Question: what is the name of the small red macroalgae that develop a hard crust

Answer: Coralline algae

This is a document about Coralline algae
 Coralline algae Coralline algae are red algae in the order Corallinales. They are characterized by a thallus that is hard because of calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls. The colors of these algae are most typically pink, or some other shade of red, but some species can be purple, yellow, blue, white, or gray-green. Coralline algae play an important role in the ecology of coral reefs. Sea urchins, parrot fish, and limpets and chitons (both mollusks) feed on coralline algae. In the temperate Mediterranean sea, coralline algae are the main builders of a typical algal reef, the "Coralligène" ("coralligenous").

This is a document about Brown algae
  Brown algae exist in a wide range of sizes and forms. The smallest members of the group grow as tiny, feathery tufts of threadlike cells no more than a few centimeters (a few inches) long. Some species have a stage in their life cycle that consists of only a few cells, making the entire alga microscopic. Other groups of brown algae grow to much larger sizes. The rockweeds and leathery kelps are often the most conspicuous algae in their habitats. Kelps can range in size from the 2 ft sea palm Postelsia to the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, which grows to over 150 ft long and is the largest of all the algae. In form, the brown algae range from small crusts or cushions to leafy free-floating mats formed by species of Sargassum. They may consist of delicate felt-like strands of cells, as in

This is a document about Lithophyllum incrustans
  This is a small encrusting, calcareous alga, growing epiphytically as a flat lobed plant up to 10 cm in diameter and up to several mm forming thick adherent crusts. It can become knobbly with overlapping lobes and a smooth surface. In colour it is pinkish but may become bleached.

This is a document about Hildenbrandia rubra
  This alga forms patches or larger sheets of thallus less than 0.5 mm thick tightly attached to the substrate. The thallus is formed from a single layer of undifferentiated cells some 3 to 6 µm in diameter, arranged in rows. The surface is smooth and flat apart from slight mounds indicating the presence of conceptacles (specialized cavities containing the reproductive organs). The colour is pinkish-red or reddish-brown.

This is a document about List of marine aquarium plant species
   Red macroalgae are highly sought after in the aquarium trade given their intense coloration and striking appearance. They possess the pigment Phycoerythrin which gives them their vivid coloration ranging from red to orange to blue. For some species, identification is difficult and slight variations due to location and depth may exist.

This is a document about Phyllophora sicula
  This small red alga grows to a length of 20 mm, erect from a disc shaped holdfast. It has a short, erect, terete stipe which expands as a flattened blade branching once or twice. The blades have a cartilaginous texture with a medulla of large cells within a cortex of one or two layers of small cells.

This is a document about Ceramium strictum
  Ceramium strictum is a small marine red alga.

This is a document about Polysiphonia furcellata
  Polysiphonia furcellata (C.Agardh) Harvey is small marine red alga in the Division Rhodophyta.

This is a document about Phyllophora traillii
  Phyllophora traillii is a small marine red alga.

This is a document about Ceramium secundatum
  Ceramium secundatum is a small marine red alga.

This is a document about Flora of Lord Auckland and Campbell's Islands
 Adenocystis lessoni (Bory) Hook.f. & Harvey = A. utricularis (Bory) Skottsberg ; Asperococcus echinatus = A. fistulosus (Hudson) Hook. ; Chorda lomentaria = Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngb.) Link ; Cordaria flagelliformis (O.F.Müller) Agardh (slimy whip weed) ; Desmarestia viridis Lamour. (stringy acid kelp) ; Dictyosiphon fasciculatus = Scytothamnus fasciculatus (Hook.f. & Harvey) A.D.Cotton ; Durvillaea utilis Bory = Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot ; Laminaria sp. (kelp) ; Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) Agardh (giant bladder kelp) ; Marginaria urvilleana = Marginariella urvilleana (A.Rich.) Tandy ; Sphacelaria funicularis = Halopteris funicularis (Mont.) Sauvageau ; Xyphophora billardieri = X. gladiata (Lab.) Mont. ex Kjellman.

This is a document about Aliwal Shoal
 Algae ; Chlorophyta (green algae): ; Codium lucasii ; Ulva cf. rigida ; Rhodophyta (red algae): ; Amphiroa ephedraea ; Callophycus condominius ; Champia compressa ; Dichotomaria diesingiana ; Hypnea viridis ; Hypnea sp. ; Laurencia brongniartii ; Meristotheca papulosa ; Osmundaria serrata (ex Vidalia serrata) ; Peyssonnelia capensis ; Phaeophyta (brown algae) ; Dictyota dichotoma var. intricata ; Exallosorus harveyanus ; Lobophora variegata ; Stypopodium multipartitum ; Zonaria subarticulata ; Porifera ; Dragmacidon sanguineum ; Cliona orientalis ; Chondropsis sp. ; Fascaplysinopsis sp. ; Forcepia sp. ; Geodia sp. ; Hemiasterella vasiformis ; Oceanapia aff. ramsayi ; Placospongia sp.

This is a document about Seaweed fertilizer
  “Seaweed” is one of the common names given to multicellular macroalgae, such as green algae (Chlorophyta), brown algae (Phaeophyceae), and red algae (Rhodophyta). The term, seaweed is sometimes used to refer to microalgae and plants as well. Seaweeds are typically benthic organisms which have a structure called a holdfast, that keeps them anchored to the sea floor; they also have a stipe, otherwise known as a stem, and blade-shaped foliage. Sargassum seaweed is one exception to this anatomy and function, as it does not attach to the benthic environment. The color of seaweeds general follow depth/light, with green seaweeds brown seaweeds,

This is a document about Sporolithon ptychoides
  This is one of several species of crustose coralline red algae that form rhodoliths on the seabed in the southwestern Atlantic. Rhodoliths are clumps of calcareous material that resemble corals but are not attached to the substrate. They do not feed on plankton as corals do, but obtain their energy solely through photosynthesis. Six or more species of the algae can be found forming rhodoliths in a relatively small area, and some of these rhodoliths are composed of several species of coralline alga overgrowing each other.

This is a document about Coralline algae
  Coralline algae are red algae in the order Corallinales. They are characterized by a thallus that is hard because of calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls. The colors of these algae are most typically pink, or some other shade of red, but some species can be purple, yellow, blue, white, or gray-green. Coralline algae play an important role in the ecology of coral reefs. Sea urchins, parrot fish, and limpets and chitons (both mollusks) feed on coralline algae. In the temperate Mediterranean Sea, coralline algae are the main builders of a typical algal reef, the Coralligène ("coralligenous"). Many are typically encrusting and rock-like, found in

This is a document about Ceramium cimbricum
  This small red alga is basically monosiphonous, rarely no more than 8 cm long. It consists of erect tufts of filaments. These filaments are branched and attached by rhizoids. The tips of the filaments are only slightly inrolled. Cortical cells develop at the nodes where the cells of the filament meet forming clear bands around the filaments, without spines.

This is a document about Dictyosphaeria
  The thalli are composed of visibly hollow hexagional or polygonal cells; and are monostromatic or polystromatic depending on species. They can be solid or button-shaped at around 1-5 cm; and spherical and club-shaped at 1 cm or more. The size of each cells are around 300 - 500 µm in diameter. Complex rhizoidal system is absent, however, basal cells are firmly attached to the substratum. The coloration of the macroalgae varies from grass green to bluish.

This is a document about Archaeplastida
 Glaucophyta Skuja, 1954 (Glaucocystophyta Kies & Kremer, 1986 ) – glaucophytes ; Glaucophytes are a small group of freshwater single-celled algae. Their chloroplasts, called cyanelles, have a peptidoglycan layer, making them more similar to cyanobacteria than those of the remaining Archaeplastida. Rhodophyceae Thuret, 1855, emend. Rabenhorst, 1863, emend. Adl et al., 2005 (Rhodophyta Wettstein 1901 ) – red algae ; Red algae form one of the largest groups of algae. Most are seaweeds, being multicellular and marine. Their red colour comes from phycobiliproteins, used as accessory pigments in light capture for photosynthesis. ; Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005 (Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981 ; Chlorobionta Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis

This is a document about Red algae
  Red algae have a long history of use as a source of nutritional, functional food ingredients and pharmaceutical substances. They are a source of antioxidants including polyphenols, and phycobiliproteins and contain proteins, minerals, trace elements, vitamins and essential fatty acids. Traditionally red algae are eaten raw, in salads, soups, meal and condiments. Several species are food crops, in particular members of the genus Porphyra, variously known as nori (Japan), gim (Korea), 紫菜 (China). Laver and Dulse (Palmaria palmata) are consumed in Britain. Some of the red algal species like Gracilaria and Laurencia are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicopentaenoic acid, docohexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid) and have protein content up to 47% of total biomass. Where a big portion of

This is a document about Furcellaria
  Furcellaria lumbricalis is a common red macroalgal species. The species has two different ecotypes – attached and loose-lying (drifting) thallus forms (previously also known as Furcellaria fastigiata f. aegagropila). Attached F. lumbricalis is widely distributed sublittoral species on both sides of the North Atlantic. The attached form grows typically as an epilith on stable hard substrates such as stony bottoms, boulder fields and rocks. It is a perennial macroalgae with a life-span up to 10 years, that tolerates salinities down to 3.6 psu. Although the species has been reported to grow up to 30 m deep, the main occurrence is between 8−12 m. F. lumbricalis forms monotypic dense meadows in the central and northern Baltic Sea, where most of the other perennial red algae are not able to sustain the low salinity. Over the last half a century,

The name of the small red macroalgae that develop a hard crust is Coralline algae, specifically the genus "Corallina" within the order Corallinales.


Question: how big is the shark in the movie the shallows

Answer: large

This is a document about The Shallows (film)
 surfing one last time for the day, Nancy notices the carcass of a large humpback whale nearby. As she rides the last wave back to the beach, a large great white shark knocks her off her surfboard and bites her leg. Nancy climbs onto the whale carcass, but the shark rams it from underneath, forcing her to swim to an isolated rock. She uses her surfboard strap to slow the bleeding from her leg. Later she uses her jewelry to put rudimentary stitches in place to hold her torn flesh together. Nancy is left alone when the unaware locals leave

This is a document about The Shallows (film)
 his helmet. When he was attacked by the shark, his helmet had come off and floated to the surface. Nancy later sees the helmet floating in the water. After some struggle, she is able to retrieve it and notices in the footage of the attack, the shark has a large hook stuck in its mouth after a possible encounter with fishermen. Nancy uses the GoPro to leave messages for her sister and father as well as information about the shark attack and her location. With high tide approaching, Nancy realizes the rock will be submerged soon. After sending Steven Seagull

This is a document about Leopard shark
 bottom. In Tomales Bay and elsewhere, the leopard shark follows the tide onto mudflats to forage for food, retreating just fast enough to prevent being stranded or trapped as the water recedes. At Santa Catalina Island, resident sharks spend the day together in the shallows and at night disperse into deeper water, ranging up to away. From birth, leopard sharks form large schools generally segregated by age and sex, which may intermingle with grey or brown smoothhounds ("Mustelus californicus" and "M. henlei") or spiny dogfish ("Squalus acanthias"). These schools are apparently nomadic, often appearing suddenly in an area for a

This is a document about Shark Jaws
 Shark Jaws Shark Jaws is a single-player arcade game by Atari Inc. under the name of Horror Games, originally released in 1975. An unlicensed tie-in to the movie Jaws, and believed to be the first commercially released movie tie-in, it was created to do a game about sharks eating people. Atari head Nolan Bushnell originally tried to license the Jaws name for the game, but was unable to secure a license from Universal Pictures. Deciding to go ahead with the game anyway, it was retitled Shark JAWS, with the word Shark in tiny print and JAWS in large all caps

This is a document about Tiger shark
 used in the production of vitamin oils. In addition, the tiger shark is captured and killed for its distinct skin, as well as by big-game fishers. In 2010, Greenpeace International added the tiger shark to its seafood red list, which is a list of fish commonly sold around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries. Although sharks rarely bite humans, the tiger shark is reported to be responsible for a large share of fatal shark-bite incidents, and is regarded as one of the most dangerous shark species. They often visit shallow reefs,

This is a document about Zombie Shark
 shark. Zombie Shark Zombie Shark is a docufiction program by Discovery Channel for the 2014 Shark Week. The premise of the program is that sharks can be brought into a state of tonic immobility (a kind of trance) by flipping them on their back, and that this characteristic might explain how a supposed series of Great white shark killings occurred: the suggestion is that Orcas have developed that skill and are thus able to kill large numbers of sharks. "Zombie Shark", indeed much of Discovery's 2014 programming, was panned by critics, with the "Houston Press" claiming that Discovery had jumped

This is a document about Zombie Shark
 Zombie Shark Zombie Shark is a docufiction program by Discovery Channel for the 2014 Shark Week. The premise of the program is that sharks can be brought into a state of tonic immobility (a kind of trance) by flipping them on their back, and that this characteristic might explain how a supposed series of Great white shark killings occurred: the suggestion is that Orcas have developed that skill and are thus able to kill large numbers of sharks. "Zombie Shark", indeed much of Discovery's 2014 programming, was panned by critics, with the "Houston Press" claiming that Discovery had jumped the

This is a document about Goblin shark
  visible blood vessels beneath the skin; the color deepens with age, and young sharks may be almost white. The fins' margins are translucent gray or blue, and the eyes are black with bluish streaks in the irises. After death, the coloration fades quickly to dull gray or brown. Adult sharks usually measure between 3 and 4 m long. However, the capture of an enormous female estimated at 5.4 - 6.2 m long during 2000 showed this species can grow far larger than suspected previously. The maximum weight recorded is 210 kg for a shark of 3.8 m (12.5 ft) in length.

This is a document about Swell shark
  Swell sharks are typically around 90 cm in length, with a maximum length of 110 cm. They have flat, broad heads with large gold eyes that have nictitating eyelids. Swell sharks have a yellow-brown coloration, with brown and white spots. The spots cover their underside, but are not present on their fins. Usually the younger sharks are lighter in color than the adults. The gills of a swell shark are usually very small and tight. Every swell shark has around 55–60 teeth. Teeth typically have three smooth cusps, but can have as many as five cusps. The middle cusp is the longest.

This is a document about Deep Blue (great white shark)
  Deep Blue is estimated to be 6.1 m (20 ft) long and weigh over two tonnes. Some have disputed her size, stating that she is more likely to be eighteen to nineteen feet in length. Deep Blue has noticeable pigmentation and markings on her body, with a large laceration over the right side of her body. In addition to her length, her body has a noticeable girth to it, leading some people to have speculated that she was pregnant. Deep Blue has been identified by researchers by not only her size but the pattern of where the gray meets the white underside, with a shark photographer called George Probst commenting that a shark's countershade is unique to the individual, stating "That’s as unique to a white shark as our fingerprints are".

This is a document about Maneater (video game)
  leaves Scaly Pete disfigured. As the shark continues to grow, the film crew grow concerned for Scaly Pete's sanity after losing Kyle as he prepares to use extreme methods to kill the shark. He eventually repairs and arms his father's old PT 522 navy patrol boat with military-grade firepower. He attacks the film crew after they attempt to talk him out of it and sets out to kill the shark, which has by now evolved into a megashark, measuring 9 m in length. The shark ultimately gets the upper hand on Scaly Pete, who in a last-ditch effort, uses explosives to kill himself and the shark.

This is a document about Megalodon (2004 film)
  spotted approaching, which turns out to be the most powerful and fearsome oceanic predator that ever lived, Carcharodon megalodon, a giant, 60 ft prehistoric shark. A struggle for survival ensues as the crew and geologists attempt to escape from "Colossus", during which several people fall victim to the beast. In a desperate move to stop the monster shark, one of the crew members, Ross, lures it to an open space with his small submarine and overloads the fuel tanks of the machine, resulting in a gigantic explosion that kills both him and the beast. The ordeal is not over yet as another megalodon ventures into open waters, passing below a boat with Christen Giddings on board. However, she is unaware of its presence.

This is a document about Gulf smooth-hound
  This species has a long slender body, a plain grey/brown dorsum, pale/white ventrum and a large and rounded dorsal fin. The fins have a pale to white trailing margin fading towards adulthood. The caudal fin is deeply notched; its teeth are flat and pale. This type of shark can be found in the continental shelf between depths of 36 m to 229 m. The maximum recorded size was 140 cm.

This is a document about Great white shark
  The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), also known as the white shark, white pointer, or simply great white, is a species of large mackerel shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans. It is notable for its size, with larger female individuals growing to 6.1 m in length and 1905 - 2268 kg in weight at maturity. However, most are smaller; males measure 11 to 13 ft, and females measure 15 to 16 ft on average. According to a 2014 study, the lifespan of great white sharks is estimated to be as long as 70 years or more, well

This is a document about Marine life of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
  the film Jaws, this species is known to be more and aggressive than the larger great white, which cannot survive in fresh water. Bull sharks can swim up freshwater rivers and are present in the area from May–September. ; Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) One of the largest living species of shark that can grow to about 20 feet long, with average lengths of 15-16 ft. for females, and 11-13 for males. As of 2018, research indicates the return of this most feared shark. In 2016, scientists discovered what is thought to be a white shark nursery off Montauk, where a large number of juveniles indicates a nearby nursery. The great white can reach the other

This is a document about Deep Blue (great white shark)
  Ramsey's video of her touching and holding onto the shark has brought on some criticism from shark researchers. David Shiffman, a marine biologist criticised Ramsey's behavior and stated that the shark should not be interfered with, stating that it is an enormous wild predator and that repeated contact from humans can over stress the animal. Michael Domeier, another shark researcher, also criticized Ramsey's behavior. Domeier stated that the number one rule of shark diving was not to touch the sharks. Both researchers considered Ramsey's behavior as essentially harassing the animal. In addition to his criticism of Ramsey, Domeier believed that the shark encountered by Ramsey was not actually Deep Blue and was likely to be Haole Girl, a newly discovered and equally large great white shark that Domeier believed was pregnant. David Bernvi, have claimed that Deep Blue is with 93% likelihood 528 cm in total length (total length 491-565 cm) based on a model using the caudal fin to determine the total length. This means Deep Blue likely is 5,3 m (17 ft) long and not the largest white shark on record.

This is a document about The Shallows (film)
  The Shallows is a 2016 American survival horror film directed by Jaume Collet-Serra, written by Anthony Jaswinski and starring Blake Lively. In the film, a surfer gets stranded 200 yard from shore and must use her wits and determination to survive a great white shark attack. Principal photography began in October 2015 in New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. The film was released in the United States on June 24, 2016, by Columbia Pictures. The film received generally positive reviews and grossed over $119 million against a production budget in the range of $17–25 million, becoming a box office success.

This is a document about Great white shark
  1996 to resolve the dispute by conducting a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the remains of these sharks and re-examination of photographic evidence in an attempt to validate the original size estimations and their findings were consistent with them. The findings indicated that estimations by P. Resiley and J. Abela are reasonable and could not be ruled out. A particularly large female great white nicknamed "Deep Blue", estimated measuring at 20 ft was filmed off Guadalupe during shooting for the 2014 episode of Shark Week "Jaws Strikes Back". Deep Blue would also later gain significant attention when she was filmed interacting with researcher Mauricio Hoyas Pallida in

This is a document about Dumb gulper shark
  The dumb gulper shark may grow to be 43 in long and has a long, robust head, a long, flattened snout, a large y mouth, and large, green eyes, which help it see at 820 to 1260 ft (250 to 385 m) under water. The body is slender and of moderate size, and is grey to greyish-brown in colour, with a paler underside. Of the two dorsal fins, the first is larger than the second, and each has a short spine, a white rear margin, and a dark blotch towards the front, which is more distinct in juveniles. The large caudal fin is asymmetrical, with a longer upper than lower lobe. The broad teeth of this species differ between the upper and lower jaws, with the lower teeth being much larger. The teeth also differ between the male and female, with the male having much more erect, upright upper teeth, and upward-curving tips on the lowers. The dumb gulper shark is very similar in appearance to the closely related little gulper shark. 9+10=21

The shark in the movie "The Shallows" is a great white shark. The size of the shark is not explicitly stated in the provided text, but it is described as a large shark that knocks the surfer off her board and drags her underwater.


Question: where is the maryland hunt cup race held

Answer: Worthington Valley , Maryland

This is a document about Maryland Hunt Cup
 Nevis II (1977, 1978), went on to win the Grand National in England. Both horses are in the Hall of Fame. The Maryland Hunt Cup is four miles long with 22 timber fences. Its permanent home is in Worthington Valley, Maryland. The 2013 edition of the race was the 117th running of the Maryland Hunt Cup. The race has been run each year since 1894, except for three years during the Second World War, 1943 – 1945. The 120th running of the race took place on Saturday, April 30, 2016. It's now always run on the last Saturday in April.

This is a document about Maryland Hunt Cup
  race, which is a steeplechase run over solid timber fences. This form of steeplechasing is unique to North America. The timber fences mimic the hunt country over which many of these horses are prepared. The Maryland Hunt Cup is part of a series of timber races run in Maryland in the Spring, which also includes My Lady's Manor (second Saturday in April), and the Grand National (third Saturday in April). The Maryland Hunt Cup is known for the size of its timber fences, some of which are close to 5 feet tall. The third fence (4 feet and six inches) and 16th fence (4 feet and ten inches) are particularly challenging.

This is a document about Maryland Hunt Cup
  its history, the Maryland Hunt Cup has been limited to amateur jockeys. In the late 1970s, women were allowed to ride in the race for the first time. The first female amateur jockey to win the race was Joy Slater on Cancottage in 1981. To prove this was no fluke, Slater and Cancottage repeated in 1982. Since then, other female riders to win this race included Blythe Miller and Anne Moran. In 1922, a permanent location for the Maryland Hunt Cup was established in Worthington Valley, where it remains to this day. Prior to this date, the race was run at a variety of locations. The Maryland Hunt Cup is a

This is a document about Maryland Hunt Cup
   The Maryland Hunt Cup is a Timber race, which is an American Steeplechase. It was first run on May 26 1894 and won by Johnny Miller. Eight horses have won the race three times but no horse has won it four times. It is considered one of the most difficult steeplechase races in the world. Fred Winter, a famous English horse trainer who attended Jay Trump's 1966 race, was asked about bringing a horse over for the Maryland Hunt Cup, he responded "Why I wouldn't dare!" Two undefeated winners, Jay Trump (1963, 1964 and 1966) and Ben Nevis II (1977, 1978), went on to win the Grand National in England. Both horses are in the Hall of Fame. The Maryland Hunt Cup is four miles long with 22 timber fences. Its permanent home is in Worthington Valley, Maryland. The 2013 edition of the race was the 117th running of the Maryland Hunt Cup. The race has been run each year since 1894, except for three years during the Second World War, 1943 – 1945. The 120th running of the race took place on Saturday, April 30, 2016. It's now always run on the last Saturday in April.

This is a document about Maryland Department of Labor
 Maryland Racing Commission

This is a document about Maryland Hunt Cup
   The Maryland Hunt Cup was established in 1894 as a contest between two hunts, The Elkridge Fox Hunting Club and the Green Spring Fox Hunting Club, to determine the relative merits of the local hunting horses. In the first running of the race, the riders and owners had to come from either of the two hunt clubs. A year later the race was opened up to horses owned and ridden by members of any recognized Hunt Club in Maryland. In 1903 this was further expanded to horses owned and ridden by members of any Hunt Club in North America. Nowadays, there are no restrictions on where the horse and rider come from.

This is a document about Sports in Maryland
  Horse racing has a very long history in Maryland going back to colonial days. The Preakness Stakes, the middle jewel in the Triple Crown, is run at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore. Presently, Maryland has four Thoroughbred tracks and two Harness Tracks.

This is a document about Maryland
  Triple Crown, the Preakness Stakes, which is run every spring at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore. The Baltimore Stallions were a Canadian Football Team in the CFL that played the 1994–95 season. The Congressional Country Club has hosted three golf tournaments for the U.S. Open and a PGA Championship. The official state sport of Maryland, since 1962, is jousting; the official team sport since 2004 is lacrosse. The National Lacrosse Hall of Fame is located on the Johns Hopkins University campus in Baltimore. In 2008, intending to promote physical fitness for all ages, walking became the official state exercise. Maryland is the first state with an official state exercise.

This is a document about List of Maryland Scenic Byways
  The Horses and Hounds Scenic Byway extends 100 mi in a loop through northern and eastern Baltimore County and western Harford County. The byway begins at I-83 Exit 20 in Cockeysville and heads west along Shawan Road, passing between Oregon Ridge Park and the equestrian facility Shawan Downs, home of the Legacy Chase, a steeplechase event. Another steeplechase, the Maryland Hunt Cup, is held in Worthington Valley, which the byway passes through along Tufton Avenue. The byway continues west along Worthington Road toward Glyndon. There, a spur of the byway heads toward Reisterstown while the mainline turns north onto MD 128. Along MD 128, the

This is a document about Maryland Hunt Cup
 Most wins, 3: Garry Owen (1901, 1902, 1907), Princeton (1903, 1905, 1906), Blockade (1938, 1939, 1940), Winton (1942, 1946, 1947), Pine Pep (1949, 1950, 1952), Mountain Dew (1962, 1965, 1967), Jay Trump (1963, 1964, 1966), Cancottage (1980, 1981, 1983), Senior Senator (2016, 2018, 2019} ; Most starts, 8: The Squire (1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898 (1), 1899, 1900, 1904), Mountain Dew (1961, 1962 (1), 1963, 1964, 1965 (1), 1966, 1967 (1), 1968) 6 wins: Mikey Smithwick (1948, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1960) ; 5 wins: Jervis Spencer Jr. (1901, 1902, 1907, 1915, 1919), Crompton "Tommy Smith" (1959, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1966) Charles Fenwick Jr. (1977, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1987) The current course record is 8:25 and 3/5 set by Young Dubliner in 2002. ; Jay Trump and Ben Nevis II, both undefeated winners of the Maryland Hunt Cup that went on to win the English Grand National, set course records during one of their Maryland Hunt Cup triumphs. Leading horse: Leading jockey: Time:

This is a document about Hunt Valley, Maryland
  Hunt Valley is an unincorporated community in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States, near the site of the Maryland Hunt Cup Steeplechase. It lies just north of the city of Baltimore, along York Road (Maryland Route 45), parallel to Interstate 83. The nearby Loch Raven Reservoir is an important landmark and drinking water resource. Its surrounding forested watershed is one of three reservoirs (along with Prettyboy and Liberty Reservoirs) established for the City of Baltimore. Hunt Valley is located at a latitude of 39.5° North and longitude of 76.7° West. It is served by the Cockeysville post office, and is also a neighbor of Timonium. A satellite campus of the Community College of Baltimore County is located in Hunt Valley Town Centre.

This is a document about Annapolis Subscription Plate
  The race took place on the South river near Annapolis in May 1743. Charles Carroll (1703–1783) - whose son, also called Charles Carroll, would later sign the Declaration of Independence in 1776 - wagered that his horse would win in a 3-mile race. Carroll's rival was Dungannon, owned by the tobacco planter and horse breeder George Hume Steuart who imported the thoroughbred from England. The race was held at Parole, Maryland, at what would later become the Parole Hunt Club. Dungannon won the race, establishing a tradition of horse racing at Parole that would last until the club's sale and redevelopment as a shopping center in 1962. The silver plate itself - in reality more of a bowl than a plate - is now displayed in the Baltimore Museum of

This is a document about Green Spring Valley Historic District
  Green Spring Valley Historic District is a national historic district near Stevenson in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. It is a suburban area of Baltimore that acquires significance from the collection of 18th, 19th, and early 20th century buildings. The park-like setting retains a late 19th-early 20th century atmosphere. At the turn of the 20th century, the Maryland Hunt Cup and the Grand National Maryland steeplechase races were run over various parts of the valley. The Maryland Hunt Cup, which began as a competition between the Green Spring Valley Hunt and the Elkridge Hunt, traditionally started at Brooklandwood, the previous home of Charles Carrol of Carrollton (later St. Paul’s school) with the finish across Valley Road at Oakdene, at that time the home

This is a document about Sports in Baltimore
  Baltimore, Maryland has a long and storied sporting history encompassing many teams from many different eras. Area fans, such as the late Wild Bill Hagy, are known for their passion and reverence for historical sports figures who played in the city or were born there. Among other sports, Baltimore is also known for horse racing. The Preakness Stakes is a 1-3/16 mile (1.91 km) American Grade I stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses, held on the third Saturday in May each year at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore. The Preakness Stakes has been termed "The Run for the Black-Eyed Susans" because a blanket of Black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia hirta, the state flower of Maryland) is traditionally placed around the winner's neck. The Preakness is the second leg in American thoroughbred racing's Triple Crown series and almost always attracts the Kentucky Derby winner, and some of the other horses that ran in the Derby.

This is a document about Annapolis, Maryland
  Annapolis, the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland, also functions as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, 25 mi south of Baltimore and about 30 mi east of Washington, D.C., Annapolis forms part of the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area. The 2020 census recorded its population as 40,812, an increase of 6.3% since 2010. This city served as the seat of the Confederation Congress (former Second Continental Congress) and temporary national capital of the United States in 1783–1784. At that time, General George Washington came before the body convened in the new Maryland State House

This is a document about Subaru Park
  The stadium hosted two quarterfinal matches in the 2012 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship. In 2013, the stadium hosted the Major League Lacrosse's Championship known as the Steinfeld Cup. In this game, the Chesapeake Bayhawks defeated the Charlotte Hounds 10–9 in front of 3,892 fans. On April 24 & 26, 2015, the 2015 ACC Lacrosse Championship was hosted at the facility. In 2015, the stadium hosted the NCCA Division I and Division III Women's Lacrosse Championship. Maryland beat North Carolina in the DI game while SUNY Cortland beat Trinity College of Hartford in the DIII game. In 2016, the stadium again hosted the NCAA Division I and Division III Women's Lacrosse Championship, May 28 and May 29, 2016. At the high school level, notable events included the boys' 2015 Inter-Academic League Championship game, between The Haverford School, from Pennsylvania, and The Hun School of New Jersey. The Haverford School won the game, as well as the Inter-Ac title, capping off a perfect 23–0 season.

This is a document about Parole Hunt Club
  The Parole Hunt Club was a half-mile race track in Parole, Maryland, dedicated to horse racing, including pacers and trotters, on land now known as Riva Road. Until its redevelopment as a shopping center in the late 1950s the club had a rich heritage as the location of the first recorded formal horse race in Maryland.

This is a document about Butler, Maryland
  Butler is an unincorporated community in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. It is bordered to the west by Glyndon, to the east by Sparks, to the south by Cockeysville and to the north by Upperco. It is often referred to as "Worthington Valley". For almost a century, Butler has served as home to many equestrian events, including the Grand Nationals and the Hunt Cup. The history of the town is unknown. However, it has served as home to many of the state's oldest and wealthiest families for at least 150 years. Butler also serves as home to two very historic churches. St. John's Episcopal Church serves as the burial place for many of Maryland's politicians from the late 18th, 19th, and

This is a document about Preakness Stakes
  The Preakness Stakes is an American thoroughbred horse race held on the third Saturday in May each year at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. It is a Grade I race run over a distance of 9.5 furlongs (1+3/16 mi) on dirt. Colts and geldings carry 126 lbs; fillies 121 lbs. It is the second jewel of the Triple Crown, held two weeks after the Kentucky Derby and three weeks before the Belmont Stakes. First run in 1873, the Preakness Stakes was named by a former Maryland governor after the colt who won the first Dinner Party Stakes at Pimlico. The race has been termed "The Run for the Black-Eyed Susans" because a blanket of Maryland's state flower is placed across the withers of the winning colt or filly. Attendance at the Preakness Stakes ranks second in North America among equestrian events, surpassed only by the Kentucky Derby.

The Maryland Hunt Cup race is held in Worthington Valley, Maryland.


Question: what is the real name of harry potter in real life

Answer: Daniel Jacob Radcliffe

This is a document about Daniel Radcliffe
 Daniel Radcliffe Daniel Jacob Radcliffe (born 23 July 1989) is an English actor and producer best known for his role as the titular protagonist in the "Harry Potter" film series, based on the novels by J. K. Rowling. Born and raised in London, Radcliffe made his acting debut at 10 years of age in BBC One's 1999 television film "David Copperfield", followed by his cinematic debut in 2001's "The Tailor of Panama". At age 11, he was cast as Potter in the series' first film "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", and starred in the series for 10 years, starring

This is a document about Harry Potter (character)
  King is "Harry's spiritual ancestor." Finally, she established Harry's birth date as 31 July, the same as her own. However, she maintained that Harry was not directly based on any real-life person: "he came just out of a part of me". Rowling has also maintained that Harry is a suitable real-life role model for children. "The advantage of a fictional hero or heroine is that you can know them better than you can know a living hero, many of whom you would never meet [...] if people like Harry and identify with him, I am pleased, because I think he is very likeable."

This is a document about Harry Potter (character)
  Harry James Potter is a fictional character and the titular protagonist in J. K. Rowling's series of eponymous novels. The majority of the books' plot covers seven years in the life of the orphan Harry, who, on his eleventh birthday, learns he is a wizard. Thus, he attends Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to practise magic under the guidance of the kindly headmaster Albus Dumbledore and other school professors along with his best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. Harry also discovers that he is already famous throughout the novel's magical community, and that his fate is tied with that of Lord Voldemort – the internationally feared Dark Wizard and murderer of his parents, Lily and James. The book and film series revolve around Harry's struggle to adapt to the wizarding world and defeat Voldemort. Harry is regarded as a fictional icon and has been described by many critics, readers, and audiences as one of the greatest literary and film characters of all time. He is portrayed by Daniel Radcliffe in all eight Harry Potter films from Philosopher's Stone (2001) to Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011).

This is a document about The IPCRESS File
  to Saltzman. However, Saltzman saw the funny side and pointed out that his real first name was actually Herschel, not Harry, so Saltzman was satisfied with it. The inspiration for the surname came from a boy called Palmer whom Caine knew at school. Caine described Palmer as: "the most boring boy I'd ever met". The given name "Harry" actually occurs in a short sequence in the book where the nameless hero is greeted by someone saying "Hello, Harry." This causes him to think, "Now my name isn't Harry, but in this business it's hard to remember whether it ever had been."

This is a document about T. P. Wiseman
  in his words, "the only accurate account of what ancient authors Harry Potter's creator encountered when she was a student at Exeter." The title refers to Nigidius Figulus, the friend of Cicero who was a praetor and Pythagorean scholar in the 1st century BC and took on a legendary status in the later European magic tradition; figulus is the Latin word for "potter." Media, including daily newspapers and blogs, have speculated that Wiseman inspired the creation of the character Albus Dumbledore. The Scotsman published a protracted comparison of the real-life professor and the fictional wizard, headmaster of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry:  Whether or not this comparison was meant to be

This is a document about Pseudonym
  as Harold Robbins, use several literary pseudonyms. Some pen names have been used for long periods, even decades, without the author's true identity being discovered, as with Elena Ferrante and Torsten Krol. Joanne Rowling published the Harry Potter series as J. K. Rowling. Rowling also published the Cormoran Strike series, a series of detective novels including The Cuckoo's Calling under the pseudonym "Robert Galbraith". Winston Churchill wrote as Winston S. Churchill (from his full surname "Spencer-Churchill" which he did not otherwise use) in an attempt to avoid confusion with an American novelist of the same name. The attempt was

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
  Harry Potter lives with his abusive aunt and uncle, Vernon and Petunia Dursley and their bullying son, Dudley. On Harry's eleventh birthday, a half-giant named Rubeus Hagrid personally delivers an acceptance letter to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Harry's parents, James and Lily Potter, were wizards. When Harry was one year old, an evil and powerful dark wizard, Lord Voldemort, murdered his parents. Harry survived Voldemort's killing curse that rebounded off his forehead and seemingly destroyed the Dark Lord. A lightning bolt-shaped scar was left on his forehead. Unknown to Harry, he is famous in the wizarding world. Hagrid takes Harry to Diagon Alley,

This is a document about Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)
  wand. They appear in Snape's memories in both Order of the Phoenix and Deathly Hallows, and finally in Deathly Hallows when Harry makes his self-sacrificing walk into the Forbidden Forest, determined to let Voldemort kill him without offering resistance, Harry's parents walk at his side and Lily tells him how proud they are of him. In an interview conducted by Daniel Radcliffe, Rowling revealed that Lily Potter's maiden name, Evans, was based on the real name of the author George Eliot, Mary Anne Evans. Lily is portrayed by Geraldine Somerville as an adult in the film series, and by Susie Shinner as a teenager and Ellie Darcey-Alden as a child.

This is a document about Harry Potter
  Harry Potter is a series of seven fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story arc concerns Harry's struggle against Lord Voldemort, a dark wizard who intends to become immortal, overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic and subjugate all wizards and Muggles (non-magical people). Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, on 26 June 1997, the books have found immense popularity, positive reviews, and commercial success worldwide. They have attracted a wide adult audience as

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
  Throughout the three previous novels in the Harry Potter series, the main character, Harry Potter, has struggled with the difficulties of growing up and the added challenge of being a famed wizard. When Harry was a baby, Lord Voldemort, the most powerful dark wizard in history, killed Harry's parents but was mysteriously defeated after unsuccessfully trying to kill Harry, though his attempt left a lightning-shaped scar on Harry's forehead. This results in Harry's immediate fame and his being placed in the care of his abusive Muggle (non-magical) aunt and uncle, Petunia and Vernon Dursley, who have a son named Dudley. On Harry's eleventh birthday, he learns he is a wizard from Rubeus Hagrid, Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, and enrols in Hogwarts. He befriends Ron Weasley and Hermione

This is a document about List of Harry Potter cast members
  Ellie Darcey-Alden ! scope="row" | Adrian Pucey ! scope="row" | Quirinus Quirrell ! scope="row" | Severus Snape Alec Hopkins Benedict Clarke ! scope="row" | Sorting Hat ! scope="row" | Alicia Spinnet ! scope="row" | Station Guard ! scope="row" | Dean Thomas ! scope="row" | Tom ! scope="row" | Lord Voldemort Tom Riddle Ian Hart Frank Dillane Ralph Fiennes Richard Bremmer Christian Coulson ! scope="row" | Fred Weasley ! scope="row" | George Weasley ! scope="row" | Ginny Weasley ! scope="row" | Molly Weasley ! scope="row" | Percy Weasley ! scope="row" | Ron Weasley ! scope="row" | Oliver Wood ! colspan="9" style="background-color:#ddf;" |

This is a document about Wizarding World
  Harry Potter, a seemingly ordinary eleven-year-old boy, is actually a wizard and survivor of Lord Voldemort's attempted rise to power. Harry is rescued by Rubeus Hagrid from his unkind Muggle relatives, Uncle Vernon, Aunt Petunia, and his cousin Dudley, and takes his place at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, where he and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger become entangled in the mystery of the Philosopher's Stone, which is being kept within the school. In October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the first four novels of the Harry Potter fantasy series by J. K. Rowling for a seven-figure sum, after a pitch from producer David Heyman. Warner Bros. took particular notice of Rowling's wishes and thoughts about the films when drafting her contract. One of her principal stipulations was that they are shot in Britain with an all-British cast, which has been

This is a document about Hermione Granger
  taken from a character in William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, though Rowling has said that the two characters have little to nothing in common otherwise. Rowling said that she wanted her name to be unusual since if fewer girls shared her name, fewer girls would get teased for it and it seemed that "a pair of professional dentists, who liked to prove how clever they are...gave [her] an unusual name that no-one could pronounce." Her original last name was "Puckle", but Rowling felt the name "did not suit her at all", and so the less frivolous Granger made it into the books and movies.

This is a document about Magic in Harry Potter
  magical parents are known as Squibs, whereas a witch or wizard born to Muggle parents is known as a Muggle-born, or by the derogatory term "Mudblood". While Muggle-borns are quite common, Squibs are extremely rare. Rowling based many magical elements of the Harry Potter universe on real-world mythology and magic. She has described this as "a way of giving texture to the world". The books present the idea that the Muggle interpretation of these stories is a distorted version of what goes on in the wizarding world. The magic of Harry Potter became the subject of a 2017 British Library exhibition and accompanying documentary. The exhibition, entitled Harry Potter: A History of Magic, is the first at the British Library to be inspired by a single series by a living author.

This is a document about On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)
  "The World is Not Enough", which Fleming appropriated for Bond's own family. Fleming also used historical references for some of his names and Marc-Ange Draco's name is based upon that of El Draco, the Spanish nickname for Sir Francis Drake, a fact also used by J. K. Rowling for the naming of her character Draco Malfoy. For Tracy's background, Fleming used that of Muriel Wright, a married wartime lover of Fleming's, who died in an air-raid, and Bond's grief for the loss of his wife is an echo of Fleming's at the loss of Wright. Fleming did make mistakes in the

This is a document about J. K. Rowling
  name from one of her personal heroes, Robert F. Kennedy, and a childhood fantasy name she had invented for herself, Ella Galbraith. Commenting on the choice of the name in an interview with Graham Norton, she remarked that, "when I was unmasked – when I was outed – people analysed the name as 'Robert means a bright shining fame and Galbraith means stranger' and I was thinking 'really? I had no idea!' But, you know, things get over analysed sometimes." Soon after the revelation, Brooks pondered whether Jude Callegari could have been Rowling, as part of wider speculation that the

This is a document about Hogwarts staff
  The following fictional characters are staff members and denizens of Hogwarts in the Harry Potter books written by J. K. Rowling.

This is a document about Potter (name)
 The Potter family, principal characters in A.S. Byatt's "Frederica Quartet" novels: The Virgin in the Garden (1978), Still Life (1985), Babel Tower (1996), and A Whistling Woman (2002) ; Bonifacio "Potter", from the Peruvian TV series Al Fondo Hay Sitio ; Brian Potter, from the British sitcom Phoenix Nights ; Cedric Potter, from Under Capricorn ; Clarence Potter, from Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory alternate history novel series ; Gail Potter, from the British soap opera Coronation Street ; From the Harry Potter series: ; Albus Severus Potter, Harry Potter and Ginny Potter (née Weasley)'s son ; Ginny Potter (née Weasley), Harry Potter's wife ; Harry Potter, title character ; James Potter, Lily Potter (née Evans)'s husband and Harry Potter's father ; James Sirius Potter, Harry Potter and Ginny Potter (née Weasley)'s son ; Lily Luna Potter, Harry Potter and Ginny Potter (née Weasley)'s daughter

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
  Harry makes two close friends, Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger. Ron is described by Rowling as the ultimate best friend, "always there when you need him". Rowling has described Hermione as a "very logical, upright and good" character with "a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness". Rowling also imagined a supporting cast of adults. The headmaster of Hogwarts is the powerful, but kind wizard Albus Dumbledore, who becomes Harry's confidant. Rowling described him as "epitome of goodness". His right hand is severe Minerva McGonagall, who according to the author "under that gruff exterior" is "a bit of

This is a document about Rubeus Hagrid
  Hagrid was among the characters that Rowling says she created on "the very first day". She has explained the source of his name as "another old English word, meaning – if you were hagrid – it’s a dialect word – you’d had a bad night. Hagrid is a big drinker – he has a lot of bad nights." His first name, Rubeus, was named after red in Latin to reflect alchemy and his paternal contrast to Albus Dumbledore: his "passion" to Dumbledore's "asceticism". In her article "Harry’s Fame", Rosemary Goring notes the Forest of Dean is an influence on Rowling’s work, and Hagrid is the only character that is "directly drawn from the Forest of Dean". According to Goring, Hagrid’s "dropped word-endings are a

Daniel Radcliffe is the real-life actor who portrays Harry Potter in the film series. Harry Potter is a fictional character in the novels and films.


Question: who appoints the justice of peace in sri lanka

Answer: Governor General

This is a document about Justice of the peace
 independence in 1948, appointments were made by the Governor General and the Minister of Justice. Justice of the Peace had the power to administer oaths and affirmations per the "Courts Ordinance No. 1 on 1889 section 84" and they could formally appoint members of the public to act as special police officers in times of turmoil and riots. Since certain government officers were ex-officio justices of the peace, this allowed British colonial officers to appoint special police officers from the European planters in times of crisies such as the 1915 riots. The Village Councils Law (No. 6 of 1964) made

This is a document about Attorney General of Sri Lanka
 executive authority, and is not a political appointee; those functions are performed by the Minister of Justice. The Attorney General is assisted by the Solicitor General of Sri Lanka and several Additional Solicitors General. Under section 54 of the Constitution of Sri Lanka, the President of Sri Lanka appoints the Attorney General on advice of the government. The general practice is the serving Solicitor General succeeds the out going Attorney General. However there have been instance where exceptions have been made. Under the 17th Amendment and 19th Amendment to the Constitution, the Attorney General along with the Chief Justice, the

This is a document about Judiciary of Sri Lanka
 First Instance Courts are made by the Judicial Service Commission from the Judicial Service. The Minister of Justice appoints Unofficial magistrates from attorneys with fifteen years or more practice in a magistrate court to serve as the acting magistrate in the absence of the local magistrate. The Minister may appoint lay persons as Justice of the Peace, traditionally empowered to mediate disputes and keep the peace. Today the powers of the position is limited to administer oaths, affirmations and attesting documents. Judges can serve until the retirement age for the judges fixed at 65 years, as per the Constitution. Supreme

This is a document about A. W. H. Abeyesundere
 Sri Lanka was being negotiated for the Aberdean – Laksapana Power Project in 1954, the World Bank team that came to Sri Lanka insisted that Mr. Abeyesundere, who was Legal Draftsman at the time, be sent to Washington for the negotiations instead of the incumbent Attorney General. During the communal riots in 1958, he was appointed legal advisor to Sir Oliver Goonetilleke Governor General of Ceylon and attached to Queen's House. It was during this time that he was also made a Justice of the Peace to facilitate his functions in assisting the Governor. He concurrently held the office of

This is a document about Unofficial magistrate
 their clients. Unofficial magistrate In Sri Lanka, a Justice of the Peace and Unofficial magistrate (also known as Acting magistrate) is an judicial appointment made by the Minister of Justice to a particular jurisdiction under the "Judicature Act No 02 of 1978". An Unofficial magistrate is a senior Attorney at law (with 15 years or more practice), who is a Justice of the Peace and has the powers and authority vested in a Magistrate except the power to hear, try, or determine civil or criminal cases. Persons appointed as Unofficial magistrates may use the post-nominal JP, UM. Commonly found in

This is a document about Unofficial magistrate
 Unofficial magistrate In Sri Lanka, a Justice of the Peace and Unofficial magistrate (also known as Acting magistrate) is an judicial appointment made by the Minister of Justice to a particular jurisdiction under the "Judicature Act No 02 of 1978". An Unofficial magistrate is a senior Attorney at law (with 15 years or more practice), who is a Justice of the Peace and has the powers and authority vested in a Magistrate except the power to hear, try, or determine civil or criminal cases. Persons appointed as Unofficial magistrates may use the post-nominal JP, UM. Commonly found in magistrate courts

This is a document about Justice of the peace
 role, JPs serve as visiting justices of Singapore prisons, mediators or referees in the subordinate courts. They may also solemnise marriages in the Registry of Marriages or perform the duties of the magistrate conferred on them by any written law. In Sri Lanka, Justice of the Peace (JP) is an honorary post, with authorization to witness and sign statutory declarations and affidavits as well as certify documents. Persons appointed as a Justice of the Peace may use the post-nominal JP. Current appointments are made under the "Judicature Act No 02 of 1978", by the Minister of Justice at his/her discretion

This is a document about Elanga Wikramanayake
 conservationists, biologists and experts on wild life,his son Arittha R Wikramanayake and granddaughter Ariesha have authored a book on butterflies of Sri Lanka. Elanga Wikramanayake Deshamanya Elanga Devapriya Wikramanayake (known to many as "E.D. Wikramanayake") was a Sri Lankan lawyer who served as the Solicitor General of Sri Lanka. His father was E. B. Wikramanayake, QC the Minister of Justice in the cabinet of Prime Minister Sir John Kotelawala and a member of the Senate of Ceylon. Educated at S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia Sri Lanka, he excelled in rifle shooting, winning the Governor-General’s Cup at age 19. The Wikramanayake

This is a document about Chief Justice of Sri Lanka
 Ceylon serving as the Acting Governor General of Ceylon. This practice continued after the republican constitution was adopted in 1972 and Dominion of Ceylon became the Republic of Sri Lanka, with the Chief Justice serving as Acting President during the absence of the President of Sri Lanka. This capacity ceased with the second amendment to the republican constitution in 1978 when the Executive Presidency was established and order of succession defined. The Chief Justice is ranked fourth in the order of precedence after the President, Prime Minister and the Speaker of the Parliament. From 1948 to 1978 the Speaker ranked

This is a document about 2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
 Muslim targets continued in the days after the riots. President Rajapaksa, who was in Bolivia for the Group of 77 summit, issued statements via social media urging restraint and promising an investigation. The government then urged the media not to publish news about the riots which could cause "disharmony" amongst religious groups in the country. As a result, there was a virtual blackout about the violence in the mainstream media in Sri Lanka. Rajapaksa's United People’s Freedom Alliance (UPFA) government was divided over the riots. Rauff Hakeem, Minister of Justice and leader of the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress, has called

This is a document about Justice of the peace
  appointed with legal authority in all parts of the island or limited to a judicial district. The President of Sri Lanka and his/her officers are ex officio justices of the peace. There about 100,000 JPs in the island. The post was introduced in the island during the British colonial era by the Governor Frederick North in 1801 and was later reformed in 1871. Until 1938, appointments were made by the Governor, after which appointments were made by the Legal Secretary until 1947. After Ceylon gained its independence in 1948, appointments were made by the Governor General and the Minister of Justice.

This is a document about Justice of the peace
 Justice of the Peace and Unofficial magistrate ; Justice of the Peace for the Whole Island ; Justice of the Peace for a Judicial District ; Justice of the Peace (ex officio) In Sri Lanka, Justice of the Peace (JP) is an honorary post, with authorisation to witness and sign statutory declarations and affidavits as well as certify documents. Persons appointed as a Justice of the Peace may use the post-nominal JP. Current appointments are made under the Judicature Act No 02 of 1978, by the Minister of Justice at his/her discretion by publishing a list in The Gazette and appointee taking

This is a document about Judiciary of Sri Lanka
  The Chief Justice and Justices of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal are appointed by the President of Sri Lanka with the nomination of the Parliamentary Council. Judges of the High Court are appointed by the President on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. However the President is not bound to accept the nomination of the Parliamentary Council or follow the advice of the Judicial Service Commission and may decide to appoint any other individual. Traditionally judges are Attorneys at law, while retired judges of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal does not practice law after retirement. Judicial

This is a document about Orders, decorations, and medals of Sri Lanka
 In the past, Justice of the Peace appointments were made as honours by the Minister of Justice. This entitle the holder to place post nominals JP after his or her name. Religious and civil institutions in Sri Lanka commonly award various titles, however these are not recognised by the government and legislation is being drafted to stop such awards.

This is a document about Justice of the peace
  before a high court, district court judge or magistrate with registrar of the supreme court recording it. There are four types of appointments of Justice of the Peace; Senior Attorney at laws are appointed as Justice of the Peace and Unofficial magistrates to preside in the absence of a sitting Magistrate. Any citizen of Sri Lanka can apply to the Ministry of Justice giving his or her credentials to be appointed as a justice of the peace. However, the applicant should be one who has served the public and carries out social service and should be of good standing. These JPs would

This is a document about Peace Commissioner
  The Office of Peace Commissioner is a discretionary appointment by the Minister for Justice, a member of the Government. There is no special application form. An application for appointment may be made by a person on their own behalf or a nomination for appointment may be made by a third party in respect of a person considered suitable for appointment. Nominations are generally received from public representatives, and a Garda superintendent may sometimes request an appointment in his or her district as the need arises in the public interest. Persons seeking appointment to the Office of Peace Commissioner can apply to the Minister for Justice and should set out the reason for the application or nomination and provide some background information about the person proposed for appointment.

This is a document about Judiciary of Sri Lanka
  in the past have been thought to be politically motivated. Appointments to the lower courts such as District Courts and First Instance Courts are made by the Judicial Service Commission from the Judicial Service. The Minister of Justice appoints Unofficial magistrates from attorneys with fifteen years or more practice in a magistrate court to serve as the acting magistrate in the absence of the local magistrate. The Minister may appoint lay persons as Justice of the Peace, traditionally empowered to mediate disputes and keep the peace. Today the powers of the position is limited to administer oaths, affirmations and attesting documents.

This is a document about Supreme Court of Sri Lanka
  The President of Sri Lanka is responsible for the appointment and removal of all the judges of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court judges are appointed with the advice and consent of the Constitutional Council. From 3 October 2001 until 2011, with the 17th Amendment, the Constitutional Council had the task of advising the President on the appointment of the judges. If the appointment is for a period less than fourteen days, this requirement will not apply. The Justices are not allowed to hold any other office without the consent of the Constitution or the President. In the discharge of its functions relating to the appointment of Judges of the Courts, the Council may obtain the views of the Chief Justice and of the Attorney General.

This is a document about Justice of the peace
  Sections 22, 22-A and 22-B of the Code of Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 provide for the appointment of justices of the peace by the provincial governments, their powers and duties respectively. However, seldom are justices of the peace appointed in Pakistan outside the judiciary. Session and additional session judges act as ex-officio justices of the peace as per Section 25 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898. An Ex-officio Justice of the Peace may issue appropriate directions to the police authorities concerned on a complaint regarding- (i) non-registration of a criminal case; (ii) transfer of investigation from one police officer to another; and (iii) neglect, failure or excess committed by a police authority in relation to its functions and duties. Such functions being quasi-judicial in nature could not be termed as executive, administrative or ministerial.(PLD 2016 Supreme Court 581) It is pertinent to note however, as many academics have pointed out, that there is great utility in the appointment of such justices especially in rural areas where enmity between rival groups can lead to the inability of registration of cognizable offences and biased judicial proceedings.

This is a document about Minister of Justice (Sri Lanka)
  The Minister of Justice is an appointment in the Cabinet of Sri Lanka. The constitution defines that it is mandatory for a minister of the cabinet to be styled as the Minister of Justice. From 1947 to 1970, per section 48 of the constitution, the Minister of Justice was one of two Ministers appointed from the Senate of Ceylon, as such appointments have been held by Advocates. It succeeded the office of Legal Secretary of Ceylon which existed from 1932 to 1947.

The Attorney General of Sri Lanka, on the advice of the government, appoints the Justice of the Peace in Sri Lanka.


Question: who dotted the i at ohio state today

Answer: Brungart

This is a document about Ohio State University Marching Band
 Each time the formation drill is performed, a different fourth- or fifth-year sousaphone player is chosen to stand as the dot in the "i" of "Ohio." Because the Script Ohio formation was one of many new formations included by director Weigel, no extra emphasis was placed on the dotting. Originally, an E-flat cornet player, John Brungart, was the first "i"-dotter. Brungart dotted the "i" two more times that season, in performances during halftime shows against Pittsburgh and Chicago. The first recorded instance of a sousaphone player dotting the i was the final game of the 1936 season on November 21

This is a document about Ohio State University Marching Band
  dot the "i". On November 19, 2011, Jon Woods, the marching band's director for the previous 28 years, dotted the "i" in his final home game directing the band, becoming the only non-band member to dot the "i" during a game where the OSUMB performed Script Ohio twice. The first Script Ohio of that game in its traditional pregame spot featured senior sousaphone player Jonathan Lampley dotting the "i". Woods dotted the "i" in a special second performance of Script Ohio during halftime. Although not the famous Script Ohio formation, John Glenn and his wife Annie Glenn returned to Ohio Stadium on September 22, 2012, to dot the "i" in the word America during a NASA-themed halftime show paying tribute to Glenn's NASA accomplishments and time as an Ohio senator.

This is a document about Ohio State University Marching Band
  "Dotting the 'i'" is considered the greatest honor the band can bestow to any non-band member and is a very special (and rare) event. Woody Hayes, Bob Hope, Jack Nicklaus, James "Buster" Douglas, OSU Presidents Novice Fawcett, Gordon Gee and their wives, the late composer Richard Heine, Ann Droste, wife of retired director and former OSUMB member Paul Droste, retired OSU ticket director Robert Ries, John Glenn and his wife Annie Glenn, The Limited Brands founder, chairman, and CEO Leslie Wexner (an OSU alumnus), and former football coach Earle Bruce are the select few non-band members who have had the honor of dotting the "i". The fourth- or fifth-year sousaphone player selected to dot the "i" for that specific game must give up their spot in order for an honorary member

This is a document about Jack Nicklaus
  a comprehensive view of Nicklaus's life and career in and out of golf as well as exhibits celebrating the history and legends of the game. Nicklaus had the rare privilege of "dotting the 'i'" of "Script Ohio", the signature formation of the Ohio State University Marching Band, at the Ohio State homecoming game on October 28, 2006, when the Buckeyes played Minnesota; this is considered the greatest honor that can be bestowed on a non-band member. Nicklaus was the fifth non-band member to receive this award. Other recipients include Bob Hope and Woody Hayes. While at Ohio State University, Nicklaus became a member

This is a document about Helmet sticker
  ESPN says the practice of awarding helmet stickers is often wrongly credited to Ernie Biggs, also an athletic trainer at Ohio State under legendary coach Woody Hayes. They instead claim that the practice of awarding stickers began with Jim Young, former assistant coach at Miami in 1965, two years before they were used by the Buckeyes. An even earlier attribution is given to Gene Stauber, freshman coach at Nebraska (1955–1957) by head coach Pete Elliott. Stauber routinely used stickers throughout his tenure as assistant coach at Illinois (1960–1970), as a 1962 photo of All-American linebacker Dick Butkus indicates. The stickers stem

This is a document about Baker Mayfield
  On September 9, 2017, after a win against the Ohio State Buckeyes in Columbus, Mayfield planted the Sooners' flag in the middle of the painted "O" at Ohio Stadium, causing a major public backlash. Mayfield issued an apology shortly afterwards. On November 4, 2017, Mayfield threw for a school-high 598 yards against in-state rival Oklahoma State. Mayfield finished 24-for-36 with five passing touchdowns and one rushing touchdown, and Oklahoma won the game by a score of 62–52. Mayfield completed his career 3–0 as the starting Oklahoma quarterback in the Bedlam Series. In November 2017, Mayfield was under fire again after an interaction

This is a document about 2015 Michigan Wolverines football team
 Sources:  Following its road finale against Penn State, Michigan faced its arch-rivals, the Ohio State Buckeyes, in the 112th meeting of "The Game." Ohio State won the previous meeting by a score of 42–28. Prior to the game, Michigan retired six numbers that were previously a part of the "Michigan Legends" program. The numbers were 11 (worn by the Wistert Brothers—Al Wistert, Alvin Wistert, and Whitey Wistert), 21 (worn by Desmond Howard), 47 (worn by Bennie Oosterbaan), 48 (worn by Gerald Ford), 87 (worn by Ron Kramer), and 98 (worn by Tom Harmon). Howard's Number 21 jersey will officially be retired, as his was the only jersey of the six that was not formally retired at Michigan

This is a document about October 2007 in sports
 American football ; NCAA Division I FBS AP Top 25: ; (1) Ohio State 24, Michigan State 17 ; (4) Oklahoma 17, Iowa State 7 ; (5) LSU 30, (18) Auburn 24 ; Vanderbilt 17, (6) South Carolina 6 ; (7) Oregon 55, Washington 34 ; (14) Florida 45, (8) Kentucky 37 ; (9) West Virginia 38, Mississippi State 13 ; UCLA 30, (10) California 21 ; (13) USC 38, Notre Dame 0 ; (15) Kansas 19, Colorado 14 ; (15) Missouri 41, (22) Texas Tech 10 ; (19) Texas 31, Baylor 10 ; Alabama 41, (20) Tennessee 17 ; Pittsburgh 24, (23) Cincinnati 17 ; (24) Michigan 27, Illinois 17 ; Oklahoma State 41, (25) Kansas State 39 ; Baseball: ; 2007 American League Championship Series Game 6: ; Boston Red Sox 12, Cleveland Indians 2 — J. D.

This is a document about 1969 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 Jim Stillwagon, Ohio State (AP-1; UPI-1) ; Henry Hill, Michigan (AP-2; UPI-2)

This is a document about 1971 Big Ten Conference football season
  a pass with one-and-a-half minutes remaining. After the interception, Ohio State coach Woody Hayes ran across the field, berating each of the officials. The officials assessed an unsportsman-like conduct against Hayes. Another penalty was assessed against an Ohio State player for punching Michigan's backup quarterback, Larry Cipa. When the official moved the first-down markers to assess the penalty, Hayes pulled the markers from ground, threw one onto the field and threw the other to the ground, proceeding to then rip the plastic flag from the pole with his hand. The victory gave Michigan an undefeated record in the regular season

This is a document about 1979 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 Mike Guess, Ohio State (AP-1, UPI-1) ; Mike Jolly, Michigan (AP-1, UPI-1) ; Tim Wilbur, Indiana (AP-1) ; Todd Bell, Ohio State (UPI-1) ; Vince Skillings, Ohio State (UPI-1)

This is a document about 2013 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
  Prior to National Signing Day on February 6, 2013, six high school players that graduated early and one transfer of the 2013 recruiting class enrolled for the spring semester in order to participate in spring practice. These early enrollments included: cornerbacks Eli Apple and Cameron Burrows, quarterback J.T. Barrett, fullback William Houston, defensive ends Tyquan Lewis Tracy Sprinkle, and fullback Devin Hill, who transferred from Purdue University. On February 6, 2013, the Ohio State University athletic department confirmed that it had received the National Letter of Intent from seventeen additional players to play at Ohio State that completed the 2013 recruiting class. Ohio State's recruiting class was highlighted by seventeen players from the "ESPN 300",

This is a document about Penn State Nittany Lions football
  17-10 in front of a crowd of almost 110,000. The game being decided on a fumble by Ohio State quarterback and future Heisman Trophy winner Troy Smith, caused by Penn State defensive end Tamba Hali and recovered by defensive tackle Scott Paxson. After the final whistle, the students rushed the field. The Paternoville name continued after the game. Since the original "Paternoville," two other games have garnered comparable camp-outs. They were the 2005 game against the University of Wisconsin Badgers, which was Senior Day for the 2005 season, and the 2006 contest against University of Michigan Wolverines. However, students camp out for every game,

This is a document about 1995 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 Bobby Hoying, Ohio State (Coaches)

This is a document about 1971 Michigan Wolverines football team
  Ohio State coach Woody Hayes ran across the field, berating each of the officials. The officials assessed an unsportsmanlike conduct against Hayes. When another penalty was assessed against Ohio State linebacker Randy Gradishar for punching Michigan's backup quarterback, Larry Cipa. When the official moved the first-down markers to assess the penalty, Hayes pulled the markers from ground, threw one onto the field and threw the other to the ground, proceeding to then rip the plastic flag from the pole with his hand. The victory gave Michigan an undefeated record in the regular season for the first time since 1948.

This is a document about 1958 Big Ten Conference football season
  Big Ten with a 7–1–1 record, led the conference in scoring defense (8.6 points allowed per game), and was ranked No. 7 in the final AP Poll. Wisconsin's sole loss was to Iowa. Dale Hackbart led the Badgers with 641 passing yards and 1,032 yards of total offense. The 1958 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, under head coach Woody Hayes, compiled a 6–1–2 record and was ranked No. 8 in the final AP Poll. Fullback Bob White was a consensus first-team All-American and led the Big Ten with 859 rushing yards and 72 points scored. End Jim Houston and tackle Jim Marshall were also selected as first-team All-Americans by multiple selectors. Other notable individual performances during the 1958 season include Michigan State end Sam Williams who was selected as a consensus first-team All-American and Illinois end Rich Kreitling who led the Big Ten with 688 receiving yards.

This is a document about History of Ohio State Buckeyes football
  panel reviewed the evidence, the Ohio State Board of Trustees found that Meyer and Ohio State University Athletic Director Gene Smith did not uphold the values of the university. On August 22, the board voted to suspend Meyer for the opening three games of the season for the Buckeyes. He missed the team's games against Oregon State, Rutgers and TCU. Ryan Day, would act as the head coach in his absence. The Buckeyes would go on to finish 12–1 winning the Big Ten and getting a 2019 Rose Bowl invite to play Washington. On December 4, 2018, the University announced that Meyer would retire following the Rose Bowl due to increasing medical issues.

This is a document about 1976 Rose Bowl
  Hayes brought an 11–0 Ohio State team to Pasadena, featuring two-time Heisman Trophy winner Archie Griffin. It was a record fourth consecutive appearance for the 62-year-old Hayes, and his eighth and final appearance in the Rose Bowl. It was also a record fourth Rose Bowl start for Griffin; he was the only player to start in four until joined by Brian Cushing of USC in January 2009. Ohio State capped an undefeated regular season with a 21–14 win over rival Michigan in Ann Arbor for Hayes' last outright Big Ten championship, and also his last victory over former assistant Bo Schembechler. The Wolverines held the Buckeyes scoreless in the second and third quarters. Tied at

This is a document about Beth Burns
  Sources: Ohio State, San Diego State

The person who dotted the "i" at Ohio State today is not mentioned in the provided text. However, the text does mention that Jon Woods, the director of the Script Ohio formation, dotted the "i" during the halftime performance of the 2011 Ohio State–Michigan game.


Question: what are the different types of heat transfer

Answer: parallel flow

This is a document about Heat transfer
 in one direction. A heat exchanger is used for more efficient heat transfer or to dissipate heat. Heat exchangers are widely used in refrigeration, air conditioning, space heating, power generation, and chemical processing. One common example of a heat exchanger is a car's radiator, in which the hot coolant fluid is cooled by the flow of air over the radiator's surface. Common types of heat exchanger flows include parallel flow, counter flow, and cross flow. In parallel flow, both fluids move in the same direction while transferring heat; in counter flow, the fluids move in opposite directions; and in cross

This is a document about Heat exchanger
 types of heat exchangers are used predominantly in air conditioning, humidification, industrial hot water heating, water cooling and condensing plants. Microchannel heat exchangers are multi-pass parallel flow heat exchangers consisting of three main elements: manifolds (inlet and outlet), multi-port tubes with the hydraulic diameters smaller than 1mm, and fins. All the elements usually brazed together using controllable atmosphere brazing process. Microchannel heat exchangers are characterized by high heat transfer ratio, low refrigerant charges, compact size, and lower airside pressure drops compared to finned tube heat exchangers. Microchannel heat exchangers are widely used in automotive industry as the car radiators, and

This is a document about Heat transfer
   Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species (mass transfer in the form of advection), either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system. Heat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchange of kinetic energy of particles (such as molecules)

This is a document about Heat transfer
 Advection ; Advection is the transport mechanism of a fluid from one location to another, and is dependent on motion and momentum of that fluid. ; Conduction or diffusion ; The transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact. Thermal conductivity is the property of a material to conduct heat and evaluated primarily in terms of Fourier's Law for heat conduction. ; Convection ; The transfer of energy between an object and its environment, due to fluid motion. The average temperature is a reference for evaluating properties related to convective heat transfer. ; Radiation ; The transfer of energy by the emission of electromagnetic radiation. The fundamental modes of heat transfer are:

This is a document about Thermal fluids
 Energy transfer by heat, work and mass ; Laws of thermodynamics ; Entropy ; Refrigeration Techniques ; Properties and nature of pure substances Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the transfer of thermal energy from one physical system to another. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as heat conduction, convection, thermal radiation, and phase-change transfer. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. Sections include :

This is a document about Heat transfer
  Heat transfer can be modeled in various ways.

This is a document about Heat transfer
  angles to each other. Common types of heat exchangers include shell and tube, double pipe, extruded finned pipe, spiral fin pipe, u-tube, and stacked plate. Each type has certain advantages and disadvantages over other types. A heat sink is a component that transfers heat generated within a solid material to a fluid medium, such as air or a liquid. Examples of heat sinks are the heat exchangers used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems or the radiator in a car. A heat pipe is another heat-transfer device that combines thermal conductivity and phase transition to efficiently transfer heat between two solid interfaces.

This is a document about Heat transfer
  Heat transfer has broad application to the functioning of numerous devices and systems. Heat-transfer principles may be used to preserve, increase, or decrease temperature in a wide variety of circumstances. Heat transfer methods are used in numerous disciplines, such as automotive engineering, thermal management of electronic devices and systems, climate control, insulation, materials processing, chemical engineering and power station engineering.

This is a document about Applied mechanics
 Thermodynamics ; Heat transfer (one phase convection) ; Heat transfer (two phase convection) ; Heat transfer (conduction) ; Heat transfer (radiation and combined modes) ; Heat transfer (devices and systems) ; Thermodynamics of solids ; Mass transfer (with and without heat transfer) ; Combustion ; Prime movers and propulsion systems

This is a document about Thermal hydraulics
  In single-phase heat transfer, convection is often the dominant mechanism of heat transfer. For a diabatic flow where the flow receives heat, the temperature of the coolant changes as it flows. An example of single-phase heat transfer is a gas-cooled reactor and molten-salt reactor. The most convenient way for characterizing the single-phase heat transfer is based on an empirical approach, where the temperature difference between the wall and bulk flow can be obtained from the heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient depends on several factors: mode of heat transfer (e.g., internal or external flow), type of fluid, geometry of the system, flow regime (e.g., laminar or turbulent flow), boundary condition, etc. Examples of heat transfer correlations are Dittus-Boelter correlation (turbulent forced convection), Churchill & Chu (natural convection).

This is a document about Heat transfer
  also common in the language of laymen and everyday life. The transport equations for thermal energy (Fourier's law), mechanical momentum (Newton's law for fluids), and mass transfer (Fick's laws of diffusion) are similar, and analogies among these three transport processes have been developed to facilitate prediction of conversion from any one to the others. Thermal engineering concerns the generation, use, conversion, storage, and exchange of heat transfer. As such, heat transfer is involved in almost every sector of the economy. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes.

This is a document about Heat
  The discipline of heat transfer, typically considered an aspect of mechanical engineering and chemical engineering, deals with specific applied methods by which thermal energy in a system is generated, or converted, or transferred to another system. Although the definition of heat implicitly means the transfer of energy, the term heat transfer encompasses this traditional usage in many engineering disciplines and laymen language. Heat transfer is generally described as including the mechanisms of heat conduction, heat convection, thermal radiation, but may include mass transfer and heat in processes of phase changes. Convection may be described as the combined effects of conduction and fluid flow. From the thermodynamic point of view, heat flows into a

This is a document about Transport phenomena
  transfer is the system's attempt to achieve thermal equilibrium with its environment, just as mass and momentum transport move the system towards chemical and mechanical equilibrium. Examples of transport processes include heat conduction (energy transfer), fluid flow (momentum transfer), molecular diffusion (mass transfer), radiation and electric charge transfer in semiconductors. Transport phenomena have wide application. For example, in solid state physics, the motion and interaction of electrons, holes and phonons are studied under "transport phenomena". Another example is in biomedical engineering, where some transport phenomena of interest are thermoregulation, perfusion, and microfluidics. In chemical engineering, transport phenomena are studied in reactor design, analysis of molecular or diffusive transport mechanisms, and metallurgy. The transport of mass, energy, and momentum can be affected by the presence of external sources:

This is a document about Lumped-element model
 +Equations for different heat transfer modes and their thermal resistances. Conduction Conduction A useful concept used in heat transfer applications once the condition of steady state heat conduction has been reached, is the representation of thermal transfer by what is known as thermal circuits. A thermal circuit is the representation of the resistance to heat flow in each element of a circuit, as though it were an electrical resistor. The heat transferred is analogous to the electric current and the thermal resistance is analogous to the electrical resistor. The values of the thermal resistance for the different modes of heat transfer are then calculated as the denominators

This is a document about Food engineering
  Heat transfer is important in the processing of almost every commercialized food product and is important to preserve the hygienic, nutritional and sensory qualities of food. Heat transfer methods include induction, convection, and radiation. These methods are used to create variations in the physical properties of food when freezing, baking, or deep frying products, and also when applying ohmic heating or infrared radiation to food. These tools allow food engineers to innovate in the creation and transformation of food products.

This is a document about Infrared and thermal testing
 1) conduction ; 2) convection ; 3) radiation There are three ways of transferring thermal energy: All objects emit electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength dependent on the object's temperature. The wavelength of the radiation is inversely proportional to the temperature. According to thermodynamics, emitted energy will flow from warmer to cooler areas, and the rate of energy transfer will vary according to the efficiency of the heat transfer processes and the insulating effects of the material through which energy is flowing. In principle, a targeted object or feature will have different thermal properties than its surroundings; for instance, a buried metallic pipe conducts heat more readily than the surrounding soil, so if the fluid it is carrying is at a different temperature than the ambient conditions, the pipe will be visible to a thermal imaging sensor without having to perform an excavation to locate the pipe. Various types of construction materials have different insulating abilities. In addition, differing types of pipeline defects have different insulating values and/or vary in the magnitude of energy supplied. Because of the potential heterogeneities in the surrounding pipe (i.e., different types of soils), it can be difficult to distinguish targeted objects from background noise.

This is a document about CFD in buildings
 or by both (depending upon the nature of source available) and there are different forms of equations for different cases. For simplicity and easy understanding, only 1-Dimensional cases have been discussed. 1) Steady State Thermal Analysis ; 2) Transient Thermal Analysis In buildings, heat transfer takes place in its all modes i.e. conduction, convection and radiation. In order to reduce heat losses from buildings, CFD analysis can be done for the optimum configuration of composite walls, roof and floor. The differential form of the general transport equation is as follows: {| style="width:80%;" In buildings the heat transfer analysis can be done for all parts of buildings (walls, roof and floor) in following two ways

This is a document about Convection (heat transfer)
  heated from below. ; Forced convection: when a fluid is forced to flow over the surface by an internal source such as fans, by stirring, and pumps, creating an artificially induced convection current.  Two types of convective heat transfer may be distinguished:  In many real-life applications (e.g. heat losses at solar central receivers or cooling of photovoltaic panels), natural and forced convection occur at the same time (mixed convection). Internal and external flow can also classify convection. Internal flow occurs when a fluid is enclosed by a solid boundary such as when flowing through a pipe. An external flow occurs when a fluid extends indefinitely without encountering a solid surface.

This is a document about Heat exchanger
 Gas – liquid ; Immiscible liquid – liquid ; Solid-liquid or solid – gas Direct contact heat exchangers involve heat transfer between hot and cold streams of two phases in the absence of a separating wall. Thus such heat exchangers can be classified as: Most direct contact heat exchangers fall under the Gas – Liquid category, where heat is transferred between a gas and liquid in the form of drops, films or sprays. Such types of heat exchangers are used predominantly in air conditioning, humidification, industrial hot water heating, water cooling and condensing plants.

 The different types of heat transfer are:

1. Conduction: The direct microscopic exchange of kinetic energy between particles of two substances in direct contact.
2. Convection: The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (liquid or gas) carrying the heat from one place to another.
3. Radiation: The transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.

In the context of heat exchangers, the fluids flow in parallel, counter flow, or cross flow. Microchannel heat exchangers are a type of heat exchanger with micro