrificed on the altar of Belial and Mammon \u2014 so long as personal animosity guides the pen of the public reviewer, the difficulties to be surmounted, the trials to be borne, and the dangers to be resisted in the pathway of poetry, will deter most men of genius and sensibility from the conflict.\n\nScenes in Prose. 149.\n\nThey will be more disposed to leave the gory arena to the Quarterly gladiators alone, and seek, in the bosom of retirement, that quiet happiness which seldom visited the heart of the unhappy Keats.\n\nLiterary biography furnishes no particular account of Herbert Knowles; all we know of him is, that he was a contemplative young man, who resided in the vicinity, and was accustomed to frequent the churchyard of Richmond.\n\nAt what period he was born, how he lived, or when he died, we know not. Like Grant, the author of the most celebrated works, Herbert Knowles remains a mystery.\nThe Oxford prize poem he produced, he threw all his energies into one masterful effort, achieved the victory, and disappeared forever. His genius does not glow with the fervor of a Milton, but the pathos and power of his thoughts and imagery are touching, because they are true. The \"Churchyard\" is an energetic epitome of the vanity of human hopes and wishes. To what should a tabernacle be built in that solemn realm of death? To ambition? oh, no! He is \"To the meanest of reptiles a peer and a prey.\" To beauty? no, To pride? wherefore? To him nothing is or can be allowed, but \"The long windingsheet and the fringe of the shroud.\" To riches, alas, nothing remains to them but \"The tinsel that shone on the dark coffin-lid.\" To love? in that awful hour of silence, \"Friends, brothers, and sisters, are laid side by side.\"\nNone have saluted, and none have replied.1.50 .SKETCHES IN PROSE.\nHe resolves to build the three tabernacles to Hope, Faith, and the Lamb of the Sacrifice. The conception of this poem is admirable, and its execution is remarkable for the simplicity of style, and for the strength and beauty of expression. It remains a durable monument to the memory of a name which, after all, is the glorious ultimatum of incessant aspirations, struggles, and trials.\nOn a rational review of the history of literature, we become more and more persuaded that he who \"devotes the energies of his mind, and the treasures of his knowledge, to the acquisition merely of fame, is misguided and unwise. While a satisfactory proportion of just applause follows the steady and pleasurable exercise of the cultivated intellect,\nLife glides on peacefully, and literature largely contributes to its enjoyment. But the restlessness of ambition, the quenchless thirst of vanity, the one unvarying desire to acquire notoriety at any expense, inevitably subject the wretched devotee to innumerable disappointments and vexations. Amid the comforts of a well-spent life, it is pleasant to anticipate the applause of posterity. But during the tumult of persecution, and in the dust of the garret, the honors that may be awarded to our ashes are empty as thin air.\n\nJohn Howard Payne.\n\nUnder auspicious circumstances, it is a pleasant thing to make a tour and take a whirl, To learn bon ton and see the world \u2014 for our admiration of novel beauties counteracts the numerous vexations to which we are exposed, and, while contemplating the glories of the past, we almost forget the suffering.\nThe present's trivial annoyances of gendarmes and sub-prefectures frequently awaken us from our dreams of other times, but the intensity of delight soon erases these evils from the mind. It is exhilarating to visit strange places; imaginary pictures are displayed before living realities, and we turn and turn from one to the other, pleased alike with the verisimilitude and the contrast. The longing curiosity, which has haunted our dreams for years, is gratified in its full extent; and though this gratification is often associated with melancholy feelings, yet the enthusiastic consciousness that we tread upon holy ground\u2014ground sanctified by the blood of patriots and martyrs\u2014fills the heart with the glory of departed ages, and guides us to a proud participation in the honors of the dead. The venerable abodes of those who have lived noble lives.\nThe memory of Howard Payne, who has passed away, vividly suggests remembrance of their lives and deeds. Every ruin inspires our hearts with high resolves to follow the pathway of the wise and good. There is a mentor in every trace of a good man's footsteps; there is a high reward for all who revere the memory and imitate the example which he leaves behind. The ancient chamber where the just man dwelt is more eloquent in its ruin than the most seraphic sublimity that ever fell from the lips of Bordaloue. The thoughts of our minds blend insensibly with the hopes and fears, the troubles and trials of other beings in other times. As we tread the same ground which they trod, it behooves us to feel the influence of their example and direct our course toward the same mansion of rest.\nThe sensitive heart will feel the influence of the penates and demons alike. Though the persons have disappeared, their specters are present still, and we can almost hear the prayer of the holy and the anathema of the unjust man ring through the antique dwellings where we tread with reverential awe or thrilling abhorrence.\n\nThe first peculiar object that attracts the stranger's attention in Paris is the immense height of the houses. The next is the suspension of the lamps at the altitude of nearly forty feet across the streets. The third is the disgusting filth that prevails everywhere in the shadows of the night.\nWe reached the London Hotel as darkness fell around us. The lamps' streaming lights illuminated the dangers of our path as we crossed the boulevard des Italiens and entered the echoing courtyard of our lodgings. We were then led up a long staircase and through countless corridors, eventually bringing us to our exalted apartments. Upon entering, we noticed the floors were tiled, lacking even an apology for a carpet. Sensitively feeling the April weather, we requested a fire. The French chambermaid stared at us as if we had asked for a miracle until our request was repeated. She then left the room muttering something about fogs, roshif, and Monsieur Anglais.\n\nJohn Howard Payne. 153.\nThe word \"comfort\" is forbidden among the French; it does not belong to their vocabulary; it is an alien to their hearts! So that their tiles are finely polished, and their beds well adorned, and their rooms hung round with mirrors, it matters not if the lattices are half closed in a chilly day, or if an ague should follow the discomfort of a night's unrest. We were sufficiently acquainted with the vexations of traveling, however, to avoid the latter evil; and we awakened in the morning, relieved from the fatigues of our journey, and prepared to enjoy the novelty of our new situation.\n\nCoffee is a sine qua non among the French; and they may well boast of its excellence. He who has partaken of this delicious beverage in Paris would scarcely endure the mockery among any other people. To drink French coffee!\nFrom Severes porcelain is indeed a luxury. Our breakfast had just concluded, when John Howard Payne, our distinguished countryman, called upon me. He had received my introductory letters on the preceding evening; and the readiness with which he fulfilled his duties as a gentleman dissipated, at once, all the idle falsehoods by which his enemies in London had labored to blast his character. Modest yet self-possessed; instructive in conversation, yet scorning all display; Mr. Payne delights the stranger as much by the qualities of his heart as the vigor of his mind. We recognize the writer and admire his powers, but it is reserved for the man to complete the satisfaction we enjoy.\n\nYet no one has been more frequently and bitterly assailed by Grub-street lampooners and merciless creditors. His\n\n(Note: The text appears to be complete and does not require cleaning beyond removing the \"Note\" and any formatting.)\nName has been uttered as a word of scorn by the lowest and vilest of our species. His moral and literary character has suffered alike from the shafts of ridicule, the unfeeling attacks of the envious, and the cold treachery of pretended friends. There are always certain low-born detractors in every community, who burrow for falsehoods \u2014 who banquet on lies \u2014 to whom the bread of life is the destruction of genius. These insolent pests always scatter abuse on the fairest characters, and make up in vituperation what they lack in truth. But Mr. Payne is above the influence of their malevolent injustice; they can inflict no injury on a man who could be amenable to their attacks only by adopting their society.\n\nDuring my residence in the French capital and in Versailles, I had very frequent opportunities to observe the persecution of merit.\nI cannot withhold my testimony to the generous traits of character and intellectual ability of Mr. Payne. It is his misfortune that his considerate profusion sometimes degenerates into inappropriate joy, and that his intellectual ability is often misapplied to unprofitable and unbefitting purposes. There are hearts in this cold world so callous and obdurate - so utterly insensible to the outpourings of an inspired nature - as to confound the impulsive errors of a noble mind with the deliberate crimes of an unprincipled character. It has been the destiny of Mr. Payne to encounter such hypocritical pretenders to martyr-like sanctity, and from their holy zeal, he has suffered in the same degree as all must who madly confide in the promises of false friends.\nThe fanatics' confessions reveal nothing good beneath the heaven they aspire to reach. Things are unequally and strangely distributed in this world. It is almost inexplicable why generosity is paralyzed by lack of means, or why the possession of the power to be benevolent excludes the inclination. Mr. Payne's income (which could be significantly increased with more worldly wisdom) is insufficient to achieve his benevolent purposes, resulting in the kind of trouble that compelled Sir Richard Steele to write a pamphlet in one sitting and kept Dr. Johnson in uninterrupted seclusion in St. Lambert's dreary alley for an extended period.\n\nFor an impartial observer, it is not difficult to trace the aberrations that lead to disappointment, though the causes may be complex.\nwindings of the path are often imperceptible to the traveller, yet distinctly visible to all who are free to mark the objects in his way. Although Mr. Payne may be unwilling to believe that his departure from the Haymarket Theatre was the proximate cause of much distress, all who feel an interest in his welfare are ready to aver it with deep regret. As an actor and manager, he attained distinction, influence, and income which he could never enjoy as a dramatist. Formed for activity, and only happy when full of employment, Mr. Payne soon grew fat and indolent amid his sedentary advocations, and deferred opportunities of splendid success till the period had gone by. Let this be understood as derogating from his merit as an author; his powers are not limited to his ordinary pursuits.\nBut he is restricted by those pursuits to a narrow compass, and lowered to the petty standard of interested opinions. As a mere translator and copyist, he never can acquire renown; the faults, moral and literary, of the authors whom he translates, are always imputed to him, while the beauties are invariably assigned to the original writer. His profits as a dramatist must always be insignificant, for he exercises little vigilance over his productions, and his labors have more frequently conduced to the independent livelihood of others than his own. He is therefore abused for opinions which he did not utter, and persecuted for errors which he did not commit. He will not return to his own country, for he fears that everyone has forgotten him; he will not resume his station on the boards, for he is too corpulent.\nHamlet ; and he will not adopt original dramatic composi- \ntion, for it is too laborious. Thus he shuts himself out \nfrom the favours of his countrymen and the applause of the \npublic ; thus he fritters away his gifts in an unprofitable \ncause, and despises that worldly wisdom which might have \nconducted him to opulence. \nJOHN HOWARD PAYNE. ]57 \nBut he errs more in respect to his own welfare than to- \nwards his friends or the world ; and therefore, while all who \nregard him cannot but blame his improvidence, and lament \nhis indolent misapplication of no ordinary powers, they are \ncompelled to admire his generosity, his magnanimity, his \ntruth and honour \u2014 and to reverence the man, whose suf- \nferings, however produced, are restricted to himself \u2014 but \nwhose honours, worthily acquired, are reflected on the \ncountries of his birth and adoption. \nCONTENTS. \nDedication 3 \n[Abaddon, the Spirit of Destruction, The Heart's Apocalypse, Despondency, The Imperial Sacrifice, The Last Hour of the Poles, Memory's Revealings, The Eudaemonist, Sunset at Sea, Stanzas (written in the Park of Versailles), The Disinterred Mastodon, The Dawn of the Decade, Religion Unrevealed, Birthday Meditations, Sketches in Prose - Young Poets of Britain, John Howard Payne, Wis]\n\n'!H;!!iJi!i!i;ii!ia;ii-i5ia;HijsiHl!Si;!;S!Uii'\n\n(Note: The last entry appears to contain gibberish and may not be part of the original text.)", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"language": "fre", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1830", "subject": "Rome -- History", "title": "Abre\u0301ge\u0301 de l'histoire romaine", "lccn": "04036648", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST010291", "call_number": "5861204", "identifier_bib": "00089038765", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "publisher": "Avallon, Comynet", "description": "p. cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2018-11-19 17:37:03", "updatedate": "2018-11-19 18:33:57", "updater": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "identifier": "abregedelhistoir00unse_1", "uploader": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "addeddate": "2018-11-19 18:33:59", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "tts_version": "1.62-final-2-g3110b6e", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "246", "scandate": "20181219180149", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-jillian-davis@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20181231080226", "republisher_time": "1058", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/abregedelhistoir00unse_1", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t0ns86f5c", "openlibrary_edition": "OL26630447M", "openlibrary_work": "OL18146791W", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html", "curation": "[curator]associate-manuel-dennis@archive.org[/curator][date]20190211190211[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201901[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190131", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156042803", "backup_location": "ia906804_11", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "68", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1830, "content": "ABR\u00c9G\u00c9 \nL\u2019HISTOIRE ROMAINE, \nA L\u2019USAGE \nDES \u00c9L\u00c8VES DE L\u2019ANCIENNE \u00c9COLE \nROYALE MILITAIRE. \nFaisant partie dit Cours d\u2019\u00c9t\u00fcdes, l\u00e9dig\u00e9et \ncette \u00e9cole . \nimprim\u00e9 pour \nNOUVELLE \u00c9DITION. \nVALLON, \n, IMPRIMEUR -LIBRAIRE. \nABR\u00c9G\u00c9 \nDE \nrca \nObservations pr\u00e9liminaires. \nLes premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es de Rome sont couvertes de \nt\u00e9n\u00e8bres et d\u2019incertitudes. Son premier historien, Fabius \nPictor , vivait du temps de la seconde guerre punique, \nplus de cinq cents ans apr\u00e8s la fondation de cette ville. \nCombien de traditions fabuleuses ont du se r\u00e9pandre, \nlorsque l\u2019ignorance de la vraie foi rendait les esprits \naccessibles \u00e0 tous les genres d\u2019erreur, lorsque l\u2019idol\u00e2trie \ndes peuples facilitait aux ambitieux t ous les moyens de \ncommander \u00e0 leur croyance, lorsque l\u2019\u00e9criture \u00e9tait \nrare et que les monumens \u00e9taient pleins de merveil\u00ac \nleux! Encore ces monumens, au rapport de Titc-Live, \nThey nearly all perished in the fire ignited by the Gauls. From this came the extraordinary tales received by historians; from this, countless accumulated prodigies without a shadow of likelihood. Rome believed itself divine; it adopted all that flattered its prejudices. If the date of Rome's foundation is uncertain, at least it varies by only a small number of years. The most probable opinion fixes it at the beginning of the fourth year of the sixth olympiad, 753 BC. All peoples were believed to be favored by the same heaven, or, if you will, divine in their origin. Whence comes the universality of such a belief? It undoubtedly goes back, as we need not doubt, to the common tradition of the human race, from the time of F, H, Jcuiffevt, Rech. <\u00a3e la Religion. J >\n\n2 HISTORY of Rome.\n\n120 years before Jesus-Christ, and 140 years before Solon.\ndon't confuse the numbers. Commonly dated from the year of Rome and before Lan, before Jesus-Christ. To avoid this number confusion, one can limit oneself to the simpler method: subtract the number representing the Roman date.\n\nThis abbreviated timeline will be divided into three eras: kings, republic, emperors.\n\nRomulus. >\nFIRST EPOCH.\n755 years before Jesus-Christ.\nTHE KINGS.\n(A space of 44 years.)\nRomulus.\n\nRomulus founded his greatness on the oracles of the gods. She wanted to descend from Aeneas; she made Mars, the god, her father; she had him nursed by a she-wolf. It is the father of gods and men who promised her, from her origin, the most powerful nation. Amid these fables, we see Romulus, the chief of brigands, murderer of Remus, his brother.\nBrother, build cabins on a land belonging to the city of Albe in Italy, and found, with approximately three thousand men, a state that was to engulf the largest monarchies. One sees him increasing the number of his subjects, opening an asylum for all foreign lawbreakers and fugitives who wished to obey him. The Sabines refuse him women: he attracts them to games, he forcibly takes their daughters, he makes them wives of his soldiers. Returning to the source of Rome's origin:\n\n(1) It is possible that these fugitives, these supposed lawbreakers, were nothing more than subjects of neighboring countries, driven out of their homes, and seeking refuge among the Romans.\n\nAnno Romae.\n\nScs ooiu-\nmcacmtai.\n\nHistory of Rome.\nPolitics of\nHomuhis.\n\nIf this semeiu\nVoinoir de Home jy Armi les villes de la grande Gr\u00e8ce, qui comprenaient \nz'7'' les c\u00f4tes m\u00e9ridionales de Htalie, Tarente, colonie de \nSparte, se distinguait par son opulence, son luxe, ses \nt J P^a^s*rs son orgueil. Elle m\u00e9prisait les Romains \ncomme des barbares; elle les ha\u00efssait comme conqu\u00e9- 1 \nrans. Les Tarentins ayant insult\u00e9 quelques gal\u00e8res de \nRome qui se pr\u00e9sentaient devant le port, mirent le \ncomble \u00e0 cet outrage en insultant des ambassadeurs \nde la r\u00e9publique charg\u00e9s de leur demander satisfac\u00ac \ntion. Un d\u2019eux salit m\u00eame de son urine la robe de \nPostumius, chef de l\u2019ambassade. Le peuple applaudit \navec de grands \u00e9clats de rire. Fiiez maintenant , s\u2019\u00e9\u00ac \nCria Postumius, you will weep soon. It is in Querre of Pyrrhus, around the fourth year, that the stains on my habit will be washed with blood. The Tarentins feared the vengeance: they requested aid from Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, one of the greatest warriors of Greece, trained at the school of Alexander's captains.\n\nThis ambitious prince, reduced to an obscure kingdom, sought only to distinguish himself through enterprises from which he promised himself great advantages. The famous Cinias, his minister, disciple of Derosthenes, in vain represented to him that he would be happier enjoying his fortune with wisdom than turning to uncertain and useless conquests. Pyrrhus imagined himself already sovereign of Italy, from which his dominion would rapidly extend on all sides.\n\nSoon\nmen,\nthe arrival of the king. Pyrrhus embarks three thousand chevaliers.\nVaux, with twenty elephants and twenty thousand infantry soldiers marched, followed closely by his minister. But the Tarentins, upon calling him, had given themselves a master. Everything changed under his orders. The theaters were closed, feasts ceased. This voluptuous people were forced to endure military discipline and were incorporated into the Epirote troops. Several escaped. It was a people of women: the men degenerated under the sway of luxury and idleness!\n\nHowever, the consul L\u00e9vinius advanced through the country. The two armies fought bravely at Heraclea. The Greek prince, recognizable by the brilliance of his armor, was exposed to great dangers. His elephants secured the victory for him. The Romans had never seen such monstrous animals, charging with eoinbattans; the frightened horses pulled the troops.\ncavaliers le disorder spread everywhere; the flight became general. We had, however, caused such carnage among the enemy that Pyrrhus said of the victory, \"Cyn\u00e9as arrives at Tarente with three thousand soldiers and is given back the citadel, awaiting a truce.\" HISTORE ROMAINE.\n\nKabi am I lost if I win another such battle.\nli did not let her go and approached Rome within seven leagues, but he promptly withdrew at the approach of two consular armies.\niiu. He sent ambassadors to treat for the ransom or exchange of prisoners. The virtuous Fabricius, poor in honors, was part of the embassy. The king's offers of money were of no avail to him.\n\nCyn\u00e9as explaining one day the principles of the Epicurean sect he professed: \"Oh God!\" exclaimed Fabricius.\n\"Romain, may our enemies follow such a doctrine towards us as long as it makes them wage war against us! Pyrrhus invited him to settle in his court, promising to place him at the forefront. I would not advise you to do so, he replied, for your subjects would love me more than you as their king once they knew me. m. aya wanted peace with such a difficult people to conquer. He commissioned Cineas to follow the Roman ambassadors and negotiate an accommodation. The clever minister soon admired the Romans. No one, neither men nor women, wanted to accept the presents he sent in Pyrrhus' name. The senate, after long deliberation, read this memorable response, where the character of the republic is recognized. 'Let Pyrrhus leave Italy, let him send afterwards'\"\n\"demander la paix; mais tant qu'il restera dans le pays, Rome lui fera la guerre. Cyn\u00e9as received orders to leave the same day. In reporting back to the prince about his embassy, he said that Rome appeared as a temple, and the senate as an assembly of kings.\n\nSome time later, Pyrrhus's doctor allegedly offered the Romans poison for Parthus. (A difficult belief; could he hope for a better fortune in Rome than in a court? ) The consul Fabricius gave the king of Carthage and Sicily generous advice.\n\nFabricius earned this praise from Entropc: It was easier to divert the sun from its course than Fabricius from the path of probity and justice. Fabric\"\ncritique can suspect fiction in some; but they agree with the character of the most illustrious Romans, whose great souls certainly had something to frighten voluptuous enemies, accustomed to riches and luxury.\n\nPyrrhus abandoned Italy six years after the beginning of the war. He intended to take Macedonia from Antigonus Gonatas; he brought the war to the Peloponnese, and was killed at the siege of Dyrgos. The cities of Tarentum, Crotone, Locri, all of great Greece, and all Italy properly speaking, soon found themselves under Roman rule, at least as peoples allied, too weak to oppose the designs of the republic.\n\nEl al fie Italy mer. It na\u00eet api\u00e8 relia. *\u2022 Pyrrous. io\u00a0 ta de\n\nVIII.\n\nOf Carthage and Sicily, before the beginning of the Punic Wars.\nNous allons voir un plus grand th\u00e9\u00e2tre s'ouvrir aux armes et \u00e0 la politique romaine. Avant de tracer le tableau des guerres puniques, il faut conna\u00eetre Carthage, cette fameuse rivale de Rome, si puissante par son commerce et ses richesses, mais d\u00e9j\u00e0 parvenue au point fatal o\u00f9 un exc\u00e8s d'ambition ruine les puissances.\n\nCarthage, fond\u00e9e par les Tyriens environ soixante-dix ans avant la fondation de Rome, avait un gouvernement r\u00e9publicain. Deux magistrats annuels, que l'on appelait sujets, y ressemblaient aux rois de Sparte ou aux consuls romains. Les affaires importantes se d\u00e9cidaient dans le s\u00e9nat, si les suffrages \u00e9taient unanimes; sinon, ils passaient au peuple. Il y avait un tribunal de cent quarante s\u00e9nateurs, auquel les g\u00e9n\u00e9raux rendaient compte de leur conduite : tribunal trop faible.\nsevere, for they punished the bad successes as if the best general commanded fortune. The Carthaginians, absorbed in their commerce and scorning the arts and sciences that did not lead to fortune, were short-sighted, vicious, cruel. Superstition, above all, made their manners atrocious. They sacrificed humans to Saturn, sometimes even their own children; and mothers, stifling the cry of nature, looked on these horrific sacrifices with dry eyes. In the time of Xerxes, Gelon, king of Syracuse, having defeated the Carthaginians, imposed as a condition of peace the abolition of human sacrifices; but this salutary law was not long observed. Carthage had insensibly risen above Tyre, its colonies and commerce having made it famous. Sardinia, a large part of which belonged to Carthage,\nSicile and Spain were subject to her. Mistress of the sea, she received everywhere, with little expense, the surplus of various countries, to sell it dearly elsewhere; finding no competition, she easily imposed this kind of tribute on nations.\n\nHannibal, one of her navigators, had orders to make the tour of Africa via the Strait of Gibraltar; his supplies failed him on the journey, preventing him from executing one of the greatest enterprises that the ancients could have imagined. But in expanding her empire, Carthage and Sicily.\n\nCarthage was tending towards ruin, as the spirit of conquest, dangerous to all peoples, is incompatible with the true interest of merchant peoples. She had made several treaties with the Roman Republic; the first, under the consulship of Brutus.\nThe Romans set certain navigational boundaries and the Carthaginians agreed not to cause damage in Latium. By a second treaty, it was also agreed that Romans could not negotiate in Sardinia or Africa, except at Carthage where they were free to sell permitted merchandise, similarly to how the Carthaginians did at Rome. LT111 and the other people sought to rule Sicily; the ambition ignited war before recounting its history.\n\nRegarding Sicilian revolts, Denis the Tyrant had established his rule in Syracuse eleven years after its expulsion of the Athenians (405 years before Jesus-Christ). He ruled through his talents, victories, and cruelty. Denis became the Carthaginians' rival, driving them out almost entirely.\nThe following king of Sicily maintained his throne for thirty-eight years amidst a multitude of domestic enemies. Among several reported incidents of his life, the following seem noteworthy. He sent the philosopher Philoxenos to the Carthages (this was the name of the prison). Philoxenos had dared not to admire verses in which the king took pride. Recalled the next day, Philoxenos asked to be taken back to the Carthages. The tyrant heard mockery for this. In need of money, he robbed a temple of Jupiter and took away a massive golden mantle adorned by the god. He declared, \"This mantle is too heavy in summer and too cold in winter. I will have a woolen one made instead, which will suit all seasons.\" This unfortunate prince desired no barbers but his own Irails.\navec le roi Sicile, maintenant point. Tous les filles; et craintes entre leurs mains les ciseaux et le rasoir, il leur enseigna br\u00fbler le poil avec des coquilles de noix. Denys le Jeune, son fils, lui succ\u00e9da sans obstacle. Ce prince mou et voluptueux se livra d'abord aux s\u00e9ductions de la fortune et parut ne r\u00e9gner que pour s'enivrer de plaisirs. Mais Dion, son beau-fr\u00e8re, le plus sage des Syracusains, lui conseilla d'attirer le fameux Platon \u00e0 la cour. L'\u00e9tude, la philosophie, les m\u0153urs entr\u00e8rent alors avec ce philosophe. Syracuse aurait eu un bon prince si les courtisans avaient pu go\u00fbter la r\u00e9forme. Ils forg\u00e8rent des impostures contre Dion et le firent exiler. Platon le suivit de pr\u00e8s. Bient\u00f4t les impostures s'\u00e9lev\u00e8rent contre lui aussi.\ninjustices les plus criantes mirent le comble \u00e0 la dis\u00ac \ngr\u00e2ce de Dion. Ses biens furent vendus, sa femme \ndonn\u00e9e \u00e0 un autre. La Sicile r\u00e9clama son secours contre \nle tyran. Il r\u00e9solut de la venger et de se venger lui- \nm\u00eame. Il d\u00e9livra en effet Syracuse, et la gouverna \nquelque temps avec sagesse; mais le peuple ingrat, \nque blessait la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de ses m\u0153urs, oublia tout-\u00e0- \ncoup ses services : un perfide ami l\u2019assassina, et Denys \nremonta sur le tr\u00f4ne dix ans apr\u00e8s en \u00eatre tomb\u00e9. \nVaincu de nouveau par le fameux Timol\u00e9on, que les \nCorinthiens envoy\u00e8rent au secours de Syracuse, il fut \nrel\u00e9gu\u00e9 \u00e0 Corinthe, o\u00f9 il finit ses jours dans la mis\u00e8re. \nLes Spartiates crurent \u00e9pouvanter Philippe par son \nexemple, en r\u00e9pondant ces deux mots \u00e0 une lettre i \nmena\u00e7ante qu\u2019il venait de leur \u00e9crire : Denis \u00e0 Co\u00ac \nrinthe. \nLa Sicile ne jouit pas long-temps de la libert\u00e9 et de \nThe peace that Timoleon had given him. Syracuse, besieged by the Carthaginians, turned to Pyrrhus, who was waging war in Italy. This prince went to fight for her. After great successes, he was forced to retreat. He exclaimed, on leaving Sicily: \"The beautiful battlefield we leave to the Carthaginians and Romans!\" The Syracusans chose Hiero as their king. It was then that the Punic Wars began, born of Rome's ambitious politics.\n\nFirst Punic War.\n\nThe Mamertines, from Campania, were prepared in Messina by a similar attack to that of the Roman garrison of Regio, which had been severely punished. Hiero attacked them; Carthage came to their aid. But fearing the Carthaginians' enterprises as much as their own, they made peace.\nThe people of the king of Syracuse sought Roman protection. Honor prevented the senate from declaring support for them. The populace, less concerned with decorum, desired war, promising great advantages. Arms were taken up. The consul Appius-Claudius crossed the strait with a small fleet, defeated Hiero and the Carthaginians, who had allied, stationed a garrison at Messina, and returned covered in glory, as the Romans had never before wielded their arms outside the continent.\n\nThese successes gave the Romans new aspirations. They sensed the necessity of a navy; they undertook its creation, as they had never before possessed a worthy fleet. A Carthaginian galley, stranded on Italian shores, served as their model. They worked with great ardor.\nIn two months, one hundred galeres were equipped with five ranks of oars, and twenty to three. To gain superiority, it was necessary to find a way to fight firmly on the waves and render Carthaginian agility and maritime knowledge useless.\n\nIf not for...\n\nThis...\nof the Romans...\ncreate a/ the...\nmittle.\nIt (gains) 56 HISTORE ROMAINE,\n\nThe consul Denilius, therefore, added one machine called a corbeau to each galere. This device, falling upon an enemy vessel, was to hook on and form a kind of bridge for boarding. This invention met with great success. He defeated the Carthaginians, killing seven thousand men, taking seven thousand prisoners, sinking thirteen galeres to the bottom, and capturing eighty. Never had a victory been so pleasing to the Romans. Denilius.\nThroughout his entire life, he was renowned for his extraordinary honor. When he returned to the city from supper, he was preceded by a torch and a musician. In a few years, heroic traits and victories followed each other almost without interruption. The Corsica and Sardinia were taken from the enemies. R\u00e9gulus, one of the victorious consuls, carried the war to Africa, and at the end of his consulship received orders to continue it as a proconsul. He complained then: he asked for a successor, citing as a reason that a thief had stolen his farming tools, and if he did not go to cultivate his small farm, he risked dying of hunger with his family. The senate ordered that R\u00e9gulus' farm be cultivated, and his family maintained at public expense. Having advanced as far as the gates of Carthage and wishing to end the war, R\u00e9gulus offered the enemy:\nconditions of peace were revolting, which Jon rejected, despite the general terror. One must know how to conquer or submit to the conqueror, he had said. Shame and despair revived the courage of the defeated. Greek auxiliaries, in the pay of the Carthaginians, arrived in a critical situation. The Lacedaemonian Xantippe attacked Regulus, who, believing himself invincible, took no precautions: the Romans were defeated and their general was made a prisoner. Xantippe had saved the Carthaginians: he feared their jealousy; he retired secretly.\n\nRome redoubled its efforts, equipping galleys in the First Punic War. A large number, and it continued with ardor a war whose initial successes could not be erased. Hannibal besieged Lilybaeum, the strongest place the Carthaginians had in Sicily. It was then that they encountered.\nThe Romans and Carthaginians saw ambassadors proposing prisoner exchanges. R\u00e9gulus, who was joined with the ambassadors, persuaded, according to most historians, not to make this exchange and instead returned to endure the most terrible punishment in Carthage. The Romans, to avenge his death, delivered the main prisoners to the fury of his wife and their enemies, who were no less barbaric than the Carthaginians. For nine years that the siege of Lilybee lasted, the two peoples deployed all their resources. Claudius-Pulcher tilted the Carthaginian fleet to the port of Drepane and lost Rome's fleet, which was destroyed by Adherbal. It is told that before the battle, learning that the sacred chickens did not eat, he had them thrown into the sea and mockingly said, \"If they don't want to eat, let them drink.\"\n\"ETAIT assez for the superstition to dampen the courage of the Romans. Other misfortunes annihilated the fleet. In the end, the zeal of the citizens supplied the void of the treasury. Each one, according to his abilities, contributed for a new armament. Two hundred galeres with two ranks of oars were soon ready. The consul Lutatius destroyed Hannibal's tower; he then defeated Amilcar-Raris, father of the great Hannibal, forced the Carthaginians to ask for peace, and dictated the conditions to them impetuously.\n\nSicily, except for the kingdom of Syracuse, was declared a province of the Romans. They gave this name to the conquered lands outside Italy. Each year, they sent a pretor and a quaestor there; the former to judge civil causes, the latter to collect taxes.\"\nThe Romans, who had lost seven hundred galleys, enacted a law against opulent Carthage, whose losses were less significant and resources infinitely more extensive. Their unyielding resolve, invincible passion for glory and conquest, habitual combats, and exact discipline determined fortune in favor of Rome. A purely warrior people were to prevail over one that waged war only for commerce. However, the Carthaginians, in crucifying their generals when defeated, inspired more fear than emulation; the Romans punished only disobedience and cowardice, degraded those who had failed in their duty, and showed no interest in ransoming prisoners.\nFour hundred young knights, ordered for pressing and indispensable tasks, had refused to obey. They were deprived of their horses by the judgment of the censors. But these were not lost subjects for the republic; they could erase their shame, they could rise again: a salutary punishment served only to renew the sense of duty. In short, Rome, with great ambition, had excellent soldiers, and its generals were all the more eager to do well because they had less time to command. It was especially in this that Rome conquered the nations.\n\nFrom Juna (Juno) of Rome.\nSecond Punic War.\n\nIt had been agreed between the Carthaginians and the Ebreans that the Carthaginians should not pass through the territory of the Caereans.\n\nSecond Punic War. 57\nAsdrubal, an ally of the Romans, would remain free and independent. Asdrubal, naturally peaceful, observed the treaty. He died. Annibal succeeded him. At around twenty-six years old, he joined prudence with heroism. The soldiers adored him because he was both their model and benefactor. Sobriety, vigilance, indefatigability, hardened to all labor, he gave sleep only the time he could breathe after affairs, sometimes sleeping on the hard ground amidst sentinels, he liberally rewarded in others the military actions and virtues that seemed to delight him himself; and unfortunately for the Romans, he possessed the talents of a cunning politician to the same degree as those of a accomplished general. He besieged Sagonte.\n\nSagonte, under attack, implores Roman aid.\nThose sending ambassadors to Carthage, whose reproaches had no effect. After seven months of siege, the Sagontins, reduced to their last extremities, set fire to what they had of greatest value, burnt their connections, and most of them perished there with their wives and children. The rest were passed through the sword.\n\nRome prepared for war immediately and sent Comh with a new embassy to demand an explanation for an unjustified attack contrary to treaties and the law of nations. To deliver Annibal, as the Romans demanded, it was claimed that this was justified by their own example, the siege of Sagonte. Fabius, head of the embassy, without entering into these unnecessary discussions, folding his robe, \"Here I bring peace or war,\" he said proudly; \"choose.\" The head of the senate, in a stern tone,\nAlso fier, he declared to him Puil could choose for himself. Take then the war, replied Fabius. It was accepted willingly. Annibal, having in hand the commandment of the Carthaginian army, the power to do what he judged fitting, prepared himself to bring the war into Italy. Never was an audacious enterprise conceived, nor with more courage, nor with more prudence. The passage of the Ebro and the Pyrenees, by which he began gloriously, is nothing in comparison to that of the Rhone and the Alps. The swiftness of this river, the Gauls who defended its other bank, nothing stops Annibal. He even saves his elephants. Arrived at the foot of the Alps in October, he finds them covered in ice and snow, guarded by mountains.\nThe fierce grands, who can wear down their troops with stone throws. He crossed it in fifteen days, with infinite hardships, and finally reached the beautiful country that he proposed to his soldiers as the reward for their labor. For five and a half months, he had set out from Carthage, at the head of fifty thousand infantry and twenty thousand horses, of which only twenty thousand infantrymen and two thousand cavaliers remained with him. This march of about four hundred leagues, filled with countless obstacles, should be celebrated among the feats of the most famous conquerors. The account Poillybe gave us is admirable, though it contains no marvels or the pomp of Livy. The vinegar with which Livy makes the Alps dissolve resembles too much the chimeras of Herodotus. Where could so much vinegar have been taken?\nAnnibal, once he had given some rest to his troops, wanted to make a decisive mark. The taking of Turin was the prelude. P. Scipion, one of the consuls who was to command in Spain, came promptly to Italy's aid. He encountered the Carthaginians beyond the Tessin. He fought and received a wound; his cavalry, believing him dead, fled. He crossed the Po again, closely followed by Hannibal. The consul Sempronius, flattering himself that he could win without a second Punic War, refused to yield, and made grave mistakes. Both consular armies were defeated at the Trasimene Lake. The victor then attempted the Apennine passage, almost as dangerous as that of the Alps. Upon exiting the mountains, Hannibal attacked again.\nSempronius of the clan Sul, after a harsh battle without a decisive victory, hurriedly entered Etruria via the shortest route. Marshlands appeared before him: a new insurmountable danger for all others. For four days and four nights, his troops had one foot in the water. Mounted on the only elephant remaining to him, he withdrew barely from the mud; he lost an eye due to a flux caused by the bad air and fatigue.\n\nA new consul, the rash Flaminius, would add to Annibal's glory. He engaged in a defile near Lake Trasimene. The enemy invested, killed him, and cut his army to pieces. Six thousand Romans alone escaped the massacre; they were forced to surrender the next day. Four thousand men who were coming to join Flaminius were also defeated.\nTout \u00e9tait perdu, si le s\u00e9nat, contre les r\u00e9gies, Fabius Maximus n\u2019e\u00fbt nomm\u00e9 un dictateur capable de r\u00e9tablir les affaires. Ce fut le prudent Fabius. Le peuple nomma, de son c\u00f4t\u00e9, Minucius, g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la cavalerie. Fabius commen\u00e7a par des actes de religion, d'autant plus n\u00e9cessaires, que des terreurs superstitieuses frappaient les esprits. S'\u00e9tant mis \u00e0 la t\u00eate des troupes, il r\u00e9solut de laisser l'ennemi se consumer \u00e0 cause de vivres manquants. Il campa sur les hauteurs, \u00e9vita le combat, harcela Annibal, et le d\u00e9concerta par un nouveau genre de guerre. En vain le reproche de l\u00e2chet\u00e9 fl\u00e9trissait le dictateur; il eut la constance de braver le m\u00e9pris, le ridicule, de sacrifier sa gloire m\u00eame \u00e0 la patrie, et de compter pour rien l\u2019opinion au prix du devoir.\nmandement between him and his cavalry commander: he gives the troops' half to this temeraire. Soon he sees him surrounded on all sides, on the verge of being completely defeated. Fabius then attacks the enemy, disperses him. It took no courage to resist so much virtue. Minucius blushed for his excesses and deposited his authority in the hands of the dictator. This campaign is one of the most beautiful lessons that History can give, whether to generals or citizens.\n\nXI.\nBattle of Cannes,\nIf J was at Rome,\nBattle of\nCanes\n\nThe experience had taught how much the choice of a general influenced the success of the war, but the people derived little benefit from experience. Terentius-Varro, the butcher's son, who had risen by flattering the popular tastes, was named consul despite the nobility. Emilius, his colleague, found in him\nThe adversary to be feared was the Carthaginians. Eight legions, each of five thousand men in infantry and three hundred in cavalry, joined with the allies' troops, forming under the two consuls a very formidable army. These two generals took turns commanding from one day to the next. Their misunderstanding foretold certain disaster. Yarron took advantage of his day of command to plunge into danger; the Romans were encircled and cut to pieces. After three hours of combat, the carnage was so terrible that the Carthaginian general cried out to spare the defeated. Etnilius lost his life, along with about forty thousand men, of whom nearly three thousand were knights. Varro fled to Yeasus, followed by a small number of horses.\n\nIn the midst of inexpressible consternation, Conduis -\ncaused by this disaster, Roman magnanimity is displayed in all its strength. Fabius' counsel is finally heeded. Varro had gathered ten thousand men from the army remnants. He returns to Rome; the senate marches to meet him in corps and solemnly thanks him for not losing hope in the republic. At the same time, senators bring their money to the treasury; knights and all tribes follow their example. Olus enrolls the youth from the age of seventeen; eight thousand slaves are armed (1); the payment of prisoner ransoms is refused \u2013 either to save finances, to animate the troops, or to discourage the enemy's hopes. Four legions are raised in the city, and allies provide the requested troops. Those who criticize the senate are reproached.\n\n(1) Note: The number \"eight thousand\" seems inconsistent with the earlier mention of ten thousand men being gathered. It's unclear if this is an error or an oversight in the text.\nAnnibal did not consider the obstacles he would have found in the character of the Romans, having not profited from his victory in besieging Rome. Hannon, one of the principal Carthaginians, reasoned with Av\u0438\u0441, perhaps more wisely at Carthage. Annibal having sent his brother Magon to announce the victory of Cannes and request aid, Hannon maintained that since the Romans showed no signs of despair and made no advances for peace, they were not in dire straits.\n\nThese slaves enrolled bore the name volunters, for before enrolling them, one inquired if they wished to bear arms, and they replied, \"volo, I will.\" One did not ask this question of citizens, who were soldiers by right.\n\nAnnibal, Cajjoue, Tri*, Sjficu*.\n\n64 HISTOIRE ROMAINE,\n\nnot reduced, as he said, to the last extremities.\nmites; yet the circumstances that could bring advantageous results for Annibal hinged on only one defeat ruining all his projects. He concluded not to send any reinforcements to Italy. \"Annibal doesn't need help if he has won decisive victories,\" said this senator, \"and he doesn't deserve it if he deceives us with false reports.\" We scoffed at this opinion, but the event proved him right.\n\nCapua, having betrayed Rome and received Annibal within its walls, the delights of this city became a fatal trap for him. He spent the winter amidst pleasures. The example of the leader was contagious. His soldiers grew soft; instead of the military rest they likely needed, they tasted a lazy rest that enervated their bodies and souls. They were ridiculed for being led from Capua by debauched women, those whom we had seen.\nEndurcius faced all the labors of war. From this came frequent desertions. They breathed only for the sweetness of Campania.\n\nDespite Barringal's fearsome reputation, the Romans soon regained the upper hand. Sempronius, with a group of slaves, defeated a Carthaginian army; Barringal himself retreated before the consul Marcellus, who later became famous for the siege of Syracuse, one of the major events of this war.\n\nThe Syracusans had taken the side of Rome. Marcellus, recently arrived from Sicily, planned to subjugate them. Syracuse had once defeated the Athenians. The illustrious Archimedes, relative of the last kings, the greatest geometer of his century, made the conquest more difficult than it had been during Alcibiades' time. The prodigious effect of his machines, which intimidated the Romans and submerged their galleys,\nMarcellus was obliged to change the siege into a blockade. Already, he had been considering retreating when he was shown that ladders could reach that height on the wall. End of the Punic War. G'\n\nMarcellus attempted a nighttime scaling, and finally seized the city. He honored the memory of Archimedes, whom a soldier had killed without knowing. The genius of a single man had sustained his country for three years. Syracuse, along with the rest of Sicily, became a Roman province.\n\nIn Italy and Spain, the Romans distinguished themselves equally. They besieged and pressed Capua. Annibal, despairing of its relief, began the siege of Rome to create a diversion. He failed in this endeavor. Capua was reduced to its last extremity. The main instigators of the revolt took their own lives; the citizens submitted. They were dispersed to different sides, and\nEstablished a colony where aprefet annualy went to render justice. Shortly after, Fabius took Tarentum from the Carthaginians, who had fortified it. He found there quantities of statues and paintings, for which he showed only contempt. Let the Tarentines keep their angry gods, he said, when asked what use he intended for them. Marcellus, a man of taste, on the contrary, adorned the temples of Rome with masterpieces of Syracuse. This great commander, victor over Hannibal, unfortunately fell into an ambush where he was killed. The Carthaginian hero rendered him the last rites. Marcellus was called \"Marius the Father of Rome,\" a fitting surname for his services.\n\nEnd of the Second Punic War.\n\nPublius-Scipio and his brother Gnaeus had the greatest successes in Spain: they had retaken Saguntum.\n\nHistory of Rome.\nl'ublius Scipio Africanus Magnus. They separated, but were both overwhelmed by superior forces and lost their lives. In the year 54 BC of the Roman calendar, the loss of the two generals seemed irreparable. When Publius Scipio, the elder, offered to continue the war, having only twenty-four years, the Senate named him proconsul. His successes were miraculous, and he owed them in part to his ability to turn vulgar superstition to the public good. If he had not feigned that Neptune had appeared to him to advise the siege of Carthage, or announced as a miracle the ebb of the sea, which made the port passable, the Romans would have trembled at the mere proposal of the enterprise. Carthage was taken by storm in one day. There, eighteen galleys and one hundred thirty merchant ships were found.\nThe charged ones with provisions, the magazines and arsenals filled, and immense riches. It was a deadly blow dealt to Carthage's power. The proconsul increased his glory through the most virtuous example. A young captive was brought to him; he captivated her gaze. He questioned her; he learned she was engaged to a prince of the land; he returned her to her husband. The husband praised him as a god, and attracted allies because of him. In a short time, the Carthaginians lost Spain, and the Romans dominated it. The young general's activity, value, prudence, and reputation, supported by his friend Lelius, made him both fearsome and respectable everywhere. Massinissa, Numidian king, resolved at once to renounce Carthage's alliance and joined Rome instead, becoming a zealous friend of Rome. All of Spain was subdued, and the senate sent envoys there.\nsuccesseurs a Scipion. Ce grand homme d\u00e9pose l'autorit\u00e9 entre leurs mains sans murmurer. Il revient. Les centuries, d'une voix unanime, lui d\u00e9cernent le consulat avant l'\u00e2ge requis. Un m\u00e9rite si sup\u00e9rieur, \u00e9tait excit\u00e9 par l'esprit m\u00eame de la loi.\n\nAsdrubal, fr\u00e8re d'Annibal, had passed the Alps with an army in the finish of the Punic war. 67 BC. 546, with a large army. The consuls had gained a complete victory over him; the enemies had lost fifty thousand men and their general in this day, whose success had dispelled the fears of the Roman republic.\n\nThen Scipion conceived the design of carrying the war to Africa. He proposed it. The old Fabius, whether from jealousy or caution, combatted this project. He represented it as likely to lead to the loss of Italy, which Annibal threatened.\nThe senate, more affected by the consul's reasoning, gave Sicily as a department to Scipion and permitted him to pass to Africa if he deemed it advantageous. The year was consumed in preparations. Scipion had scarcely reached the continent and gained an eleven-to-one victory over the Carthaginians when Massinissa openly allied himself with the Romans. Syphax, another king of Numidia, declared himself against them, despite his previous allegiance to Scipion. Scipion defeated him, along with Syphax and the Carthaginian general Asdrubal, in several battles. Carthage trembled; Annibal was recalled, who had suffered great losses in Italy. He left the beautiful country with the regret of a conqueror whose prey was being taken from him. Universal joy followed his departure. Fabius was the only one who felt it. Old age probably made him insensitive.\naffable son soul or altered his mood; he showed extreme caution against the great Scipio. If it was jealousy, as they accused him of, what then is the virtue that should not fear degenerating through vice?\n\nThe Carthaginians had broken a most shameful truce, and Scipio set everything ablaze around Carthage. Annibal received orders to attack. He first sent spies to reconnoiter the enemy. They were arrested; they were conducted to the Roman general, who, after examining them thoroughly,\n\nunhated Je- Jiki. was at peace.\nfrom Rome\nBattle of\n(their)\n\"unhated\" Jiki was at peace.\n\nThey dismissed him and even gave him money. At this new development, Annibal, taken aback, desired peace. He requested a meeting with Scipio. He endeavored to instill peaceful sentiments in him and offered him ceasefire.\nThe battle of Zama in Spain and all the islands near Italy was the deciding factor between the Romans and the Carthaginians. The Roman rejected their offers with pride. Preparations for battle were underway on both sides.\n\nThe battle of Zama was to determine the fate of the two nations. The auxiliaries were swiftly put to flight. A multitude of wounded and frightened elephants contributed to their defeat. Seipion was disheartened at his inability to penetrate the Carthaginian phalanx, which Annibal had formed from his veterans, when Lelius and Massinissa, returning to pursue the fleeing, took them in the rear and secured the victory. The enemies lost forty thousand men killed or captured, while the Romans lost only two thousand. Annibal had great difficulty escaping.\n\nWhat Rome had experienced in fear after the battle of Cannes, Carthage felt after Zama. Annibal himself declared that there was no longer a Carthage left.\nThe following text sets out Seipion's conditions for ending the war with Carthage: Carthaginians to keep their laws and possessions in Africa; Rome to have Spain and Mediterranean islands, Carthaginians to deliver prisoners, deserters, elephants, and war vessels (except ten three-ranked galeres), Carthaginians not to wage war in Africa or elsewhere without Roman consent, Carthaginians to pay ten thousand talents over fifty years, Carthaginians to return to Massinissa all that they had taken from him or his ancestors, Carthaginians to provide one hundred hostages for assurance of loyalty.\nGuerre contre Philippe. 69\nThis treaty was ratified at Rome, although several senators wanted the continuation of the war. One of them asked the chief of the Carthaginian embassy, \"Which gods will you call as witnesses to the sincerity of your promises?\" The Carthaginian replied, \"The same ones who have so severely punished our perjurers.\" This evasive response would not have been made by a Roman. The difference in character between the two peoples is not the least cause of the difference in success.\n\nXII.\nWar against Philip, king of Macedonia, and Antiochus, king of Syria.\nFive hundred Carthaginian vessels delivered to Scipion and burned before the eyes of Carthage, this power reduced to ten small galleys, all citizens taxed to pay a shameful tribute, the proud Annibal forced to subscribe to the humiliation of his country, the memory of which...\nanciennes d\u00e9faites effac\u00e9es partant de victoires, tel fut le fruit de la deuxi\u00e8me guerre Punique. Tout devait enorgueillir Rome : elle r\u00e9\u00e7ut avec enthusiasm l'illustre Scipion, qui rapporta au tr\u00e9sor cent vingt mille livres pesant d'argent. Son triomphe fut magnifique. Le surnom d'Africain \u00e9tait pour lui la r\u00e9compense la plus glorieuse. D\u00e8s-orus le g\u00e9nie ambitieux des Romains s'developpa librement. Mille obstacles l'avaient contenus en Italie; c'est un torrent qui va tout inonder, apr\u00e8s avoir rompu ses digues. Les victoires pass\u00e9es inspiraient le d\u00e9sir de vaincre encore; la passion des conqu\u00eates \u00e9tait enflamm\u00e9e par les conqu\u00eates m\u00eames; les richesses acquises par la guerre offraient les moyens de r\u00e9ussir dans de nouvelles.\n\nHistoire Romaine.\n(veteran soldiers. In such circumstances, scarcely)\nA people moderated, could they have suspended the course of their enterprises; and which people were less moderate than the Romans, when it came to expansion? A few years had passed since Philip II, king of Macedonia, had concluded a general peace, in which Rome had made it clear to its allies. This prince had been supporting the Carthaginians and was now threatening the Greeks with new enterprises. Attale, king of Pergamum, the Rhodians, and the Athenians sent ambassadors to the republic to complain. War was declared against him. The outcome was not long in doubt. In the first campaign, Sulpicius, the consul, defeated Philip. Quintilius-Flaminius, the proconsul, won a decisive victory over him near Cynocephalae in Thessaly, where Philip discovered the disadvantages of the heavy phalanx.\nMaccedonian, in a rugged and uneven terrain. Peace followed this victory. The king paid a tribute of a thousand talents, in addition to his ships, which he was forced to hand over. His son Demetrius served as a hostage. This young prince became friends with the Romans, and became one of them.\n\nAnnihilus, harassed by Rome's anxious ambition, sought refuge at the court of Antiochus the Great, king of Syria. He might have avenged Carthage, had Antiochus trusted him as he deserved. Antiochus advised this monarch to ally with the king of Maccedonia and to bring the war to Italy.\n\nNeither one is read. Imprudence ruled, and all was lost.\n\nSeipion the African had asked to serve under his brother Lucius Scipio, made consul: Antiochus trembled.\n\nFar from courageously defending the Hellican coasts,\nLespont withdrew his troops. At last, Asia was green for the Romans, determined to establish their empire there; they rejected accommodation proposals. The War of Ferse. 71 BC\n\nNarque was reluctantly drawn into the eleventh battle, with eighty thousand men and fifty-four elephants, against thirty thousand men. He was completely defeated near Magnesia by the consul. He fled to Antioch and sent envoys to ask for peace.\n\nScipion Africanus, declaring to the ambassadors the resolution of the council, said: \"The Romans let neither adversity nor fortune sway them; they were content, after the victory, with what they had previously demanded; Antiochus had to evacuate all Asia below the Taurus mountain; he had to pay all the war costs, evaluated at fifteen thousand talents; he had to give twenty talents.\"\n\"otages etc. He was required to deliver to Hannibal, in order to dispel all causes of suspicion. These conditions were accepted. Hannibal wandered from refuge to refuge; he was constantly harassed by the Romans. He died at Prusias, king of Bithynia.\n\nAnne, daughter of Liane, was involved in this war. Firmum was her commander. Condilii were for peace. Volusii, Volunen, Vibius, Vibius, Vibius, Vibius, Valerius, Valerius, Valerius, Valerius, Vibius, Vibius, were in the Fourteenth.\n\nCato the Censor. War with Persia.\n\nAnne, the war that earned Lucius Scipio the surname 'the Asian,' was nevertheless disastrous for the Romans. Their simple and austere morals were soon corrupted by all the vices that wealth brings. In tasting the delights of Asia, they came to despise virtue. All peoples are alike in this regard. If anyone had been able to stop the progress of evil, it would have been\"\nThe famous Caton, a consular figure, zealous supporter of rural works and frugality, an enemy of all forms of luxury, but whose harsh character and ardent spirit knew no bounds.\n\n\"Scipio the African,\ntrius Quintus, Auctus,\nC. Culor,\nSipio the Asian-born,\nTus-ruthrius,\nI-cncrres,\nt; acv.kti, L.\n\nHISTORY OF BOMAFFE*\n\nNothing can serve as an excuse for his hatred towards the Scipions, nor for the way he expressed it. The African was the first to suffer blows. Two tribunes, instigated by Caton, accused him before the people of having been corrupted by Antiochus' money. The illustrious accused appeared on the day of judgment, tore apart his accounts, and, disdaining to defend himself: \"On such-and-such a day as today, I defeated Hannibal and Carthage; follow me to the Capitole, Romans; let us go there.\"\nThe assembly thanked the gods, and the accusers were left confounded. This great man, cited anew, retired to a country house where he died at the age of forty-seven. He possessed a nearly unknown merit in his homeland: the ability to combine the qualities of heroes with a taste for letters and urbanity. He should be regarded as the principal model who refined the Romans.\n\nAfter his death, Cato pursued his brother the Asian with the same animosity, and provoked the same accusers. The conqueror of Antiochus was condemned to a large fine, as having received immense sums from Antiochus to secure a favorable peace. All his possessions were seized; no trace of corruption was found: they did not even suffice to pay the fine. The innocence of the accused.\nUnrecognized in the following, and this injustice was rectified. A new storm formed over Macedonia. Philippe, who had been dead for several years, hated the Romans and could not erase the shame of his past dishonors. He had killed his son Demetrius, who had once been sent to Rome as a hostage, falsely accused by his other son Perses, who feared that the protection of the Roman Republic and Demetrius' merit would secure the crown for this young prince.\n\nPerses, having succeeded his father Philippe, gave himself imprudently to his hatred of the Romans. He prepared for war, stirring up Greece. Eumenes warned Rome, and the war was resolved. At this new war, Perses sent ambassadors to offer all the satisfactions that would be required. The senate\nA consul was going to travel to Macedonia, and the king could treat with him there if he had good intentions. We only wanted to discuss hand-to-hand weapons. The consul Licinius arrived soon. The king, having won a battle, then asked for peace under the same terms as his father had received. Licinius, though defeated, declared proudly that Perses would not obtain peace unless he surrendered his kingdom at the discretion of the Romans. Obstinate and inflexible constancy triumphed in the end. In the fourth year of the war, Perses was defeated by Paul-Emile; the Macedonian phalanx was broken; the king took flight, abandoned by his subjects, and surrendered to the victor. He was seen in Rome, walking in mourning attire before the triumphal chariot; he was imprisoned. The kingdom of Macedonia grew larger.\nThe name of the provinces, although the Macedonians were declared free. This conquest should be attributed to the prudence and valor of Paul-Emile. Scipio-Nasica advised him to give battle rather than it being suitable, and represented to him that one could not impose one's delays on cowardice: I spoke as lions even in old age, he replied. I will act as I do. He lived in mediocrity after enriching the State, and Cicero could not praise him better than by saying: He bore no other glory in his house but an immortal one.\n\nEverything bowed before the Romans, who treated nations and kings with despotic height. But nothing reveals the character of these conquerors better than their conduct towards Syria. Popilius-Lenas defended, in the name of the Senate, against Antiochus Epiphanes, the II.miIi res.\n\nHistoire Romaine.\nconqu\u00eates en Egypte. Ayant trac\u00e9 lin cercle autour du \nmonarque : Avant que de sortir de ce cercle , r en- . \ndez r\u00e9ponse au s\u00e9nat. Antiochus r\u00e9pondit qu\u2019il ob\u00e9i\u00ac \nrait. Il envoya des ambassadeurs \u00e0 Rome, auxquels \non dit fi\u00e8rement qu\u2019orc le f\u00e9licitait d'avoir ob\u00e9i. \nApr\u00e8s sa mort, les Romains exclurent du tr\u00f4ne D\u00e9m\u00e9- \ntrius, l\u2019h\u00e9ritier l\u00e9gitime, en faveur d\u2019Antioehus-Eu- \npator, fils d\u2019Epiphane, dont l\u2019enfance ne pouvait g\u00eaner \nleur ambition. Sans consulter les Syriens, ils d\u00e9clarent \nEupator pupille de la r\u00e9publique, et envoient trois \nmembres du s\u00e9nat pour gouverner en qualit\u00e9 de ses \ntuteurs , avec ordre d\u2019affaiblir le royaume tant qu\u2019ils \npourraient. Rome aspirait \u00e9videmment \u00e0 la conqu\u00eate \ndu monde; la ruine de Carthage lui en fraya le che\u00ac \nmin. \nXV. \nTroisi\u00e8me guerre Punique. Carthage , Corinthe , \nNumance d\u00e9truites. \n(jee\u00ef^iaon *1* D epuis quelque temps, le vieux Massinissa , tout \nDedicated to the Romans and confident in their protection, he had seized lands from Carthage's domain. Rome dispatched commissioners to settle the dispute. Cato was among them. Upon his return, he accused the Carthaginians of arming against the republic and relentlessly demanded the destruction of their city. Scipio-Nasica, more moderate and wise, opposed this dangerous and violent opinion. However, the invasions of King Numidian forcing the Carthaginians to take up arms made it impossible for Rome to miss the opportunity to dominate in Africa. Rome had sent ambassadors to Carthage with the appearance of restoring peace, but in reality, to take advantage of the circumstances. Massinissa defeated the Carthaginians in a great battle. His son Gulassa.\n\nThird Punic War.\n\nApparency for restoring peace in reality taking advantage of the situation. Massinissa defeated the Carthaginians in a great battle.\nThe Romans delivered fifty-eight thousand who had laid down their arms to the massacre. Then the ambassadors, lifting their masks, declared war on the defeated. Conducted odiously, followed by even more infamous procedures. The Carthaginians, terrified, offered to recognize Roman rule. The Roman Senate promised to leave them with freedom, provided they did as the consuls, the Utlli, demanded and sent three hundred hostages. The hostages were sent with safety, although a small number of senators with foresight suspected treachery. The consuls Marcius and Manilius arrived at the head of a formidable army. They received the Carthaginian deputies pompously, who came to learn their intentions and complain about this war apparatus. \"You are under Roman protection,\" the consuls told them. \"The arms from your magazines\"\n\"You become unnecessary; bring them as proof of the sincerity of your feelings. In vain, we show them that Carthage is surrounded by enemies; that it needs its arms: Rome will defend you. Obey. When the Carthaginians had been stripped of their treasures and weapons, the consuls made no mention of Carthage's destruction, of their departure; they could, after all, establish themselves elsewhere, unfortified and only ten miles from the sea. This sudden blow revived courage, exciting despair. The people sacrificed the senators whose advice had caused the surrender of the arms. New senators were made with incredible ardor. Palaces, temples were changed into workshops;\"\nl'or et l'argent, les vases, les statues supplantent au fer et au cuivre; les femmes sacrifient leurs ornements.\n\nMago Roman. Scipion Etui! en. Elles coupent leurs cheveux pour faire cl\u00e9o cordes.\n\nThe Romans, not knowing that a deserted city could put up a resistance, launched the assault and were repelled; their fleet was reduced to ashes by incendiary boats.\n\nAsdrubal, Carthaginian general, would have cut to pieces the consular army had it not been for Scipion Africanus, Paul-Emile's son and Scipio the African's grandson, whose merit he equaled. This hero, with three hundred cavaliers, covered the retreat of the legions, while they were unaware of a river in the presence of the victorious enemy.\n\nHe was made consul before the prescribed age; he was assigned the department of Africa. Eleven soon justified this choice.\nCarthage is blocked and reduced to famine. The Carthaginians offer to submit to all conditions, as long as their city is spared. Scipion refuses, not being the one to prefer mercy over vengeance.\n\nFinally, through a false attack, the Romans seize a gate. They advance; they set fire to houses, pass the sword through what resists. The proud Asdrubal comes timidly to ask for mercy. His wife, more courageous, reproaches him, stabs her children, and throws herself into the flames. The city is abandoned to pillage. Scipion, obeying with regret the terrible orders of the senate, destroys it entirely with fire. The fire lasted seventeen days. A magnificent triumph and the surname of African conquered the consul's expedition. He was seconded in this war by his son.\nI am Lelius, son of the friend of the first Scipion Africanus, and worthy of writing his deeds, according to the historian Poiyhe. In the same year, the ruin of Corinth and the enslavement of Greece occurred. Rome had made a policy of maintaining division among the Greeks, interposing its authority in all affairs, and insidiously taking the same empire, as if it had been during the Third Punic War. If Rome had conquered Greece instead of declaring it free.\n\nThis conduct revolted the Achaeans. They had been provoked so much that they were necessary. They were sought to be tamed because Macdeonia was no longer feared. Three adventurers, calling themselves sons of Pers\u00e9e, had successively undertaken the conquest of this kingdom, and had been defeated easily. The pretor Metellus turns his arms against the Achaeans.\nThe consul Mummius completes the war and defeats Corinth, a city founded approximately 150 years ago and one of the most flourishing in Europe. Greece, under the name Achaea, is reduced to a Roman province. Rome enriches itself and decorates itself with new plunder. The art masterpieces transported there gave birth to a taste, but corruption of morals followed closely. A notable story of Mummius' ignorance is told. This general, charging entrepreneurs with the transport of the most precious items among Corinth's paintings and statues, declared that if any piece were to be lost or damaged, they would provide a replacement at their own expense. Mummius, as uninterested as he was valiant, did not keep this.\nrien pour lui des richesses et des beaut\u00e9s de Corinthe. \nMais si le go\u00fbt des beaux-arts e\u00fbt poli ses m\u0153urs et \ncelles de Rome, Corinthe e\u00fbt-elle \u00e9t\u00e9 livr\u00e9e aux flam\u00ac \nmes et au massacre? C\u2019est un grand malheur que les \nnations se corrompent par le luxe ; c\u2019en est un plus \ngrand qu'elles se d\u00e9truisent par la barbarie. \nAvant la fin de la guerre Punique, Yiriathe , g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \ndes Lusitaniens en Espagne, grand capitaine, avait \nsoulev\u00e9 diff\u00e9rens peuples contre Rome. 11 voulait Yiriath*. \nfonder un royaume par ses victoires, et il en vint \u00e0 \nbout. Pouvant tailler en pi\u00e8ces l\u2019arm\u00e9e romaine, il se \ncontenta d\u2019un trait\u00e9 de paix qui lui assurait le pays \ndont il \u00e9tait en possession, laissant tout le reste de \nl\u2019Espagne \u00e0 ses oppresseurs. Une perfidie ex\u00e9crable \nmuKee \nMilices. \n78 histoire romaine. \nles vengea de leurs d\u00e9faites. Le consul Servilius Ce- \npion seized the opportunity to break the peace and attacked Viriathus brutally. He pursued him, hired traitors to assassinate him during his sleep. A crime begets another. The Romans were also treacherous towards Numance, a considerable Spanish city on the Douro. They violated two treaties concluded with it and were hated as faithless enemies. The Numantines determined to defend their freedom until death. They needed a great man to defeat them. Scipio Emilian was named consul, despite a recent law forbidding the same man from being elected twice. The destroyer of Carthage reduced Numance to its last extremity and declared he would accept no proposal unless the inhabitants surrendered the city, their arms, and their persons. In despair, in the horrors of famine,\napr\u00e8s avoir mang\u00e9 les cadavres, plusieurs aim\u00e8rent mieux se donner la mort que se rendre aux Romains, i Numance fut d\u00e9truite. Avant de suivre la cha\u00eene des \u00e9v\u00e9nements, observons ici quelques particularit\u00e9s qui r\u00e9pandront du jour sur l'histoire.\n\nObservations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales.\nVoici une r\u00e9flexion importante de Montesquieu : \u00ab Nous remarquons aujourd\u2019hui que nos arm\u00e9es perdent beaucoup par le travail immod\u00e9r\u00e9 des soldats et cependant c\u2019\u00e9tait par un travail immense que les Romains se conservaient. La raison en est, je crois, que leurs fatigues \u00e9taient continuellement, au lieu que nos soldats passent sans cesse d\u2019un travail extr\u00eame \u00e0 une extr\u00eame oisivet\u00e9, ce qui est la chose du monde la plus pr\u00eate \u00e0 les faire p\u00e9rir. \u00bb\n\nObservations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales.\nNous remarquons aujourd'hui que nos arm\u00e9es perdent beaucoup par le travail inmod\u00e9r\u00e9 des soldats, et cependant c'\u00e9tait par un travail immense que les Romains se conservaient. La raison en est, je crois, que leurs fatigues \u00e9taient continuellement, au lieu que nos soldats passent sans cesse d'un travail extr\u00eame \u00e0 une extr\u00eame oisivet\u00e9, ce qui est la chose du monde la plus pr\u00eate \u00e0 les faire p\u00e9rir.\nFive hours twenty miles was the goal, sometimes twenty-four. During these marches, they made them carry weights of sixty pounds. They were accustomed to running and jumping, armed; in their exercises they took swords, javelins, double-weight arrows, and these exercises were continuous.\n\nIs it surprising that such soldiers, under severe discipline, won so many victories?\n\nRewards and military punishments had served, since the earliest times, to maintain discipline and to inflame courage. They were wisely distributed. Though there were afflictive punishments, nothing is more effective than shame and infamy. All kinds of rewards.\nThe penalties drew their price from the honor they produced; and when love of riches preferred money to honor, it was the sign of a prompt decay. During the second Punic war, the Porcia law had forbidden flogging a Roman citizen. This softening of the ancient laws was to heighten the feelings of the people. It did not extend to the armies, where generals retained the right to life and death. Thus the military discipline remained in all its vigor, while a milder legislation only increased the citizens' love for the country. One of the main causes of Rome's prosperity, Populonittu, was the population produced by the purity of mores and the sanctity of marriage. A few years after the first Punic war, the censors found the Roman history.\nThe name of citizens decreased greatly, demanded that everyone take an oath to marry and marry only in the presence of providing subjects to the republic. It was then that the first example of divorce was seen, permitted at the time by the earliest laws. Carvilius, who loved his wife, repudiated her due to sterility. Divorces became frequent as morals corrupted. Then marriage contracts were established to ensure women possession of their property in case of separation.\n\nUntil the time when Paul-Emile subjugated Macedonia by the defeat of Pers\u00e9e, and brought immediate riches to the public treasury, citizens had always paid the tribute, which was regulated according to the census based on fortunes: sometimes additional extraordinary contributions were added in times of need. But since then.\nUntil Caesar's death, they were exempt from all taxes. The revenues of the State came from customs on merchandise, what was taken from the republic's lands, taxes on Italians and provinces. The first tax on salt was imposed by the censor Livius, and he was named Salinator for this reason.\n\nThe mines in Spain primarily enriched Rome. Forty thousand men were employed there, near Carthage, and they extracted more than four talents each day. The booty brought by generals continually increased the treasury. The wealthiest nations of the world became tributaries. It was then that publicans began their frauds and vexations; magistrates were bribed; private wealth introduced luxury into homes.\nThe luxury, the sumptuousness, the new and changing needs, the disorders that undermined the foundations of the public good. For the first time after the expedition against Antiochus, the city was paved. Five hundred years had passed without any measure of time having elapsed. The consul Yalarius brought a sundial from Sicily. Scipio Nasica, over a hundred years later, introduced clepsydrae, which measured hours day and night. Everything was in a state of infancy, except for military art. Medicine consisted of family recipes, and a Greek named Archagathus practiced it, along with surgery, during the siege of Saguntum by Hannibal. Ennius, the first poet, friend of Scipio Africanus, composed the Roman history in verse, or rather in prose.\nN\u00e9vius, a contemporary, made the same observation about the first Punic War. The weakest rays of genius produced so many masterpieces. Here, as elsewhere, poetry was cultivated before prose and dedicated to memory. The ancient satire was only rustic simplicity. Fabius Pictor, consul in 485 BC, wrote about Roman history; however, we do not know his work. Rome was enlightened, refined its taste and manners, through Greek commerce. Plautus and Terence drew the theater from barbarism. It is said that Scipio Emilian and Laelius shared with Terence the composition of his pieces. Historian Polybius, philosopher Panetius, accompanied these great men on their expeditions. Already, the love of letters, philosophy, sciences, dispersed the rust of ferocity that covered Rome.\nThe Romans had received this from their ancestors. Caton the censor bitterly complained. Although he himself was a historian and orator, he unleashed himself against the Greeks, whom we were about to learn from. By decree, rhetors and philosophers, whom he represented as dangerous and who indeed were, were chased out when they embarrassed reason with sophisms or gave lies the colors of truth. But good literature could only produce good.\n\nAn admirable thing, and common among the Romans, was that the same man was magistrate, warrior, judge, and general, skilled at the bar and in government, a man of state and a man of letters; that he could distinguish himself and be useful in all ways. What men! Their education must have been different from ours!\n\nXVII.\nThe Gracchi.\nThe disputes between the senate and the people had been suspended due to foreign wars; however, the principle that had caused them persisted: and despite the fact that the plebeians had gained significant advantages, the small people still had reasons to complain. Two men of distinguished merit, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, attempted a reform that the circumstances rendered impossible. Their daring enterprise served as a signal for the civil wars that drowned liberty in the blood of citizens. These two brothers, of the illustrious Cornelia, daughter of Scipio Africanus, had received the best education from her: they possessed above all the talent of eloquence, so effective in governing the multitude. Tiberius had acquired a brilliant reputation, whether in the armies or in the courts.\nWithin the republic, when the office of tribune of the people opened up, with his zeal or ambition, for him to perish. For over two centuries and a half, the Licinian law had been disregarded. Instead of limiting themselves to five acres of republic land, the patricians had seized a considerable portion. The rich did not measure their possessions. These camps, once inhabited by the most illustrious Romans, were filled with slaves who cultivated them for their masters and were exempted and even excluded from military service. The people, destined to defend the country, owned nothing.\n\nTiberius-Gracchus proposed to reinstate the Licinian law, on condition that public funds paid what the rich held from the >\u2022 remuneration <\u2022.\nThe patricians beyond five hundred arpens protested; they emphasized the antiquity of their possessions and the inconvenience of novelty. The more obstacles the tribune encountered, the more he endeavored to animate the people: \"Wild beasts have dens, and Roman citizens, whom we call masters of the world, have no shelter for their dwelling, not an inch of land for their burial,\" he said. Finally, the Licinia law was renewed.\n\nIf Tib\u00e9rius had stopped there, he might have succeeded in his projects. He lost himself in pushing the patricians to the limit. Not only did he add to the law that lands usurped from the republic would be taken away from the possessors, but, since there was still not enough to satisfy all the poor, he distributed the treasures of Eum\u00e8ne, king of Pergamon, to them.\nqui had left his kingdom and riches to the Roman people. Finally, to protect himself from the wrath of his enemies, he requested, against the regulations, to be continued in the tribunate, alleging that they wanted his life and that the people were interested in his preservation. Then the senators took his side in using violence; they went to the Capitol, where the assembly was being held. Lepidius, warned of the danger threatening him, raised his hand to ask for help; they had come in response to this signal. His adversaries supposed that he was asking for a diadem, and that the people were going to crown him.\n\nU, Rome\nSutrin had announced this enterprise to the senate. The consul Minucius-Scavela in vain tried to calm the spirits. Scipio Nasica, cousin of the tribune, cried out: \"Since the consul betrays us, let the good men\"\ncitoyens me suivent. Il court, suivi d\u2019une foule de \ns\u00e9nateurs, auxquels se joignent leurs clients, arm\u00e9s \nde b\u00e2tons. Tib\u00e9rius meurt assomm\u00e9 avec plus de trois \ncents de ses amis : exemple d\u2019autant plus terrible, \nqu\u2019aucune s\u00e9dition jusqu\u2019alors n\u2019avait fait couler de \nsang romain. Le s\u00e9nat, oubliant son ancienne mod\u00e9\u00ac \nration, justifia ce qui s\u2019\u00e9tait fait, et p\u2019our soustraire \njNasica \u00e0 la vengeance du peuple., on l\u2019envoya ambas\u00ac \nsadeur en Asie, o\u00f9 il mourut. \n\u00ee.i '.reprise Ca\u00efus-Graeclms j^aussi vertueux, aussi z\u00e9l\u00e9, et plus \n' 1 !t!a\" \u00e9loquent que Tib\u00e9rius, apr\u00e8s avoir v\u00e9cu quelques \nann\u00e9es dans la retraite, \u00e9ntra dans la carri\u00e8re des hon\u00ac \nneurs. Malgr\u00e9 les alarmes et les conseils de Corn\u00e9lie, \nil aspirait au tribunal : il y parvint. Jamais tribun ne \nse montra plus actif en faveur du peuple. Au partage \ndes terres, il ajouta divers \u00e9tahlissemens , surtout des \nmagasins de bl\u00e9, dont les pauvres devaient tirer chaque mois, \u00e0 bas prix leur subsistance. Pour affaiblir encore plus l'autorit\u00e9 du s\u00e9nat, il repr\u00e9senta que l'injustice pr\u00e9sidait souvent aux tribunals, et qu'il importait de transf\u00e9rer au chevaliers, qui appartenait \u00e0 l'ordre des pl\u00e9b\u00e9iens, le jugement de toutes les causes entre particuliers. Cette loi passa. On renouvela aussi la d\u00e9fense d'ex\u00e9cuter aucune sentence capitale contre un citoyen romain, sans le consentement du s\u00e9nat et du peuple. Enfin Gracchus entreprit de procurer le droit de bourgeoisie et de suffrage \u00e0 tous les alli\u00e9s de Scipio en Italie.\n\nLe peuple assembl\u00e9 devait prononcer sur l'ex\u00e9cution des nouvelles lois, qui r\u00e9voltaient la noblesse. Mitre des licteurs d'Opimius, passant pr\u00e8s des amis de Gracchus, interrompirent le d\u00e9bat. (\n\nCleaned text.\nGraccius exclaimed unwelcome: Make way, citizens of the Gracchi. The Gracchi, numbering 85, did so, and Graccius was killed. The consul presented his complaints to the senate. He was authorized to execute whatever he deemed beneficial for the republic. This power armed him further. He ordered the knights to take up arms. Despite the evident danger, Gracchus left his house, defenceless, disregarding the pleas and tears of his tender wife: \"After the murder of Tiberius, what faith can we have in the laws or the gods?\" Opimius, at the head of the troops, attacked Mount Aventine, where the people had taken refuge under the command of Fulvius. He promised amnesty to those who laid down their arms; he engaged to pay in gold the price of Fulvius' and Gracchus' heads. Abandoned by the people, they both perished. Over three thousand were killed.\nThe partisans of these men lost their lives in this riot. The barbaric consul had all the bodies thrown into the Tiber, and raised a temple to Concord after flooding the city with blood.\n\nThe Gracchi were certainly great men; with more caution and less heat, they could have pulled the poor out of oppression; they could at least have mitigated their fate. If they became seditionists, it was less their fault than that of the merciless rich. But they did not deserve the reproach of aspiring to tyranny: and the senate, in imputing to them a crime evidently contrary to their principles and conduct, sought their destruction, not their salvation for the state.\n\nCornelia had always regarded her husbands as her only treasure. She bore their loss with admirable constancy. It was believed that age and misfortune had worn her out.\nThose who thought as such, Plutarch remarked, felt not how powerful education was, joined with superior qualities, in counteracting grief. Fortune might sometimes carry away virtue, but it did not deprive one of the means to bear reverses couragiously. Cornelia lived tranquilly in the company of scholars, and was honored by all that was respectable.\n\nXVIII.\nJugurtha's War. \u2014 Marius.\n\nAn abominable corruption infected the morals of Rome's leading citizens. Everything was for sale in Rome. The treasures of all nations had ignited the thirst for riches, extinguishing the feelings of honor and virtue. We will see proof of this in the war of Jugurtha.\n\nMasinissa had left behind three sons, who ruled.\nMicipsa, ruling conjunctly with the Kingdom of Numidia, found himself master of all following the deaths of the two others. He had two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal, but had adopted Jugurtha, the natural son of one of his brothers, who was already renowned for his valor. Micipsa hoped to curb his ambition through recognition. However, scarcely had Micipsa breathed his last, when Jugurtha had Hiempsal assassinated. Hiempsal's murder foreshadowed Adherbal's ruin; he raised troops to defend himself, lost a significant portion of his lands, and sought Roman justice.\n\nFor a long time, the murderer had ensured that gold could make his atrocious crimes appear favorable to their eyes. His generosity spoke for him in the senate: the majority turned in his favor. Soon, he took up arms again, pursued Adherbal, and besieged him.\nIn Rome, Rome appears indignant. New envoys arrive. Scaurus, prince of the senate, threatens a war against Jugurtha. Scaurus orders him to lift the siege immediately. Fraud and money continue to triumph. Adlierba abandons, surrenders; Jugurtha assassinates him arrogantly and enjoys his plunder. It was not possible to tolerate such shameless attacks. The consul Calpurnius-Pison departed with Seaurus, his lieutenant. Jugurtha made proposals, obtained a conference, and concluded the peace advantageously. No one doubted that he had paid for it. While the senate kept silent, Memmius, a tribune of the people, raised his voice against the prevaricators, and demanded that Jugurtha appear. The Numidian, relying on his treasures, came to Rome, gained a tribune, and had one of his enemies assassinated impunity.\nproches, who demanded his crown, he departed, exclaiming: O mercenary city! You would soon perish if you found someone to buy you.\n\nThe war having resumed, Jugurtha made M.h\u00fcn submit to the Roman army, which was then commanded by Aulus-Postumius, a cowardly and imprudent general. But Metellus erased the shame of his country. After employing in vain the seduction to have Jugurtha handed over, dead or alive, he fought fortunately, captured the king, and was finally persuaded to surrender.\n\nAn order he received subsequently, to come in person to find Metellus, inspired in him suspicion and revived his courage.\n\nMetellus had chosen for his lieutenant the famous Y.n, Marius, a plebeian of obscure birth, without wealth or education, but consumed by ambition, hardened in work since his youth, sober, indefatigable.\naudacious. This warrior had attracted the attention and esteem of Scipio Africanus at the siege of Numance; from simple soldier, he had become successively tribune of soldiers, tribune of the people, and finally judge. He was one of those ardent men who cannot be diverted from the goal they propose, capable of doing great things. Menucius, the master of Rome, Finius, the son of Ju,\n\nRomans endured great troubles, according to their interest and conjectures. Marius, to distinguish himself, had no shame in denigrating Metellus, his general, his benefactor. He obtained permission to go to Rome to contest the consulship, where he aspired. There, he redoubled his invectives and gained such favor with the people that he was named consul and assigned the Numidian war, although the senate had signed, for the third time, this province over to Metellus, in the capacity of proconsul.\nM\u00e9tellus hoped to end the war promptly when he was disappointed to see an ungrateful man take command from him. Upon returning to Rome, he easily dispelled suspicious rumors. The people granted him a triumph with the surname Numidican. A tribune accused him of plundering the province, but the Roman knights refused to examine his accounts, which he produced to justify himself. They considered the strongest proof of his innocence to be his entire life. An accusation ended in this way deserved a triumph.\n\nHowever skillful and courageous Marius may have been, the Numidian war ended only through treachery. Sylla, his quaestor who would soon become his rival, detached Jugurtha from the alliance with Bocchus, king of Mauritania, Jugurtha's grandson and ally. Sylla then persuaded Bocchus to betray Jugurtha to the Romans in the most shameful way.\nBocchus arrests his father-in-law, who came to a conference on his word, and to whom he had promised to deliver Sylla. The king of Numidia is taken to Rome in chains; he adorns Marius' triumph, endures the insults of the soldiery, and dies in a cell. Three thousand seven hundred pounds of gold, nearly six thousand pounds of silver, not counting the minted money, were the plunder of his kingdom. The Romans grew richer and richer through war, a ruinous endeavor for modern nations. Should we be surprised that their ambition ended in the invasion of the Cimbri and Teutons, rather than marking the end of one war and the beginning of another?\n\nInvasion of the Cimbri and Teutons. \u2013 Social War.\nThe Gauls, led by the Cimbri and Teutons, emerging from the northern parts of Europe near the Baltic Sea, had thrown themselves upon Gaul, where some Gaulish peoples joined them. They had defeated five consuls with terrible carnage. Rome had lost eighty thousand men in a single day. The Teutons, although separated from the Cimbri, were formidable due to their multitude and bravery. Marius was the only one capable of repairing these misfortunes. He waited to engage in battle only when he could count on victory, disregarding their insults, accustomed as he was to having his troops no longer fear their howlings or appearance. Finally, he cut them to pieces near Aix in Provence, where their loss was said to be over fifty-five thousand men. The following year, in:\nDuring his fifth consulship, he defeated the Cimbri at Yercourt, who were ravaging Italy. These barbarians, men and women, hanged themselves most, rather than survive their defeat; and since trees were lacking, they attached themselves by the neck to their horses' tails or to the horns of their oxen. Had they had the discipline of the Romans, they might have subdued them, but they knew only how to fight in a furious manner and die with courage. The proconsul Catulus, who commanded a part of Parthica with Sylla, shared in the victory. Drusus triumphed more than Marius. Catulus was nearly completely forgotten, such is the way reputation depends on the whims of fortune.\nIn saving the republic, Marius sought only to satisfy his ambition. He obtained a sixth consulship through bribery and degradation; he aligned himself closely with Saturninus, the tribune of the people, and Glaucia, two enemies of virtue and the public good. Saturninus proposed a land law with this clause: \"That the senate forget itself by oath to confirm whatever is decreed by the people, under pain for the senators who refuse the oath, of being demoted and condemned to a fine of twenty talents.\" Metellus persisted in being the only one to refuse, and was exiled: \"Either things will change, he said as he left Rome, and the people, having returned from their error, will recall me, or they will not change, and then I must be happy to be far from my homeland.\" Things changed through fury.\nSameness of Saturninus pushed Marius to abandon him. This tribune, desiring that Glaucia be consul, had Memmius publicly assassinated, his rival. In response, the senate, in extreme peril, gave the consul authority to ensure public safety. Arms were taken up against the sedition. Saturninus and Glaucia were pursued to the Capitole; both were massacred, despite Marius' desire to save them both. Metellus, who had long consoled himself with philosophy and virtue, was soon recalled. For a long time, the Italian allies of Rome had been deprived of their citizen rights. C. Gracchus, to strengthen his faction, had attempted to secure a precious advantage for the Latins and had perished in the process. The tribune Drusus, a man distinguished by his virtue,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections were made for clarity.)\nThe invasion of the Cimbri and Teutons. Its birth and leadership formed the chimera's design to satisfy allies and all orders of the State at once. Its laws passed, despite strong opposition, as he skillfully manipulated minds. The Romans, regarding allies as subjects, could not resolve to make them equals. Drusus sensed the weakness of his credibility in this regard. Desperate allies, unable to see him execute his promise, resolved to assassinate the consuls. Informed of the plot, Drusus warned Consul Philip, his most ardent adversary. In return for this service, he himself was assassinated shortly thereafter. A trait revealing his virtue is reported. Drusus was building a house. The architect offered to turn it.\npersonne had seen him: \"Employ your art, replied he, to make my actions exposed to the view of the whole world.\" The death of Drusus was like a signal for war to the allies. They revolted in unison, took up arms: enemies all the more formidable, as they had the discipline and military science of the Romans, and Rome had conquered them with their aid. The Marshes and Samnites held the foremost rank among them. They formed the project of a new republic. They fought against the best generals, Marinus, Silas, Pompey. Roman politics joined cunning to firmness. Queen, after having enrolled the freedmen against the usage; and having granted politically the right of citizenship to those of the allies who had remained loyal, granted the same right to others gradually.\nThey submit. Thus, the social war slowed down suddenly. The secret was found to make almost unnecessary for allies what they had obtained with so much effort. Instead of distributing them in the thirty-five tribes, where they would have had the majority of votes due to their numbers, eight tribes were composed of the old ones, who had no influence because they voted last.\n\nXX.\n\nCivil Wars. \u2014 Marius and Sylla.\n\nThe civil wars were about to begin. Marius and Sylla were their first instigators. We already know Marius; the other one deserves to be better known. He descended from Cornelius-Rufmus, who was expelled from the senate in the year 477 BC of Rome because he possessed more than fifteen pounds of silverware. No member of this branch had come to power since then.\nTous les talents de l'esprit, cultiv\u00e9s par la litt\u00e9rature et la politesse, anim\u00e9s par l'ambition et par l'amour de la gloire, joints au courage, \u00e0 l'activit\u00e9, \u00e0 une grande souplesse de caract\u00e8re, rendaient Syila tr\u00e8s-capable de relever l'honneur de sa maison. Aimant les plaisirs, il savait y renoncer pour la r\u00e9putation et la fortune. N\u00e9 avec peu de bien, il avait amass\u00e9 des richesses dignes sans doute du reproche qu'on lui lit un jour ; \u00ab Comment seriez-vous honn\u00eate homme, vous \u00e0 qui votre p\u00e8re n'a rien laiss\u00e9, et qui \u00eates maintenant si riche? \u00bb Apr\u00e8s la guerre du Numidique, l'argent et l'intrigue lui procur\u00e8rent la pr\u00e9ture. Ses exploits dans la guerre sociale, o\u00f9 il \u00e9clipsa Marius, augment\u00e8rent l'attachement pour sa personne. Il devint consul et fut charg\u00e9 de la guerre contre Mitridate, roi de Pont, un des plus redoutables ennemis de Rome.\nMarius showed no mercy towards Sulla for claiming credit for the success of the Numidian expedition. Though old, heavy, and infirm, Marius wanted command for this new war. To take it away from his rival, he allied with Sulpicius, a tribune of the people, a man of reckless audacity, always accompanied by satellites whom he impudently called his \"anti-senate.\" He proposed naming Marius, a simple private citizen, general of the army against Mithridate, and obtained this easily.\n\nSylla had gone to his camp. Determined to take revenge for such an insult, he marched towards Rome, where several of his supporters had been massacred. He entered the city with his sword in hand; he threatened to set fire to the houses if there was resistance. Marius and Sulpicius having fled, he contained the troops within the city.\nThe consul must uphold order and prevent chaos. He makes the tribun's laws crumble; he restores the ancient rule of proposing no law without the senate's approval. Intimidated, the people confirm these changes.\n\nTo satisfy his vengeance, the consul proposes to the senate that Marius and his son, Sulpicius, and nine of their main supporters be declared enemies of the country. Quintus-Scavela, a wise and virtuous citizen, resists courageously: \"Neither your soldiers nor your reigns will force me to dishonor my old age by declaring an enemy of Rome the one who saved Rome and Italy.\" But the other senators prove compliant. A decree of proscription is passed. Sulpicius's head, brought to Rome, became a terrifying spectacle. Marius was captured in the Minturnae marshes where he was hiding.\nA soldier, who was supposed to be his clerk, dared not strike this great general, and the Minturnians favored his escape to Africa. The commander of this province sent him orders to leave, but he responded proudly to the officer making the delivery: \"Tell him I was seen as a fugitive among the ruins of Carthage.\" Striking tableau of fortune's vicissitudes! He then retired to an island, where, with his son, he waited for some revolution in his favor.\n\nV \u2022 Marius:\nSx ll.i.\nReverted L.\n-favored Marina.\n\nROMAN HISTORY.\nAt Rome, everything soon changed. Cinna, Marius' son-in-law and his supporter, was named consul. Sylla consented, after making him swear not to act against his interests. This moderation did not quench his hatred. Cinna renewed the law of Sulpicius by decree.\nport au XNUMX, Octavius, his colleague, opposes himself; one comes to arms; the public place is filled with blood. Cinna, driven out of Rome, deprived of the consulship, retires among the allies. They take up arms in his favor, and the discontented Romans join them. The circumstances were favorable to Marius. He returns, is received by Cinna, who declares him proconsul. Both, with a considerable army, besiege the city. The senate increases their audacity by sending a delegation. Cinna refuses to listen, until he is recognized as consul. He promises to spare the lives of citizens. Yet he forms the resolution, with Marius and the other leaders, to massacre all whom they consider enemies; and this massacre is carried out.\n\nImagine a city taken by storm by barbarians; the heads of the most illustrious citizens exposed on the walls.\naux harangues; the riches and power become a title of proscription; the irritated thirst for blood stirred by carnage; the fierce Marius, who affected the beating of an unlucky man, surpassing, at the age of sixty and ten, the cruelties of Cinna: such is the spectacle of Rome.\n\nLet us recall a single fact to characterize the civil wars. In an action, two brothers fought each other without knowing; Lun killed the other, recognized him in stripping him, and, carried away by despair, killed himself on his brother's pyre, to mix his ashes with theirs.\n\nAt the end of this year of massacres, Cinna and Marius seized the consulship; they did not even deign to be elected for formality's sake. The last one died soon after.\n\nSylla, Mitridate. (fi\n\nAgitated by concerns of tyranny, he feared\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete, with missing words or lines. The text also includes a reference to \"Sylla, Mitridate,\" which is not mentioned in the provided text and may be an error or an incomplete reference.)\nReturn of victorious Sylla, whose vengeance was only terrible. With no resources on the side of reason, he sought to dull himself with excessive wine, and found a fitting death.\n\nXXI.\nSylla proclaimed Greece and Asia. \u2014 Mithridate.\n\nThe Roman Republic established its despotism in Asia. It commanded kings, protected some to subdue others; and became the arbiter of all, to judge according to its own interests.\n\nAs soon as Mithridate, king of Pontus, came of age to undertake enterprises, he resolved to resist Roman ambition. The nobility of his origin, the loftiness of his feelings, the strength of his genius, his courage hardened by toil, his advantageous position, his ports on the Black Sea, made him capable of executing great things, and his ambition knew no bounds.\nThis prince had seized Cappadocia from Ariobarzane and Bithynia from Nicomedes, two Roman allies; he had conquered all of Asia Minor. Rome declared war on him, and he had massacred eighty thousand Romans or Italians in a single day. In the end, he invaded Greece through his generals. Foolish Athens surrendered joyfully to change masters.\n\nThe troubles of the Roman Republic had favored Mithridate's enterprises. Sylla, as we have seen, finally set out to stop his progress. He passed through Greece and resolved to take Athens and the Piraeus.\n\nWhat he did there is unknown.\n\nHe demanded it from the allies.\n\nt sixth book.\n\nThe sum provided to him was insufficient. He had the temples' treasures brought to him, even that of Delphi. Receiving them, he said with pleasure.\nsanterie, whom there could be no doubt of the victory, since the gods bribed his troops. The Athenians laughed on their side, although surrounded by dangers. A terrible famine reduced them to begging for mercy. Their deputies came to plead with Sylla. Us spoke with emphasis of Theseus, of Codrus, of the victories of Marathon and Salamine: \"Go, happy and glorious mortals, repeat these beautiful speeches in your schools; I am not here to learn your history, but to chastise the rebels.\" The city was taken by storm and given to pillage. The victor offered to raze it, but yielded, and pardoned the lives of the old men; in consideration of the respect inspired by the ancient heroes of Athens and the great geniuses it had produced.\nr\u00e9publique. Areh\u00e9laus, the second best general of Mithridate, was forced to abandon Pir\u00e9e. The enemy set fire to it. Two complete victories, won by Sylla afterwards, ruined all hopes of the enemy. The second, won at Orchom\u00e8ne, made him even more honorable, as he saw his troops fleeing and he himself charged, dismounted from his horse, seized a standard, and confronted the danger: \"It is glorious for me to die here,\" he cried. \"You others, if you are asked where you have abandoned your general, you will answer, at Orchom\u00e8ne.\" This was enough to make the Romans invincible.\n\nWhile he was thus sustaining the cause of Rome, he was proscribed as an enemy of the republic. Cinna, consul for the third time, was exercising his power.\nune tyrannie insupportable. Archclaus seeing that in him it fared ill, Sylla, with Mithridate. Similar circumstances found Sylla desiring the end of the war, offering him all sorts of aid if he wished to return to Italy. The Roman, unworthy of the proposition, in turn offered him the throne of Mithridate if he would surrender his fleet. Arch\u00e9laus replied that he detested such a thing. \"What then!\" Sylla retorted, \"you, a Cappadocian, a slave or servant of a barbarian king, will you blush at buying a crown at such a price? And to a Roman general, to Sylla, you dare speak of treason!\"\n\nHowever, Valerius Flaccus, whom Cinna had named general, came to strip Sylla of his command by order of the senate. His troops, except for two legions, passed under Sylla's banners. Flaccus.\nfut tu\u00e9 par son propre lieutenant Fimbria, whom he had deposed, and who respected no duties. The fortunate Sylla, triumphing thus over all the others, did not want to leave Asia without avenging the massacre of the Romans. The contributions exacted from rebellious cities reached immense sums. He distributed his legions everywhere; he gave each soldier sixteen drachmas (1) a day, in addition to lodging and food. These disastrous examples announced the downfall of discipline. \"For the first time, said Salluste, an Roman army tasted wine and women, statues, paintings, vases, and plundered the parties, the cities and the temples; they finally pillaged the sacred and the profane.\" This spirit of rapacity grew stronger every day.\nEach drachme represented fifteen to sixteen sous of our currency.\n\nHistory of the Romans.\nXXII.\nReturn of Sylla. His proscriptions, his dictatorship, his death.\n\n- PLus de Jeux cent mille men were in arms for Sylla, who was returning to Italy. He arrived\nhaving only an army of around forty thousand men. But his soldiers cherished him, and he had the talent\nto attract others to his cause. Cethegus, Yerrees, Pompey, and other notable persons, the entire\nconsular army, rallied under his flags. He heated their hearts, he inspired confidence. Crassus,\nwhom he sent to raise levies, asked for an escort, because he had to traverse a country occupied\nby the enemy: \"I give you for an escort, Sylla said, your father, your brother, your close relatives,\nshamefully.\"\n\"\u00e9gorg\u00e9s et dont je poursuis la vengeance.\" These words made Crassus tremble, and the commission was dismissed successfully. After winning several victories against his enemies, Sylla became hated for his proscriptions.\n\n\"Nous ne demandons pas gr\u00e2ce pour ceux que vous \u00eates r\u00e9solu de faire mourir; mais du moins tirez inqui\u00e9tude ceux que vous voulez sauver.\" \"Je ne sais pas encore,\" he replied, \"\u00e0 qui j'accorderai la vie.\" \u2014 \"Bien s\u00fbr, r\u00e9pliqua-t-on; nommez ceux que vous voulez exterminer.\"\n\nThe next day appeared a list of eighty proscriptions, among whom were Carbon and the young Marins, currently consuls; the day after another list of two hundred and twenty, and another similar one the day following. Sylla declared to the people that he would give no mercy to any of his enemies.\nThe slave was invited, by rewards, to kill his master, his own son: the head of a proscribed man was paid two talents. His property was confiscated; his descendants were punished, even those yet unborn, condemned as infamous, to possess no charge. Rome, the provinces, had become butcheries for a crowd of citizens, some of whom were immolated only for their possessions. \"It is my land that proscribes me,\" cried a certain Aur\u00e9lius, a peaceful man, remote from all affairs. Marius, unable to defend Praeneste where he had retired, agreed with a friend to mutually give each other death: they stabbed themselves with their swords. Carbon, the other consul, had left Etalia. Pompey pursued him, found him prostrate at his feet, and ordered his execution.\nsupplice, although Carbon had rights to his renaissance. Thus, the Romans avenged one another on countless crushed peoples due to their ambition. The republic no longer existed; one was master of all; the sword was the title and its support. Sylla, in power around 71 BC, wanted something more respectable. Since the name of king \"Sylla\" would have caused horror among the Romans, he proposed to the people that they name a dictator, without time limitation, to repair the state's ills, offering to assume this role if they chose. He skillfully named himself, saving appearances. The people's votes established a perpetual despotism, as there was no power in the world more arbitrary than that of a dictator. Sylla made wise laws when he was in power.\nabsolutely. He suppressed murder and violence; he returned tribunals to the senate, incorporating three hundred knights to fill the vacancies caused by war and proscriptions. He regulated the quaestorship so that one could not reach the praeture unless one had been a quaestor before, and the consulat only after having exercised the praeture; he prescribed a ten-year interval between consulships, according to ancient laws. He restricted tribunician power, forbidding tribuns from interfering with legislation, ordering them out of the senate, and denying them any superior dignity.\n\nAfter having caused the deaths of a hundred citizens by arms, the execution of eighty-nine senators and over two thousand six hundred knights by proscriptions, Sylla dared to abdicate the dictatorship.\nIl read the truth. He declared even that he was ready to account for his conduct. He was then seen strolling in the square without bodyguards, with a small number of friends. But he had freed and elevated ten thousand slaves to the rank of citizens; he had given lands in the colonies to his old soldiers; he had distributed favors only among his supporters: they alone held civil and military positions. The defenders could not therefore be lacking, and the terror of his name served as guards for him. However, on the day he died, a young man had the imprudence to insult him with his speeches. Without responding, Sylla said only: \"This young man will be the cause that another, in a place like mine, will not think of leaving.\" The pleasures and debauchery to which he devoted himself.\nSertorius revived Marius' party in Spain. He was a great captain and politician, virtuous as much as possible in the midst of vices and factions. After suffering many misfortunes, he retired among the Lusitanians, who entrusted him with the command of their troops. With an army, he waged an obstinate war against several Roman generals, who commanded over 100,000 men. The art of encampments, clever marches, strategic plans, and sudden attacks were his forte.\nThe discipline united with courage, the admiration and confidence he inspired in his soldiers, seemed to augment his forces in all occasions. Metellus, Tullius' lieutenant of Sylla, waged war against him without success. After the death of the dictator, Pompey was sent to Spain. Sertorius had recently been reinforced by an entire army, under the orders of the traitor Perperna, who, seeking to establish himself in the country, was forced by his soldiers to join this illustrious general. Pompey and Metellus united could never defeat him. The latter had no shame in putting his head up for sale. One hundred talents and twenty thousand arpens of land were to be the reward for the assassin, and this policy of brigands exposed Sertorius to a thousand betrayals. Eleven became severe. A conspiracy formed around him; Perperna was its chief, and he betrayed him cowardly.\n\u00e9gorger dans un festin. Avec Sertorius tomba toute la force de son parti. Le tra\u00eetre Perperna, en s'emparant du commandement, seizeth the papers of Sertorius, where were discovered his liaisons with the principals of Rome. Pompey.\n\nHe could only read that it made victory easy for Pompey. He wanted to redeem his life with a new treason; he offered the papers to the conqueror. Pompey examined the papers and ordered the execution of Perperna.\n\nSubsequently, he erected a magnificent monument to his exploits: he boasted, in the inscription, of having subdued eight hundred and sixty-three cities, from the Alps to the extremities of Spain. Let us seek no other proof of the vanity of this famous captain, who deserved little the title of great man, despite his successes, and who always wanted to be without equal.\nRome, accustomed to conquering nations, yet already vanquished by its vices and riches, still had to endure a dangerous and humiliating war against its own slaves. A large number of these unfortunates, reduced to servitude by the injustice of fate, were compelled, against their will, to exercise the profession of gladiator. Sixty-seven of these men broke their chains, with Spartacus, a Thracian of superior merit to his fortune, as their leader. Several militias were raised against them; a pretor received the same insult at the head of three thousand men. These initial successes attracted other slaves. Spartacus' troop became a numerous and formidable army, so powerful that the two consuls and a pretor were compelled to march against it. He defeated all three with even greater glory, for the Gauls, having joined him, fought valiantly.\nseparated from him, came to be cut into pieces by the Romans. He was already threatening Rome; he could siege it with 82,000 slave soldiers. Finally, Crassus, one of the best generals of the republic, was put in charge of this war. Spartacus, forced by the slaves to take decisive action, conducted himself with as much skill as bravery. He killed his horse at the moment the battle was about to begin: \"I won't miss the end of the Mithridatic war. I won't need it if I win; I won't need it if I lose.\" The victory wavered for a long time. The slaves were defeated, and this hero, covered in wounds, expired in the melee. The rebels lost forty thousand men. Five thousand fugitives rallied, Pompey defeated them easily.\nComme il avait sauve la r\u00e9publique, il \u00e9crasa le s\u00e9nat :\n\"Crassus a remport\u00e9 une victoire sur les esclaves ; mais j'ai coup\u00e9 jusqu'aux racines de la r\u00e9bellion.\"\nCet ambitieux citoyen tournait tout \u00e0 son avantage. Il \u00e9blouissait la multitude en exag\u00e9rant ses services : il voulait qu'on le cro\u00eet n\u00e9cessaire, afin de se rendre tout-puissant, et il persuada ce qu'il voulait. Nomm\u00e9 consul \u00e0 trente-quatre ans, il abolit les meilleures lois de Sylla, rendit aux tribuns leur ancien pouvoir, devint l'idole du peuple, dont il flatte les pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s. Des milliers de pirates, sortis des c\u00f4tes de la Cilicie, infestaient les mers, pillaient jusqu'aux temples, d\u00e9shonoraient les provinces, ruinant le commerce et r\u00e9pandant la famine. On ne voit que Pomp\u00e9e qui puisse les vaincre. La commission \u00e9tait pour trois ans. Les\nPirates were destroyed or dispersed in four months. The popular enthusiasm grew in favor of the general. If he did not abuse his power, it was because he feared the suspicion of tyranny.\n\nEnd of the Mithridatic War.\n\nSince Sylla's departure, Mithridates had threatened war against Pompey twice. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, having bequeathed his kingdom to the republic, the king of Pontus resolved to take Bithynia from this ambitious people.\n\nInstituted by experience, he banished his Asian opulence from his army. He replaced it with Roman arms and discipline. He had formed soldiers, and he was a great commander. They sent the two consuls, Cotta and Lucullus, against him. The latter, with a taste for letters, united with him.\nIl served in all military sciences. He had served as a quester under Sylla. He began as a great man. He put a check on the greed of financiers and the license of troops. He saved his colleague, beaten by Mithridate; he raised the siege of Cyzicus for him; he drove him out of Bithynia, and then from his kingdom. It was then that the cruel monarch gave the order to poison his sisters and wives, Monime in particular, out of fear they would fall into the hands of the conqueror.\n\nS retreating to Tigrane, king of Armenia, his son-in-law, engaged him in his quarrel. Lucullus crossed the Euphrates and the Tigris without difficulty, as he was not believed to be bold enough for the attempt. He marched against the Armennians, who were twenty times stronger than him in numbers.\n\nSomeone observing that this day was unlucky for him.\naugure, marked as such in the calendar: He, indeed, made a happy day of it. In fact, he cut up his enemies. The following year, he passed Mount Taurus. Tigrane and Mithridate were united: he attacked them and drove them back.\n\nLucullus, with sublime qualities, lacked the talent to be loved. Officers and soldiers endured his arrogance and severity for maintaining discipline all the more impatiently because their habits inclined them to license. The troops mutinied several times. Tigrane and Mithridate, taking advantage of the circumstances, returned to their kingdoms. An entire Roman army was defeated, and Lucullus was abandoned by his soldiers when he was making efforts to repair these misfortunes.\n\nEnd of the Mithridatic War. io5\n\nIn this favorable circumstance for Pompey, the Andetion,\ntribun Manilius proposes to recall Lucullus and grant Pompey the command of the war against Mithridate and Tigrane, leaving him all the power given by the Gabinian law. The most zealous citizens cried out in indignation. But Cesar, who flattered the crowd to rise above the laws; Cicero, then praetor, in need of Pompey's favor; other illustrious persons, guided by particular motives or blinded by the allure of this general, supported Manilius' law.\n\nHere we see how the baseness and crudeness of ambition can sometimes be on display. Pompey had put all his efforts into the success of this affair. When he learned of it, he concealed his joy under an appearance of sorrow. \"Shall I never enjoy it then?\"\nrepos spoke: \"Can I live in retirement with a beloved wife? Happy are those who spend tranquil days in obscurity!\" This hypocrisy shocked even his friends, but the vulgar herd was likely its dupe.\n\nIf Pompey had been worthy of his fortune, he would have respected, at the very least, the merit and services of Lucius Lucullus. Instead, he humiliated him, criticizing him without mercy. According to him, Lucullus had only had easy successes, and he proposed that the riches were the fruit of war. Lucullus, wounded by his rival's injurious words, reproached him, with more reason, for wanting to claim all the glory for himself, seeking command against already defeated enemies, and coming to the end of each war to take the victory from the general Phonneur.\nAn interview they had together grew tiresome for both. However, Lucullus was awarded the triumph. His victories could not be forgotten. He spent the rest of his life in voluptuous retirement.\n\nHISTORIES OF ROME.\nUS .ilVi-'s\n\u2022'PI'O P\u00fcl (le the\niitti i laie.\nhis murderer, but dedicated to the study and commerce of friendship. No one had gone further than he in magnificence and luxury, which, after the conquests of Asia, should change the entire habits of Rome. His steward, having served him, one day when he was eating alone and less sumptuously than usual, said to him in anger, \"Don't you know, sir, that Lucullus is to dine today at Lucullus'?\" Such a great man of the republic, transformed, as it were, into a satrap of Persia.\n\nMithridate, weakened by so many perils, abandoned,\nSes allies succumbed quickly to the efforts of the superior enemy; he retreated and gained the Bosphore. His courage did not abandon him. He planned to carry the war to Italy and follow the traces of Annibal, when Pharnaces his son excited a revolt against him. Leroi, besieged in a castle by the rebels, pierced himself with his sword after attempting in vain the poison. Always surrounded by domestic enemies, he had the glory of resisting the Romans for nearly thirty years. At the news of his death, their joy erupted in immoderate transports, and Pharnaces obtained the kingdom of the Bosphore as a reward for his parricide.\n\nXXV,\n\nConjuration de Catilina. \u2014 Triumvirat de Pomp\u00e9e, Crassus et C\u00e9sar.\n\nBefore the return of Pompey, it was almost certain that Rome would have been buried under its ruins, due to the treachery of Catilina. However, Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar formed a triumvirate to save the Republic.\nf.oiuit Mitter, a part of his citizens, Catilina, called Sicilina.\nConjuration of Catilina. 107 BC.\nA notable, fiery genius who frightened no enterprise, capable yet of artful dissimulation, bankrupt, stained with crimes, having only despair as a resource, formed the plan to terminate the senators and seize, like Sylla, sovereign authority. The debauched, the discontented, the ambitious flocked to his party.\nIt took a great genius to save the republic: the glory was reserved for Cicero.\nThis admirable orator watched over the republic, and nothing escaped his prudence. He revealed the entire plot to the senate. Catilina leaves Rome, confounded by the orator's eloquence. The other conspiracy chiefs are arrested, convinced, and condemned.\nBorn to death by a decree of the senate, and executed at night in prisons. We march against Catilina, who, with a band of rebels, was planning to raise Gaul: we attack him; he defends himself valiantly. Defeated with no resources left, he throws himself into the thick of the fight and dies, pierced by blows. He was one of those men born to do great things, yet slaves to their passions, seeming more capable of great crimes than great deeds. Julius Caesar, Cinna's grandson, was preparing for vast undertakings in silence. The softness, the vanity, the debauchery of his youth revealed a man of pleasure, from whom Rome had nothing to hope for or fear. Cicero depicted him as such to Sylla to save him from proscription. Sylla judged better: \"Do you not see in this young man more than one Manius?\" Caesar escaped.\nals. Once he entered the arena of ambition, he appeared with all the advantages of eloquence and deep politics. To win over the people, he exhausted his patrimony in profusions, in spectacles. He bought impunity the dignities, he revived the remains of Marius' party. His entire soul was devoted to honors and glory.\n\nReading one day the life of Alexander: \"Alas!\" he said, with tears in his eyes, \"Alexander had conquered at my age so many kingdoms, and I have achieved nothing memorable!\" Another time, crossing a small Alpine village and hearing someone in his entourage ask mockingly if they were also vying for the offices of that place, he replied: \"I would rather be first here than second \u2013 Pompey, returning to Rome, accustomed to the com-\"\nmandement and successes, refused to suffer nobly or equally. R found in Crassus an adversary to whom immense wealth attached an infinite number of partisans. These two rivals hated each other: the balance fluctuated between them in the senate. C\u00e9sar wanting to be consul, needing both, reconciled them, and through this union, cemented his interest in their entire credit.\n\nScarcely had C\u00e9sar obtained the consulship through Pompey and Crassus, when he proposed a land law to make the people more favorable. R gave her daughter in marriage to Pompey, fearing that zealous Republicans might take away this support from him. Fearing Cicero's zeal and eloquence, he procured the tribunal for the sedition-prone Clodius, Cicero's mortal enemy. Finally, he was given the government for five years.\nGaules and four legions, anticipating that military power would put him in a position to carry out all his designs, proposed a law declaring anyone who had caused a citizen's death before the people's judgment a state criminal. This was a battery raised against Cicero. The accomplices of Catilina had been put to death without the people's judgment being pronounced; but Cicero had acted only by the order of the senate, and the necessity of the circumstances justified his conduct. As soon as he saw himself attacked, the weakness of his character betrayed his genius: defeated, supplicating, he found no help at the door of the ungrateful Pompey. Cicero learned of the decree for his exile; he retired to Greece. But Pompey refused him aid.\nPeasantly, he was soon recalled by a matter of interest. He was filled with honors upon his return; he traversed Italy as if in triumph: he rebuilt his houses at the state's expense.\n\nAs the triumvirs needed one another, they united by new engagements. Pompey and Crassus obtained the consulship and considerable governorships for five years. The friends of Caesar consented only if Caesar was continued in his government of the Gauls for five more years. These three generals were authorized to levy as many troops as they deemed necessary and to demand from kings and Roman allies as much money and aid as they thought fit.\n\nCrassus, who amassed treasures upon treasures, who said that a citizen was not rich unless he had wherewithal to maintain an army, hurried to pass in Asia.\nIn the place where he hoped to satisfy his greed, after plundering the temple of Jerusalem, he embarked on an imprudent expedition against the Parthians, with no other reason for war than their riches. The Roman army was cut to pieces, and Crassus was killed along with his son. He had kept the balance between Caesar and Pompey; his death was to incite discord. Rome was seen to be in chaos, with factions and disorder of every kind. Everything was sold publicly; violence accompanied the struggle. Milo killed Clodius, and this murder was a sign of combat.\n\nFiu\nassit.\ndv\n\nHistory of Rome.\nSuccess of\nXXVI.\nConquest of the Gauls. \u2014 Pompey quarrels with Caesar. \u2014 Civil War.\n\nCaesar, in less than ten years, had subdued the Helvetii, defeated Ariovistus, one of the German kings, subjugated the Belgae, and reduced all of their territories to Roman province.\nIn Gaul, he spread terror with his weapons as far as Great Britain. He is recorded to have taken eight hundred places, subjugated three hundred peoples, and defeated three million men in various battles. The Gauls were brave but divided into small states with little authority from their leaders. He subjugated them not only through his military valor and talents, but also through his cunning politics, stirring up their dissensions and arming one against the other.\n\nBold, temperate, indefatigable, always ready to fight, always attentive to affairs, he pursued enemies while at the same time keeping watch over Roman intrigues. He spread gold freely to buy favor, to create creatures.\n\nThe end of his rule was near. As his military commander, he was to be handed over to [unknown]\nlevel of the citizens: it was Pompey's hope, who under his hand sought his recall. But the tribun Curio, sold to Caesar, proposed either to continue or to revoke these two generals, both capable of inspiring concern for the republic. Caesar offered to abdicate, provided his rival did the same. He, convinced that Caesar's troops would abandon their general, placed his trust in it, up to the point of saying \"0 ;msc of the put ne e ivile.\"\n\nAn de Rcj/n;\nCaesar and Pompey. 1 1 1\n\"He only had to strike the earth with his foot to make a year come out.\"\n\nAfter some negotiations, he rejected all accommodation and made the civil war inevitable. On his side were the consuls and the senate; on the other, the people and a victorious army, under the command of the greatest captain who had ever been.\n\nIt had been declared an enemy of Rome if he refused.\nde quitting the commandment; they had charged Pompey with the defense of the republic, although he was not a consul. When Caesar reached the Rubicon, a small river that separates Cisalpine Gaul from the rest of Italy, he hesitated: \"If I don't cross, he said, I am lost; but if I cross, what dangers does Rome face!\" Reflecting on the hatred of his adversaries, he exclaimed, \"The die is cast.\" He crossed the river, seized Ruinii, spread alarm even in Rome. The senate declared that there was tumult, i.e., that the city was in danger, and that all citizens should take up arms.\n\nNothing was ready against such an active and formidable enemy. Pompey abandoned the city and Italy. Caesar, after seizing the public treasure, went to subdue Spain, where the opposing party was powerful.\nThe victorious return. He pursues his rival in Macedonia, wins a decisive victory at Pharsalus. The vanquished finds in the enemy camp all the attraction of Asian luxury. He throws the papers of Pompey into the fire without reading a single one. \"I prefer, he said, to be ignorant of crimes than to be obliged to punish them.\" He sighed deeply at the sight of the battlefield covered in dead; and he tried, through his clemency, to repair, despite himself, the harm he had caused.\n\nThis famous Pompey, long the master of the republic, now defeated, in flight, wandering aimlessly, finally sets out for Egypt, where he had reinstated Ptolemy Auletes, deposed by the Alexandrians. His new allies, Suri and Flaccus, are in the history of Rome.\n\nPompey, who flattered himself with the hope of experiencing the young Ptolemy's gratitude,\nine, son and successor of Auletes. But misfortune leaves few friends. Cesar pursued him with ardor. The court of Egypt wavered on the party to take. We followed the advice of Theodore, the cowardly rhetorician, who persuaded a betrayal and murder as the only means to please Cesar. We assassinated Pompey by extending our arms to receive him. We presented his head to his enemy; but instead of the joy we expected, he showed only indignation and pain.\n\nAnother, Cleopatra, sister and wife of the king of Egypt, had the right to share the crown with him, according to their father's dispositions. She upheld her right with arms. Cesar placed her on the throne. He ran the greatest risks in the war of Alexandria, which cost the life of the king (i). Then he marched against Pharnaces, son of Mithridates.\nMithridates, king of Bosphore with expansive conquests in Asia, reported his expedition in three words: I have come, I have seen, I have conquered. During his stay in Egypt, where an imprudent love had made him neglect his interests, the sons of Pompey, Cato, Scipio, and other Republicans had gathered forces in Africa, preparing for vigorous defense. Having crossed the sea, he won three battles in succession.\n\nCaton had unwisely advised against running or fleeing from Italy. He showed signs of defeat. Shut up in Utica, he seemed to revive the Roman Senate and liberty. His hopes soon vanished. He saw discouragement spreading everywhere; he invited his friends to flee or beg for mercy from the victor.\n\nIt was in this war that the famous library was destroyed.\nPtolemy's library was almost completely consumed by a fire.\n\nDespite Cesar and Pompey's conflict, for him, unable to endure the idea of living under Cesar's triumph, and having too much pride to attempt a new battle or accept any favor from his conqueror, he read Plato's dialogue on the immortality of the soul. He tried the point of his sword and said, \"I am finally my master.\" He fell asleep; upon waking, he opened the wound himself and expired.\n\nWhat reasons could authorize Caton in his suicide? Separating it from the prestige of empty renown, you will find nothing that corresponds to the ideas the sophists give us... It's not the reputation, which he doesn't even mention, that interests him, but rather...\nl'agitation and trouble, that the victory of Caesar and the humiliation Caton would experience if he had to appear suppliant before his conqueror, returned in the account of his suicide, as Plutarch records. He returns to this idea six times in the narrative, and it is noteworthy that, in recommending to his son not to meddle in government affairs, he does so only out of fear that the dignity of Caton's son might be compromised... See next how this proud Stoic gives himself over to the most disordered transports of anger. If his son takes away his sword, he flies into a horrible rage against him; he accuses him of having formed the design to deliver him, bound hand and foot, to his enemy; he no longer masters himself in his fury; he is not far from breaking his head against the wall; he strikes a violent blow on the face of one of his slaves.\nsa main en est ensanglant\u00e9e... Si son \u00e9p\u00e9e lui est rendue , on \nl\u2019entend s\u2019\u00e9crier : Je suis maintenant \u00e0 moi ; mot impie \nqu'on voudrait inutilement nous vanter; il fl\u00e9trit \u00e0 jamais \nla m\u00e9moire de ce pr\u00e9tendu sage , qui fait d\u00e9pendre l\u2019empire \nde lui-m\u00eame del\u00e0 pointe de son \u00e9p\u00e9e... S\u2019il finit par s\u2019en\u00ac \nfoncer cette \u00e9p\u00e9e dans le sein, c\u2019est d\u2019une main tellement \nincertaine, qu\u2019il a besoin d\u2019y revenir \u00e0 plusieurs fois, \nrepoussant en arri\u00e8re le m\u00e9decin , se d\u00e9chirant les boyaux de \nses propres mains , et nous offrant en tout un spectacle dont \nla seule description est propre \u00e0 blesser le sentiment et \u00e0 \nsoulever le c\u0153ur. \nV\u00e9rin outr\u00e9e. \nHonneurs \nac\u00ab otd\u00e9s \u00e0 \nC.esar. \nSon gouver\u00ac \nne m ut. \nu4 histoire romaine. \nSi Caton, au lieu de heurter avec rudesse les m\u0153urs \nde son si\u00e8cle, e\u00fbt cherche', par des moyens praticables, \n\u00e0 en corriger les d\u00e9sordres, son patriotisme et sa gran\u00ac \nThe soul of the ancient Fabricius could have brought about much good or prevented much evil; but its rigidity was rarely useful, sometimes harmful. This was no longer the time of the Fabricius. Caton was also criticized for excessive singularity, which revealed less reason than caprice or enthusiasm. He affected to appear in public without ordinary clothing, claiming to accustom himself to having no shame but for what was truly shameful.\n\nXXVII.\nCesar mastered the republic.\nHis honors, bestowed upon him upon his return, prove that there was but an shadow of a republic left. The gods were solemnly thanked for his victories; his dictatorship was extended for ten years, and afterwards for life; he was given the title of reformer of morals; his person was declared sacred and inviolable; his statue was placed in the Capitole, beside that of Romulus.\nThe cell of Jupiter bears this sacrilegious inscription:\nTo C\u00e9sar, half god. He was granted four triumphs in one month, during which were displayed golden and silver vessels worth sixty-five thousand talents.\nThe gentleness of C\u00e9sar, his dedication to governance, and the wisdom of his laws were the best means of justifying his ambitious endeavors. He restored order in Rome; he attracted citizens; he revitalized the population through rewards, and he curbed excesses of luxury.\nAs sovereign pontiff, he reformed the calendar, where pontiffs, through ignorance or self-interest, had caused great confusion. The year consisted of twelve lunar months: every two years, an intercalary month of twenty-two or twenty-three days was to be added.\nthree days, alternately, but we made the intercalation where we omitted it at the discretion of circumstances, sometimes to abbreviate, sometimes to extend the length of the magistracies. Thus, all order was reversed. Sosigenes, astronomer of Alexandria, brought light to this chaos; and Caesar established the solar year of 365 and a quarter days, with an intercalary day every four years. In the first year, in addition to the intercalary month, sixty-seven days had to be added. The two sons of Pompey having taken up their cause in Spain, Caesar went there and dealt the final blow to liberty with his victory at Munda. He was seen entering Pompei in triumph, as if he had conquered the enemies of the republic. Then, named perpetual dictator and emperor, he worked harder than ever to win over hearts and minds. He even sent back his bodyguards.\nlit relever les statues de Pomp\u00e9e; il augmenta le nombre des magistratures pour multiplier les r\u00e9compenses, et plusieurs de ses anciens ennemis eurent part \u00e0 ses bienfaits. Cependant les z\u00e9l\u00e9s r\u00e9publicains abhorraient une puissance destructive de la r\u00e9publique. Le dictateur les irrita, ou par orgueil, ou par imprudence. Un jour que le s\u00e9nat en corps vint lui d\u00e9f\u00e9rer de nouveaux honneurs, il ne se leva point de son tribunal. Cette marque de m\u00e9pris offensa m\u00eame le peuple. Quelque temps apr\u00e8s, Marc-Antoine, son coll\u00e8gue dans le consulat, lui offrit publiquement un diad\u00e8me. On applaudit au refus que fit C\u00e9sar; mais son intention \u00e9tait de sonder les sentiments du public, et on savut C\u00e9sar r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir.\n\nConduite de C\u00e9sar on espanne et son retour.\nJulius Caesar caused the conspiracy against him from Morne.\nIl6 * HISTOIRE ROMAINE.\nshortly after he aspired to the title of king, hated by the nation. ricfs.ie reveals The conspiracy formed. Cassius led it. He engaged Marcus Brutus in it, a descendant of the first consul, Brutus's son-in-law and imitator of Cato. C\u00e9sar loved him as if he were his son, and had showered him with favors after saving his life. Anonymous letters that Brutus, then a praetor, found on his tribunal rekindled in his mind republican sentiments: \"You sleep, Brutus,\" they marked, \"you are not the same.\" Cassius convinced him through their conversations. Porcia, Cato's daughter, Brutus's wife, noticed that her husband was greatly agitated and hiding something important from her. She managed to gain his confidence; she had inflicted a wound on her thigh to test her ability to endure torture, in case\nde besoin. \"Fasse le ciel, s'cria Brutus, que je me montre le digne \u00e9poux de Porcia !\n\nOn devait assassiner le dictateur en plein s\u00e9nat,\nlorsqu'il \u00e9tait sur le point de porter la guerre en Asie\ncontre les Parthes, pour venger la d\u00e9faite de Crassus.\nDes soup\u00e7ons, des pressentiments le firent h\u00e9siter\nsi lui-m\u00eame rendrait \u00e0 l'assembl\u00e9e. Mais se imaginant\nqu'on ne l'attenterait pas sur sa personne, il s'exposa\nau danger sans pr\u00e9caution. Les conjur\u00e9s tirent leurs poignards,\nle percent de coups. \u00c0 la vue de Brutus, il s'\u00e9crie :\n\" Et Loi aussi, mon fils Brutus ! \" Il cesse alors\nde se d\u00e9fendre; il se couvrant le visage de sa robe, il re\u00e7oit\nla mort en homme qui ne doit plus regretter la vie.\nCe h\u00e9ros avait cinquante-cinq ans.\n\nAfter Caesar had expired, his murderers scoured the city\nwith the dagger in hand, crying out that the king\n\n(Note: The text appears to be a mix of French and English, likely due to OCR errors. I have attempted to correct the errors and maintain the original content as much as possible. However, the text is still somewhat unclear due to the mixture of languages and potential OCR errors. I recommend consulting a primary source or expert in ancient Roman history for a more accurate translation.)\nde Cesar was no longer of Rome. Some patricians joined them; but the people showed only consternation and regret. Tricked in their expectation, they retired to the Capitole. The consul Marc-Antoine had the testament of Caesar read aloud, in which some of his murderers were named as triumvirs with honor, and the Roman people had significant legacies. The tender feelings rekindled hearts, and they were further inflamed by an eloquent eulogy of this great man, the recounting of his exploits, and the portrayal of his virtues. He displayed his bloodstained robe; he showed the wounds he had received from his assassins, for the corpse was exposed for the obsequies. The impression was so great that the populace, in rage, wanted to set fire to the houses of the conspirators. They left Rome. XXVIII.\nOctavius, a man of eighteen years suddenly appeared on the scene to play the leading role. He was Octavius, Julius' grandnephew and C\u00e9sar's sister's grandson. The dictator, his great uncle, had adopted him and left him three-quarters of his estate. He studied eloquence in Apollonia on the Epirus coast when he learned of the tragic event that changed the course of affairs. He was advised to conceal himself, to renounce both the adoption and the inheritance. Too ambitious to heed this advice, he went to Rome and declared himself C\u00e9sar's heir. Antony refused to hand over the dictator's money to him, so he sold his patrimony to acquire the bequests outlined in the will, a foolproof way to win the people's favor and incite their anger against a man who, by offending the son, seemed ungrateful.\nAntoine and Octavius reconciled and quarreled several times. The latter wanted to avenge Cesar's death; the former seemed to share this desire due to his allegiance to Octavius because of the Mediterranean Sea.\n\nC I ii, Carae Kirke of C. Julius Caesar,\nPictniers,\n'Veii(Mueit from this war,\n\nAntoine desired peace; but fundamentally, he sought only to expand his power. Their incompatible interests eventually led to war. Cicero, less wise than those who remained neutral, embraced Octavius's cause, lashed out against Antoine, and attracted this reproach from Brutus: \"He sought less liberty for himself than a good master.\"\n\nThe portrait Montesquieu drew of this illustrious orator will explain the reason for his actions. \"I believe,\" he says, \"that if Cato had reserved himself for the Republic,...\"\nThe republic would have had an entirely different course if Cicero had been in charge. Cicero, with admirable parts for a secondary role, was incapable of the primary one; he had a beautiful genius but a soul commonly placed. The accessory with Cicero was virtue; with Cato, it was glory. Cicero saw himself as the first, while Cato forgot himself. The former wanted to save the republic for itself, the latter for his own boasting.\n\nSuch sensitivity to vain glory is certainly a sign of a weak soul, and small motives can lead to great faults. Cicero, in raising the young Caesar, believed he was securing an ally. His eloquent Philippics are strongly suspected of flattery, yet they are, like those of Demosthenes, excellent models for statesman orators.\nAntoine besieged Decimus Brutus in Modena. Cicero declared him an enemy of the country if he did not lift the siege and leave Cisalpine Gaul. The decree of the senate was disregarded, and Hirtius and Pansa were ordered to fight against him. Octavius was instructed to join them. Pansa was defeated and killed. Hirtius died in victory. Forced to flee, Antoine passed into Transalpine Gaul, where Lepidus commanded. Antoine appeared in mourning before the soldiers; he touched them with compassion. His troops proclaimed him their general, and Lepidus was thus compelled to declare himself in his favor to avoid being abandoned without hope of return.\n\nThe senate had ceased to favor the young Caesar. Decimus Brutus had been given his position.\nThe Republican party was reviving. Octavius felt it was time to raise his army. He aligned his interests with Antony and Lepidus. Octavius marched towards Rome at the head of an army of one hundred thousand. He was elected consul, despite being barely twenty years old.\n\nBrutus and Cassius had retired, one to Greece and the other to Asia. Victory had strengthened their party, with twenty legions under their command. The first order of business for the young consul was to condemn them, along with all of Caesar's murderers. However, he couldn't defeat them without Antony and Lepidus' support. The senate's decree against these men was quickly revoked. Octavius joined them near Modena. Their conference lasted three days. They agreed to share the supreme power.\nfor five years, under the name of triumvirs; Lepidus would remain in Rome, while Octavius and Antony waged war against the conspirators. Before that, they would eliminate their enemies through a proscription that would provide them with funds for maintaining their troops.\n\nIt would be impossible to describe the atrocity of this proscription. The tyrants began by sacrificing some of their own to others - the heads of their close associates and friends; Lepidus, that of his brother; Antony, that of his uncle; Octavius, that of Cicero who had supported him too much. It was forbidden, under pain of death, to aid or hide any of the proscribed; rewards were promised for their assassins, and even citizenship to the slaves who killed their masters. At the sight of Cicero's head, killed by a tribune whom he had once favored, 4UA\u00bb\u00abac> jt\u00een the libertine.\nAntoine triumphed, eloquence having saved him with joy. Three hundred senators and over two thousand knights were beheaded. The wealth was a crime for those whom one had no reason to hate. However, the confiscated goods were not enough, so a tax was imposed on the mothers, daughters, and relatives of the proscribed.\n\nSatiated with massacres and plunder, the triumvirs hurried the execution of their projects against the Republicans. Lepidus remained in Rome. His two colleagues passed in Macedonia, where Brutus and Cassius were reuniting. Never had Roman armies been so numerous as those which decided the fate of the republic. It was over a hundred thousand men accustomed to combat and animated by the ardor inspired by ambition or liberty. Cassius\nThe wise decision to avoid battle as enemies lacked supplies and would destroy each other was not shared by Brutus. Soldiers saw it as cowardice and murmured, deserted. Officers and generals were forced to act.\n\nThe Battle of Philippi, on the borders of Macedonia and Thrace, was the downfall of the Republican party. Octavius, as cowardly in action as bold in the council, hid under the pretext of illness. Brutus put his legions to rout. But while the victor pursued the fleeing with too little foresight, Antony forced and dispersed Cassius' troops. Unaware of his colleague's victory, Cassius was killed by one of his slaves. Both armies returned to camp. Those of the triumvirs were,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete and may require additional context for full understanding. The given text has been cleaned as much as possible while preserving the original content.)\nExposed to lack everything. Brutus then set his plan on Cassius. Success would have been certain, if not for the mutiny of the soldiers, which forced him into a second battle and lost, after completely defeating the wing commanded by Octavius; and believing it to be the Battle of Actium. The liberty was annihilated, and he killed himself with a sword stroke, following his colleague's example. These two generals were called honorably the last Romans.\n\nXXIX.\n\nAbsence of Antony. Battle of Actium.\n\nAntony, being in Cenchr\u00e9es, summoned before him the queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, who had maintained an equivocal conduct during the war. This princess appeared before him in the triumphant apparel of Venus, and captivated him with her charms. Octavius, solely occupied with his own interests and determined to rule alone, took advantage of this.\nHe, of such blind passion. He first found a pretext to get rid of Lepidus, a man without merit, whose sudden elevation seemed to be nothing but a price of fortune. This triumvir humbled himself before him, begged for his life, and was content to end in contempt and obscurity.\n\nAntony could alone dispute the empire with his colleague-in-crime; instead, he facilitated his usurpation: he lost himself through a chain of errors.\n\nFulvia, wife of Antony, had quarreled with Octavius to take him away from Cleopatra. This was the cause of a small war, of which Perusia was the victim. The reconciliation had taken place, and they had shared all the provinces between them. Antony left Italy without reason. The Athenians, where he wanted to spend the winter, received him.\nThe god accepted Minerva as his bride and was rewarded with their goddess from the people: he demanded a thousand talents for the dowry. Upon his return from an unnecessary expedition against the Parthians, he became odious and contemptible to the people through new excesses. He proclaimed Cleopatra queen of Egypt, Cyprus, Africa, and Celesyria; he lavished provinces and kingdoms upon the children born of their loves, and dishonored the Roman name at every moment. Octavius skillfully seized the opportunities to criticize him and accused him in the senate. We determined to go to war. Antoine prepared for war in the midst of jesters and pleasures. Several of his friends abandoned him, disgusted by his conduct with Cleopatra. The extravagance and the height of this queen increased the indignation.\nThe two rivals tear into each other with invectives before deciding their dispute through arms. Finally, the naval battle of Actium determines the fate of the empire. Cleopatra had determined Antony to fight at sea, although he had superiority on land. She fled with her galleys during the battle. Her lover forgets himself and abandons all to follow her. Octavius, or rather Agrippa, his general, wins the victory. Antony's land army of nineteen legions and twelve thousand horses, having waited in vain, passes under the victor's banners. Egypt was soon subdued. Antony killed himself the following year in Alexandria. Cleopatra was reserved for the ornament of the triumph; but she avoided this disgrace by dying with courage, either by the asp's bite or some other poison. Thus, Caesar's great-nephew\n\u00e0 force de ruses et de souplesse, d'audace et de cruaut\u00e9, parvint \u00e0 la supreme puissance o\u00f9 il aspirait depuis sa jeunesse. Rome perdit pour toujours la libert\u00e9. Cette fameuse r\u00e9publique fut an\u00e9antie. 11 n'en resta qu'une ombre qui flottait l'orgueil des Romains.\n\nAuguste. 13.3\n\nyygyrar \u00efr\u00ffvzx ~r-,-,ry~v\n\nTROISIEME\n\nLES EMPEREURS.\n\nAUGUSTE.\n\nIl n'avait rien plus \u00e0 c\u0153ur que d'affirmer sa puissance, et en m\u00eame temps de se garantir, par une feinte de mod\u00e9ration, des coups qui avaient pr\u00e9cipit\u00e9 C\u00e9sar dans le tombeau. Il affecte de vouloir abdiquer ; il consulta Agrippa et M\u00e9c\u00e8ne, ses deux confidants.\n\nLe premier, en g\u00e9n\u00e9reux citoyen, lui conseilla d'ex\u00e9cuter ce noble dessein ; le second en habile courtisan, lui prouva que la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de sa personne et le bien public doivent bien dissuader. Auguste se rendit \u00e0 cet avis.\nqui \u00e9tait sans doute sien. Apr\u00e8s avoir cass\u00e9 tous les acts du triumvirat et donn\u00e9 quelques preuves d'un sage gouvernement, il d\u00e9clara qu'il remettait au s\u00e9nat et au peuple la souveraine puissance. Ses mesures \u00e9taient bien prises, et il comptait sur un refus. On le supplia en effet de ne point quitter les r\u00eanes de la r\u00e9publique; on obtint que lui se charge\u00e2t encore pour dix ans de ce fardeau. Il se r\u00e9serva d'abdiquer plut\u00f4t, si l'on pouvait se passer de lui. Selon toute apparence, la plupart des s\u00e9nateurs p\u00e9n\u00e9traient ses intentions, toute sa conduite pass\u00e9e les faisait assez conna\u00eetre. Attentif \u00e0 d\u00e9guiser la monarchie sous les dehors du gouvernement r\u00e9publicain, Auguste partageait les pouvoirs avec le s\u00e9nat et lui assignait adroitement les plus hautes magistratures. (Histoire Romaine)\n\nvinces avec le s\u00e9nat, et lui assignait adroitement les plus hautes magistratures.\nTranquil ones, that is, those where there was no army. Military force remains thus in his possession. Far from stirring spirits by assuming the title of king, he does not even take on the quality of dictator; he is content with being named emperor, an honorable title, but without power, during the republic. To this title was attached, as in the time of Caesar, the command of the troops joined to the right of war and peace. Vested with the power consular and proconsular; with the power tribunician, but not tribune; with the censure, under the title of reformer of mores; of the great pontificate, so significant for the influence of religion, Augustus is the master of all, and conceals his despotism. Added to his titles is that of Father of the Fatherland.\n\nHe leaves the ancient charges, the ancient offices, to the senate.\nd\u00e9corations; mais il augmente beaucoup le nombre \nm\u00eame des s\u00e9nateurs, pour y mettre des hommes es\u00ac \nclaves de ses volont\u00e9s. 11 caresse et flatte le peuple, \nlui donne des f\u00eates, lui procure l\u2019abondance, et le fait \nassembler \u00e0 l\u2019ordinaire pour l\u2019\u00e9lection des magistrats ; \nmais il gouverne les comices, et rien ne se d\u00e9cide qu\u2019\u00e0 \nson gr\u00e9. Tel fut le gouvernement des empereurs. Ils \nagirent toujours en souverains, quoique la souve\u00ac \nrainet\u00e9 sembl\u00e2t toujours appartenir au peuple et au \nSi\u00bb c \u00bb duit* s\u00e9nat. \n* \u00ab La conduite priv\u00e9e d\u2019Auguste, sa mod\u00e9ration ex\u00ac \nt\u00e9rieure, son affabilit\u00e9, ses bienfaits, lui furent sans \ndoute fort utiles. Il savait se plier \u00e0 toutes les formes. \nLes perfidies et les cruaut\u00e9s avaient servi de fondement \n\u00e0 sa fortune; il devait en effacer le souvenir par les \ndevoirs de la vertu. Il t\u00e9moigna m\u00eame du respect pour \nUn memory of Brutus. One day, when they criticized before him the inflexible obstinacy of Cato: \"Anyone who supports the established government is a good citizen and an honest man,\" replied he. This apology of Cato worked to the advantage of the prince. The historian Tite-Live celebrated Pompey without losing his friendship. Augustus called him Pompeian, but avoided appearing to condemn excessive praises for republican ideas.\n\nMarcellus, his nephew, his son-in-law, destined to be his successor, young prince of great promise, died infinitely regretted by the Romans. Agrippa was far from the court. Augustus felt the need to recall him, to use him as support against his secret enemies, who were forming conspiracies. He gave his daughter Julia, the widow of Marcellus, to him. According to historians.\nM\u00e9c\u00e8ne determined him by these words: You have made the Republic so great that it is necessary to kill or make him your son-in-law.\n\nThe emperor, having entrusted the government of Rome to Agrippa, went to visit the provinces in Asia. He had the glory of recovering without combat the standards of Crassus' legions. Pratapes, king of Parthia, fearing the power of the empire, returned these monuments from an ignominious defeat; an event celebrated as a triumph. Augustus, on his return, saw the senate and the people give him new proofs of submission. He refused the consulat, which he had been invested eleven times: instead of a vain title, he received the consular power for life, with the presidency over the consuls.\n\nDifferent laws that he published at that time, against celibacy, adultery, divorce without a legitimate cause, etc.\nAfter removing meaningless characters and formatting, the text reads as follows:\n\nluxe des tables occasionn\u00e8rent cependant des murs et produisirent peu de bien. Que peuvent les lois contre le torrent des vices? Eu satisfaisant le go\u00fbt du peuple, qui n'ambitionnait plus que du pain et des spectacles; en lui accordant sans cesse des jeux et des distributions de bl\u00e9, Auguste s'montrait beaucoup moins z\u00e9l\u00e9 pour les m\u0153urs que pour son int\u00e9r\u00eat personnel. C'\u00e9tait le moyen d\u2019effacer le souvenir de l'ancienne libert\u00e9 et le sentiment de la servitude pr\u00e9sente.\n\n\"Livre ou lus, Julie. Guerre avec C\u00e9sar. 16. HISTOIRE ROMAINE.\n\nIl est singulier que apr\u00e8s avoir contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 l'avancement du s\u00e9nat, Auguste ait entrepris de lui rendre son premier lustre. L'unique moyen pour cela \u00e9tait de diminuer le nombre des s\u00e9nateurs, et d'exclure ceux qui ne le servaient pas.\nTheir birth or conduct rendered them unworthy of this rank. The number was reduced from a thousand to six hundred; this reform was carried out with great prudence and quiet. But the less worthy were usually the most jealous of honors, so this reform gave rise to intrigues.\n\nThe emperor, always covered by a cuirass under his robe when he appeared in public, had taken another defense by associating Agrippa with triumvirate power and designating him as his successor. Meanwhile, showing still some concerns, the senators proposed to keep him alternately. The jurist Lab\u00e9on, a republican genius, broke the news of this release with this jest: \"I am a sleeper, do not complete your plans about me.\" There were some discontented persons punished with death.\n\nAgrippa died on his return from an expedition in Panonia.\nThe emperor was in a dire state for the empire. Two sons he had from Julia, Caius and Lucius, were already the adopted children of Augustus, but too young and incapable of acting. This prince cast a glance, unwillingly, upon Tiberius, whom his wife Livie had borne from a previous marriage. 11 He was compelled to repudiate a wife he loved, in order to marry his little Julias, whose debauchery was notorious. Tiberius complied with an air of satisfaction, for the thirst for greatness extinguished in him all sense of honesty.\n\nThe Germans, a free and warlike people, were troubled by the empire. Since the invasion of the Cimbri, they had conceived the plan to cross the Rhine and settle under a milder sky. Forests covered their lands. Augustus spent three years in Gaul to ensure the safety of the empire. 127\ncette province. Il y laissa Drusus, fr\u00e8re cadet de l i\u00ac \nb\u00e8re, qui p\u00e9n\u00e9tra en Germanie par l\u2019Oc\u00e9an, et y lit \nquatre campagnes glorieuses. Une mort pr\u00e9matur\u00e9e \narr\u00eata le cours de ses victoires. Tib\u00e8re venait de se \nsignaler aussi contre les Pannoniens, les Daces, les \nDalmates. 11 fut envoy\u00e9 en Germanie, et r\u00e9prima les \nbarbares. Le temple de Janus, qui, jusqu\u2019au r\u00e8gne \nd\u2019Auguste, n\u2019avait \u00e9t\u00e9 ferm\u00e9 que deux fois, le fut \nalors pour la troisi\u00e8me fois sous ce r\u00e8gne. On jouit \nd\u2019environ douze ann\u00e9es de paix ; ce qui, \u00e0 la honte de \nl\u2019humanit\u00e9, est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne remarquable. \nOn rapporte un trait frappant de la politique int\u00e9\u00ac \nress\u00e9e qui dirigeait toujours l\u2019empereur. L\u2019affranchi \nLiciriius, un de ses hommes de confiance, financier \nrus\u00e9 et cruel, accablait la Gaule de vexations. Comme \nles taxes se payaient par mois , et que les mois de \nJuly and August (previously Quintilis and Sextilis) had changed names recently, making eight months in total, under the old names and the new, and thereby doubling taxes. The emperor, having received great complaints, was on the point of punishing him. Lincius opened his treasury. \"It's for you that I've amassed it,\" he said. \"The Gauls could use their wealth against you. Take this money.\" Then the conspirator appeared an honest man. Several actions of Augustus have an air of virtue that commands respect; but the more one examines his character, the more one perceives deceit.\n\nAt the height of fortune and power, amidst the divine honors rendered him servilely, Augustus finally experienced unhappiness. He found a source of misery in his own family.\ninexhaustable source of pains. His daughter Julie, whom he alone did not know the regulations of, prostituted herself with such publicity that he felt compelled to denounce her to the senate and condemn her to exile. His granddaughter, also named Julie, imitated her mother's example and suffered the same punishment.\n\nImprudent politics of Augas.\nSadness of the domestic-\nCi (triumph)\nI >r'ji< rntio t\ni\u00fc.-a\n'filin re_\nii mie.\n.volte en\nu mie.\n'\u00e9feite de\n128 history of Roman.\n\nHis two adopted sons, Caius and Lucius, to whom he had wanted to serve as tutor, did not respond to his care; and both died far from him, one in Asia, the other at Marseille.\n\nTib\u00e8re, his son-in-law, had retired to Rhodes, perhaps shocked by his preference for them, or irritated by the infamous conduct of Julie, and stayed there for seven years as if in exile. Augustus, who knew him too well to love him,\n\n(Note: The text contains several unreadable or missing characters, which cannot be accurately translated or corrected without additional context or information.)\nl\u2019adopted nevertheless, because he thought it necessary after the death of the Caesars, and hated his successor. A new blow pierced his soul; Cinna, Pompey's grandson, conspired against his life. He learned of it; for several days he wavered between the desire for revenge and the fear of becoming odious through new riots. Wise counsel from Livius decided him to forgive. He summoned Cinna, reproached his perfidy, made him consul, and thus made him a zealous friend. This act deserved to be celebrated by a Corneille.\n\nIt is necessary to observe that the vulgar Christian era begins in the year 753 of Rome. This is the epoch of Jesus Christ's birth, according to the old opinion. Modern chronologists place this epoch four years earlier, while still conforming to the first vulgar era, which now serves as our rule for the dates.\nTib\u00e8re and Germanicus, sons of the famous Drusus, subdued the Dalmatians and Pannonians, whose rebellion had alarmed Rome. One of their leaders, interrogated by Tib\u00e8re about the reasons for their uprising, replied with audacity: \"Instead of shepherds to protect us, they send us wolves to devour us.\" In the transport of joy caused by this victory, a crushing news was received. Yarus, who commanded in Germany, had been taken by surprise by the Germans. Arminius, their compatriot, who had become a Roman knight but remained loyal to Augustus for 129 days for the freedom of his country, had raised them and was fighting at their head. Three legions were cut to pieces, the general killed himself out of despair. Augustus, on learning this, initially gave way to a petty grief. O11 said he struck his head.\nAgainst the walls, he cried out: \"Krus, give me back my legions. Frightened, he sent Tiberius against the enemies. In two campaigns, tranquility seemed to be restored. Tiberius gained honor through his vigilance, his exactness in enforcing discipline, and his prudent conduct, which was as blind as that of his predecessor. Upon his return, he was associated with the empire.\n\nThe emperor retained all the activity of his genius in old age, with the passion for command. He did not lack the means to extend his power when he approached the end, affecting to hold the republic's authority which was destroying it. He decreed that the orders of his private council would have the same force as if they came from the senate; he named a year for all offices, under the pretext that the republic's.\nelections were not peaceful. In a word, it all depended on him. The penalty for the crime of l\u00e8se-majest\u00e9, pronounced against the authors of defamatory libels, proved that in aging, he was becoming more severe. This law was an instrument of tyranny in the hands of his successors.\n\nAt the age of sixty-six, after approximately twenty-four years of reign, Augustus ended his career with more courage than he had shown in battles. Feeling himself near death: \"Have I not played my role well?\" he said to his confidants. \"The play is over, applaud: Few actors have equaled me on the stage of ambition and politics. It was almost always by deceiving men that I rose above them. But I hated my hypocrisy and the crimes by which I made the Roman Republic a triumvirate.\"\nMonday, Augustus - The farmers who were \"in it\", why did he not have more esteem from the gods of the Romans. Long live the extremely hateful, viral history of Rome. Rome, in order to obey a master, was happier to have one rather than another. He extinguished the flame of civil wars; he brought back abundance with peace; he revived agriculture; he opposed laws to disorder; he governed finally more as a king than a tyrant. One of his maxims was that one should not undertake war or risk battle without having much to hope for and little to fear. Those who acted otherwise appeared to be fishermen using golden hooks: the loss of a single hook could easily ruin the fisherman.\n\nThe flattering praises he received from orators and poets prove only that he favored letters.\net qu'il r\u00e9compensait les talents. Compl\u00e9t\u00e9s de leurs bienfaits, les Yirgile, les Horace lui prodiguaient l'encens. I shall say of their gratitude or adulation? It is mainly to them that he owes his renown. There were thirty-one of them, no doubt, who favored men so capable of enchanting contemporaries and raising the suffrages of all centuries.\n\nTiberius.\n\nThe prince, of the ancient house of Claudius, aged fifty-five, joined to a great deal of intelligence, capacity, and experience, the qualities of a black, suspicious, cruel, and perfidious soul. Dissimulation masked all his feelings, and it served only to make them more dangerous. His first steps made him known as a tyrant both cunning and bloodthirsty.\n\nTiberius.\nAuguste had adopted one of Agrippa's children, but later banished him because he saw only the ferocious soul's vices in him. Tiberius ordered his assassination, and threatened the assassin, the carrier of his orders, with being handed over to justice.\n\nHe testified before the senate with extraordinary respect, consulted him, even extended his power, transmitted to him the right of election that the people exercised, at least in appearance. He honored the consuls, respected the laws and customs, rendered justice, and alleviated the provinces. He said that a good shepherd should shear and not mutilate his sheep. He even endured patiently the insults and satire, because, he said, in a free state, thoughts and languages should be free.\n\nThis wise conduct probably came from the fear of being accused himself.\nGermanicus, supplanted by him in Germany, signaled his intentions in Germanic lands. The tyrant revealed himself as soon as he believed he could give free rein to his passions. Germanicus, having passed from Germany into Gaul where his presence was required, his legions mutinied in his absence. They adored him; they hoped to see him soon at their head disputing the throne with a tyrant. But the young prince loved his duties more than his fortune. At the first news of the mutiny, he rushed to quell it, found furious men whose reproaches did not touch him. Lifting his arm to wound himself in their presence, he was opposed. One of the rebels presented his naked sword, saying, \"This one is worthier.\" Despite this excess of rage, he calmed the sedition with wise firmness mixed with kindness. Soldiers asked for forgiveness for their crimes.\nmarcher contre les Germains; ils les attaquent, les taillent en pi\u00e8ces. Une grande victoire remport\u00e9e sur Arminius consterna tellement ces barbares que Quirinius se flattait de les subjuguer en peu de temps. Hercules, consumed by suspicions, and hiding them, recalled him as if to provide him with rest and honors.\n\nII. Germanicus, upon his return, was honored with a magnificent triumph. The more generally he was shown reverence and love, the more secret hatred of the emperor grew against him. To remove such an odious object and lead him to ruin, he sent him to command in Asia, where several provinces were troubled and the loyalty of the legions was not suspect. At the same time, he gave the government of Syria to Piso, a man well-suited for executing a great task.\nTout ce qu'il fallait attendre d'un prince able, courageux, habile, Germanicus le r\u00e9tablit la tranquillit\u00e9 partout; il gagna les c\u0153urs en remplissant sa commission. Arriv\u00e9 en Syrie, il trouve Pison aussi indocile et arrogant que les \u00e9trangers \u00e9taient soumis. Ce gouverneur contrarie ses vues, m\u00e9prise ses ordres. Porte si loin les exc\u00e8s, que Germanicus lui commande enfin de se retirer. Bient\u00f4t le prince tombe dangereusement malade et meurt \u00e0 Antioche, se croyant empoisonn\u00e9 par Pison, et jure de poursuivre la vengeance de sa mort. Asiatiques, Romains, tous firent \u00e9clater leur d\u00e9sespoir : tous semblaient avoir perdu leur p\u00e8re, leur unique esp\u00e9rance. Pison s'effor\u00e7a de rentrer dans son gouvernement : il fut chass\u00e9 et contraint de retourner en Italie, o\u00f9 l'attendaient ses accusateurs. Tib\u00e8re au.\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in French with some Latin names. It seems to be a historical passage about the Roman Prince Germanicus and his encounter with the governor Pison in Syria. The text is mostly readable, but there are some minor issues such as missing spaces between words and some French characters that need to be translated to English. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nGermanicus, the able, courageous, and skilled prince, restored peace everywhere; he won hearts by fulfilling his mission. Arriving in Syria, he found Pison just as unruly and arrogant as the foreigners were submissive. This governor opposed his views, disregarded his orders. Pison went so far as to exceed, and Germanicus finally ordered him to retire. The prince soon fell dangerously ill and died in Antioch, believing himself poisoned by Pison, and swore to avenge his death. The Asiatics and Romans all expressed their despair: they seemed to have lost their father, their only hope. Pison tried to return to his government: he was expelled and forced to return to Italy, where his accusers awaited him. Tib\u00e8re au)\nI. wanting to intervene, Germanicus' death, natural or violent, brought him joy amidst the general desolation, which he felt compelled to share. Suspected of being its principal author himself, he could not halt the course of justice and, desiring to appear impartial, he referred the matter to the senate, but made it clear he did not approve of the excessive heat with which the accused was being attacked.\n\nII. Several charges were brought forth. Piso, Tib\u00e8re (133 BC). Noticing that Tib\u00e8re received no favor from the emperor regarding his children, the following day he was found dead in his chamber. Some believed Tib\u00e8re had him killed for this reason. For his defense, he produced no orders given against Germanicus.\n\nIII. The emperor's somber character, his... discourses.\nequivocations, his refined dissimulation, the solitude where he began to flee from men's gazes, increased fear and mistrust. The excessive use of deceit made citizens tremble. A simple, innocent word, a trifle misinterpreted, became a crime of l\u00e8se-majest\u00e9. An old lawyer was on the verge of being accused because in a natural need he had not thought to remove his ring where Tib\u00e8re's image was. A Roman knight, seeing Drusus very ill, wrote verses in his praise for his imminent death, and had the imprudence to read them in a circle; he was denounced to the senate, condemned to the last punishment, and executed. Tib\u00e8re did not disapprove of this judgment; he only complained that they had not waited for his orders. The denunciations, encouraged by rewards.\nThe problems in the text are minimal. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nThe problems accumulated day by day. We even saw a monster of this kind, a son accusing his father. The latter appeared to be shackled and overwhelmed with pain; the other pleaded against Me with an air of joy and confidence. The unfortunate father was exiled. Some of the judges opined for his death, as Tiberius desired.\n\nTemperreur's stay in Rome became intolerable. His vices, seen too closely, were a nuisance. The freedom, of which only a few traces remained, and the adulation that prostrated itself before him, both shocked him equally. He could not endure the arrogance of Livie, his mother, to whom he was indebted for the empire. In the end, he left the city forever, taking with him only a senator, a few knights, and a small number of Greek scholars whose company amused him. He defended himself against.\n\n1 34 HISTORY OF ROME.\nThe entire world came to disturb his peace: not finding sufficient solitude in Campania, he withdrew into the seclusion of Capreae, which his fury and debauchery had made famous. There, remote from men and affairs, he tried to revive his weary life with all that vice could imagine.\n\nA minister as wicked as the prince, Sejanus, held immense power over this suspicious spirit, who saw envy in all things. Rising from the ranks of a simple horseman, he had climbed to the pinnacle of power through intrigue; and in rising, he had extended and carried his desires to the position of his master. Having become prefect of the praetorian cohorts, he judged that he could draw great resources from this military command, previously insignificant. Under the pretext of establishing order, he began to amass power.\nThe discipline gathered all cohorts left dispersed in Gaul or in neighboring cities into one camp. Thus, he had an army that was prompt to serve him at the gates of the capital. Although the imperial family was numerous, he dared to rise against its ruins. Drusus, the emperor's son whom he hated personally, was the first to fall under his blows. Drusus' wife was debauched, offered to marry him, and was made to hope for the empire. A slow poison ended the days of this prince. Three sons of Germanicus, who were in line for the succession, and their mother Agrippina, experienced the wickedness of Sejan. He employed all means to destroy them: spies, invisible traps, calumnious reports. The emperor wrote against them to the senate. Agrippina.\net son fils a\u00een\u00e9 furent exil\u00e9s comme ensemble mis de la patrie; son second fils fut enferm\u00e9 dans une prison. It was waiting for Tib\u00e8re.\n\nSejan devenit plus ma\u00eetre de l\u2019empire que l\u2019empereur. Il ne lui restait qu\u2019un pas \u00e0 faire pour corriger tant de crimes : c\u2019\u00e9tait de taire et tuer Tib\u00e8re et usurper le pouvoir supr\u00eame; le dessein \u00e9tait form\u00e9. An secret opinion opened the eyes of the emperor on this strange plot.\n\nTib\u00e8re, n\u2019osant se d\u00e9clarer d\u2019abord, ni employer la rigueur, usa d\u2019artifice; il comble S\u00e9jan de caresses, il le fit nommer consul, et l\u2019\u00e9loigna ainsi d\u2019une main honorable. D\u00e8s que le nouveau consul \u00e9tait \u00e0 Rome, Tib\u00e8re, par une conduite ambigu\u00eb, tint les esprits en suspens; tant\u00f4t il laisse \u00e9chapper contre lui des signes, de m\u00e9contentement, qui relentissaient ses admirateurs; tant\u00f4t il lui donna des marques de confiance.\nfiance who hindered him from making a splash. Finally, Macron, new prefect of the Praetorian Guard, arrives with a letter against Sejan. The letter is read in the senate. Sejan is arrested, condemned, and almost immediately executed. His statues are destroyed, and even his children are condemned to death.\n\nThe public vainly flattered themselves with seeing tyranny soften after the death of the minister. The emperor, giving free rein to his character, surpassed all that had been seen in this regard. The lives of citizens were the plaything of his cruelty. It was hardly a matter of making them die, if he did not make their death horrible. One of these unfortunate men, having killed himself, cried out in anger: It escaped me!\n\nThe mother of Fusius, Sejan's friend, an old woman, underwent the ordeal for having wept for her son's death. These judicial murders began with...\nTenses of the Senate. Tibere at the end grew tired of waiting for procedures. Tibere, in the midst of these atrocities, continued his debauchery, trying to conceal his conduct from the public. Finally, he succumbed. Iliorik acjil t). Vilite' l iivim. ll4f t iri. V.\n136 HISTORY OF ROME.\nHe is believed to be dead. Macron hastens to have Caius proclaimed by the soldiers. The sick man, returning from his weakness, and the terror freezing the spirits, the prefect orders him to be smothered under mattresses. Tibere died in his sixtieth year of age, and the twenty-third of his reign. He was so abhorred that the people were on the verge of insulting his corpse. The scattered traits of wisdom, generosity, and justice.\nCaius Caligula.\n\nCaius, commonly known as Caligula by moderns, was the idol of the Roman people as the grandnephew of Germanicus. But blood does not grant merit. It is rare for the glory of great men not to be wilted by their children. Caligula, pliable before his elevation, became a monster in power. He was said to have been the best servant and the worst master. He displays some virtues at the beginning of his reign but soon changes. Caligula bathes in blood. He begins with the murder of Tiberius and Macron. He shows no shame for any excess; he only regrets having killed.\npour Agrippa, the great man whose birth was unfortunate, played the role of all the gods, being adored at times as Jupiter, at times as Junon, Bacchus, Hercule, and so on. In the end, by an unprecedented delirium, he treated his horse as a favorite and thought of raising it to the consulship.\n\nClaude. 1 37\n\nAll the possible cruelty is contained in certain words of Caligula. Strike him in such a way that he feels himself dying. -- May God grant that the Roman people had only one head that could be cut off with one blow --\n\nOne day, laughing loudly before the consuls: I thought, I told them, that with a single glance, I could slaughter you both.\n\nWhatever the Romans were in savagery, it was impossible for a terrible tyranny, exercised by an extravagant man, not to produce conspiracies. Clarus, tribune of a pretorian cohort,\nd\u00e9li this monster from Rome, delivering him from the vices that perpetuate miseries. The tyrant was assassinated at the end of his fourth year of reign.\n\nCLAUDE.\n\nVjh\u00e9r\u00e9a and the senators, after Caligula's murder, wanted to restore the republic. The soldiers wanted an emperor, as they found their advantage in military power. Claude, brother of Germanicus and uncle of Caligula, far from aspiring to the empire, thought only to save his life and hid. By chance, a soldier discovered him and proclaimed him; others arrived and took him away against his will, swearing loyalty to him. The senate was forced to recognize him.\n\nCh\u00e9r\u00e9a was put to death, all hope of freedom fell with him.\n\nClaude, although over fifty years old, was still in a sense childlike. His foolish laugh,\nsa embarrassed countenance, her base manners did not conceal her ineptitude and folly. These faults had earned her the aversion of such people. Augustus was the only one who showed her kindness, unable to use her for anything.\n\nNaturally sweet, he could at least be loved. He succeeded in the beginning with a conduct entirely opposite to that of his predecessor. He burned two memoirs titled \"Y Pp