Question: who is the actor playing jason on general hospital

Answer: Steve Burton

This is a document about Jason Morgan (General Hospital)
 Jason Morgan (General Hospital) Jason Morgan is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, "General Hospital". Created by Thom Racina and Leah Laiman, he is most notably played by Daytime Emmy Award-winning actor Steve Burton, who joined the cast in 1991 and vacated the role in 2012. Burton reprised the role in 2017. Jason was born offscreen in September 1981 and the character made his onscreen debut in November 1981 as the son of Dr. Alan Quartermaine (Stuart Damon) and his mistress, Susan Moore (Gail Ramsey), later adopted by Alan's wife Dr. Monica Quartermaine (Leslie Charleson). As one of

This is a document about Jason Morgan (General Hospital)
 Michael Fairman of "On Air, On Soaps" questioned: "Knowing now that Miller is taking on the role, do you think the Jason that comes to life after Robin revived him, will be a hitman, killer, or will he be Jason Quartermaine-esque or none of the above?" Jason Morgan (General Hospital) Jason Morgan is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, "General Hospital". Created by Thom Racina and Leah Laiman, he is most notably played by Daytime Emmy Award-winning actor Steve Burton, who joined the cast in 1991 and vacated the role in 2012. Burton reprised the role in 2017.

This is a document about Steve Burton (actor)
 Steve Burton (actor) Jack Stephen Burton (born June 28, 1970) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Jason Morgan on "General Hospital" from 1991 to 2012 and 2017 to present, and Dylan McAvoy on "The Young and the Restless" from 2013 to 2017. He also voiced the character Cloud Strife in a wide range of Square Enix products, including "" and the "Kingdom Hearts" series. In 2017, Burton returned to "General Hospital" in the role of Jason Morgan, under the alias of "Patient 6." Burton got his break as surfer boy Chris Fuller on "Out of This

This is a document about James Franco
 has enough of political life". For his performance in the film, Franco won the Independent Spirit Award in the category for Best Supporting Actor. In late 2009 he joined the cast of the daytime soap opera "General Hospital" on a recurring basis. He plays Franco, a multimedia artist much like himself, who comes to Port Charles to do an art exhibition and becomes obsessed with Jason Morgan (Steve Burton). Franco has called his "General Hospital" role performance art. Franco began 2010 by making an appearance on the sitcom "30 Rock" where he played himself and carried on a fake romance

This is a document about Franco (General Hospital)
 Franco (General Hospital) Franco is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime drama "General Hospital". James Franco originated the character in November 2009, after seeking out a soap opera role. He continued to portray the character in intermittent guest stints through January 2012. The character of Franco is a multi-media artist and serial killer who becomes fixated on Jason Morgan (Steve Burton), a known hitman. Franco terrorizes Jason, along with his friends and family. Jason supposedly kills Franco in January 2012, after Franco allegedly rapes Jason's wife Sam (Kelly Monaco). The character is mentioned often after his alleged death, and

This is a document about Jason Morgan and Elizabeth Webber
 in 2003 and Outstanding Actor in 2005. Also in 2005, he received a nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2005. Herbst was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2007 and 2012. Jason Morgan and Elizabeth Webber Jason Morgan and Elizabeth Webber (commonly known as Liason for Liz and Jason) are fictional characters from the long running ABC Daytime soap opera, "General Hospital" and a popular supercouple pairing, according to "TV Guide". Jason was originally portrayed by Steve Burton, and role was recast

This is a document about Jason Morgan and Sam McCall
 Jason Morgan and Sam McCall Jason and Sam Morgan (commonly known by their portmanteau "JaSam") are fictional characters and a supercouple from the ABC daytime drama, "General Hospital." They are known to be one of daytime's most popular supercouples.<ref name="Soap Opera Weekly 03/01/05"></ref><ref name="Soaps In Depth 09/27/05"></ref> Jason is portrayed by actor Steve Burton; formerly, the role was played by Billy Miller. On December 1, 2017, Miller's character was revealed to be Jason's identical twin brother, Andrew Cain, conditioned to believe he was Jason and assume Jason's identity. Sam is portrayed by Kelly Monaco. First meeting in 2003, their relationship

This is a document about Jason Morgan and Elizabeth Webber
 Jason Morgan and Elizabeth Webber Jason Morgan and Elizabeth Webber (commonly known as Liason for Liz and Jason) are fictional characters from the long running ABC Daytime soap opera, "General Hospital" and a popular supercouple pairing, according to "TV Guide". Jason was originally portrayed by Steve Burton, and role was recast by Billy Miller.On December 1, 2017, it was revealed that Miller's character was Jason identical twin brother Andrew Cain brainwashed into believing he was Jason. Elizabeth is portrayed by Rebecca Herbst. Steve Burton first appeared in the role of Jason in December 1991, becoming the third actor to play

This is a document about Steve Burton (actor)
 He graduated from Beverly Hills High School in Beverly Hills, California. Burton married Sheree Gustin on January 16, 1999. They have three children, two daughters and a son. Burton appeared on "High Stakes Poker" season three, and donated his earnings to his fan club for the building of a clubhouse. Steve Burton (actor) Jack Stephen Burton (born June 28, 1970) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Jason Morgan on "General Hospital" from 1991 to 2012 and 2017 to present, and Dylan McAvoy on "The Young and the Restless" from 2013 to 2017. He also voiced the

This is a document about Breaking character
 "General Hospital", actor Steve Burton broke character once during the aftermath of Spinelli and Maxie's wedding. When the groom takes off his wife's garter, he makes a high-pitched, cheering sound as he waves the garter in the air. Burton can be seen turning his head away to avoid being seen laughing, as his character is supposed to be stoic. Actor Bradford Anderson broke character in 2010, when his character was throwing a welcome home party for Jason, and had put up letters that spelled "Welcome Home". The "M" soon fell off the wall, and when Burton, as his character, pointed

This is a document about Franco (General Hospital)
 reveal of his connection to the Quartermaines, and the introductions of his former lover Ava Jerome, played by Emmy winner Maura West, and his daughter, Kiki Jerome (originated by Kristen Alderson in the spring of 2013). Franco (General Hospital) Franco is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime drama "General Hospital". James Franco originated the character in November 2009, after seeking out a soap opera role. He continued to portray the character in intermittent guest stints through January 2012. The character of Franco is a multi-media artist and serial killer who becomes fixated on Jason Morgan (Steve Burton), a known

This is a document about Franco (General Hospital)
 "General Hospital" and the soap opera genre. In 2009, James Franco sought out a soap opera role. Sharing the same agent as Steve Burton, who played Jason Morgan on "General Hospital", he went to that series for his request. Franco signed on for a series of 20 episodes that he filmed in three days. He was credited as a special guest star, and first appeared on November 19, 2009. His scenes aired through February 2010. He returned on June 30, 2010 for a summer-long storyline. He next appeared on February 25 and February 28, 2011, bookending his co-hosting job of

This is a document about Billy Miller (actor)
  at the Paso Robles Digital Film Festival on November 25, 2009. In August 2012, it was confirmed that Miller would be appearing in primetime as a recurring cast member on the CW Network’s thriller Ringer. Miller was also cast as Gabe Watson in the Lifetime made-for-TV movie Fatal Honeymoon. On September 2, 2014, General Hospital executive producer Frank Valentini announced on Twitter that Miller would join the cast as Jason Morgan. In March 2018, for his portrayal of Jason, Miller earned a nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor. In 2017, with the return of Steve Burton to the role of Jason, Miller's casting was retconned to that of his twin, Drew Cain. In July 2019, Miller announced his exit from the soap.

This is a document about Jason Morgan and Elizabeth Webber
  released another statement saying that Herbst would retain her role on the show. Herbst renewed her contract in March 2012. Burton extended his contract in May 2011 for one year, and announced his departure in August 2012, staying long enough for his character to be written out of the series. In September 2014, it was announced that actor Billy Miller, known for his roles on All My Children and The Young & the Restless, would be taking over the role of Jason. Burton won Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Younger Lead Actor in 1997 and 1998. He was nominated for the 1997 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series and

This is a document about Jason Morgan (General Hospital)
  Jason Morgan is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital. Created by Thom Racina and Leah Laiman, he is most notably played by Daytime Emmy Award-winning actor Steve Burton, who joined the cast in 1991 and vacated the role in 2012. Burton reprised the role in 2017. Jason was born offscreen in September 1981 and the character made his onscreen debut weeks later but was seen portrayed by a child actor in November 1981 as the son of Dr. Alan Quartermaine (Stuart Damon) and his mistress, Susan Moore (Gail Ramsey), later adopted by Alan's wife Dr. Monica Quartermaine (Leslie Charleson). As one of the longest-running characters on the show, the role was played by various child actors from 1981 to 1988. In 2014, Billy Miller was cast in the role. With Burton's 2017 return, Miller's casting was later retconned as Jason's twin brother, Andrew Cain.

This is a document about List of General Hospital: Night Shift characters
  series consists of self-contained episodes which "delve deeper into the relationships, friendships and medical cases seen at the hospital." Alongside new characters are those "plucked from General Hospital s history" and "younger characters with ties to GH's core families." The first season of the series features General Hospital regulars Dr. Robin Scorpio (Kimberly McCullough), Dr. Patrick Drake (Jason Thompson), Jason Morgan (Steve Burton), and Epiphany Johnson (Sonya Eddy), as well as guest star Billy Dee Williams as Toussaint Dubois. The second season features these same characters minus Burton's Jason, as well as the return of legacy General Hospital characters Robert Scorpio (Tristan Rogers) and Jagger Cates (Antonio Sabàto, Jr.).

This is a document about Jason Morgan and Sam McCall
  is very hard, but she has an idea of how Jason will exit Port Charles and "it's likely to be pretty dramatic." On September 2, 2014, executive producer Frank Valentini announced on Twitter that former All My Children and The Young and the Restless actor Billy Miller would join the cast as Jason. Miller made his debut in the role on October 1; coincidentally, this was also the same day Monaco made her debut as Sam 11 years prior. Miller is a three-time Daytime Emmy Award winner. He won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2010 and 2013 for his role as Billy Abbott on The Young and the Restless.  In 2014, he won Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the same role.

This is a document about Jason Morgan and Sam McCall
  award-winning actor Steve Burton from 1991 to 2012. Burton made his debut on December 19, 1991. After leaving the show in 2000 to pursue other interests, Burton returned to General Hospital full-time in May 2002. In 1998, Burton won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Jason. In 2012, Burton received a Daytime Emmy pre-nomination for his role as Jason Morgan. On August 28, 2012, it was announced that Burton would be leaving the series. Burton confirmed in an interview with TV Guide's Michael Logan that he would exit the series and agreed to stay long enough for the producers to write his character out properly. In an interview with Access Hollywood.com, Monaco said that thinking about her co-star's

This is a document about Franco (General Hospital)
  In 2009, James Franco sought out a soap opera role. Sharing the same agent as Steve Burton, who played Jason Morgan on General Hospital, he went to that series for his request. Franco signed on for a series of 20 episodes that he filmed in three days. He was credited as a special guest star, and first appeared on November 19, 2009. His scenes aired through February 2010. He returned on June 30, 2010 for a summer-long storyline. He next appeared on February 25 and February 28, 2011, bookending his co-hosting job of the 83rd Academy Awards. Franco returned for a longterm stint on September 20, 2011 that

Steve Burton plays the role of Jason Morgan on "General Hospital."


Question: when did the old man on pawn shop pass away

Answer: June 25 , 2018

This is a document about Richard Benjamin Harrison
 Richard Benjamin Harrison Richard Benjamin Harrison Jr. (March 4, 1941 – June 25, 2018), also known by the nicknames The Old Man and The Appraiser, was an American businessman and reality television personality, best known as the co-owner of the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, as featured on the History Channel series "Pawn Stars". Harrison was the co-owner of the pawn shop with his son Rick Harrison. They opened the store together in 1989. Harrison was usually referred to by his nickname, "The Old Man", which he earned at the age of 38. Richard Benjamin Harrison Jr. was

This is a document about Pawn Stars
  avid reader since childhood, his favorite area of historical study is the British Navy, from the late 1700s to the early 1800s. Harrison also appears on United Stuff of America, an H2 series from the producers of Pawn Stars that focuses on notable artifacts that were used in important moments in history, which premiered in June 2014. ; Richard Benjamin "The Old Man" Harrison – Rick's father and Corey's grandfather, and the founder/co-owner of the pawn shop, which he opened in 1989 with his son Rick. He was usually referred to by his nickname, "The Old Man," which he earned at age 38,

This is a document about Rick Harrison
  Harrison (generally referred to on the show as "The Old Man") along with his son Corey ("Big Hoss") and Corey's childhood friend and employee Austin "Chumlee" Russell. Richard Harrison died in June 2018, during production of the fifteenth season. In 2010, the National Pawnbrokers Association awarded the Pawnbroker of the Year Award to Harrison for his contributions in enlightening the public about the pawn industry. In January 2011, Pawn Stars was the highest rated program on the History Channel, and the second-highest rated reality show behind Jersey Shore. On June 7 2011, Harrison published a biography called License to Pawn: Deals, Steals, and My Life

This is a document about Richard Benjamin Harrison
  than two miles from the Las Vegas Strip. The most common item brought into the store is jewelry. As of July 2011, the store had 12,000 items in its inventory, 5,000 of which are typically held on pawn. Even when absent from the show, according to an episode of Pawn Stars, Harrison usually was the first to arrive at the shop in the morning, and by 2010, had not had a sick day since 1994. From July 19, 2009 until his death, Harrison and his son Rick, along with his grandson Richard Corey "Big Hoss" Harrison and Corey's childhood friend and employee Austin Russell ("Chumlee"),

This is a document about Richard Benjamin Harrison
  Richard Benjamin Harrison Jr. (March 4, 1941 – June 25, 2018), also known by the nicknames "The Old Man" and "The Appraiser", was an American businessman and reality television personality, best known as the co-owner of the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, as featured on the History Channel series Pawn Stars. Harrison was the co-owner of the pawn shop with his son Rick Harrison. They opened the store together in 1989.

This is a document about Shooting of David Dorn
  On June 2, 2020, Dorn was discovered on the sidewalk in front of Lee's Pawn and Jewelry in The Ville around 2:30 a.m. Despite a city-wide curfew, he had reportedly been responding to the burglar alarm of his friend's pawn shop when he was fatally shot. His death was streamed on Facebook Live. The thirteen-minute video was briefly taken down by Facebook before being reinstated with a warning screen and has been viewed more than 94,000 times. In the video, a young man states: "Oh my God, cuz....They just killed this old man at the pawn shop over some TVs....c'mon, man, that's somebody's granddaddy."

This is a document about The Pawnbroker (film)
  visit the pawnshop, beating and threatening to kill Nazerman when he refuses to cooperate. In his suicidal despair, he tells them to kill him. Rodriguez promises him that he will die soon. During the robbery by Tangee's gang, Nazerman refuses to hand over his money. A member of the gang pulls a gun and, in trying to save Nazerman, Ortiz is shot. The gang flees and Ortiz drags himself out onto the street. Nazerman stumbles out of his shop and silently sobs while Ortiz dies. Ortiz's body is taken away by ambulance and Nazerman goes back inside. He impales his hand on a receipt spike before wandering away from the shop.

This is a document about The Pawnbroker
  The Pawnbroker (1961) is a novel by Edward Lewis Wallant which tells the story of Sol Nazerman, a concentration camp survivor who suffers flashbacks of his past Nazi imprisonment as he tries to cope with his daily life operating a pawn shop in East Harlem. It was adapted into a motion picture by Sidney Lumet. Nazerman is a bulky man, 45 years old, who before the war had been a professor at the University of Kraków. He has dealt with his trauma by deliberately shutting down his emotions, with the result that he sees everyone around him, especially the desperate people who come into his shop, as "scum." Nazerman is plagued by nightmares and headaches

This is a document about Pawn Stars
 Richard "Rick" Kevin Harrison – Co-founder/co-owner of the pawn shop. The son of "The Old Man" Richard and father of "Big Hoss" Corey, he has earned the nickname of "The Spotter" due to his sharp eye for valuable items. He started in the pawn business at age 13. Rick co-founded the "Gold & Silver" pawn shop with his father in 1989 at the age of 23. Boasting that "Gold & Silver" is the only family-owned pawn shop in Las Vegas, Rick says he dropped out of high school in the tenth grade because he was making $2,000 a week selling fake Gucci bags.

This is a document about List of Pawn Stars episodes
  Pawn Stars is an American reality television series that premiered on History on July 19, 2009. The series is filmed in Las Vegas, Nevada, where it chronicles the activities at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, a 24-hour family business operated by patriarch Richard "Old Man" Harrison, his son Rick Harrison, Rick's son Corey "Big Hoss" Harrison, and Corey's childhood friend, Austin "Chumlee" Russell. The descriptions of the items listed in this article reflect those given by their sellers and staff in the episodes, prior to their appraisal by experts as to their authenticity, unless otherwise noted.

This is a document about Richard Benjamin Harrison
  in the reality television program Pawn Stars on the History Channel. Harrison was depicted as saying little and easily angered. Chumlee has stated that he is old and cranky, while Harrison himself indicates: "My role on the show is to be an old grump." Within ten weeks of its debut, Pawn Stars was the highest-rated program on the History Channel, and second highest-rated reality show program behind Jersey Shore. In that same period, the average number of customers in the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop increased from 70 to 700 per day. By February 2012, between 3,000 and 5,000 people visited the store each day.

This is a document about Eddy Waller
  Stage Driver / Oldest Rider ; The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp as Rawhide Geraghty in "The Truth About Rawhide Geraghty" (1959); Hugh O'Brian as Wyatt Earp rides shotgun for the retiring 69-year-old Wells Fargo stagecoach driver Rawhide Geraghty on his last run from Tucumcari, New Mexico Territory, to Amarillo, Texas. The trip is hazardous with bandits and hostile Apache, and Rawhide is apprehensive about what he and Earp will face. - Rawhide Geraghty ; Man Without a Gun (1959, in "The Giant") ; Wanted: Dead or Alive (1959, "The Empty Cell") - Pop Cole ; Tales of Wells Fargo (1959–1961, 2 episodes) - Grandpa Charlie

This is a document about W. S. Holland
  honored at the Carl Perkins Center in Jackson, Tennessee for his sixty years of musical contributions. In 2018, Holland was honored with the "Lifetime Achievement" award during the annual Tennessee Music Awards event at the University of Memphis Lambuth in Jackson, Tennessee. He was also inducted into the Radio Nostalgi Hall of Fame in Sweden on July 3, 2016. Holland made a cameo appearance on the History Channel program Pawn Stars, accompanying a classic car collector who was trying to sell Johnny Cash's Rolls Royce to Rick Harrison. They did not agree on a price. He died at his home in Jackson, Tennessee on September 23, 2020 at the age of 85.

This is a document about Richard Benjamin Harrison
  Harrison was particularly passionate about automobiles. Cars he owned or expressed an interest in on the television series include his 1966 Imperial Crown, which took him fifteen years to convince the previous owner to sell, and was subsequently restored by his son and grandson for his 50th wedding anniversary; a 1957 Chevy 150 sedan given to him by the stars of three other History Channel shows, American Restoration, Counting Cars and American Pickers; and the mid-1960s B&Z Electra-King electric car shown to them in Pawn Stars, which he suggested could be converted into a golf cart. Harrison was usually referred to by his nickname, "The Old Man", which he earned at the age of 38.

This is a document about American Restoration
  being out with him.  Tyler remarks that this explains why it takes Ron three hours to go to the hardware store. Rick worries that Tyler, who looks up to Ron, and enjoys going out on jobs with him, will pick up Ron's bad habits.  Ron first appeared in the Pawn Stars episode "Time Machines", in which he sells an old Coke machine to Rick Harrison, who then sends it to Rick Dale, Ron's brother, to be restored. ; Kowboy aka Kevin Lowery – Employee who does the metal polishing in the shop. Rick describes Kowboy as "the grumpiest bastard I've ever met," saying, "He would have

This is a document about Pawn Stars
  In 2010, Rick Harrison and the staff of the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop were awarded the Pawnbroker of the Year Award by the National Pawnbrokers Association for bringing the industry greater recognition and a better image with the TV show. On July 17, 2012, the Clark County Commission declared that day to be "Pawn Stars/Gold & Silver Pawn Day". At the Commission meeting, Richard "The Old Man" Harrison donated $1,000 to the Clark County Heritage Museum, and lent the U.S. Senate floor chair used by Senator Patrick McCarran (sold to the Gold and Silver in the Pawn Stars episode "Take a Seat") to the museum as part of a display on Senator McCarran.

This is a document about Hardcore Pawn
 Leslie "Les" Gold, owner ; Seth Gold, Les' son, co-owner ; Ashley Gold Broad, Les' daughter, co-owner, head of Jewelry department. Left the pawn shop after series concluded to start her own online jewelry business ; Lili Gold, Les' wife and office manager. Appears occasionally in the background during the first season, but is never seen or mentioned thereafter ; Karen Mitchell, Les' niece, co-manager—jewelry department (Seasons 8–9) ; Bobby Janiec ("Bobby J"), store employee. Left pawn shop early in 2016 and has since posted in various social media accounts that he feels he was taken advantage of by owner Les Gold. ; Byron, security (Season 6 then became

This is a document about List of Married... with Children characters
  the neighborhood. Buck died at one point in the series to allow Michael, the dog that portrayed him, to retire. Buck went to animal heaven, and was reincarnated as Lucky, an American Cocker Spaniel (having met God in heaven, who turned out to be a cat). In later seasons, Buck/Lucky would occasionally serve as the narrator in the second half of a two-part episode, recapping the events of the first part. Buck's last episode, No. 10/03, "Requiem for a Dead Briard"—originally broadcast on October 1, 1995—ends with the following message on the screen: "Dedicated to Buck the Dog who with this episode begins a well earned retirement and hopefully a nice gig at stud. We'll miss you, Buddy, lift a leg. – The Producers." Retired at the age of twelve-and-a-half, Michael died shortly afterward, on May 28, 1996, at the age of thirteen.

This is a document about Charles T. Sinclair
 David Sutton, of Everett, Washington, was found dead of a gunshot wound to the head on January 27, 1980. Sutton's antique store was robbed of $80,000 in silver dollars. ; Thomas Rohr, of Mishawaka, Indiana, was killed during a robbery of the coin shop he managed on August 28, 1985. ; Ruben Lucky Williams, of Vacaville, California, was killed with a gunshot wound to the head and his coin shop robbed on November 5, 1986. ; Leo Cashatt, of Spokane, Washington, was killed with a gunshot wound to the head and his coin shop robbed on July 14, 1987. ; LeRoy Hoffman, of Kansas City,

The Old Man on Pawn Stars, Richard Benjamin Harrison, passed away on June 25, 2018.


Question: land locked country in african great lakes region

Answer: Uganda

This is a document about Uganda
 Uganda Uganda ( ), officially the Republic of Uganda (), is a landlocked country (except for its borders with Lake Victoria and Lake Albert) in East-Central Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region. Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but

This is a document about Lagos–Mombasa Highway
 road is partly paved, though since the war it has not been in use south of Walikale. From Bukavu a paved highway reaches Kigali (Rwanda) and connects to the existing route at Mbarara in Uganda. The Lagos–Mombasa Highway's eastern section has been paved for several decades and is the principal highway between the African Great Lakes region and the sea. The highway from Bujumbura (Burundi) through Kigali to Mbarara can also be considered a feeder road connecting land-locked Burundi and Rwanda to the sea at Mombasa. Since transport across the DR Congo is severely limited, the eastern section is also

This is a document about African Great Lakes
 Kyoga. The African Great Lakes region consists of countries that surround the African Great Lakes. It comprises Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. The Bantu Swahili language is the most commonly spoken language in the African Great Lakes region. It also serves as a national or official language of four nations in the region: Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Due to the high population density of an estimated 107 million people, and the agricultural surplus in the region, the area became organized into a number of small states. The

This is a document about African Great Lakes
 great biodiversity; 10% of the world's fish species live there. Countries in the African Great Lakes region (sometimes also called "Greater Lakes region") include Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. A conference was held on the lakes region in 2017 in Uganda. The Great Lakes area, where colonial era borders cut through ethnic groups, has in the last 20 years been a crucible of conflict that has launched multiple uprisings and invasions. The United Nations, the United States, and several European countries have special envoys or representatives to the Great Lakes region. On June

This is a document about Rwanda
 Rwanda Rwanda (; ), officially the Republic of Rwanda (; Swahili: "Jamhuri ya Rwanda"; ), is a country in Central and East Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated; its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry

This is a document about Fondation Chirezi
 Fondation Chirezi Fondation Chirezi (FOCHI) is a local non-governmental organisation established in the African Great Lakes Region by Floribert Kazingufu Kasirusiru (Flory Zozo). The core objective of FOCHI is to build a campaign for a non-killing society in the Great Lakes Region - eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) which has suffered both the Second Congo War and terrible waves of genocide in both Rwanda and Burundi. "Since the early 1990s the African Great Lakes region – defined here as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania – has been convulsed by

This is a document about Clan (African Great Lakes)
 Clan (African Great Lakes) In the African Great Lakes region, the clan is a unit of social organisation. It is the oldest societal structure in the region, other than family and direct lineage. The structure is found in modern-day Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania and Uganda. The term "clan" was first used in the nineteenth century by Europeans, due to the similarities to other clan systems found across the world. The people of the area use a variety of vernacular terms to describe the concept: "ubwoko" in Rwanda, "umuryango " in Burundi, "ruganda" in the Bunyoro and Buhaya kingdoms, "igise" in Buha,

This is a document about East African Highland bananas
 are so important as food crops, the local name "matoke" (or more commonly "matooke") is synonymous for the word "food" in Uganda. Also, a portion of the East African Highland bananas locally known as "mbidde" is used to produce juice/beer. East African Highland bananas East African Highland bananas (EAHB) are triploid banana cultivars originating from the African Great Lakes region. They are a staple food crop in Uganda, Tanzania and other Great Lakes countries, and are used to make matoke. East African Highland bananas are also known as the Mutika/Lujugira subgroup. East African Highland bananas are easily distinguishable from other

This is a document about East African Highland bananas
 East African Highland bananas East African Highland bananas (EAHB) are triploid banana cultivars originating from the African Great Lakes region. They are a staple food crop in Uganda, Tanzania and other Great Lakes countries, and are used to make matoke. East African Highland bananas are also known as the Mutika/Lujugira subgroup. East African Highland bananas are easily distinguishable from other banana cultivars by the numerous black (or more rarely brown or bronze) blotches on their pseudostems, giving them the appearance of polished metal. The outermost sheath of their pseudostems are a medium green, superimposed over the pink to purple underlying

This is a document about Uganda
 Amin's fall ouster in 1979. Around 90 percent of Ugandan Indians reside in Kampala. According to the UNHCR, Uganda hosts over 1.1 million refugees on its soil as of November 2018. Most come from neighbouring countries in the African Great Lakes region, particularly South Sudan (68.0 percent) and Democratic Republic of the Congo (24.6%). Swahili, a widely used language throughout the African Great Lakes region, was approved as the country's second official national language in 2005. English was the only official language until the constitution was amended in 2005. Although Swahili has not been favoured by the Bantu-speaking populations of

This is a document about East African Highland bananas
 during the first to sixth centuries AD, probably via trade. They are genetically distinct from the other AAA cultivars, having evolved locally in the African Great Lakes region for over a millennium. They are found nowhere else in the world, and the African Great Lakes has been called the secondary center of banana diversity because of this (with Southeast Asia being the first). East African Highland bananas are considered to be especially diverse in Uganda, Burundi, and Rwanda. However, genetic analysis has revealed that all East African Highland bananas are genetically uniform, having most likely originated from a single ancestral

This is a document about 2013 Kivu Offensive
 for the African Great Lakes region said from Pretoria: "In a region that has suffered so much, this is obviously a significant positive step in the right direction." On 6 November 2013, the March 23 rebels fled the country. The next day, the rebels surrendered at Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda Another 1,500 fighters, believed to be most of the force, were held after surrendering in Kisoro by the borders; they included Sultani Makenga. At a meeting in Entebbe, Uganda, the Congolese government delegation left the talks after a failure to agree to a wording of a document intended

This is a document about KCB Group Limited
 in Tanzania. In May 2006, KCB extended its operations to South Sudan following licensing of KCB Sudan. This subsidiary now has over 20 branches in that country. In November 2007, KCB Bank Uganda Limited was opened. KCB currently has 14 branches in Uganda. In December 2008, KCB Rwanda began operations with one branch at Kigali. There are currently 11 branches spread out in the country. In 2012, KCB registered a subsidiary in Burundi, KCB Burundi, becoming the first bank in the region to be presented in all the African Great Lakes countries. Before 2015, KCB was both a licensed bank

This is a document about Tanzania
 is the governing body for football in the country. Other popular sports include basketball, netball, boxing, volleyball, athletics, and rugby. Tanzania has a popular film industry known as Bongo Movie. Tanzania Tanzania (, ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania (), is a country in eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in north-eastern

This is a document about William Frederick Gowers
 kingdom as they saw fit. Committees on language policy in Uganda had recommended teaching Acholi in the north, Teso in parts of the eastern province and Luganda elsewhere. As governor of Uganda, Gowers pointed out the local importance of Swahili, a Bantu language also spoken in Kenya and Tanganyika and the eastern Congo. He was perhaps anticipating the need for a common language in a federation of territories in the African Great Lakes region. In 1926, Sir Edward Grigg, Governor of British Kenya, called a conference in Nairobi to discuss closer union of the African Great Lakes colonies, which Sir

This is a document about AMANI Forum
 AMANI Forum The Great Lakes Parliamentary Forum on Peace, better known as the AMANI Forum, is an Africa-focused organization based in Nairobi, Kenya that works to promote peace and democracy, and to mitigate conflict in the African Great Lakes region. AMANI Forum was formed in 1998 by regional parliamentarians to create a structure to enable coordinated work towards sustainable peace. Since then AMANI has grown to a membership of over 650 parliamentarians, with national chapters in Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. In 2007 a chapter was established in the East African Legislative Assembly.

This is a document about African Great Lakes
 DRC. GDP per capita fluctuates between $700 in DRC and Burundi and $1,900 in Uganda. African Great Lakes The African Great Lakes () are a series of lakes constituting the part of the Rift Valley lakes in and around the East African Rift. They include Lake Victoria, the third-largest fresh water lake in the world by area, and Lake Tanganyika, the world's second-largest freshwater lake by volume and depth. Collectively, they contain 31,000 km (7400 cu mi) of water, which is more than either Lake Baikal or the North American Great Lakes. This total constitutes about 25% of the planet's

This is a document about African Great Lakes
 "Homo erectus" boy was discovered. More recently, a 3,500,000-year-old skull was discovered there, named "Kenyanthropus platyops", which means "The Flat-Faced Man of Kenya". Fishing—primarily of tilapia species but also of Nile perch—provides the main livelihood. With four Great Lakes on its borders, Uganda ranks as one of the world's largest producers of freshwater fish. The climate and rich volcanic soils in the highlands also sustain intensely cultivated croplands. The economies of the Great Lakes region states have different structures and are at various stages of development. The GDP real growth rate ranges from 5.1 percent in Burundi to 6.4 in

This is a document about Nairobi–Mombasa Road
 coordinates of this road south of the town of Athi River, Machakos County are: 01°30'15.0"S, 37°05'20.0"E (Latitude:-1.504167; Longitude:37.088889). This road, together with its sister road, Nairobi–Malaba Road, is part of the "Great North Road", that links the Kenyan coast to the land-locked countries of Burundi, Eastern DR Congo, Rwanda, Uganda and South Sudan. The road moves more than 50 percent of all goods traded in the East African Community. Due to the volume of traffic, and the concentration of heavy-duty transport vehicles, the route is accident-prone, accounting for a large number of injuries and fatalities in the region. In 2013

Uganda is a land-locked country located in the African Great Lakes region.


Question: what are the main objectives of labor unions

Answer: benefits

This is a document about Trade union
 Trade union A trade union, also called a labour union or labor union (US), is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals, such as protecting the integrity of their trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages, benefits (such as vacation, health care, and retirement), and working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by the creation of a monopoly of the workers. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labour contracts (collective bargaining) with employers. The most common purpose

This is a document about Mancur Olson
 not work towards shared objectives unless their individual members are sufficiently motivated. In 1982, he expanded the scope of his earlier work in an attempt to explain "The Rise and Decline of Nations" (1982). He argues that groups such as cotton-farmers, steel-producers, and labor unions have an incentive to form lobby groups and influence policies in their favor. These policies will tend to be protectionist, which will hurt economic growth; but because the benefits of such policies are concentrated, and their costs are diffused throughout the whole population, there will be little public resistance to them. As distributional coalitions accumulate,

This is a document about Labor unions in the United States
 Labor unions in the United States Labor unions in the United States are organizations that represent workers in many industries recognized under US labor law. Their activity today centers on collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions. Larger trade unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and electioneering at the state and federal level. Most unions in the United States are aligned with one of two larger umbrella organizations: the AFL-CIO created in 1955, and the Change to Win Federation which split

This is a document about Immigration policies of American labor unions
 towards immigration during the early 20th century was whether their focus was largely inward or outward. Unions with an outward focus, dedicated to organizing workers, tended to be pro-immigrant, as immigrants constituted the main populations that they were attempting to organize. Unions that attempted to raise wages and working conditions for already-unionized workers, instead of organizing new workers, tended to see immigrant labor as competition with native workers and so wanted restrictive measures. As the vast majority of the unions within the AFL fell in the latter camp in the first half of the 20th century, the AFL, as a

This is a document about Little Manila, Stockton, California
 own community south of Main Street. They set up businesses and organizations of all kinds to meet their own needs - restaurants, hotels, grocery stores, barber shops, the Rizal Social Club, the Daguhoy Lodge, a rescue mission, and many others, creating what became Stockton's Little Manila. The Manongs (Ilocano: first-born male, "respected elder brothers", several other connotations), as they are affectionately called, fought for better working conditions in the fields, fair wages, and equal rights, paving the way and making life easier for the generations of Filipino Americans that followed. These men organized labor unions and successfully held strikes against

This is a document about Labor unions in the United States
 need not be connected organizationally to others around the world to effectively influence the behavior of a transnational corporation. History: International: General: Labor unions in the United States Labor unions in the United States are organizations that represent workers in many industries recognized under US labor law. Their activity today centers on collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions. Larger trade unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and electioneering at the state and federal level. Most unions in the United States

This is a document about Labor unions in the United States
 role in politics favoring the Democratic party but not exclusively so. The AFL-CIO is especially concerned with global trade and economic issues. Private sector unions are regulated by the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), passed in 1935 and amended since then. The law is overseen by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), an independent federal agency. Public sector unions are regulated partly by federal and partly by state laws. In general they have shown robust growth rates, because wages and working conditions are set through negotiations with elected local and state officials. To join a traditional labor union, workers must

This is a document about Labor unions in the United States
 union shops and agency shops. Thus, while unions do exist in "right-to-work" states, they are typically weaker. Members of labor unions enjoy "Weingarten Rights." If management questions the union member on a matter that may lead to discipline or other changes in working conditions, union members can request representation by a union representative. Weingarten Rights are named for the first Supreme Court decision to recognize those rights. The NLRA goes farther in protecting the right of workers to organize unions. It protects the right of workers to engage in any "concerted activity" for mutual aid or protection. Thus, no union

This is a document about Park Overall
 country great." Stating that she grew up in a household with an AFL-CIO ashtray on the dinner table, Overall has spoken in favor of labor unions, and warns that Republicans have "stolen" the language of unions, successfully redefining terms like "good benefits" and "pensions" as "a string of cusswords." Overall is pro-gay marriage, arguing that same-sex couples are guaranteed the right to marry by the 14th Amendment. In response to President Obama's May 2012 endorsement of the legalization of gay marriage, Overall released a statement saying, "Hallelujah and what took so long?" Overall has frequently criticized state lawmakers for passing

This is a document about Tim Pawlenty 2012 presidential campaign
 Dallas, ending in Iowa in January where the Iowa Caucuses are scheduled for February 6, 2012. "That will come up fast," he said, "if I do run." In a December 2010 column in "The Wall Street Journal", Pawlenty argued in favor of the historical benefits of "private sector" labor unions and strongly against "public sector" labor unions, whose collective bargaining rights he would like to see curbed: "The rise of the labor movement in the early 20th century was a triumph for America's working class. In an era of deep economic anxiety, unions stood up for hard-working but vulnerable families,

This is a document about Labor relations
  Unions are a significant aspect of labor relations and provide job security to workers and ensure all employees are well compensated for labor. Union negotiators offer high-level pay in exchange for workers to tolerate repetitive job design or unsafe working conditions. Unions are critical in providing security and assurance to employees that their job position will remain unaffected and always compensated for their work. Some of the unions' main objectives are; job security, suitable compensation for labor, job design, retraining and reskilling, and health and safety. No matter how strong the union is, there is often a mismatch between critical company decision-making and the union representatives' demands. However, to provide proper job security and suitable compensation for employees, agreements must be made between union representatives

This is a document about Political organisation
 Organizing strike actions and general strikes ; Negotiating with employers on behalf of workers ; Ensuring that workers aren't fired without severance pay ; Assuring that workers receive reasonable salaries A labor union (or trade union) is a political organization formed to promote the interests of workers. Labour unions have various roles in modern politics, including: Unlike other political organizations, labor unions do not directly participate in elections, although they may campaign for parties and politicians supporting their positions. Labour unionization is a way for workers to maintain unity and preserve their rights. Often, major corporations antagonize the principle of labor unionization since it results in heavier employment regulations which restrict the powers of big business to fire workers at will, effectively causing economic difficulties for such companies.

This is a document about Coordinating Committee of International Staff Unions and Associations of the United Nations System
  CCISUA's main objectives are as follows: 1.   To promote the common interest of international civil servants of all categories whose staff unions/associations are members of CCISUA. 2.   To provide a means for staff representative bodies with common concerns to consult with one another both formally and informally with a view to reaching consensus on issues affecting conditions of service and staff          welfare. 3.   To permit those staff unions, associations, and other staff representative bodies of the system to address advisory and decision-making bodies with a united voice and in particular to participate actively in the work of          ICSC, HR Network, HLCM, CEB, the Pension Board, and the Fifth Committee of the General Assembly. 4.   To assist each other in finding solutions to common problems and in monitoring the implementation of decisions affecting the staff both at Headquarters duty stations and in the field. 5.   To cooperate with other staff groups with a view to formally arriving at common positions on matters affecting staff welfare. 6.   To adhere to the spirit of solidarity and support for each member whenever needed.

This is a document about Australian Council of Trade Unions
 the socialisation of industry, ; the organisation of wage and salary earners in the Australian workforce (within the trade union movement), ; the utilisation of Australian resources to maintain full employment, establish equitable living standards which increase in line with output, and create opportunities for the development of talent. The objectives of the ACTU, found in its constitution, are:

This is a document about United Association
  "The objects of this Association are to protect its members from unjust and injurious competition, and secure through unity of action among all workers of the industry throughout the United States and Canada, claiming, as we do, that labor is capital, and is the only capital that possesses power to reproduce itself or in other words, to create capital. Labor is the interest underlying all other interests; therefore, it is entitled to and should receive from society and government protection and encouragement."

This is a document about Business
  A trade union (or labor union) is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts (collective bargaining) with employers. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment". This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing, and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies.

This is a document about National Labor Relations Act of 1935
  Under section 1 of the Act, the key principles and policy findings on which the Act was based are explained. The Act aims to correct the "inequality of bargaining power between employees who, according to the Act's proponents, do not possess full freedom of association or actual liberty of contract and employers who are organized in the corporate or other forms of ownership association". To achieve this, the central idea is the promotion of collective bargaining between independent trade unions, on behalf of the workforce, and the employer. "encouraging the practice and procedure of collective bargaining and by protecting the exercise by workers of full freedom of association, self-organization, and designation of representatives of their own choosing, for the purpose of negotiating the terms and conditions of their employment or other mutual aid or protection." Various definitions are explained in section 2, including 2(5) defining "labor organization" and 2(9) defining "labor dispute". The Act aims to protect employees as a group, and so is not based on a formal or legal relationship between an employer and employee.

This is a document about Union of Informal Workers Associations
 To organize workers in the informal economy into association with the purpose of protecting, sustaining and promoting their common interest ; To organize seminars, workshops and other programs for the education of members of member association ; To assist member associations in negotiating appropriate remuneration, hours of work and other terms of employment of its members ; To assist the Trade Union Congress of Ghana (TUC) and other national Unions to achieve their aims and objectives of protecting workers rights ; To provide legal assistance to members as and when necessary The aim of UNIWA is to organise informal workers into trade unions in order to promote their common interest and strengthen their bargaining power vis-à-vis the government and employers. More specifically, the aims of UNIWA include:

This is a document about International Association of Economic and Social Councils and Similar Institutions
 To develop cooperation between its members, by promoting exchange of experiences and good practices, ; To promote social dialogue and participatory democracy at a wider level, ; To encourage and support the creation of ESCs in countries which do not yet possess them in accordance with the principles of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as the fundamental principles and rights at work endorsed by all members of the International Labour Organization. Mainly acting as a network, the three main Association's objective is, with full respect towards the independence of each of its members, are:

This is a document about Trade union
  Labor unions are legally recognized as representatives of workers in many industries in the United States. In the United States, unions were formed based on power with the people, not over the people like the government at the time. Their activity today centres on collective bargaining over wages, benefits and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions. Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and supporting endorsed candidates at the state and federal level. Most unions in America are aligned with one of two larger umbrella organizations: the AFL-CIO created

The main objectives of labor unions are to protect the interests of workers, improve safety standards, increase wages, and negotiate better working conditions through collective bargaining with employers. They also aim to represent workers in disputes with management over wages, benefits, and working conditions, and to lobby at the state and federal level for legislation that benefits the interests of their members.


Question: when did wales last win the 6 nations

Answer: 2013

This is a document about Six Nations Championship
 Wales in 1887. England's Cyril Lowe and Scotland's Ian Smith jointly hold the record for tries in one season with 8 (Lowe in 1914, Smith in 1925). Ireland's Brian O'Driscoll has the Championship record for tries with 26. The record for appearances is held by O'Gara, with 63 Six Nations appearances from the start of the Six Nations era in 2000 to his retirement in 2013. He surpassed countryman Mike Gibson in the first round of the 2012 tournament against Wales. Gibson played in 56 Five Nations matches (Italy had not become part of the Championship yet) between 1964 and

This is a document about Italy national rugby union team
 closest margin to defeating England. The championship also saw Italy lose to Wales, Ireland and France. Italy played three matches in the 2012 November internationals, losing two and winning one. The Italian's lost to New Zealand and Australia 22-19, with Italian fly half Luciano Orquera missing a penalty in the last minute which would have secured Italy's first draw against Australia. Italy did manage a win in the series, beating Tonga 28-23. Italy gained their second Six Nations win over France when they beat them 23-18 on their opening match of the 2013 Six Nations Championship. Three defeats by Scotland,

This is a document about Rob Howley
 Rob Howley faced much criticism. His opening match as caretaker coach against the Barbarians was won by Wales 30–21. After that win Wales suffered 8 consecutive defeats, 6 of which were under the management of Howley. This included a 3–0 series defeat against Australia during their 2012 tour to Australia, a series white-wash in the 2012 Autumn Internationals and a loss in the opening round of the 2013 Six Nations against Ireland. The last 5 defeats was a record run of 5 home defeats. The streak was broken in round 2 of the Six Nations after beating France 6–16. Rob

This is a document about Philippe Saint-André
 France lost their first three games, 18–23 against Italy, 6–16 against Wales and 13-23 against England. The team managed a draw, 13–13, against Ireland in Dublin and a last day 23–16 win against Scotland to finish the championship in last place. This was the first time that France picked up the wooden spoon in the Six Nations, but the last time they had finished last was during the 1999 Five Nations Championship. France later went on to lose 3–0 to New Zealand, during their 2013 tour, which included a 30–0 loss, the first time France has failed to score any

This is a document about History of the Wales national rugby union team (2004–present)
 with Wales beating France 16–6 in Paris. On 9 March 2013 versus Scotland, Wales achieved a record fifth consecutive away win in the Six Nations. Wales retained the Six Nations Championship after beating England in their final match by a record winning margin 30–3. This was the first time Wales had retained the Championship since their 1978/1979 championship wins. Despite these results, Wales was 9th in the World Rankings in December 2012. Therefore, the team was placed in Pot 3 of the pool stage draw for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. Wales was drawn in Pool A with Australia and

This is a document about Santiago Phelan
 England in 2013 including a record 32-3 defeat in the opening test, the biggest losing margin Argentina has had against England on home soil. He did lead Argentina to the occasional "upset", including a 9-6 win over Scotland at Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh and a 26-12 win over Wales, who at the time where the Six Nations Grand Slam Champions, at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. He led the Pumas to the 2011 Rugby World Cup knockout stage, but lost to hosts New Zealand in the Quarter Finals. In 2012, Phelan led Argentina into their debut year in The Rugby

This is a document about Mana Otai
 from four; a 27–17 win over Japan and an 18–9 win over the United States. However, Tonga's final game in the 2013 IRB Pacific Nations Cup (a 34–21 loss to Fiji), started a six consecutive streak without a win. This included a winless 2013 European tour, consisting of a loss on a first-ever meeting against Romania, and back-to-back losses to Tier 1 nations France and Wales. An 18-all draw against Samoa and another loss to Fiji in the 2014 IRB Pacific Nations Cup saw them finish last in their conference, before Otai earned a win - 36–14, in an uncapped

This is a document about Ireland men's national rugby league team
 24 May 2011 and he is confirmed in the role for the World Cup in 2013. Ireland kicked off their campaign with a shock 36-12 win over Italy in Cairns. In the next pool match Ireland lost a narrow match to PNG 14-6 with PNG needing a 78th minute try to win the game. Ireland's final pool match was against Wales in Perth where they ran out comfortable winners 34-6. Ireland did not progress to the next round of the tournament despite winning more games than Lebanon or Samoa who qualified for the last 8. The following tournaments is a

This is a document about Philippe Saint-André
 points against New Zealand. France did however beat Super Rugby franchise Blues, 38–15, but it was not an official test match. France again lost to New Zealand, 26–19, during their 2013 November campaign, where during that campaign, they only picked up a single victory, coming against Tonga 38–18. During the 2014 Six Nations Championship, France picked up their first win over England since 2011, beating them 26–24 in the opening week of the Championship. They additionally beat Italy 30–10 and Scotland 19–17. Despite their 27–6 loss to Wales, France was still in contention of winning the title going into the

This is a document about Shaun Edwards
 coaching team Edwards has helped the nation to Grand Slam success in 2008 and 2012 as well the RBS 6 Nations title in 2013. Wales also reached the last four of the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand. In Edwards' first Six Nations Wales conceded just two tries on their way to the title and in 2013-14 Wales went more than 400 minutes in the tournament without conceding a try. Edwards was named Rugby World International Coach of the Year in 2008. He was defence coach for the British and Irish Lions on their tour of South Africa in

This is a document about Philippe Saint-André
 Italy at Stade de France on 4 February 2012, which France won 30-12. However, after a draw against Ireland and then losses to England and Wales, France finished the 2012 Six Nations Championship in fourth place. In June 2012, France drew their test series with Argentina, 1–all, haven lost the first test 23–20, but won the second test 49–10, which was France's first win in Argentina since 1998. During their 2012 November campaign, France won all 3 tests, which included a 33–6 win over Australia, which ended Australia's 7-year long winning streak against France. In the 2013 Six Nations Championship,

This is a document about Wales national rugby union team
  Wales compete annually in the Six Nations Championship, which is played against five other European nations: England, France, Ireland, Italy, and Scotland. The Six Nations started as the Home Nations Championship in 1883, as a contest between the four component nations of the United Kingdom. Wales first won it in 1893, when they achieved a Triple Crown. Wales have won the tournament outright 27 times, and shared 12 other victories. Their longest wait between championships was 11 years (1994–2005). Wales first won a Grand Slam in 1908 – although France did not officially join the Five Nations until 1910 – and their first Six Nations Grand Slam in 2005. Their most recent Grand Slam was won in 2019 with victory over Ireland on the final day of the Six Nations tournament. Their most recent Triple Crown was won in 2021 with victory over England in the third round of the Six Nations tournament.

This is a document about Wales national rugby union team
  The Wales national rugby union team (Tîm rygbi'r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru) represents Wales in men's international rugby union. Its governing body, the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU), was established in 1881, the same year that Wales played their first international against England. The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff (currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium), which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999. Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship (previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship) since it was established in 1883. They have won the tournament (and its predecessors) outright 28 times, most recently in 2021. Since 2005, Wales has been

This is a document about Rugby union in Wales
  Wales compete annually in the Six Nations, which they have won 27 times, the last being in 2019. Wales have also appeared in every World Cup that has been held, and achieved their best result in the 1987 tournament, when they finished third. The national team play at the Millennium Stadium, built in 1999 to replace the old National Stadium. Wales play in scarlet jerseys, white shorts and green socks, with the jersey sporting the Prince of Wales's feathers as their official badge. Every four years the British and Irish Lions go on tour with players from Wales as well as England, Ireland and Scotland.

This is a document about History of the Wales national rugby union team (2004–present)
  The history of the Wales national rugby union team from 2005 to present (note that, as of September 2019, and despite reaching Number One in the Men's World Rugby Rankings for the first time in history, for a period of two weeks in late August 2019, the rest of this article barely goes beyond 2015) covers a period where the side won four Grand Slams in the Six Nations Championship, as well as another Championship victory. The Grand Slams, in all the tournament matches, were achieved in 2005, 2008, 2012 and 2019. Their other Six Nations Championship, in 2013, was won without achieving a Grand Slam. The country has not enjoyed as much success against the major southern hemisphere opposition of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. New Zealand have not been defeated by Wales

This is a document about Wales national rugby union team
  most successful team in the Six Nations, winning six Six Nations titles. They include four Grand Slams, again more than any other side. Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987; they finished third in the inaugural tournament and have since made two semi-finals, in 2011 and 2019. Wales were the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup, although matches were also played in England, Scotland, Ireland and France. The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age' between 1900 and 1911; they first played New Zealand in 1905, winning 3–0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park, and between March 1907 and January 1910, they won 11 consecutive

This is a document about Introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales
  Since the regionalisation of professional Rugby Union in Wales, the national team has undoubtedly experienced great success, winning the Six Nations Grand Slam in 2005, 2008, 2012, and 2019, as well as winning the championship for a fourth time in 2013 and a fifth time in 2021, with some have attributed this success to the regional concept. The regions have been reasonably successful in the Pro12 (renamed Pro14 from 2017 to 2018 forward), with Welsh teams winning on 5 separate occasions. The Ospreys are the most successful team in the history of the league with four titles, a record they share with Leinster. However, the Welsh sides have made little impact in the European Cup, with no team getting further than the semi-finals. A desire for success in Europe had been

This is a document about Rugby union in Wales
  Rugby union in Wales (undeb rygbi) is the national sport and is considered a large part of national culture. Rugby union is thought to have reached Wales in the 1850s, with the national body, the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) being formed in 1881. Wales are considered to be one of the most successful national sides in Rugby Union, having won the most Six Nations Championships, as well as having reached 3 World Cup semi finals in 1987, 2011 and 2019, having finished 3rd in the inaugural competition and having finished 4th in 2011 in a repeat of the first third place play-off. The Welsh team of the 1970s is considered to be arguably the greatest national team of all time, prompting many experts in the game to

This is a document about Wales national rugby union team
  by an eight-match losing streak that was eventually broken during the 2013 Six Nations, where Wales retained the Championship for the first time since 1979. Wales reached the quarter-finals of the 2015 World Cup at the expense of hosts England, before losing 23–19 to South Africa. Wales also achieved a fourth Grand Slam in 14 years and their first in seven years in the 2019 Six Nations. Wales reached the top spot in the men's World Rugby Rankings in August 2019, holding the position for two weeks. They went on to top their pool at the 2019 Rugby World Cup, winning all their pool matches for the first time since the inaugural tournament in 1987, and ultimately reached the semi-finals before they were knocked out by eventual champions South Africa; Wales lost to New Zealand in the bronze final and finished fourth in the tournament.

This is a document about Six Nations Championship
  The Six Nations Championship (known as the Guinness Six Nations for sponsorship reasons) is an annual international men's rugby union competition between the teams of England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. The current champions are Wales, who won the 2021 tournament. The tournament is organised by the unions of the six participating nations under the banner of Six Nations Rugby, which is responsible for the promotion and operation of the men's, women's and under-20s tournaments, and the Autumn International Series, as well as the negotiation and management of their centralised commercial rights. The Six Nations is the successor to the Home Nations Championship

Wales last won the Six Nations Championship in 2013. They defeated France 30–3 in the final match of the tournament.


Question: who is the lt. governor of south carolina

Answer: Kevin L. Bryant

This is a document about Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina
 Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina The Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina is the second-in-command to the Governor of South Carolina. The lieutenant governor serves as the president of the South Carolina Senate and ascends to the office of governor should it become vacant. The office of lieutenant governor is a part-time position and is currently occupied by Kevin L. Bryant since January 25, 2017, who did not seek re-election in 2018. The office of Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina is considered a part-time position. The chief responsibility of the lieutenant governor is to serve as the president of the South

This is a document about Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina
 and must be elected on the same ticket as the governor of the state. Additionally, in the case of the lieutenant governor's vacancy, the governor will appoint, with the advise and consent of the Senate, a new lieutenant governor. Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina The Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina is the second-in-command to the Governor of South Carolina. The lieutenant governor serves as the president of the South Carolina Senate and ascends to the office of governor should it become vacant. The office of lieutenant governor is a part-time position and is currently occupied by Kevin L. Bryant since

This is a document about Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina
  The lieutenant governor of South Carolina is the second-in-command to the governor of South Carolina. Beyond overseeing the Office on Aging and the responsibility to act or serve as governor in the event of the office's vacancy, the duties of the lieutenant governor are chiefly ceremonial. The current lieutenant governor is Pamela Evette, who took office January 9, 2019.

This is a document about South Carolina government and politics
   The Governor of South Carolina is the chief executive of the state. The governor is elected to a four-year term and may serve up to two consecutive terms. The current governor is Republican Henry McMaster who succeeded to the office of Governor of South Carolina when Governor Nikki Haley resigned to become the United States Ambassador to the United Nations. The Lieutenant Governor is the second-in-command of the state's executive branch. The Lt. Governor assumes the office if the Governor is unable to fulfill his or her duties. Prior to the 2018 gubernatorial election, Governors and Lieutenant Governors were elected on separate tickets. But for the 2018 election and beyond, the governor and lieutenant governor run on the same ticket.

This is a document about Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina
  The chief responsibility of the lieutenant governor is to act as governor in the case that the governor is temporarily unable to fulfill his or her duties. And if the governor is no longer able to serve as governor, the lieutenant governor ascends to the office of governor. Since 1776, eleven lieutenant governors have ascended to the governorship, the most recent of which was on January 24, 2017, when incumbent Governor Nikki Haley resigned to become the United States Ambassador to the United Nations; Lieutenant Governor Henry McMaster immediately became governor. Until 2019, the lieutenant governor served as the president of the South Carolina Senate. However, constitutional amendments that took effect in January 2019 require that the Senate choose its own president from among its body. The office of lieutenant governor is considered a part-time position and has no constitutional responsibilities outside of exercising the powers of the governor when necessary. The office of lieutenant governor oversees the South Carolina Office on Aging.

This is a document about List of lieutenant governors of South Carolina
  , nine former lieutenant governors of South Carolina were alive, the oldest being Nick Theodore (served 1987–1995, born 1928). The most recent death of a former lieutenant governor of South Carolina was that of Fritz Hollings (served 1955–1959, born 1922), on April 6, 2019. The most recently serving lieutenant governor of South Carolina to die was Nancy Stevenson (served 1979–1983) on May 31, 2001.

This is a document about Governor of South Carolina
   The governor of South Carolina is the head of government of South Carolina. The governor is the ex officio commander-in-chief of the National Guard when not called into federal service. The governor's responsibilities include making yearly "State of the State" addresses to the South Carolina General Assembly, submitting an executive budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced. The 117th and current governor of South Carolina is Henry McMaster, who is serving his first elected term. He assumed the office on January 24, 2017, after Nikki Haley resigned to become the United States ambassador to the United Nations. He won the 2018 gubernatorial election.

This is a document about 2017 in the United States
  South Carolina: • * Henry McMaster (Republican) (until January 24) • *vacant (January 24 – 25) • * Kevin L. Bryant (Republican) (starting January 25) • Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota: Matt Michels (Republican) • Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee: Ron Ramsey (Republican) • Lieutenant Governor of Texas: Dan Patrick (Republican) • Lieutenant Governor of Utah: Spencer Cox (Republican) • Lieutenant Governor of Vermont: Phil Scott (Republican) (until January 7), David Zuckerman (Progressive) (starting January 7) • Lieutenant Governor of Virginia: Ralph Northam (Democratic) • Lieutenant Governor of Washington: Brad Owen (Democratic) (until January 10), Cyrus Habib (Democratic) (starting January 10) • Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin: Rebecca Kleefisch (Republican)

This is a document about List of people from Columbia, South Carolina
 Weston Adams, United States ambassador ; Stephen K. Benjamin, politician, mayor of Columbia ; John T. Campbell, politician, mayor of Columbia ; Bob Coble, politician, mayor of Columbia ; John E. Courson, politician, President Pro Tempore of the South Carolina Senate ; Kirkman Finlay, Jr., politician, mayor of Columbia ; Robert H. Hodges, Jr., federal judge ; Henry McMaster, incumbent governor of South Carolina, since 2017 ; Matthew J. Perry, lawyer, judge ; Carol Rasco, director of the Domestic Policy Council under President Bill Clinton; advocate for disability rights, education, and children ; Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of the United States ; Bill Workman, economic consultant, Greenville mayor; former Columbia resident

This is a document about Mandy Powers Norrell
  • Agricultural, Natural Resources, and Environmental Affairs Committee In 2016 she gave the official Democratic response to Governor Nikki Haley's State of the State address. On May 5, 2018, James Smith selected her as his Lieutenant Governor running mate in his bid for Governor of South Carolina in the 2018 election, but they were defeated by Governor Henry McMaster and his running mate, Pamela Evette, on November 6, 2018. Norell was defeated for reelection in November 2020.

This is a document about Kevin L. Bryant
  Nikki Haley resigned as Governor of South Carolina on January 24, 2017 to become United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Henry McMaster, the lieutenant governor, automatically became governor at that time. Hugh Leatherman, the Senate president pro tempore, refused to become lieutenant governor per the South Carolina Constitution; Leatherman temporarily resigned as president pro tempore, and Bryant was elected to the position on January 25. This automatically promoted him to the vacant lieutenant governorship.

This is a document about 1978 South Carolina gubernatorial election
  The South Carolina Democratic Party held their primary for governor on June 13, featuring three high tier candidates. Richard Riley, a former member of the General Assembly, emerged as the winner of the runoff election over Lieutenant Governor W. Brantley Harvey, Jr. on June 27.

This is a document about 1983 in the United States
  South Carolina: Nancy Stevenson (Democratic) (until January 12), Michael R. Daniel (Democratic) (starting January 12) • Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota: Lowell C. Hansen II (Republican) • Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee: John S. Wilder (Democratic) • Lieutenant Governor of Texas: William P. Hobby Jr. (Democratic) • Lieutenant Governor of Utah: David Smith Monson (Republican) • Lieutenant Governor of Vermont: Madeleine M. Kunin (Democratic) (until January 10), Peter Plympton Smith (Republican) (starting January 10) • Lieutenant Governor of Virginia: Richard Joseph Davis (Democratic) • Lieutenant Governor of Washington: John Cherberg (Democratic) • Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin: Russell A. Olson (Republican) (until January 3), James Flynn (Democratic) (starting January 3)

This is a document about List of female governors and lieutenant governors in India
 Key  Incumbent Lieutenant Governor

This is a document about 2024 North Carolina gubernatorial election
 Mark Robinson, Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina (since 2021)

This is a document about 1959 in the United States
  South Carolina: Ernest Hollings (Democratic) (until January 20), Burnet R. Maybank, Jr. (Democratic) (starting January 20) • Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota: L. Roy Houck (Republican) (until January 6), John F. Lindley (Democratic) (starting January 6) • Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee: Jared Maddux (Democratic) (until January 19), William D. Baird (Democratic) (starting January 19) • Lieutenant Governor of Texas: Ben Ramsey (Democratic) • Lieutenant Governor of Vermont: Robert T. Stafford (Republican) (until January 8), Robert S. Babcock (Republican) (starting January 8) • Lieutenant Governor of Virginia: Allie Edward Stokes Stephens (Democratic) • Lieutenant Governor of Washington: John Cherberg (Democratic) • Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin: Warren P. Knowles (Republican) (until January 5), Philleo Nash (Democratic) (starting January 5)

This is a document about Pamela Evette
  Pamela Sue Evette (born August 28, 1967) is an American politician and businesswoman and the 93rd and current lieutenant governor of South Carolina. A member of the Republican Party, she was the CEO of Quality Business Solutions in Upstate South Carolina prior to her election as lieutenant governor, and she is the first lieutenant governor to be elected on the same ticket as the governor. She has been in office since January 9, 2019 when Henry McMaster began his first elected term as governor.

This is a document about List of governors of South Carolina
  This is a list of South Carolina governors. The current governor of South Carolina is Henry McMaster who has been in office since January 24, 2017. South Carolina governors are counted only once; therefore, Joseph West, for instance, a colonial governor who served three non-consecutive terms, is considered the second Governor of South Carolina, not the second, fourth, and seventh. The first Governor was William Moultrie.

This is a document about 2003 in the United States
  Governor of South Dakota: Carole Hillard (Republican) (until January 7), Dennis Daugaard (Republican) (starting January 7) • Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee: John S. Wilder (Democratic) • Lieutenant Governor of Texas: Bill Ratliff (Republican) (until January 21), David Dewhurst (Republican) (starting January 21) • Lieutenant Governor of Utah: Olene S. Walker (Republican) (until November 5), Gayle McKeachnie (Republican) (starting November 5) • Lieutenant Governor of Vermont: Doug Racine (Democratic) (until January 9), Brian Dubie (Republican) (starting January 9) • Lieutenant Governor of Virginia: Tim Kaine (Democratic) • Lieutenant Governor of Washington: Brad Owen (Democratic) • Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin: Margaret A. Farrow (Republican) (until January 6), Barbara Lawton (Democratic) (starting January 6)

The current Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina is Pamela Evette.


Question: who conducted a famous study of high iq children

Answer: Lewis Madison Terman

This is a document about Lewis Terman
 Lewis Terman Lewis Madison Terman (January 15, 1877 – December 21, 1956) was an American psychologist and author. He was noted as a pioneer in educational psychology in the early 20th century at the Stanford Graduate School of Education. He is best known for his revision of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales and for initiating the longitudinal study of children with high IQs called the Genetic Studies of Genius. He was a prominent eugenicist and was a member of the Human Betterment Foundation. He also served as president of the American Psychological Association. A "Review of General Psychology" survey, published in

This is a document about Gifted education
  undertook an extensive longitudinal study of 643 children in California who scored at IQ 140 or above, the Genetic Studies of Genius, continuing to evaluate them throughout their lives. Subjects of these case studies were called "Termites" and the studies contacted the children in 1921, and again in 1930, 1947, and 1959 after his death. Terman's studies have to date been the most extensive on high-functioning children, and are still quoted in psychological literature today. Terman claimed to have disproven common misconceptions, such as that highly intelligent children were prone to ill physical and mental health, that their intelligence burned out early in their lives, or that they either achieved greatly or underachieved.

This is a document about IQ classification
  Francis Galton (1822–1911) was a pioneer in investigating both eminent human achievement and mental testing. In his book Hereditary Genius, writing before the development of IQ testing, he proposed that hereditary influences on eminent achievement are strong, and that eminence is rare in the general population. Lewis Terman chose near' genius or genius" as the classification label for the highest classification on his 1916 version of the Stanford–Binet test. By 1926, Terman began publishing about a longitudinal study of California schoolchildren who were referred for IQ testing by their schoolteachers, called Genetic Studies of Genius, which he conducted for the rest of his life. Catherine M. Cox, a colleague

This is a document about Gifted education
  Francis Galton conducted one of the earliest Western studies of human intellectual abilities. Between 1888 and 1894, Galton tested more than 7,500 individuals to measure their natural intellectual abilities. He found that if a parent deviates from the norm, so will the child, but to a lesser extent than the parent. This was one of the earliest observed examples of regression toward the mean. Galton believed that individuals could be improved through interventions in heredity, a movement he named eugenics. He categorized individuals as gifted, capable, average, or degenerate, and he recommended breeding between the first two categories, and forced abstinence for the latter two. His term for the most intelligent and talented people was "eminent". After studying England's most prominent families, Galton concluded that one's eminence was directly related to the individual's direct line of heredity.

This is a document about Genius
   Galton was a pioneer in investigating both eminent human achievement and mental testing. In his book Hereditary Genius, written before the development of IQ testing, he proposed that hereditary influences on eminent achievement are strong, and that eminence is rare in the general population. Lewis Terman chose "'near' genius or genius" as the classification label for the highest classification on his 1916 version of the Stanford–Binet test. By 1926, Terman began publishing about a longitudinal study of California schoolchildren who were referred for IQ testing by their schoolteachers, called Genetic Studies of Genius, which he conducted for the rest of his life. Catherine M. Cox, a colleague of Terman's, wrote a whole book, The Early Mental Traits

This is a document about Gifted education
  The development of early intelligence tests by Alfred Binet led to the Stanford-Binet IQ test developed by Lewis Terman. Terman began long-term studies of gifted children with a view to checking if the popular view "early ripe, early rot" was true. The Terman Genetic Studies of Genius longitudinal study has been described by successor researchers who conducted the study after Terman's death and also by an independent researcher who had full access to the study files. Modern studies by James and Kulik conclude that gifted students benefit least from working in a mixed-level class, and benefit most from learning with other similarly advanced students in accelerated or enriched classes.

This is a document about IQ classification
  IQ tests generally are reliable enough that most people 10 years of age and older have similar IQ scores throughout life. Still, some individuals score very differently when taking the same test at different times or when taking more than one kind of IQ test at the same age. For example, many children in the famous longitudinal Genetic Studies of Genius begun in 1921 by Lewis Terman showed declines in IQ as they grew up. Terman recruited school pupils based on referrals from teachers, and gave them his Stanford–Binet IQ test. Children with an IQ above 140 by that test were included in the study. There were 643 children in the

This is a document about Genetic Studies of Genius
  The Genetic Studies of Genius, today known as the Terman Study of the Gifted, is the oldest and longest-running longitudinal study in the field of psychology. It was begun by Lewis Terman at Stanford University in 1921 to examine the development and characteristics of gifted children into adulthood. The results from the study have been published in five books,   a monograph, and dozens of articles. A related retrospective study of eminent men in history by Catharine Cox, though not part of the longitudinal study, was published as part of the Genetic Studies of Genius. It further inspired the ongoing Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth longitudinal study.

This is a document about Education in Germany
   There are very few specialist schools for gifted children. As German schools do not IQ-test children, most intellectually gifted children remain unaware that they fall into this category. The German psychologist, Detlef H. Rost, carried out a pioneer long-term study on gifted children called the Marburger Hochbegabtenprojekt. In 1987/1988 he tested 7000 third graders on a test based on the German version of the Cattell Culture Fair III test. Those who scored at least two standard deviations above the mean were categorised as gifted. A total of 151 gifted subjects participated in the study alongside 136 controls. All participants in the study were tested blind with the result that they did not

This is a document about History of the race and intelligence controversy
  that this implied differences in intelligence, was a popular topic, inspiring numerous typological studies. Samuel Morton's Crania Americana, published in 1839, was one such study, arguing that intelligence was correlated with brain size and that both of these metrics varied between racial groups. Through the publication of his book Hereditary Genius in 1869, polymath Francis Galton spurred interest in the study of mental abilities, particularly as they relate to heredity and eugenics. Lacking the means to directly measure intellectual ability, Galton attempted to estimate the intelligence of various racial and ethnic groups. He based his estimations on observations from his and others' travels, the number and quality of

This is a document about Genetic Studies of Genius
  Terman had previously performed studies in intelligence, including his doctoral dissertation. In 1916, he adapted Alfred Binet's intelligence test for the United States and expanded its range. The result was the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales, which are still in use today (in an updated form). After his service in developing the Army Alpha during World War I, Terman returned to Stanford in order to start his study. Terman had already found some bright children through his earlier research, and some of these were part of the sample in the Genetic Studies of Genius. He hired several assistants, including Florence Goodenough and Catharine Cox, to search the public schools of California for similarly gifted children. Terman initially hoped to find the 1,000 most intelligent children, but eventually found 1,444. However, Terman gradually added subjects to the study through 1928 until there were 1,528 (856 males and 672 females). Not all subjects were discovered with the Stanford–Binet. Some were selected for the study with the National Intelligence Tests and the Army Alpha. The study subjects were born between 1900 and 1925, all lived in California, were 95-99% white, and the majority came from upper- or middle-class families.

This is a document about Eyferth study
  The Eyferth study is the name often given to a study conducted by psychologist Klaus Eyferth concerning the IQs of white and racially mixed children raised by single mothers in post-Second World War West Germany. The mothers of the children studied were white German women, while their fathers were white and African-American members of the US occupation forces. In contrast to results obtained in many American studies, the average IQs of the children studied were roughly similar across racial groups, making the study an oft-cited piece of evidence in the debate about race and intelligence. Eyferth's study was first published under the title Eine Untersuchung der Neger-Mischlingskinder in Westdeutschland in the journal Vita Humana in 1959. Eyferth described further results of his study in the paper Leistungen verschiedener Gruppen von Besatzungskindern in Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligenztest für Kinder (HAWIK), which was published in the journal Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie in 1961.

This is a document about The Speyer School
  The Speyer School (1935-1941), was started within a building at Columbia's Teachers College, and named after financier James Speyer in 1902. The Speyer School became famous between 1935-39 when it was used a "laboratory" to study how children perform when separated by educational ability. There were seven classrooms with 175 students, which had an average IQ on the Stanford Binet test of between 75-90 and two classrooms with students that tested at the level of 130+ on the same IQ test. The experiment was led by Leta Stetter Hollingworth, an American psychologist who specialized in education and who is credited with creating the term "gifted children." The results of the several studies conducted by Hollingworth dispelled many myths about exceptional children and suggested that many exceptionally gifted children suffer adjustment problems due to two factors: inept treatment by adults and lack of intellectual challenge. Her work also made “emotional education” an important part of the original Speyer School curriculum.

This is a document about Lawrence Whalley
  granted access to a unique national archive of childhood IQ data (N~160,000) that could be used to estimate lifelong cognitive variation. No other country has ever IQ tested a total population sample in this way. In 1998, he devised a strategy to recruit 285 Aberdeen survivors all born in 1921 of the Scottish Mental Survey of 1932 (subjects by then aged 77) and next, from 1999, he recruited 506 survivors all born in 1936 from a second 1947 Survey (subjects by then aged 63–64 years). These groundbreaking studies were capitalized upon by Ian Deary in Edinburgh who followed up with much more intensive subsequent studies

This is a document about Maternal deprivation
  group in foster care. In another study conducted in the 1930s, Harold Skeels, noting the decline in IQ in young orphanage children, removed toddlers from a sterile orphanage and gave them to "feeble-minded" institutionalised older girls to care for. The toddlers' IQ rose dramatically. Skeels study was attacked for lack of scientific rigour though he achieved belated recognition decades later. René Spitz, a psychoanalyst, undertook research in the 1930s and '40s on the effects of maternal deprivation and hospitalism. His investigation focused on infants who had experienced abrupt, long-term separation from the familiar caregiver, as, for instance, when the mother was

This is a document about Genius
  The assessment of intelligence was initiated by Francis Galton (1822–1911) and James McKeen Cattell. They had advocated the analysis of reaction time and sensory acuity as measures of "neurophysiological efficiency" and the analysis of sensory acuity as a measure of intelligence. Galton is regarded as the founder of psychometry. He studied the work of his older half-cousin Charles Darwin about biological evolution. Hypothesizing that eminence is inherited from ancestors, Galton did a study of families of eminent people in Britain, publishing it in 1869 as Hereditary Genius. Galton's ideas were elaborated from the work of two early 19th-century pioneers in statistics: Carl Friedrich Gauss and Adolphe Quetelet. Gauss discovered the normal distribution (bell-shaped curve): given a large number of

This is a document about Fertility and intelligence
  The negative correlation between fertility and intelligence (as measured by IQ) has been argued to have existed in many parts of the world. Early studies, however, were "superficial and illusory" and not clearly supported by the limited data they collected. Some of the first studies into the subject were carried out on individuals living before the advent of IQ testing, in the late 19th century, by looking at the fertility of men listed in Who's Who, these individuals being presumably of high intelligence. These men, taken as a whole, had few children, implying a correlation. Nobel Prize–winning physicist William Shockley controversially argued from the mid-1960s through the 1980s that "the future of the population was threatened because people with low IQs had more

This is a document about Gifted education
  A professional colleague of Terman's, Leta Hollingworth was the first in the United States to study how best to serve students who showed evidence of high performance on tests. Although recognizing Terman's and Galton's beliefs that heredity played a vital role in intelligence, Hollingworth gave similar credit to home environment and school structure. Hollingworth worked to dispel the pervasive belief that "bright children take care of themselves" and emphasized the importance of early identification, daily contact, and grouping gifted children with others with similar abilities. Hollingworth performed an 18-year-long study of 50 children in New York City who scored 155 or above on the Stanford-Binet, and studied smaller groups of children who scored above a 180. She also ran a school in New York City for bright students that employed a curriculum of student-led exploration, as opposed to a teacher providing students with a more advanced curriculum they would encounter later in life.

This is a document about Boris Sidis
  mental suffering and problematic behavior. Sidis applied his own psychological approaches to raising his son, William James Sidis, in whom he wished to promote a high intellectual capacity. His son has been considered among the most intelligent people ever (with a ratio IQ broadly estimated at 250–300, though this claim has been contested). After receiving much publicity for his childhood feats, he came to live an eccentric life and died in relative obscurity. Boris Sidis himself derided intelligence testing as "silly, pedantic, absurd, and grossly misleading." With Boris' fulminations against mainstream psychology and Sigmund Freud, he died ostracized by the community he had helped create.

This is a document about Ronald K. Hoeflin
  For over sixty years, psychologists such as Leta Stetter Hollingworth, author of the book Children Above 180 IQ, have suggested that people with extremely high IQs are radically different from the general population. Identifying such people would require IQ tests with reliability not currently available for extreme ranges of IQ. Ronald Hoeflin has stated to have been a member of Mensa, Intertel, the International Society for Philosophical Enquiry and the Triple Nine Society, which he co-founded, as well as the Prometheus Society and the Mega Society, both of which he founded. Hoeflin attempted, along with Kevin Langdon, to develop an IQ test that could measure adult IQs greater than three standard deviations from the population median, or IQ 145 (sd 15). Hoeflin's Mega Test was an unsupervised IQ test without time limit consisting of 48 questions, half verbal and half mathematical. It was published in Omni magazine, in April 1985, and the results were used to norm the test. Hoeflin standardized the test six times, using equipercentile equating with SAT and other scores, and some extrapolation at the highest level.

Lewis Terman conducted a famous study of high IQ children, which he called the Genetic Studies of Genius. He began the study in 1916 and continued it until his death in 1938. The study involved testing and following 1,700 children with IQ scores above 130. Terman believed that these children were the most gifted and that their abilities were largely inherited. He also believed that the most capable individuals were eminent, and he categorized them as "eminent" or "capable." Terman's study is considered a seminal work