Question: the person to whom the infectious agent is passed is

Answer: contagious

This is a document about Infection
 infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use. Infectious diseases are commonly transmitted from person to person through direct contact. The types of contact are through person to person and droplet spread. Indirect contact such as airborne transmission, contaminated objects, food and drinking water, animal person contact, animal reservoirs, insect bites, and environmental reservoirs are another way infectious diseases are transmitted,

This is a document about Infection
 Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/<wbr>transmissible/<wbr>communicable diseases with more specialized routes of

This is a document about Contagious disease
 illustrated classically by tuberculosis, which is clearly transmissible from person to person, but was not classically considered a contagious disease. In the present day, most sexually transmitted diseases are considered contagious, but only some of them are subject to medical isolation. Originally, the term referred to a "contagion" (a derivative of 'contact') or disease transmissible only by direct physical contact. In the modern day, the term has sometimes been broadened to encompass "any" communicable or infectious disease. Often the word can only be understood in context, where it is used to emphasise very infectious, easily transmitted, or especially severe communicable

This is a document about Transmission (medicine)
  An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group)  by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical contact) or by vertical disease transmission, passing the agent causing the disease from parent to offspring, such as in prenatal or perinatal transmission. The term infectivity describes the ability of an organism to enter, survive and multiply in the host, while the infectiousness of a disease agent indicates the comparative ease with which the disease

This is a document about Transmission (medicine)
  transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected. The term strictly refers to the transmission of microorganisms directly from one individual to another by one or more of the following means: Transmission can also be indirect, via another organism, either a vector (e.g. a mosquito or fly) or an intermediate host (e.g. tapeworm in pigs can be transmitted to humans who ingest improperly cooked pork). Indirect transmission could involve zoonoses or, more typically, larger pathogens like macroparasites with more complex life cycles. Transmissions can be autochthonous (i.e. between two individuals in the same place) or may involve travel of the microorganism or the affected hosts.

This is a document about Entomophthora
  Transmission refers to the transfer of pathogens – disease causing agents – from an infected individual to a group or to another individual. There are two modes of transmission that cause infection, that being direct or indirect contact with a pathogen. Direct transmission refers to a pathogen passing directly from organism to organism, this can be in the form of direct contact (skin to skin contact, kissing, sexual intercourse, etc.) or from droplet spread (coughing, sneezing, talking). Whereas indirect transmission refers to a transfer of a pathogen through air particles, inanimate objects and animate intermediaries, more specifically vehicles, vectors and airborne transmission. Airborne transmission occurs when pathogens are carried via dust or droplet nuclei suspended in the air. Inanimate objects

This is a document about Index case
  The index case may or may not indicate the source of the disease, the possible spread, or which reservoir holds the disease in between outbreaks, but may bring awareness of an emerging outbreak. Earlier cases may or may not be found and are labeled primary or coprimary, secondary, tertiary, etc. The term primary case can only apply to infectious diseases that spread from human to human, and refers to the person who first brings a disease into a group of people. In epidemiology, the term is often used by both scientists and journalists alike to refer to the individual known or believed to have been the first

This is a document about Orthopneumovirus
  Transmission of an infectious agent by another person or animal can be through blood, needles, blood transfusion, a mother to fetus, coughing, sneezing, saliva, or air transmission. Healthcare providers will determine the severity of the virus and possible treatment options. Healthcare providers will also decide if hospitalization is needed for more intense cases.

This is a document about Infection
  The organism that is the target of an infecting action of a specific infectious agent is called the host. The host harbouring an agent that is in a mature or sexually active stage phase is called the definitive host. The intermediate host comes in contact during the larvae stage. A host can be anything living and can attain to asexual and sexual reproduction. The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from Nature demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus.

This is a document about Infection
  Iatrogenic transmission, due to medical procedures such as injection or transplantation of infected material. ; Vector-borne transmission, transmitted by a vector, which is an organism that does not cause disease itself but that transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. For infecting organisms to survive and repeat the infection cycle in other hosts, they (or their progeny) must leave an existing reservoir and cause infection elsewhere. Infection transmission can take place via many potential routes: The relationship between virulence versus transmissibility is complex; if a disease is rapidly fatal, the host may die before the microbe can be passed along to another host.

This is a document about Strongyloidiasis
  to any contaminated soil, contaminated potting soil, contaminated waters, lack of sanitation, or environmental factors as potential vectors. Nearly never to extraordinarily very rarely documented is transmission from person to person (besides from infected male homosexual sex), other than closeness of contact to the productive coughing of a very ill hyperinfected individual. It has been shown possible to occur in that situation, or potentially other similar scenarios, it is speculated via pulmonary secretions of a direly hyperinfected individual. In which case treatment for others may be indicated, if deemed necessary by proximity, symptoms, precautions, probable exposures to the same vectors, or through screening of

This is a document about Natural reservoir
 Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea) is transmitted by sexual contact involving the penis, vagina, mouth, and anus through direct contact transmission. ; Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis) is transmitted by cough from human reservoir to susceptible host through direct droplet spread. Direct transmission can occur from direct contact or direct droplet spread. Direct contact transmission between two people can happen through skin contact, kissing, and sexual contact. Humans serving as disease reservoirs can be symptomatic (showing illness) or asymptomatic (not showing illness), act as disease carriers, and often spread illness unknowingly. Human carriers commonly transmit disease because they do not realize they are infected, and consequently take no special precautions to prevent transmission. Symptomatic persons who are aware of their illness are not as likely to transmit infection because they take precautions to reduce possible transmission of the disease and/or seek out treatment to prevent the spread of the disease. Direct droplet spread is due to solid particles or liquid droplet suspended in air for some time. Droplet spread is considered the transmission of the pathogen to susceptible host within a meter of distance, they can spread from coughing, sneezing, and talking.

This is a document about Polio eradication
  Polio vaccination is also important in the development of herd immunity. For polio to occur in a population, there must be an infecting organism (poliovirus), a susceptible human population, and a cycle of transmission. Poliovirus is transmitted only through person-to-person contact, and the transmission cycle of polio is from one infected person to another person susceptible to the disease. If the vast majority of the population is immune to a particular agent, the ability of that pathogen to infect another host is reduced; the cycle of transmission is interrupted, and the pathogen cannot reproduce and dies out. This concept, called community immunity or herd immunity, is important to disease eradication, because it means that it is not

This is a document about Viral evolution
 Droplet transmission- passed on through body fluids (sneezing on someone) ; An example is the influenza virus ; Airborne transmission- passed on through the air (brought in by breathing) ; An example would be how viral meningitis is passed on ; Vector transmission- picked up by a carrier and brought to a new host ; An example is viral encephalitis ; Waterborne transmission- leaving a host, infecting the water, and being consumed in a new host ; Poliovirus is an example for this ; Sit-and-wait-transmission- the virus is living outside a host for long periods of time ; The smallpox virus is also an example for this Viruses have been able to continue their infectious existence due to evolution. Their rapid mutation rates and

This is a document about Glossary of clinical research
  is administered or dispensed to or used involving, a subject under the immediate direction of another individual. A person other than an individual (e.g., corporation or agency) that uses one or more of its own employees to conduct a clinical investigation it has initiated is considered to be a sponsor (not a sponsor-investigator), and the employees are considered to be investigators. (21CFR50.3) Sponsor-Investigator ; An individual who both initiates and conducts, alone or with others, a clinical trial, and under whose immediate direction the investigational product is administered to, dispensed to, or used by a subject. The term does not include any person other than an individual

This is a document about Antiserum
  Antibodies in the antiserum bind the infectious agent or antigen. The immune system then recognizes foreign agents bound to antibodies and triggers a more robust immune response. The use of antiserum is particularly effective against pathogens which are capable of evading the immune system in their unstimulated state but are not robust enough to evade the stimulated immune system. The existence of antibodies to the agent depends on an initial survivor whose immune system, by chance, discovered a counteragent to the pathogen or a host species which carries the pathogen but does not suffer from its effects. Further stocks of antiserum can then be produced from the initial donor or from a donor organism that is inoculated with the

This is a document about Medical microbiology
 Direct contact - Touching an infected host, including sexual contact ; Indirect contact - Touching a contaminated surface ; Droplet contact - Coughing or sneezing ; Fecal–oral route - Ingesting contaminated food or water sources ; Airborne transmission - Pathogen carrying spores ; Vector transmission - An organism that does not cause disease itself but transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another ; Fomite transmission - An inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious germs or parasites ; Environmental - Hospital-acquired infection (Nosocomial infections) Infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The pathogen that causes the disease may be exogenous (acquired from an external source; environmental, animal or other people, e.g. Influenza) or endogenous (from normal flora e.g. Candidiasis). The site at

This is a document about Transmission risks and rates
 an infectious individual ; a susceptible individual ; an effective contact between them Transmission of an infection requires three conditions: An effective contact is defined as any kind of contact between two individuals such that, if one individual is infectious and the other susceptible, then the first individual infects the second. Whether or not a particular kind of contact will be effective depends on the infectious agent and its route of transmission. The effective contact rate (denoted β) in a given population for a given infectious disease is measured in effective contacts per unit time. This may be expressed as the total contact rate (the total number of contacts, effective or not, per unit time, denoted Here, p is the

This is a document about Pharyngitis
  Most cases are due to an infectious organism acquired from close contact with an infected individual.

The person to whom an infectious agent is passed is referred to as the recipient or the host. In the context of infectious diseases, this person can become infected if the agent is able to enter their body and cause disease. The mode of transmission, such as direct contact or indirect contact through contaminated objects, determines how the agent is passed from the infectious person to the recipient.


Question: who is the constitutional presiding officer of the senate

Answer: The Vice President

This is a document about Presiding Officer of the United States Senate
 Senate as a body is governed by Rule I of the Standing Rules. The Vice President is assigned the responsibility by the Constitution of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president. The vice president has the authority ("ex officio", for they are not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. Early vice presidents took an active role in regularly presiding over proceedings of the body, with the president pro tempore only being called on during the vice president's absence. During the 20th century, the role of the vice president evolved into more of an

This is a document about Presiding Officer of the United States Senate
 Presiding Officer of the United States Senate The Presiding Officer of the United States Senate is the person who presides over the United States Senate and is charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices, and precedents. Senate presiding officer is a role, not an actual office. The actual role is usually performed by one of three officials: the Vice President; an elected United States Senator; or, in special cases, the Chief Justice. Outside the constitutionally mandated roles, the actual appointment of a person to do the job of presiding over the

This is a document about President of the Senate
 tenure, questions were raised about the propriety of such a system, particularly with regard to separation of powers–related issues. A constitutional amendment was enacted in 2005 to create the office of lieutenant governor effective at the 2009 election. The Vice President of Uruguay presides over the country's 30-member Senate. President of the Senate The President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate, and is the speaker of other assemblies. The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction's succession for its top executive office: for example, the President of the Senate of

This is a document about Presiding Officer of the United States Senate
 the occasion and aims, in part, to avoid the possible conflict of interest of a Vice President's presiding over the proceeding for the removal of the one official standing between the Vice President and the presidency. The Chief Justice has presided as such only twice: According to of the U.S. Constitution, the Senate is allowed to establish, for itself, its own rules of operations, including the roles and duties of the presiding officer. Those rules are known as the Standing Rules of the United States Senate, and Rule I deals with the appointment of a person to act as the

This is a document about Presiding Officer of the United States Senate
 executive branch position. Now, the vice president is usually seen as an integral part of a president's administration and presides over the Senate only on ceremonial occasions or when a tie-breaking vote may be needed. The Constitution also provides for the appointment of one of the elected senators to serve as President pro tempore. This senator presides when the vice president is absent from the body. The president pro tempore is selected by the body specifically for the role of presiding in the absence of (as the meaning of "pro tempore", literally "for the time being") the actual presiding officer.

This is a document about Presiding Officer of the United States Senate
 the job. The presiding officer is usually addressed as "Mr. President" or "Madame President." One exception is during impeachment trials of the president; the Chief Justice was referred to as "Mr. Chief Justice" both in 1868 and in 1999 while presiding over the Senate. During joint sessions of Congress in which the President of the United States is giving the address, practices have varied as to how the president refers to the vice president. Barack Obama and his predecessor George W. Bush addressed the vice president as "Vice President Biden" (in ) and "Vice President Cheney" (in and several previous

This is a document about Presiding Officer of the United States Senate
 chair, or presiding officer, for normal Senate proceedings. It recognizes the constitutionally mandated roles of vice president and president pro tempore, but goes further to allow for the appointment of an acting president pro tempore, and further allows for the president pro tempore to also designate any other senator to perform his duties. As a result, during the day-to-day operation of the body, it is rare for the actual presiding role to be handled by the president pro tempore (and rarer still for the vice president to do so). Instead, a designated junior senator is most commonly appointed to do

This is a document about Presiding Officer of the United States Senate
 provides for two officers to preside over the Senate. designates the Vice President of the United States as the President of the Senate. In this capacity, the vice president was expected to preside at regular sessions of the Senate, casting votes only to break ties. From John Adams in 1789 to Richard Nixon in the 1950s, presiding over the Senate was the chief function of vice presidents, who had an office in the Capitol, received their staff support and office expenses through the legislative appropriations, and rarely were invited to participate in cabinet meetings or other executive activities. In 1961,

This is a document about President of the Massachusetts Senate
 President of the Massachusetts Senate The President of the Massachusetts Senate is the presiding officer. In the United States Congress, the Vice President of the United States is the "ex officio" President of the United States Senate. In Massachusetts, however, the President of the Senate is elected from and by the Senators. The President, therefore, typically comes from the majority party, and the President is then the "de facto" leader of that party. The most recent President of the Massachusetts Senate was Harriette Chandler, a Democrat who served as acting President following Stan Rosenberg's decision in December 2017 to temporarily

This is a document about United States Senate
 majority of electors for Vice President, the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House. The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere. The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States, who is President of the Senate. In the

This is a document about President of the Senate
 U.S. federal government was established in 1789. The vice president with the most tie breaking votes is John Adams (served 1789–1797) with 29. The current Vice President Mike Pence, in office since January 2017, has cast seven tie-breaking votes. In state governments of the United States, the presiding officer of the state senate (the upper house) is a matter decided by the state's constitution. Some states designate the lieutenant governor as president of the senate, while in other states, the Senate elects its own president. The Tennessee Senate elects a senator Speaker of the Senate, who is given the title

This is a document about Casting vote
 presiding officer wishes. An example is the Vice President of the United States, who may exercise his casting vote in the Senate according to his party affiliation or according to his own personal beliefs. By virtue of the Vice President's casting vote, when the Senate as elected is equally divided between two parties, the Vice President's party is able to serve as the official majority party in the Senate. The exercise of the Vice President's casting vote has become increasingly rare throughout American history as the size of the Senate has grown from 26 to 100 and ties have become

This is a document about Presiding Officer of the United States Senate
  The Presiding Officer of the United States Senate is the person who presides over the United States Senate and is charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices, and precedents. Senate presiding officer is a role, not an actual office. The actual role is usually performed by one of three officials: the Vice President; an elected United States Senator; or, in special cases, the Chief Justice. Outside the constitutionally mandated roles, the actual appointment of a person to do the job of presiding over the Senate as a body is governed by Rule I of the Standing Rules. The United States Constitution establishes the Vice President as president of the Senate, with the authority to cast a tie-breaking vote. Early

This is a document about Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump
  Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer said that Chief Justice John Roberts had declined to preside over the trial because he believed that the chief justice only presided when the current president was tried. Patrick Leahy, president pro tempore of the Senate, presided over the trial, in place of Vice President Kamala Harris, the ex officio president of the Senate, who might have involved herself if any tie-breaking votes were needed. Prior to the selection of Leahy as presiding officer, there was debate as to who constitutionally should hold that role. Article I, Section 3, Clause6 of the U.S. Constitution states

This is a document about Standing Rules of the United States Senate
  The Senate is presided over by the Presiding Officer, either the President of the Senate (the Vice President) or more often the President pro tempore (in special cases the Chief Justice presides). During debates, senators may speak only if called upon by the Presiding Officer. The Presiding Officer is, however, required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak. Thus, the Presiding Officer has little control over the course of debate. Customarily, the majority leader and minority leader are accorded priority during debates, even if another senator rises first. All speeches must be addressed to the Presiding Officer, using the words "Mr. President" or "Madam President". Only the Presiding Officer may be directly addressed in speeches; other members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, senators refer to each other not by name, but by state, using

This is a document about President of the Senate (Australia)
  The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Australian Senate, the upper house of the Parliament of Australia. The position is provided for by Section 17 of the Constitution of Australia. The Senate elects one of its members as president at the start of each new term, or whenever the position is vacant. This is usually—though not necessarily—a member of the party or coalition that holds the most seats in the Senate. The largest party in the Senate is not always the governing party, as government is determined by the House of Representatives. The President of the Senate and

This is a document about List of presidents of the Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
  President of the Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the presiding officer in the Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Below is a list of office-holders:

This is a document about Parliament of Australia
   Each of the two Houses elects a presiding officer. The presiding officer of the Senate is called the President; that of the House of Representatives is the Speaker. Elections for these positions are by secret ballot. Both offices are conventionally filled by members of the governing party, but the presiding officers are expected to oversee debate and enforce the rules in an impartial manner. The Constitution authorises Parliament to set the quorum for each chamber. The quorum of the Senate is one-quarter of the total membership (nineteen); that of the House of Representatives is one-fifth of the total membership (thirty).

This is a document about Arkansas Senate
  The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Arkansas Senate, but the President Pro Tempore is the presiding officer in the absence of the Senate president. In practice, the President Pro Tempore generally serves as the presiding officer. Other Senate leadership positions include Majority leader, Whip and minority party positions. Committee assignments are determined by seniority, according to the rules of the Senate.

The Vice President of the United States is the constitutional presiding officer of the Senate.


Question: when did knuck if you buck come out

Answer: May 29 , 2004

This is a document about Knuck If You Buck
 single by Zay Hilfigerrr & Zayion McCall that peaked at no. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100, sampled the beat of "Knuck If You Buck". Knuck If You Buck "Knuck If You Buck" is the first single from hip hop/crunk group Crime Mob's debut album, "Crime Mob". It features rapper Lil Scrappy. The song was released on May 29, 2004 as a digital download single on iTunes. The song's lyrics have been described as a "celebration of elbow-throwing and fist-fighting." With the group given a $1,000 advance, an unmixed version of the song became a local hit in Atlanta. Directed

This is a document about Knuck If You Buck
 Knuck If You Buck "Knuck If You Buck" is the first single from hip hop/crunk group Crime Mob's debut album, "Crime Mob". It features rapper Lil Scrappy. The song was released on May 29, 2004 as a digital download single on iTunes. The song's lyrics have been described as a "celebration of elbow-throwing and fist-fighting." With the group given a $1,000 advance, an unmixed version of the song became a local hit in Atlanta. Directed by Bernard Gourley, the music video was released in August 2004. Mosi Reeves of "Creative Loafing Atlanta" described the song as "a raucous fire-starter" and

This is a document about Knuck If You Buck
  "Knuck If You Buck" is a song by American Southern hip hop group Crime Mob. It was recorded at PatchWerk Recording Studios in Atlanta and released on June 29, 2004 via Reprise Records as the first single from their self-titled debut studio album Crime Mob. Written by members Jarques "M.I.G." Usher, Chris "Killa C" Henderson, Jonathan "Lil' Jay" Lewis, Venetia "Princess" Lewis and Brittany "Diamond" Carpentero, it was produced by Lil' Jay, and features fellow rapper Lil Scrappy. Crime Mob was discovered by Grand Master Tommy Phillips IV of Crunk Incorporated known as #LiTgod Serious Lord. The single peaked at number 76 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

This is a document about Knuck If You Buck
  two people who were not affiliated with Harvard for disorderly conduct. In 2009, Pitchfork Media named "Knuck If You Buck" at no. 381 in its list of best songs of the 2000s. Complex ranked "Knuck If You Buck" no. 16 in its 50-deep list "The Best Atlanta Rap Songs" in 2015. Two years earlier, Complex ranked the song no. 7 in its list "25 Rap Songs That Make Us Want To Punch Someone In the Face". In The Rap Year Book, Meaghan Garvey considered "Knuck If You Buck" to be the most important song of 2004: "...its super-essentialized beat and evergreen 'I wish a bitch would' threats never go out of season".

This is a document about Knuck If You Buck
  "Knuck If You Buck" has remained a nightclub staple. The song has also been known to cause altercations at parties. In 2006, during a late-night party at a Howard Johnson hotel ballroom near Fredericksburg, Virginia, a fight on the dance floor began after the DJ played the song, during which 16-year-old Baron "Deuce" Braswell II, who played on the football team at Courtland High School in nearby Spotsylvania, was stabbed to death. The suspect in the stabbing was convicted of second-degree murder and was sentenced to 30 years in prison in January 2007. In 2007, a fight broke out at an after-party hosted by the Harvard Society of Black Scientists and Engineers. Police

This is a document about Diamond (rapper)
  At the age of fifteen, Diamond joined the group Crime Mob in 2004. Crime Mob first garnered national attention in 2004 with their single "Knuck If You Buck," which was eventually certified Platinum. They released their debut album Crime Mob later that summer. Their next charting single, "Rock Yo Hips," was released in August 2006 and was followed by a second album, Hated on Mostly, in March 2007.

This is a document about Crunk
  reached the number two position on the Billboard Hot 100 music chart; overall, it spent more than 21 weeks in the charts. Though rappers not from Dixie had tended to avoid being associated with Southern hip hop music before, Busta Rhymes and Nelly accepted offers to perform on remixes of "Get Low". Lil Jon's album, titled Kings of Crunk, which contains "Get Low", became double platinum. In 2004, independent label Crunk Incorporated signed a major distribution deal with Reprise/Warner Bros. Records for the crunk group Crime Mob, who released the platinum single "Knuck If You Buck". They followed this with their 2006 hit, "Rock Yo Hips". In March 2004, R&B singer Houston released his crunk&B

This is a document about Knuck If You Buck
  The official remix was released on Lil Scrappy's G's Up mixtape. It features verses by Daz Dillinger and Lil Scrappy and new verses by the group. In 2015, the beat of this song was used for DLow's "Bet You Can't Do It Like Me" which reached No. 45 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song received renewed attention throughout 2016. Before a rally for the Donald Trump presidential campaign at the University of Illinois at Chicago that eventually was cancelled on March 11, 2016, protesters were heard chanting "Fuck Donald Trump!" to the tune of the "Knuck If You Buck" chorus. "The Club", a first-season episode of the new TV series Atlanta, used the song as background music during a scene at a nightclub. The Wrap reported that viewers criticized the subdued nature of clubgoers depicted when the song played. "Juju on that Beat (TZ Anthem)", a single by Zay Hilfigerrr & Zayion McCall that peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100, sampled the beat of "Knuck If You Buck".

This is a document about Knuckle Bash
  commissioned by the company on making a fighting game similar to Street Fighter II: The World Warrior, however the project deviated from its original plan and became a beat 'em up title instead, although Uemura claimed he had no involvement during its development. Knuckle Bash was released in arcades worldwide by Toaplan and Atari Games in 1993. On 27 June 2018, an album containing music from the title and other Toaplan games was published exclusively in Japan by City Connection under their Clarice Disk label. Prior to launch, it was first showcased to the public at the 1993 AOU Show. As of March 2014, it has not received a conversion to home consoles.

This is a document about Bobby Shmurda
  The first song that he remixed was Crime Mob's "Knuck If You Buck"; however, he did not receive any attention until 2014, with the release of his song "Hot Nigga". The song uses the instrumental from Lloyd Banks' 2012 song "Jackpot". The song and its accompanying music video went viral shortly after being uploaded to YouTube in the spring of 2014. Shmurda's signature "Shmoney dance", which he performs in the video, soon became an internet meme and was featured in numerous popular Vines from the latter half of 2014; it was also replicated by Beyoncé and Jay-Z during their On the

This is a document about The Groundhogs
 Scratching the Surface (November 1968) ; Blues Obituary (September 1969) ; Thank Christ for the Bomb (May 1970) – UK Number 9 ; Split (March 1971) – UK Number 5 ; Who Will Save the World? The Mighty Groundhogs (March 1972) – UK Number 8, US Number 202 ; Hogwash (November 1972) ; Solid (June 1974) – UK Number 31 ; Crosscut Saw (February 1976) ; Black Diamond (October 1976) ; Razor's Edge (May 1985) ; Back Against the Wall (1987) ; Hogs in Wolf's Clothing (January 1998) ; The Muddy Waters Song Book (April 1999)

This is a document about Zay Hilfigerrr & Zayion McCall
  Zay Hilfigerrr & Zayion McCall are an American hip hop duo from Detroit, Michigan. Hilfigerrr (born Tyjuan Peoples) began his career on social media platforms, making videos of raps, dances, and comedic skits. His stage name is an homage to Tommy Hilfiger; "Zay" is a self-applied nickname. Hilfigerrr was approached by Timothy McCall, a local film producer, whose son, James McCall, is also a rapper. McCall, who took the alias Zayion, worked with Hilfigerrr to create the song "Juju on That Beat", whose backing track was based on Crime Mob's "Knuck If You Buck". The song went viral after members of the dancing group Fresh the Clowns began

This is a document about Crime Mob (album)
  Crime Mob is the self-titled debut album by Atlanta rap group Crime Mob. It produced three singles, "Knuck If You Buck", "Stilettos (Pumps)" and "I'll Beat Yo Azz", with music videos shot for all of them. "Knuck If You Buck" was certified Platinum by the RIAA in June 2006.

This is a document about Buck Owens discography
  Buck Owens (1963), were the first of 21 number one singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. The songs set the trend for a series of Top 10 hits on the Billboard country chart and 13 number-one singles, including "I've Got a Tiger by the Tail", "Buckaroo", and "Open Up Your Heart". During the 1960s and 1970s, Owens also issued a string of live albums, beginning with Carnegie Hall Concert (1966), which reached #1 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart. That was followed by 1967's In Japan!, Buck Owens in London "Live" (1969), and Buck Owens Live in Scandinavia (1970). He had major hits in 1970 and 1971 with "The Kansas City Song", "I Wouldn't Live in New York City (If

This is a document about Jet-Boot Jack
  The game was later lead game on the first three Atari Smash Hits compilations released by English Software. A sequel, Legend of the Knucker-Hole starring Jet-Boot Jack, was published in 1984. Jon Williams developed that game on the Commodore 64, and it was not ported to any other systems.

This is a document about Knucklehead (band)
  Knucklehead played their first show in 1995 at The Night Gallery in Calgary, Alberta and their recording history started almost as soon as the band was formed. They recorded their first demo tape in early 1994, and in 1995 released a 10" EP Ode to the Old Reliables. In 1996 their first full-length studio album Another Neurotic Episode was released on the independent Calgary based label Melodiya Records. In 1997 the band released a 7" white vinyl single on Sloth records (Calgary) called "When The Music Hits". It was part of the "Ship and Anchor Cocktail series", a string of 7" records that were themed as drinks (Knuckleheads was a white Russian). After touring eastern Canada and the United States, the band was

This is a document about Soul Finger
  "Soul Finger" was a hit in the United States, peaking at number 3 on the U.S. Billboard R&B singles chart and number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. The B-side of the single was "Knucklehead", written by Booker T. Jones and Steve Cropper, which reached number 28 on the R&B singles chart and number 76 on the Hot 100. "Soul Finger" and "Knucklehead" were the first two tracks of the Bar-Kays' first LP, Soul Finger, issued on July 10, after nine more tracks had been recorded on June 23.

This is a document about Young Buck
  Young Buck's second album, Buck the World was released worldwide on March 27, 2007. Buck the World debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and No. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart with sales of 141,083 in the first week.

This is a document about Do the Dangle
  Chubby Checker tremendously out-sold the original, and was the first recording to attain the number one position on Billboard magazine's Top 100 listing in two different years (1960 and 1961). The overall dance fad faded after 1965 when progressive rock music rapidly evolved away from lightweight subjects like dancing. In "Do the Dangle", composer Entwistle sings of three new dances, invented by him in 1972 but described in the style which would have been used a decade earlier. These are the Wheezy, the Strike, and the Dangle. Instructions for dancing the latter, from the lyrics, are: "Here's a brand new dance

"Knuck If You Buck" was first released as a digital download on May 29, 2004. It was later included on Lil Scrappy's debut album "Bred 2 Die Born 2 Fly," which was released on April 26, 2005.


Question: who is paige on days of our lives

Answer: True O'Brien

This is a document about Paige Larson
 Paige Larson Paige Larson is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Introduced by executive producers Ken Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng, the character is portrayed by True O'Brien, who first appeared in March 2014 and departed in September 2015 after her character was killed off. O'Brien would later make brief appearances via flashbacks and visions on until October 2015. O'Brien once again returned to the role for a one-off appearance in October 2017. Paige is introduced as a good samaritan who returns JJ Deveraux (Casey Moss) his wallet which he dropped and

This is a document about Paige Larson
 the arrest of Chad, he was released after Aiden Jennings was believed to be the Neck Tie Killer. In December 2015, Ben Rogers was arrested for the string of murders, following a statement by Abigail Deveraux. Paige Larson Paige Larson is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". Introduced by executive producers Ken Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng, the character is portrayed by True O'Brien, who first appeared in March 2014 and departed in September 2015 after her character was killed off. O'Brien would later make brief appearances via flashbacks and visions on

This is a document about Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives)
 in what has happened." In private, Ben takes "deep breathes, and try to regain his composure." The killer's first victim is Serena Mason, played by Melissa Archer, who had recently announced her departure from the series. Serena is found strangled to death and Chad is implicated as a suspect because of their drunken confrontation the night before. Less than a month later, the killer claims another victim when Paige Larson (True O'Brien) is strangled to death with a red necktie. Chad once again appears to be the prime suspect as he had been harassing Paige who had witnessed the altercation

This is a document about Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives)
 even more excited to learn that Abby is pregnant. As they begin planning their wedding, Clyde offers to buy the couple a house as wedding gift. Meanwhile, Ben warns Abigail to keep her distance from Chad who has been implicated in the murders of Serena Mason (Melissa Archer) and Paige Larson (True O'Brien). Realizing Abigail can't stay away from Chad, Ben convinces her to leave town with him after the wedding. The killer then attacks Doctor Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall) and Chad "interrupts" the confrontation. When Chad goes on the run, Ben changes his mind about moving. On September 24,

This is a document about True O'Brien
 True O'Brien True Laurita O'Brien (born February 28, 1994) is an American model and actress. She is best known for her Daytime Emmy Award winning portrayal of Paige Larson on NBC's soap opera drama series "Days of Our Lives". O'Brien is signed with Ford Models. She started at the age of five when her mother got her into television commercials, and subsequently got into modeling at the age of 13. During her teenage years she modeled for the likes of Guess and Pottery Barn. O'Brien appeared in the Girlfriend perfume campaign with Justin Bieber, and as an extra in his

This is a document about Days of Our Lives characters (1980s)
 and later in visions had by his adopted son Jack from March 9, 1990 to April 22, 1992. Eve Donovan was portrayed by actress Charlotte Ross, until her exit in 1991. In June 2014, the character returned, this time portrayed by actress Kassie DePaiva. Introduced as a prostitute, Eve is the daughter of Shane Donovan (Charles Shaughnessy) and Gabrielle Pascal. She is also the half-sister of Andrew Donovan IV and Theresa Donovan (Jen Lilley). Upon her return in 2014, she made an immediate connection with Dr. Daniel Jonas (Shawn Christian) and reunited with her daughter Paige Larson (True O'Brien). In

This is a document about Paige Larson
  Paige Larson is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives. Introduced by executive producers Ken Corday, Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng, the character is portrayed by True O'Brien, who first appeared in March 2014 and departed in September 2015 after her character was killed off. O'Brien would later make brief appearances via flashbacks and visions on until October 2015. O'Brien returned to the role for a one-off appearance in October 2017. She returned again during the week of August 24, 2020. Paige is introduced as a good samaritan who returns JJ Deveraux (Casey Moss) his wallet which he dropped and is in a relationship with him for majority of her time on the show, however the relationship is ruined by JJ's affair with her mother, Eve Donovan (Kassie DePaiva). Paige is the niece of Theresa Donovan (Jen Lilley) and, following her death, it is revealed she is the daughter of Eduardo Hernandez making her the half-sister of Rafe Hernandez, Arianna Hernandez, Dario Hernandez and Gabi Hernandez, and an aunt of Arianna Horton.

This is a document about List of One Life to Live characters (2000s)
  Dr. Paige Miller (formerly Truman) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originally to be played by daytime veteran Mary Beth Evans, who backed out at the last minute, when she got a contract offer from As the World Turns, where she had been recurring since 2000. Kimberlin Brown then originated the role on-screen from October 12, 2004 until June 30, 2005. Cady Huffman took over the role from August 19, 2005 until January 23, 2006. Alexandra Neil played the role from January 27, 2006 until July 27, 2007. Paige Miller arrives at Llanview Hospital and

This is a document about Paige Matthews
  Paige Matthews is a fictional character from the American television series Charmed, played by Rose McGowan from October 4, 2001, until May 21, 2006. The character was created by executive producer Brad Kern as a replacement for lead character Prue Halliwell, following the departure of actress Shannen Doherty. Paige is introduced into season four as the fiercely independent younger half-sister of the show's remaining female leads, Piper (Holly Marie Combs) and Phoebe Halliwell (Alyssa Milano). Like her sisters, Paige is a witch, and more specifically, a Charmed One—one of the most powerful witches of all time. Paige is introduced as the secret love child of the Halliwell sisters' mother Patty (Finola Hughes) and her whitelighter (guardian angel) Sam Wilder (Scott Jaeck), making Paige both a witch and whitelighter. She was given up

This is a document about List of Charmed characters
  Paige Matthews (played by Rose McGowan) is the youngest half-sister who initially receives the power to move objects with her mind by orbing ("teleporting") them from one location to another through a vocal command. Paige is ambitious, outspoken, and stands firmly in what she believes in. She is the secret love child of the Halliwell sisters' mother and her whitelighter, making Paige both a witch and whitelighter. Paige was given up at birth and raised by her adoptive parents. She was unaware of her magical history until Prue's funeral at the beginning of season four, in which she goes on to help reconstitute The Charmed Ones by taking Prue's place in the Power of Three. As the series progresses, Paige also inherits a variety of whitelighter powers such as orbing herself and others, sensing, glamouring and healing. One of the reoccurring struggles for Paige is finding an identity for herself outside of her role as a Charmed One. In the final season, she marries parole officer, Henry.

This is a document about Paige Smith
  Paige Smith (also Novak) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Olympia Valance. The actress was cast in February 2014 after a lengthy audition process, which included four call-backs. Series producer Jason Herbison said Valance was cast in the role as she was "the perfect fit" for the character. Valance had been a successful model prior to her casting and Paige marked her first acting role. Her half-sister Holly Valance previously appeared in the show as Felicity Scully from 1999 until 2002. Valance was initially contracted for three years. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 2 June 2014. Valance filmed her final scenes in November 2017 and Paige's departure aired on 30 March 2018. Valance returned on 24 February 2020, as part of the serial's 35th anniversary celebrations. Paige is portrayed as being "feisty", "tough", "unpredictable"

This is a document about True O'Brien
  True Laurita O'Brien (born February 28, 1994) is an American model and actress. She is best known for her Daytime Emmy Award winning portrayal of Paige Larson on NBC's soap opera Days of Our Lives.

This is a document about List of Neighbours characters (2014)
  Paige Smith (previously Novak), played by Olympia Valance, made her first screen appearance on 2 June 2014. The character and casting was announced on 9 March 2014. Paige marks Valance's first acting role and she won the part after a lengthy audition process, which included multiple call-backs. Valance described her character as being "cool and sexy and a bit edgy". She thought viewers would love Paige, especially as she is not mean. Series producer Jason Herbison thought Valance was "the perfect fit for Paige" and called the character "fiery". Paige was revealed to be the daughter of Lauren Carpenter (Kate Kendall) and Brad Willis (Kip Gamblin). When Paige learned that her biological parents were looking for her, her curiosity was piqued and she decided to go to Erinsborough to learn more about them. Paige initially decided to keep her identity a secret.

This is a document about Paige Smith
  resourceful. Valance said Paige was not a mean character and often hid her softer side behind a "hard exterior". The character was introduced as the biological daughter of Brad Willis (Kip Gamblin) and Lauren Carpenter (Kate Kendall) and her early storylines focused on building relationships with her parents and half-siblings. Paige initially chose to keep her identity a secret, as she was scared that she would not be accepted. Paige also developed a relationship with her housemate Mark Brennan (Scott McGregor) and was blackmailed into selling illegal car parts alongside Tyler Brennan (Travis Burns). The character has received mostly positive attention from critics, with one saying she had caused "quite a stir" since her debut and another who noted that she had a distinctive on-screen presence. Valance earned a nomination for Most Popular New Talent at the 2015 Logie Awards for her portrayal of Paige.

This is a document about Paige Smith
  her sister made her feel "very comfortable" on-set. Series producer Jason Herbison confirmed that Valance had won the role based on her own talents, saying she was "the perfect fit for Paige". Valance was initially contracted for three years. She made her screen debut as Paige on 2 June 2014. In December, Valance commented that she would leave Neighbours at the end of her contract, as she had a desire to move to London. However, in October 2016, Fiona Byrne of the Herald Sun reported that Valance had decided to extend her contract with the show for another six to eight months. Valance commented, "I love my job and I don't feel ready to leave just yet and they were happy to have me for a bit longer."

This is a document about Trading Spaces
 Paige Davis

This is a document about Arisa Komiya
 Famous in Love, Paige Townsen (Bella Thorne)

This is a document about Paige Matthews
  learn witchcraft. Paige also has romantic relationships with fellow-witch Richard Montana (Balthazar Getty) in season six, and FBI agent Kyle Brody (Kerr Smith) in season seven. In the eighth and final season, Paige marries a human parole officer named Henry Mitchell (Ivan Sergei). The character was mostly well received by television critics, who complimented Paige's personality and felt that McGowan was the right choice for the role. McGowan won the Family Television Award for Favorite Sister in 2005 for her portrayal of Paige. In 2007, AOL TV ranked Paige at number 13 on their list of the Top TV Witches, the lowest of the four sisters. In addition to the television series, the character has also appeared in numerous expanded universe material, such as the Charmed novels and its comic book adaptation.

This is a document about Josh Gallagher
  Tempest described Josh as an accidental ladies man, "The thing about Josh is he's never trying to be a ladies man. But as it turns out, chicks really dig that." Upon his arrival to the show, Josh was placed in scenes with the returned character of Paige Munroe (Rachel Foreman) and a partnership was established between the two. Tempest believed that the characters got on well due to both having checkered pasts, Josh having lost his fiancée to a drug overdose and Paige having recovered from a drug addiction that saw the death of Jill Kingsbury (Natalie Medlock). Foreman explained, "The two

Paige is a fictional character on the American soap opera "Days of Our Lives," portrayed by True O'Brien. She was introduced in March 2014 and was killed off in September 2015. Paige was a good-hearted and kind-natured character who was popular among the Salem residents. She was killed by the serial killer Ben Weston, and her death was a major storyline on the show. Paige made brief appearances via flashbacks and visions until October 2017.


Question: the second lord protector of england scotland and ireland crossword

Answer: Richard Cromwell

This is a document about Lord Protector
 or otherwise unable to rule. Notable cases in England are: and in Scotland: The Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland was the title of the head of state during the Commonwealth (or, to monarchists, the Interregnum), following the first period when a Council of State held executive power. The title was held by Oliver Cromwell (December 1653 – September 1658) and subsequently his son and designated successor Richard Cromwell (September 1658 – May 1659) during what is now known as The Protectorate. The 1653 Instrument of Government (republican constitution) stated that— Oliver Cromwell, Captain-General of the

This is a document about Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate
 but those such as "George Monck, General in Scotland", who had not taken up their seats in the Other House, were not referred to as lord. Aside from the Other House members who were known as lords, two peers are known to have been granted by the Lord Protector and a third may have been: Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate Knights made by Oliver Cromwell. Knights made by Lord Protector Richard Cromwell: Knights made in Ireland by Henry Cromwell, lord deputy of Ireland. Restoration (England)#Regrant of certain Commonwealth titles The following baronetcies were conferred by the Lord Protector

This is a document about Richard Cromwell
 Richard Cromwell Richard Cromwell (4 October 162612 July 1712) became the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, and was one of only two commoners to become the English head of state, the other being his father, Oliver Cromwell, from whom he inherited the post. On his father's death Richard became Lord Protector, but he lacked authority. He attempted to mediate between the army and civil society, and allowed a Parliament to sit which contained a large number of disaffected Presbyterians and Royalists. Suspicions that civilian councillors were intent on supplanting the army were brought to a head by

This is a document about The Protectorate
 The Protectorate The Protectorate was the period during the Commonwealth (or, to monarchists, the Interregnum) when England and Wales, Ireland and Scotland were governed by a Lord Protector as a republic. The Protectorate began in 1653 when, following the dissolution of the Rump Parliament and then Barebone's Parliament, Oliver Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of the Commonwealth under the terms of the Instrument of Government. In 1659 the Protectorate Parliament was dissolved by the Committee of Safety as Richard Cromwell, who had succeeded his father as Lord Protector, was unable to keep control of the Parliament and the Army. This

This is a document about The Protectorate
 the initiative of General George Monck. The Protectorate The Protectorate was the period during the Commonwealth (or, to monarchists, the Interregnum) when England and Wales, Ireland and Scotland were governed by a Lord Protector as a republic. The Protectorate began in 1653 when, following the dissolution of the Rump Parliament and then Barebone's Parliament, Oliver Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of the Commonwealth under the terms of the Instrument of Government. In 1659 the Protectorate Parliament was dissolved by the Committee of Safety as Richard Cromwell, who had succeeded his father as Lord Protector, was unable to keep control of

This is a document about John Dunch
 for the Second Protectorate Parliament and again in 1659 for the Third Protectorate Parliament. John Dunch John Dunch (1630–1668) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1654 and 1659. John was the second son of Samuel Dunch of Pusey in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire) and his wife, Dulcibella, the daughter of Sir John Moore of East Ilsley in Berkshire. He was the brother-in-law of the wife of Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. He lived in Pusey and also at North Baddesley in Hampshire. In 1654, he was elected Member of Parliament for

This is a document about Monarchy of Ireland
 England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales ruled by the Council of State, then the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell (1649–58) and his son Richard Cromwell (1658–59). The Restoration in Ireland was effected in 1660 without major opposition, Charles II being declared King on 14 May 1660 by the Irish Convention. The position of King of Ireland was contested by William III and James II between 1689 and 1691, after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 made William King of Ireland, and this was reinforced by his victory at the Battle of the Boyne (part of the

This is a document about John Dunch
 John Dunch John Dunch (1630–1668) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1654 and 1659. John was the second son of Samuel Dunch of Pusey in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire) and his wife, Dulcibella, the daughter of Sir John Moore of East Ilsley in Berkshire. He was the brother-in-law of the wife of Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. He lived in Pusey and also at North Baddesley in Hampshire. In 1654, he was elected Member of Parliament for Berkshire in the First Protectorate Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Berkshire in 1656

This is a document about Richard Cromwell
 July 1712 at the age of 85. His body was returned to Hursley and interred in a vault beneath All Saints' Parish Church, where a memorial tablet to him has been placed in recent years. Until 29 January 2012, when Queen Elizabeth II surpassed Cromwell's age at death (85 years 282 days), he was the longest-lived ruler or ex-ruler of Britain. Cromwell has been depicted in historical films. They include: Richard Cromwell Richard Cromwell (4 October 162612 July 1712) became the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, and was one of only two commoners to become the English

This is a document about History of England
 by Oliver Cromwell, then scored decisive victories against Royalist armies in Ireland and Scotland. Cromwell was given the title Lord Protector in 1653, making him 'king in all but name' to his critics. After he died in 1658, his son Richard Cromwell succeeded him in the office but he was forced to abdicate within a year. For a while it seemed as if a new civil war would begin as the New Model Army split into factions. Troops stationed in Scotland under the command of George Monck eventually marched on London to restore order. The monarchy was restored in 1660,

This is a document about Commonwealth of England
 to them, as part of what is now referred to as the Third English Civil War. In 1653, after the forcible dissolution of the Rump Parliament, the Army Council adopted the Instrument of Government which made Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector of a united "Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland", inaugurating the period now usually known as the Protectorate. After Cromwell's death, and following a brief period of rule under his son, Richard Cromwell, the Protectorate Parliament was dissolved in 1659 and the Rump Parliament recalled, the start of a process that led to the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.

This is a document about History of Routledge surname 15th to 18th centuries
 who had served in English armies before the 5th day of June 1649, was assembled for adjudication of their claims for unpaid arrears. Included were a Lieutenant Edward Rutledge and a Thomas Rutlidge. Parliamentary forces prevailed in 1651, and Oliver Cromwell assumed government of the Commonwealth of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland under the title of Lord Protector until his death in 1658. His son, Richard Cromwell (1658-1659) succeeded his father's position for less than a year and willingly stepped down in 1659. AD 1652. Some soldiers who had served the Commonwealth in Ireland were promised land in lieu of

This is a document about Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate
 Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate Knights made by Oliver Cromwell. Knights made by Lord Protector Richard Cromwell: Knights made in Ireland by Henry Cromwell, lord deputy of Ireland. Restoration (England)#Regrant of certain Commonwealth titles The following baronetcies were conferred by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell (All the Cromwellian Baronetcies became, invalid on the Restoration of Monarchy, 29 May 1660): The Protectorate baronetcies, being rare, seem to have been much prized; and that of Henry Ingoldsby raised jealousies. Peerages conferred by Cromwell were not likely, any more than his Knighthoods and Baronetcies, to be paraded by their possessors after

This is a document about Commonwealth of England
 with England" was issued by the Lord Protector and proclaimed in Scotland by the military governor of Scotland, General George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle. The ordinance declared that "the people of Scotland should be united with the people of England into one Commonwealth and under one Government" and decreed that a new "Arms of the Commonwealth", incorporating the Saltire, should be placed on "all the public seals, seals of office, and seals of bodies civil or corporate, in Scotland" as "a badge of this Union". On the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, his son, Richard Cromwell, inherited the

This is a document about Republicanism in the United Kingdom
 Parliament could not be depended upon to provide. The office of Lord Protector was not formally hereditary, although Cromwell was able to nominate his own successor in his son, Richard Cromwell. Although England, Scotland and Ireland became constitutional monarchies, after the reigns of Charles II and his brother James II and VII, and with the ascension of William III and Mary II to the English, Irish and Scottish thrones as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, there have been movements throughout the last few centuries whose aims were to remove the monarchy and establish a republican system. A

This is a document about Commonwealth of England
 title, Lord Protector. Internal divisions among the Republican faction and quiet lobbying by moderates led to his resignation, the end of the Protectorate and a second brief spell of Commonwealth government by a Council of State and Parliament. The Protectorate might have continued if Cromwell's son Richard, who was made Lord Protector on his father's death, had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the New Model Army. After seven months the Grandees in the New Model Army removed him and, on 6 May 1659, they

This is a document about Cromwell's Other House
 Edward, Earl of Manchester), those who had sat in Cromwell's Other House were called lord (for example Philip, Lord Skipton), but those such as "George Monck, General in Scotland", who had not taken up their seats in the Other House, were not referred to as lord. The Third Protectorate Parliament (27 January 1659 – 22 April 1659) included a second chamber, but republicans in the House of Commons treated it with suspicion as they considered some of the members to be Presbyterians and closet Royalists, Parliament was soon deadlocked and was dissolved by Richard Cromwell the new Lord Protector on

This is a document about 1657 in England
 Lord Protector – Oliver Cromwell ; Parliament – Second Protectorate

This is a document about 1656 in England
 Lord Protector – Oliver Cromwell ; Parliament – Second Protectorate (starting 17 September)

The second Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland was Richard Cromwell, the son of Oliver Cromwell. He served as Lord Protector from September 1658 to May 1659.


Question: when is season 15 of grey 's anatomy coming on

Answer: September 27 , 2018

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 15)
 Grey's Anatomy (season 15) The fifteenth season of the American television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy" was ordered on April 20, 2018, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The season premiered on September 27, 2018 with a special 2-hour premiere. The episode count for the season will be 24 episodes. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper. This season is the first not to feature both Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins and Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner since their introductions in

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 15)
  The fifteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on April 20, 2018, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The season premiered on September 27, 2018 with a special 2-hour premiere. The episode count for the season consists in 25 episodes. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and Entertainment One Television; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper. In this season, Grey's Anatomy becomes the longest-running American primetime medical drama series, after the series finale of ER on April 2, 2009. It also features the shortest ensemble main cast seen since the ninth season. Kim Raver was re-promoted as series-regular after 5 guest appearances in the previous season.

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 16)
  The sixteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on May 10, 2019, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The season premiered on September 26, 2019. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and Entertainment One Television; the showrunner being Krista Vernoff. The season's main storylines include the recently fired Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo)'s impending trial to fight for her medical license and her on-off again love-life with surgical resident, Andrew DeLuca (Giacomo Gianniotti), who begins to spiral into bipolar mania. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) and Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.) also begin working at Pac-North after being fired by Chief Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). Other storylines include Teddy Altman (Kim Raver)'s affair with Tom Koracick (Greg Germann) in the wake

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy
  terms of advertising in the 2007–08 season; in 2017, it was ranked tenth on the list. In its fifteenth season, Grey's Anatomy ranked as ABC's highest-rated drama. As of February 28, 2019, it was the longest-running American primetime medical drama series. On May 10, 2019, the series was renewed for a 16th and 17th season. The 16th season premiered on September 26, 2019. The 17th season premiered on November 12, 2020, about two months later than usual, due to production delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 10, 2021, the series was renewed for an 18th season, with Pompeo, Wilson, and Pickens all returning. The 18th season premiered on September 30, 2021.

This is a document about List of Grey's Anatomy episodes
  ten highest-rated shows in the United States from the show's first through fourth season. The show's episodes have won a number of awards, including a Golden Globe Award for Best Drama Series, a People's Choice Award for Favourite TV Drama, and multiple NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Drama Series. Since its premiere, Buena Vista Home Entertainment has distributed all seasons on DVD. There have been several special episodes recapping events from previous episodes, and two series of webisodes. On April 20, 2018, ABC officially renewed Grey's Anatomy for a fifteenth season, making it the longest running drama ever for the network. On May 10, 2021, ABC renewed the show for an eighteenth season, which premiered on September 30, 2021.

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 14)
  ABC to produce television for Netflix, and now has a hands-off approach to the show. Despite not being showrunner since its eighth season to run Scandal, Rhimes still signed off each episode's storyline, but this season marked a departure from this. Rhimes explained she only trusted Vernoff to pursue uncharted territory without her. As such, drastic creative changes occurred in the season, with Vernoff retiring Martin Henderson, Jessica Capshaw, and Sarah Drew's characters. Jason George also departs as Ben Warren to appear in the second spin-off, Station 19. On April 20, 2018, ABC officially renewed Grey's Anatomy for a network primetime drama record-tying fifteenth season.

This is a document about Supernatural (American TV series)
  The fifteenth and final season premiered on October 10, 2019. The season consisted of 20 episodes and aired on Thursdays at 8:00 pm (ET) with the exception of two episodes in March 2020 which aired on Mondays at 8:00 pm. The series finale was scheduled to air on May 18, 2020. In March 2020, Warner Bros. Television shut down production on the series due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Later in March, showrunner Andrew Dabb revealed that the series would go on hiatus after the March 23 episode. The season resumed airing on October 8, and the series finale aired on November 19, 2020.

This is a document about 2017–18 United States network television schedule
  season, set to air in 2018. ; Grey's Anatomy —Renewed for a fifteenth season on April 20, 2018. ; How to Get Away with Murder—Renewed for a fifth season on May 11, 2018. ; Modern Family—Renewed for a tenth season on May 10, 2017. ; Shark Tank—Renewed for a tenth season on January 8, 2018. ; Speechless—Renewed for a third season on May 11, 2018. ; Splitting Up Together—Renewed for a second season on May 11, 2018. ; Station 19—Renewed for a second season on May 11, 2018. ; To Tell the Truth—Renewed for a fourth season on August 7, 2018.

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 17)
  The seventeenth season of the American medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy was ordered in May 2019, by the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), as part of a double renewal with the sixteenth season. Shortly after, Krista Vernoff signed an agreement to continue serving as the showrunner of the series. Filming on the series began in September 2020 while the season did not premiere until November 12, 2020, both dates being delayed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, for the 2020–2021 broadcast television season. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television only allowed seventeen episodes to be produced, the fewest of any season since the fourth season. Numerous safety

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 17)
  On May 10, 2019, ABC renewed Grey's Anatomy for both a sixteenth and seventeenth season. Krista Vernoff, who serves as the series showrunner and an executive producer, signed a multi-year deal with ABC Studios in 2019 to continue working on Grey's Anatomy and spin-off series Station 19. The deal also attached Vernoff's production company, Trip the Light Productions, to the series. Production on the sixteenth season was later cut short as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, finishing only twenty-one of the twenty-five episodes ordered; at the time it was unknown whether or not the four additional episodes would be produced as part

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 14)
  The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special 2-hour premiere. The season consists of 24 episodes, with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company. Krista Vernoff who helped co-lead the show with Shonda Rhimes in its early years, marked her return as co-showrunner this season with William Harper, having previously left at the end of the seventh season. Rhimes

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 13)
  speculation of its meaning towards the storyline for the 13th season. However Rhimes denied the speculation about the poster on Twitter as she said "For anyone trying to interpret the "meaning" of the new Grey's Anatomy poster design: it means ABC designs really cool posters." The remaining fall schedule for ABC was announced on October 22, 2016, where it was announced that Grey's Anatomy would air nine episodes in the fall, rather than eight episode the previous two seasons has done, with the fall finale to air on November 17, 2016, just like the rest of ABC's primetime thursday-lineup Notorious and How to Get Away with Murder, which was the same last year. The remaining 15 episodes will air after the winter break beginning airing on January 26, 2017.

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 14)
  Grey's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10, 2017. It premiered on September 28, 2017, with a 2-hour premiere. Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season. On April 28, 2017, veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season. On January 11, 2018, ABC released a 6-episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series-regular Sarah Drew.

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 12)
  announced that Grey's Anatomy would air 8 episodes in the fall with the fall finale to air on November 19, 2015, just like the rest of ABC's primetime lineup "TGIT" Scandal and How to Get Away with Murder, which was the same last year. The remaining 16 episodes will air after the winter break, beginning on February 11, 2016, and ending on May 19, 2016, as a result of ABC airing the television miniseries Madoff over 2 nights on February 3–4, 2016 in the same time-slot as Grey's Anatomy and Scandal. On March 3, 2016, ABC announced that Grey's Anatomy was renewed for a 13th season.

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy
  that Ellen Pompeo's contract had been renewed through season 16. Not only did the contract renewal insure that Pompeo will return as Meredith Grey, but it made her a producer of Grey's Anatomy and a co-executive producer of Station 19. The deal made Pompeo the highest-paid actress currently on a dramatic TV series, with her making $575,000 per episode and over $20 million yearly. On March 8, 2018, it was announced that series regulars Jessica Capshaw and Sarah Drew would not be returning for season 15 after executive producers decided to let them go. In May 2018, it was confirmed that Kim Raver, who

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 12)
  The twelfth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on May 7, 2015, by ABC. It premiered on September 24, 2015, in the United States on ABC. The twelfth season includes the show's 250th episode, "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner", which is the fifth episode of the season. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Stacy McKee and William Harper. The season commenced airing with the premiere episode "Sledgehammer" and concluded with the finale episode "Family Affair". This season was the first not to feature Patrick Dempsey as Dr. Derek Shepherd following the death of the character at the end of the eleventh season. On June 5, 2015 ABC announced that Jason George has been promoted to series-regular status after having performed a recurring role as Dr.

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 18)
  The eighteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on May 10, 2021, by the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). It premiered on September 30, 2021, for the 2021–22 broadcast season. The season is produced by ABC Signature, in association with Shondaland Production Company and Entertainment One Television; the showrunner being Krista Vernoff. This is the first season not to feature Jesse Williams, Giacomo Gianniotti, and Greg Germann as series regulars since the seventh, twelfth, and sixteenth seasons, respectively. The season marked the return of Kate Walsh as Addison Montgomery for two episodes, after her last appearance on the season 8 episode "If/Then".

This is a document about NCIS (season 15)
  The fifteenth season of the American police procedural drama NCIS premiered on September 26, 2017, in the same time slot as in the previous seasons, Tuesdays at 8 PM. The season premiere was watched by 17.42 million viewers, picking up two months after Gibbs and McGee were last seen fighting a group of rebels in Paraguay and focused on the aftermath of those events. The season concluded on May 22, 2018 and contained 24 episodes. NCIS revolves around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, which conducts criminal investigations involving the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. Jennifer Esposito, who portrayed Special Agent Alexandra Quinn, did not return as a series regular this season. Maria Bello joined the cast as Dr. Jacqueline "Jack" Sloane, NCIS Senior Resident Agent and operational psychologist (episodes 4–24). After 15 years of playing Abby Sciuto, Pauley Perrette left the show in episode 22 - "Two Steps Back." Duane Henry, who plays Clayton Reeves, also left the show as he was killed off in the same episode. CBS renewed NCIS for both seasons fourteen and fifteen on Monday, February 29, 2016.

This is a document about America's Got Talent
  The fifteenth season was aired during 2020, between May 26 to September 23. Following the previous season, production staff sought to find replacements for Union and Hough, after both were let go from the program in November 2019, leading to the return of Heidi Klum for the new season, alongside the appointment of Sofía Vergara as a new judge. Although filming had begun by late February with auditions, the onset of COVID-19 pandemic in the United States towards March raised serious questions over the production of the program. Live audiences were discontinued on advice by health experts against large gatherings initially,

The fifteenth season of "Grey's Anatomy" premiered on September 27, 2018.


Question: what layer of earth do convection currents occur

Answer: asthenosphere

This is a document about Mantle convection
 Mantle convection Mantle convection is the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's surface. The Earth's surface lithosphere, which rides atop the asthenosphere (the two components of the upper mantle), is divided into a number of plates that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite plate boundaries. Accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with seafloor spreading. This hot added material cools down by conduction and convection of heat. At the consumption edges of the plate, the material

This is a document about Submarine earthquake
 convection currents occur where two plates are moving away from each other. In the gap, thus produced hot magma rises up, meets the cooler sea water, cools, and solidifies, attaching to either or both tectonic plate edges creating an oceanic spreading ridge. When the fissure again appears, again magma will rise up, and form new lithosphere crust. If the weakness between the two plates allows the heat and pressure of the asthenosphere to build over a large amount of time, a large quantity of magma will be released pushing up on the plate edges and the magma will solidify under

This is a document about Plate tectonics
 century, the leading theory of the driving force behind tectonic plate motions envisaged large scale convection currents in the upper mantle, which can be transmitted through the asthenosphere. This theory was launched by Arthur Holmes and some forerunners in the 1930s and was immediately recognized as the solution for the acceptance of the theory as originally discussed in the papers of Alfred Wegener in the early years of the century. However, despite its acceptance, it was long debated in the scientific community because the leading theory still envisaged a static Earth without moving continents up until the major breakthroughs of

This is a document about Mantle convection
 creep, crystal structures reorient into lower stress orientations. This does not happen under diffusional creep, thus observation of preferred orientations in samples lends credence to the dominance of dislocation creep. Mantle convection Mantle convection is the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's surface. The Earth's surface lithosphere, which rides atop the asthenosphere (the two components of the upper mantle), is divided into a number of plates that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite plate boundaries. Accretion occurs as mantle is added to the

This is a document about Geology of Venus
 exhibit the effects of eons of compression and tensional deformation. Unlike those on Earth, the deformations on Venus are directly related to regional dynamic forces within the planet's mantle. Gravitational studies suggest that Venus differs from Earth in lacking an asthenosphere—a layer of lower viscosity and mechanical weakness that allows Earth's crustal tectonic plates to move. The apparent absence of this layer on Venus suggests that the deformation of the Venusian surface must be explained by convective movements within the planet's mantle. The tectonic deformations on Venus occur on a variety of scales, the smallest of which are related to

This is a document about Plate tectonics
 Basal drag (friction): Plate motion driven by friction between the convection currents in the asthenosphere and the more rigid overlying lithosphere. ; Slab suction (gravity): Plate motion driven by local convection currents that exert a downward pull on plates in subduction zones at ocean trenches. Slab suction may occur in a geodynamic setting where basal tractions continue to act on the plate as it dives into the mantle (although perhaps to a greater extent acting on both the under and upper side of the slab). For much of the last quarter century, the leading theory of the driving force behind tectonic plate motions envisaged large scale convection currents in the upper

This is a document about Convection
   Mantle convection is the slow creeping motion of Earth's rocky mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior of the earth to the surface. It is one of 3 driving forces that causes tectonic plates to move around the Earth's surface. The Earth's surface is divided into a number of tectonic plates that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite plate boundaries. Creation (accretion) occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate. This hot added material cools down by conduction and convection of heat. At the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of subduction at an ocean trench. This subducted material sinks to some depth in the Earth's interior where it is prohibited from sinking further. The subducted oceanic crust triggers volcanism.

This is a document about Telluric current
  Telluric currents are phenomena observed in the Earth's crust and mantle. In September 1862, an experiment to specifically address Earth currents was carried out in the Munich Alps (Lamont, 1862). Including minor processes, there are at least 32 different mechanisms which cause telluric currents. The strongest are primarily geomagnetically induced currents, which are induced by changes in the outer part of the Earth's magnetic field, which are usually caused by interactions between the solar wind and the magnetosphere or solar radiation effects on the ionosphere. Telluric currents flow in the surface layers of the earth. The electric potential on the Earth's surface can be measured at different points, enabling the calculation

This is a document about Gravity of Mars
  interior structure. It has been suggested that such long-wavelength anomalies on Earth could be contributed by the sources located in deep mantle and not in the crust, for example, caused by the density differences in driving the convection current, which has been evolving with time. The correlation between certain topography anomalies and long-wavelength gravity anomalies, for example, the mid-Atlantic ridge and Carlsberg ridge, which are topography high and gravity high on the ocean floor, thus became the argument for the convection current idea on Earth in the 1970s, though such correlations are weak in the global picture. Another possible explanation for the global

This is a document about Natural convection
  Convection within Earth's mantle is the driving force for plate tectonics. Mantle convection is the result of a thermal gradient: the lower mantle is hotter than the upper mantle, and is therefore less dense. This sets up two primary types of instabilities. In the first type, plumes rise from the lower mantle, and corresponding unstable regions of lithosphere drip back into the mantle. In the second type, subducting oceanic plates (which largely constitute the upper thermal boundary layer of the mantle) plunge back into the mantle and move downwards towards the core-mantle boundary. Mantle convection occurs at rates of centimeters per year, and it takes on

This is a document about Mantle convection
  Mantle convection is the very slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's surface. The Earth's surface lithosphere rides atop the asthenosphere and the two form the components of the upper mantle. The lithosphere is divided into a number of tectonic plates that are continuously being created or consumed at plate boundaries. Accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with seafloor spreading. This hot added material cools down by conduction and convection of heat. At the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of subduction usually at an ocean trench.

This is a document about Mantle convection
  On Earth, the Rayleigh number for convection within Earth's mantle is estimated to be of order 107, which indicates vigorous convection. This value corresponds to whole mantle convection (i.e. convection extending from the Earth's surface to the border with the core). On a global scale, surface expression of this convection is the tectonic plate motions, and therefore has speeds of a few cm per year. Speeds can be faster for small-scale convection occurring in low-viscosity regions beneath the lithosphere, and slower in the lowermost mantle where viscosities are larger. A single shallow convection cycle takes on the order of 50 million years, though deeper convection can be closer to 200 million years. Currently, whole mantle convection is thought to include broad-scale downwelling beneath the Americas and

This is a document about Open ocean convection
  Deep convection is observed in the subpolar North Atlantic (the Greenland Sea and the Labrador Sea), in the Weddell Sea in the southern hemisphere as well as in the northwestern Mediterranean. In sub-polar regions, the upper mixed layer starts deepening during late autumn until early spring, when the convection is at the deepest level before the phenomenon is weakened. The weak density stratification of the Labrador Sea is observed each wintertime, in depths between 1000 and 2000 m, making it one of the most extreme ocean convection sites in the world. The deep convection in the Labrador Sea is significantly affected by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).

This is a document about Convection cell
  lower air pressure, it cannot contain as much fluid as at a lower altitude, so it releases its moist air, producing rain. In this process the warm air is cooled; it gains density and falls towards the earth and the cell repeats the cycle. Convection cells can form in any fluid, including the Earth's atmosphere (where they are called Hadley cells), boiling water, soup (where the cells can be identified by the particles they transport, such as grains of rice), the ocean, or the surface of the sun. The size of convection cells is largely determined by the fluid's properties. Convection cells can even occur when the heating of a fluid is uniform.

This is a document about Natural convection
  while the hotter less dense air rises to take its place. This creates circulating flow: convection. As it relies on gravity, there is no convection in free-fall (inertial) environments, such as that of the orbiting International Space Station. Natural convection can occur when there are hot and cold regions of either air or water, because both water and air become less dense as they are heated. But, for example, in the world's oceans it also occurs due to salt water being heavier than fresh water, so a layer of salt water on top of a layer of fresher water will also cause convection. Natural convection has attracted a great deal of attention from researchers because of its

This is a document about Convection cell
   In the field of fluid dynamics, a convection cell is the phenomenon that occurs when density differences exist within a body of liquid or gas. These density differences result in rising and/or falling currents, which are the key characteristics of a convection cell. When a volume of fluid is heated, it expands and becomes less dense and thus more buoyant than the surrounding fluid. The colder, denser part of the fluid descends to settle below the warmer, less-dense fluid, and this causes the warmer fluid to rise. Such movement is called convection, and the moving body of liquid is referred to as a convection cell. This particular type of convection, where a horizontal layer

This is a document about Dynamo theory
  the Earth's magnetism, proposed that this magnetic field resulted from electric currents induced in the fluid outer core of the Earth. He revealed the history of the Earth's magnetic field through pioneering the study of the magnetic orientation of minerals in rocks. In order to maintain the magnetic field against ohmic decay (which would occur for the dipole field in 20,000 years), the outer core must be convecting. The convection is likely some combination of thermal and compositional convection. The mantle controls the rate at which heat is extracted from the core. Heat sources include gravitational energy released by the compression of the core, gravitational energy released by the rejection of light elements (probably sulfur, oxygen, or silicon) at the inner core boundary as it grows, latent heat of

This is a document about Earth's internal heat budget
  and therefore denser, mantle sinking. This convective flow of the mantle drives the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates; thus, an additional reservoir of heat in the lower mantle is critical for the operation of plate tectonics and one possible source is an enrichment of radioactive elements in the lower mantle. Earth heat transport occurs by conduction, mantle convection, hydrothermal convection, and volcanic advection. Earth's internal heat flow to the surface is thought to be 80% due to mantle convection, with the remaining heat mostly originating in the Earth's crust, with about 1% due to volcanic activity, earthquakes, and mountain building. Thus, about 99% of

This is a document about Geology
  is an intimate coupling between the movement of the plates on the surface and the convection of the mantle (that is, the heat transfer caused by the bulk movement of molecules within fluids). Thus, oceanic plates and the adjoining mantle convection currents always move in the same direction – because the oceanic lithosphere is actually the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle. This coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics.  The development of plate tectonics has provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long

Convection currents occur in the Earth's mantle.