Question: who did lebron james play for before the cleveland cavaliers

Answer: Miami Heat

This is a document about LeBron James
 Award in 2009 and 2010. However, after falling short of the championship expectations set by the media, fans, and himself, James departed Cleveland in 2010 as a free agent to sign with the Miami Heat. This move was announced in an ESPN special titled "The Decision", and is one of the most controversial free agent decisions in American sports history. In Miami, James won his first NBA championship in 2012, and followed that with another title a year later. He was named league MVP and NBA Finals MVP in both championship years. In 2014, James opted out of his contract

This is a document about Sports in Cleveland
 further heartbreak and resentment among local fans, the most notable instances being Art Modell's relocation of the Browns to Baltimore after the 1995 season (that franchise became the Ravens, with the current Browns team starting play in 1999), and Akron native LeBron James' decision to leave the Cavaliers in 2010 for the Miami Heat. (James later returned to the Cavaliers in 2014.) The curse is seen as having ended in June 2016, when the Cavaliers won the NBA Championship against the defending champion Golden State Warriors. Shortly before the Cavaliers' victory, the Monsters also defeated the Hershey Bears to become

This is a document about Byron Scott
 On July 2, 2010, Scott was named head coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers, a few days before the team lost star LeBron James to the Miami Heat. During Scott's first season at the helm of the Cavs, he watched his team endure a 26-game losing streak, which was then the longest such streak in NBA history. Scott was reunited with Baron Davis (whom he coached with the Hornets) when a midseason trade brought Davis to Cleveland, and helped the Cavaliers close the season with several victories, including a 102–90 upset victory over LeBron James and the Miami Heat, which ensured

This is a document about Brian Windhorst
 with the Cavaliers in 2014. Brian Windhorst Brian Windhorst (born January 29, 1978) is an American sportswriter for ESPN.com who covers the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed "Windy", he was the Cleveland Cavaliers beat writer for the "Akron Beacon Journal" from 2003 through the summer of 2008, and began to work for Cleveland newspaper "The Plain Dealer" in October 2008. He moved to ESPN in 2010 after LeBron James left the Cleveland Cavaliers for the Miami Heat. Windhorst attended high school in Akron, Ohio at St. Vincent–St. Mary High School, the same school that James would later attend, and graduated

This is a document about 2018–19 Cleveland Cavaliers season
 which James left the Cavaliers in free agency, with the first coming when James joined the Miami Heat in 2010. 2018–19 Cleveland Cavaliers season The 2018–19 Cleveland Cavaliers season is the 49th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Cavaliers entered the season as runners-up in the 2018 NBA Finals, in which they were swept by the Golden State Warriors in four games. LeBron James will not be on the roster for the first time since 2013–14, as he signed with the Los Angeles Lakers in the offseason as a free agent. On October 28, 2018,

This is a document about Brian Windhorst
 Brian Windhorst Brian Windhorst (born January 29, 1978) is an American sportswriter for ESPN.com who covers the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed "Windy", he was the Cleveland Cavaliers beat writer for the "Akron Beacon Journal" from 2003 through the summer of 2008, and began to work for Cleveland newspaper "The Plain Dealer" in October 2008. He moved to ESPN in 2010 after LeBron James left the Cleveland Cavaliers for the Miami Heat. Windhorst attended high school in Akron, Ohio at St. Vincent–St. Mary High School, the same school that James would later attend, and graduated from Kent State University with

This is a document about James Jones (basketball player)
 11 points per game. He was named Third-team All-Big East his junior year and Second-team Verizon Academic All-American his senior year. He was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame in 2014. Jones was drafted by the Indiana Pacers in the second round of the 2003 NBA draft. He went on to play for the Pacers, Phoenix Suns, Portland Trail Blazers, Miami Heat and Cleveland Cavaliers. He won three NBA championships, two with the Heat and one with the Cavaliers. He and teammate LeBron James reached the NBA Finals for seven consecutive years from 2011 to 2017.

This is a document about 2010–11 Cleveland Cavaliers season
 2010–11 Cleveland Cavaliers season The 2010–11 Cleveland Cavaliers season was the 41st season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They finished the regular season with 19 wins and 63 losses, the team's worst record since 2002–03. The offseason included LeBron James becoming a free agent and signing with the Miami Heat alongside Zydrunas Ilgauskas. The Cavaliers also missed the playoffs for the first time since 2005, as well as posting a then-record 26 game losing streak spanning from December 20, 2010 to February 11, 2011, beginning the losing streak with a 90–101 loss to the Utah Jazz,

This is a document about Baron Davis
 Los Angeles and whose house was on 85th Street. In his debut with the Cavs, Baron scored 18 points, grabbed 4 rebounds, had 5 assists, and made four three-point shots, in a win over the New York Knicks. Despite joining a Cavaliers team who at the time of the trade had the worst record in the NBA (which included a record-setting 26-game losing streak), Davis helped the Cavaliers close the season with several victories, including a 102–90 upset victory over LeBron James and the Miami Heat, to ensure that Cleveland did not have the worst record in the league at

This is a document about Mike Miller (basketball player)
 all 82 regular season games and all 7 playoff games. On August 5, 2014, Miller signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers. In Cleveland, he joined former Miami Heat teammates LeBron James and James Jones. After averaging just 1.5 points in 12 minutes per game over the first 24 games of the season, Miller made his first start for the Cavaliers on December 19, 2014 against the Brooklyn Nets as he scored 21 points on 7-of-8 three-pointers in the 95-91 win. The Cavaliers made it to the 2015 NBA Finals, but they lost to the Golden State Warriors in six games. On

This is a document about History of the Cleveland Cavaliers
 lost by 29, 124–95, in Game 3, the greatest defeat in the history of the Boston Celtics in the playoffs, while the Cavaliers lost by 32, 120–88, in Game 5. With the Cavaliers out of the playoffs, the focus turned to James' impending free agency. On July 8, 2010, James announced in a nationally televised one-hour special titled "The Decision" on ESPN that he would be signing with the Miami Heat. The repercussions of this announcement left many in the city of Cleveland infuriated and feeling betrayed. A number of LeBron James jerseys were burned, and the famous Nike "Witness"

This is a document about Cleveland Cavaliers
 consecutive losing seasons with no playoff action. Cleveland was awarded with the top overall pick in the 2003 draft, and they selected LeBron James. Behind James and Zydrunas Ilgauskas, the Cavaliers again became a regular playoff contender by 2005. They made their first appearance in the NBA Finals in 2007 after winning the first Eastern Conference championship in franchise history. After failing to return to the NBA Finals in the ensuing three seasons, James joined the Miami Heat in 2010. As a result, the Cavaliers finished the 2010–11 season last in the conference, enduring a 26-game losing streak that, as

This is a document about 2008–09 Cleveland Cavaliers season
 NBA Finals in five games. Prior to their elimination by the Magic, many had expected the Cavs to appear in the Finals, which would’ve also been LeBron James and Kobe Bryant’s first head-to-head meeting in the Finals. On June 26, 2008, the Cavaliers acquired the draft rights to forward Darnell Jackson from the Miami Heat in exchange for the lower of the Cavaliers two second round picks in the 2009 NBA Draft. In addition, Cleveland purchased the rights to center Sasha Kaun from the Seattle SuperSonics. On August 4, 2008, the Cavaliers signed Tarence Kinsey to a one-year contract. On

This is a document about Leon Rose
 Rose represented LeBron James from 2005 until 2012, when James left to join a new agency led by Rich Paul, who worked under Rose at CAA. Rose and fellow CAA agent Henry Thomas, who at the time represented the Heat's Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh, worked together to bring the three players together on the Miami Heat in 2010. Rose negotiated a four-year deal for James with Miami. He had previously negotiated a 2006 extension for James with the Cleveland Cavaliers. Rose's previous and current clients include: Leon Rose Leon Rose (born around 1961) is an attorney and sports agent,

This is a document about Criticism of ESPN
 is perceived by many as its excessive coverage of the career of Tim Tebow. During his tenure with the New York Jets, in which he did not start in a game, and threw just eight passes the entire season, Tebow was nonetheless often a leading topic. As Miami Heat forward LeBron James began a series of playoff appearances with the Cleveland Cavaliers, host Skip Bayless became well known for his belief that James had been overrated by the media and not received enough criticism for his team's playoff failures. Bayless has himself been criticized by fans as well as members

This is a document about Dreaming Out Loud
 television series "Smallville". "Say (All I Need)" was featured on "Ghost Whisperer" and "The Vampire Diaries". "Come Home" was featured on "Cold Case" and "The Vampire Diaries" while "Won't Stop" was featured on "The Hills". "All We Are" was used in HBO's 2009 promo. The song "Tyrant" was used in 2010 film "The Last Song" as the movie's opening song and it was included as the leading track in the official movie soundtrack. The song was also used for the LeBron James' return to Cleveland in the TNT intro before the Miami Heat first played the Cleveland Cavaliers in December

This is a document about Cavaliers–Warriors rivalry
 The Warriors dominated the early series, going 37–22 () from 1970 to 1991. The Cavaliers would win 10 straight games from 1992 to 1996 to reduce Golden State's lead to 37–32 (). The two teams played each other close during LeBron James' first stint with the Cavaliers in the 2000s. From 2010 to 2014, James left the Cavaliers to play for the Miami Heat while the Warriors were a lottery team. The Warriors led the head-to-head series 53–50 () through the end of the 2013–14 season. James returned to the Cavaliers during the 2014 off-season. The Cavaliers then acquired All-Star

This is a document about 2010 NBA Playoffs
 Paul Pierce called the loss "embarrassing". Rondo's triple-double (29 points, a career playoff high 18 rebounds and 13 assists) pushed the Celtics to a Game 4 victory. The Celtics reciprocated their Game 3 humiliation with a 32-point victory in Cleveland during Game 5. LeBron James was held to 3 of 14 shooting. The Celtics clinched the series in Game 6, holding James to 8 of 21 shooting. The Cavaliers early exit led to James's departure for the Miami Heat during the offseason. Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert then accused James of quitting on the team during the series and also alleged

This is a document about Dan Gilbert
 LeBron James announced that he was leaving the Cavaliers for the Miami Heat on a highly criticized ESPN television special dubbed "The Decision". Following the special, Gilbert published an open letter in Comic Sans font (dubbed nationally as "The Letter" as a counterpoint to "The Decision") to Cleveland Cavaliers fans in which he strongly criticized how James made his announcement. On July 12, 2010, NBA Commissioner David Stern fined Gilbert $100,000 for his remarks in the letter. Gilbert has since regretted the open letter, which he wrote in 45 minutes when emotions were running high, and it was taken down

This is a document about 2014–15 Miami Heat season
 2014–15 Miami Heat season The 2014–15 Miami Heat season is the 27th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA). For the first time since 2010, LeBron James was not on the roster as he returned to the Cleveland Cavaliers. The Heat entered the 2014–15 season as the defending Eastern Conference champions without LeBron James, and were coming off of an NBA Finals loss in five games to the San Antonio Spurs. Although they remained in playoff contention until early April, the Heat were eliminated from playoff contention after their game 80 loss to the Toronto Raptors. The

Before playing for the Cleveland Cavaliers, LeBron James played for the Miami Heat.


Question: who was the founder of kentucky fried chicken

Answer: Colonel Harland David Sanders

This is a document about Colonel Sanders
 The Toronto-based foundation disbursed $500,000 to other Canadian charities in 2016, according to its tax return filed with the Canada Revenue Agency. Notes and citations Sources Colonel Sanders Colonel Harland David Sanders (September 9, 1890December 16, 1980) was an American businessman, best known for founding fast food chicken restaurant chain Kentucky Fried Chicken (now known as KFC) and later acting as the company's brand ambassador and symbol. His name and image are still symbols of the company. The title 'colonel' was honorary – a Kentucky Colonel – not the military rank. Sanders held a number of jobs in his early

This is a document about Colonel (title)
 a rank as aides-de-camp on the governor's staff and is codified in the Official Code of Georgia Annotated 38-2-111, while the Alabama honor specifically makes one a colonel in the state militia. "The Colonel" is also often a shorthand reference to restaurateur Colonel Harland David Sanders, the founder of the Kentucky Fried Chicken ("KFC") chain of franchised restaurants, whom Ruby Laffoon, Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, commissioned a Kentucky colonel in 1935. Another famous "colonel" was Colonel Thomas Parker, the manager of Elvis Presley, who received his title from Jimmie Davis as a reward for Parker's help in Davis's

This is a document about Colonel Sanders
 Colonel Sanders Colonel Harland David Sanders (September 9, 1890December 16, 1980) was an American businessman, best known for founding fast food chicken restaurant chain Kentucky Fried Chicken (now known as KFC) and later acting as the company's brand ambassador and symbol. His name and image are still symbols of the company. The title 'colonel' was honorary – a Kentucky Colonel – not the military rank. Sanders held a number of jobs in his early life, such as steam engine stoker, insurance salesman and filling station operator. He began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in North Corbin, Kentucky, during

This is a document about Colonel Sanders
  Colonel Harland David Sanders (September 9, 1890 – December 16, 1980) was an American businessman, best known for founding fast food chicken restaurant chain Kentucky Fried Chicken (also known as KFC) and later acting as the company's brand ambassador and symbol. His name and image are still symbols of the company. The title "colonel" is an honorific title, the highest awarded by the Commonwealth of Kentucky, the Kentucky Colonel, and is not a military rank. The Governor of Kentucky bestows the honor of a colonel's commission, by issuance of letters patent. Sanders held a number of jobs in his early life, such as steam engine stoker, insurance salesman, and filling station operator. He began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in North Corbin, Kentucky, during the Great Depression. During that time, Sanders developed his "secret recipe" and his

This is a document about Kentucky Colonel
  While there are many prominent public figures who are honored with becoming Kentucky colonels, no other figure defined themself as well as Harland David Sanders (1890 – 1980) who used his legitimate title of "Colonel" and his own personal determination to make himself and Kentucky world-famous for fried chicken. From a gas station in Corbin, Kentucky, Colonel Sanders (as he became known) started one of America's most successful fast food franchise endeavors, Kentucky Fried Chicken, known today as KFC. He invented a cooking method to produce fried chicken faster and moister with a high-pressure fryer. He himself (as the company 'mascot') became so well known, both nationally and internationally, that he was often referred to simply as "The Colonel", which is also the title of a book that was written about his life.

This is a document about History of KFC
  KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) was founded by Colonel Harland Sanders, an entrepreneur who began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in Corbin, Kentucky, during the Great Depression. Sanders identified the potential of restaurant franchising, and the first "Kentucky Fried Chicken" franchise opened in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1952. KFC popularized chicken in the fast-food industry, diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger. Branding himself "Colonel Sanders", the founder became a prominent figure of American cultural history, and his image remains widely used in KFC advertising. The company's rapid expansion made it too large for Sanders

This is a document about John Y. Brown Jr.
  John Young Brown Jr. (born December 28, 1933) is an American politician, entrepreneur, and businessman from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. He served as the 55th governor of Kentucky from 1979 to 1983, although he may be best known for building Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) into a multimillion-dollar restaurant chain. The son of United States Congressman John Y. Brown Sr., Brown's talent for business became evident in college, where he made a substantial amount of money selling Encyclopædia Britannica sets. After briefly practicing law with his father, he purchased Kentucky Fried Chicken from founder Harland Sanders in 1964. Brown turned the company into a

This is a document about Old Taylor
  Old Taylor Bourbon was named in honor of Edmund Haynes Taylor, Jr., who was born in Columbus, Kentucky, in 1832. Taylor was a grand nephew of U.S. President Zachary Taylor. Like various other figures in the Kentucky whiskey industry, Taylor is often referred to in public relations materials as a "Colonel", since he held the honorary title of Kentucky Colonel. The honorary title resembles that of the military rank but is not actually associated with military service and has primarily been used for public relations purposes (e.g., by "Colonel" Harland Sanders, the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken). Taylor started and owned seven different distilleries

This is a document about Dave Thomas (businessman)
  In the mid-1950s, Kentucky Fried Chicken founder Col. Harland Sanders came to Fort Wayne to find restaurateurs with established businesses in order to try to sell KFC franchises to them. At first, Thomas, who was the head cook at a restaurant, and the Clauss family declined Sanders' offer, but Sanders persisted, and the Clauss family franchised their restaurant with KFC and later also owned many other KFC franchises in the Midwest. During this time, Thomas worked with Sanders on many projects to make KFC more profitable and to give it brand recognition. Among other things Thomas suggested to Sanders, that were implemented, was that KFC reduce the number of items on the menu and focus on a signature dish. Thomas also suggested Sanders make commercials in which he would appear. Thomas was sent by the Clauss family in the mid-1960s to help turn around four failing KFC stores they owned in Columbus, Ohio. By 1968 Thomas had increased sales in the four fried chicken restaurants so much that he sold his share in them back to Sanders for more than $1.5 million. This experience would prove invaluable to Thomas when he began Wendy's about a year later.

This is a document about Jack C. Massey
  Jack Carroll Massey (June 15, 1904 – February 15, 1990) was an American venture capitalist and entrepreneur who owned Kentucky Fried Chicken, co-founded the Hospital Corporation of America, and owned one of the largest franchisees of Wendy's. He was the first American businessman to take three different companies public.

This is a document about John Y. Brown Jr.
  In 1960, Brown married Eleanor Bennett Durall and had three children including John Young Brown III, Eleanor Faris, and Sandra Bennett. He got his wife involved in managing a barbecue restaurant; upon seeing its success, he became convinced of the financial potential of the fast food industry. During a 1963 political breakfast, Brown met Colonel Harland Sanders, the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), and the two discussed selling Sanders' chicken in Brown's chain of barbecue restaurants. By 1964, Brown persuaded Jack C. Massey to purchase KFC from Sanders for $2 million. The investment group changed the restaurant's format from the diner-style restaurant envisioned by Sanders

This is a document about Medicinal Fried Chicken
  The fried chicken fast food restaurant KFC is featured prominently in "Medicinal Fried Chicken". The concept of a former KFC restaurant becoming a medicinal marijuana store mirrors that of a real life marijuana dispensary in the Palms community of Los Angeles, California. The store, called Kind for Cures, is abbreviated K.F.C. on its exterior signs and resembles the KFC fast food eateries in appearance, which has drawn national media attention to the marijuana dispensary. Colonel Harland Sanders, the founder of KFC who died in 1980 but is still used heavily in the chain's advertisements, is portrayed as a living character in "Medicinal Fried Chicken", with his trafficking in illegal fast food likening him to

This is a document about Harland Sanders Café and Museum
  The Harland Sanders Café is a historic restaurant located in Corbin, Kentucky. Colonel Harland Sanders, the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken, operated the restaurant from 1940 to 1956. Sanders also developed the famous KFC secret recipe at the café during the 1940s. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 7, 1990.

This is a document about Arthur Treacher's
  The franchise company was started in Columbus, Ohio in 1969 as National Fast Food Corp. Its principals at the time included S. Robert Davis, his friend and future Wendy's founder Dave Thomas, and L. S. Hartzog. Davis was a real estate developer who built and leased several Colonel Sanders Kentucky Fried Chicken properties. Thomas sold his Colonel Sanders franchises back to that company for $3 million. Hartzog ran a chain of bakeries selling biscuits to Colonel Sanders franchisees nationally.

This is a document about History of KFC
  KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry, diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger. In 1960 the company had around 200 franchised restaurants; by 1963 this had grown to over 600, making it the largest fast food operation in the United States. In 1963, Sanders met John Y. Brown, Jr, a young Kentucky encyclopaedia salesman, who explained that he was keen to join the company. Sanders instead proposed the sale of the company, as he lacked an obvious or willing heir among his relatives. Lacking sufficient funds himself, Brown convinced the financier Jack C. Massey to provide 60 percent of the acquisition capital, and

This is a document about KFC in China
  KFC (肯德基; pinyin: Kěndéjī) is a fast food restaurant chain founded by Colonel Harland Sanders in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1952. KFC specializes in selling fried chicken and is known to have diversified the fast-food market by challenging the dominance of the hamburger. In 1930, at the age of 40 Colonel Sanders bought a roadside motel in Corbin, Kentucky to sell his southern style chicken. By 1939, he perfected his blend of 11 herbs and spices that is still used in the recipes today. In 1950, the colonel became an icon by wearing his white suit every time he was in public. 1952 marks the opening of the first Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise in Salt Lake City, Utah. In 1957, the famous original KFC bucket became recognized world wide. Due to the

This is a document about World Chicken Festival
  The World Chicken Festival is an annual event held in downtown London, Kentucky, in Laurel County, on the last weekend in September. The festival celebrates the life of Colonel Sanders, founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken. Laurel County is the home to the original KFC restaurant in Corbin, Kentucky, founded in the 1940s.

This is a document about Colonel Sanders
  method of cooking chicken in a pressure fryer. Sanders recognized the potential of the restaurant franchising concept, and the first KFC franchise opened in South Salt Lake, Utah, in 1952. When his original restaurant closed, he devoted himself full-time to franchising his fried chicken throughout the country. The company's rapid expansion across the United States and overseas became overwhelming for Sanders. In 1964, then 73 years old, he sold the company to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. Massey for $2 million ($ million today). However, he retained control of operations in Canada, and he became a salaried brand ambassador for Kentucky Fried Chicken. In his later years, he became highly critical of the food served by KFC restaurants, as he believed they had cut costs and allowed quality to deteriorate.

This is a document about KFC
  his friend Pete Harman of South Salt Lake, Utah, the operator of one of the city's largest restaurants. The Sanders Court & Café generally served travelers, so when the route planned in 1955 for Interstate 75 bypassed Corbin, Sanders sold his properties and traveled the US to franchise his recipe to restaurant owners. Independent restaurants would pay four (later five) cents on each chicken as a franchise fee in exchange for Sanders' recipe and the right to feature it on their menus and use his name and likeness for promotional purposes. Don Anderson, a sign painter hired by Harman, coined the name "Kentucky Fried Chicken". For Harman, the addition of KFC was

Colonel Harland Sanders founded Kentucky Fried Chicken. He was an American businessman and restaurant chain founder, best known for founding the fast food restaurant chain Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) and acting as its brand ambassador. Sanders was born in Henryville, Indiana, and later became a salesman, steam engine stoker, insurance salesman, and filling station operator before developing the "KFC" business. He was awarded the honorary title of Kentucky Colonel in 1935. Sanders began selling his fried chicken from his roadside restaurant, the Sanders Court & Cafe, in North


Question: who is credited with coining the term sociobiology

Answer: John Paul Scott

This is a document about Sociobiology
 of successfully reproducing male lions, whereas non-killing behavior may have died out as those lions were less successful in reproducing. The philosopher of biology Daniel Dennett suggested that the political philosopher Thomas Hobbes was the first sociobiologist, arguing that in his 1651 book "Leviathan" Hobbes had explained the origins of morals in human society from an amoral sociobiological perspective. The geneticist of animal behavior John Paul Scott coined the word "sociobiology" at a 1948 conference on genetics and social behaviour which called for a conjoint development of field and laboratory studies in animal behavior research. With John Paul Scott's organizational

This is a document about Sociobiology
  Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to examine and explain social behavior in terms of evolution. It draws from disciplines including psychology, ethology, anthropology, evolution, zoology, archaeology, and population genetics. Within the study of human societies, sociobiology is closely allied to evolutionary anthropology, human behavioral ecology, evolutionary psychology, and sociology. Sociobiology investigates social behaviors such as mating patterns, territorial fights, pack hunting, and the hive society of social insects. It argues that just as selection pressure led to animals evolving useful ways of interacting with the natural environment, so also it led to the genetic evolution of advantageous social behavior. While the term "sociobiology" originated at least as early as the 1940s, the concept did not gain major recognition until the publication of E. O. Wilson's book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis in 1975. The new field quickly became the subject of controversy. Critics, led by Richard Lewontin and Stephen Jay Gould, argued that genes played a role in human behavior, but that traits such as aggressiveness could be explained by social environment rather than by biology. Sociobiologists responded by pointing to the complex relationship between nature and nurture.

This is a document about Biological determinism
  sociobiology. In 1892, the German evolutionary biologist August Weismann proposed in his germ plasm theory that heritable information is transmitted only via germ cells, which he thought contained determinants (genes). The English polymath Francis Galton, supposing that undesirable traits such as club foot and criminality were inherited, advocated eugenics, aiming to prevent supposedly defective people from breeding. American physician Samuel George Morton and the French physician Paul Broca attempted to relate the cranial capacity (internal skull volume) to skin colour, intending to show that white people were superior. Other workers such as the American psychologists H. H. Goddard and Robert Yerkes attempted to measure people's

This is a document about Sociobiology Study Group
  The Sociobiology Study Group was an academic organization formed to specifically counter sociobiological explanations of human behavior, particularly those expounded by the Harvard entomologist E. O. Wilson in Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (1975). The group formed in Boston, Massachusetts and consisted of both professors and students. Members of the Sociobiology Study Group included Richard C. Lewontin (geneticist, Harvard University), Stephen Jay Gould (paleontologist, Harvard University), Jon Beckwith (Harvard Medical School), Stephan Chorover (psychologist, MIT), David Culver (biologist, Northwestern University), Ruth Hubbard (biologist, Harvard University), Anthony Leeds (anthropologist, Boston University), Margaret Duncan (research assistant, Harvard Medical School), Hiroshi Inouye (resident fellow, Harvard

This is a document about Sociocultural evolution
  Sociobiology departs perhaps the furthest from classical social evolutionism. It was introduced by Edward Wilson in his 1975 book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis and followed his adaptation of evolutionary theory to the field of social sciences. Wilson pioneered the attempt to explain the evolutionary mechanics behind social behaviours such as altruism, aggression, and nurturance. In doing so, Wilson sparked one of the greatest scientific controversies of the 20th century by introducing and rejuvenating neo-Darwinian modes of thinking in many social sciences and the humanities, leading to reactions ranging from fundamental opposition, not only from social scientists and humanists but also from Darwinists who see it as

This is a document about Sociobiology
   The philosopher of biology Daniel Dennett suggested that the political philosopher Thomas Hobbes was the first sociobiologist, arguing that in his 1651 book Leviathan Hobbes had explained the origins of morals in human society from an amoral sociobiological perspective. The geneticist of animal behavior John Paul Scott coined the word sociobiology at a 1948 conference on genetics and social behaviour which called for a conjoint development of field and laboratory studies in animal behavior research. With John Paul Scott's organizational efforts, a "Section of Animal Behavior and Sociobiology" of the Ecological Society of America was created in 1956, which became a Division of

This is a document about Richard Lewontin
  In 1975, when E. O. Wilson's book Sociobiology proposed evolutionary explanations for human social behaviors, biologists including Lewontin, his Harvard colleagues Stephen Jay Gould and Ruth Hubbard responded negatively. Lewontin and Gould introduced the term spandrel to evolutionary biology, inspired by the architectural term "spandrel", in an influential 1979 paper, "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme." "Spandrels" were described as features of an organism that exist as a necessary consequence of other (perhaps adaptive) features, but do not directly improve fitness (and thus are not necessarily adaptive). The relative frequency of spandrels versus adaptations continues to stir controversy in evolutionary biology. Lewontin was an early proponent of a hierarchy of levels of

This is a document about Biological determinism
  and to show that the resulting scores were heritable, again to demonstrate the supposed superiority of people with white skin. Galton popularized the phrase nature and nurture, later often used to characterize the heated debate over whether genes or the environment determined human behavior. Scientists such as ecologists and behavioural geneticists now see it as obvious that both factors are essential, and that they are intertwined, especially through the mechanisms of epigenetics. The American biologist E. O. Wilson founded the discipline of sociobiology, founded on observations of animals such as social insects, controversially suggesting that its explanations of social behaviour might apply to humans.

This is a document about Biological determinism
   Sociobiology emerged with E. O. Wilson’s 1975 book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. The existence of a putative altruism gene has been debated; the evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton proposed "genes underlying altruism" in 1964, while the biologist Graham J. Thompson and colleagues identified the genes OXTR, CD38, COMT, DRD4, DRD5, IGF2, GABRB2 as candidates “affecting altruism”. The geneticist Steve Jones argues that altruistic behaviour like "loving our neighbour" is built into the human genome, with the proviso that neighbour means member of "our tribe", someone who shares many genes with the altruist, and that the behaviour can thus be explained by kin selection. Evolutionary biologists such as Jones have argued that genes that did not lead to selfish behaviour would die out compared to genes that did, because the selfish genes would favour themselves. However, the mathematician George Constable and colleagues have argued that altruism can be an evolutionarily stable strategy, making organisms better able to survive random catastrophes.

This is a document about Evolutionary psychology
  and parental investment helped to establish evolutionary thinking in psychology and the other social sciences. In 1975, Edward O. Wilson combined evolutionary theory with studies of animal and social behavior, building on the works of Lorenz and Tinbergen, in his book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. In the 1970s, two major branches developed from ethology. Firstly, the study of animal social behavior (including humans) generated sociobiology, defined by its pre-eminent proponent Edward O. Wilson in 1975 as "the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior" and in 1978 as "the extension of population biology and evolutionary theory to social organization." Secondly, there was behavioral ecology which placed less emphasis on

This is a document about List of biologists
  expounded the theory of natural selection, the starting point of modern evolutionary biology ; Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), English physician and naturalist, founding member of the Lunar Society, grandfather of Charles Darwin ; Jean Dausset (1916–2009), French immunologist who worked on the major histocompatibility complex ; Charles Davenport (1866–1944), American biologist and eugenicist, founded the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory ; Armand David (Père David) (1826–1900), French zoologist and botanist, commissioned by the Jardin des Plantes to undertake scientific journeys through China ; Bernard Davis (1916–1994), American biologist who worked on microbial physiology and metabolism ; Richard Dawkins (born 1941), British evolutionary biologist and writer of popular science, author of The Selfish Gene, The Blind Watchmaker, The God Delusion and other influential books ; Margaret Oakley Dayhoff (1925–1983), American biochemist, pioneer in bioinformatics.

This is a document about History of evolutionary psychology
  In 1975, E. O. Wilson built upon the works of Lorenz and Tinbergen by combining studies of animal behavior, social behavior and evolutionary theory in his book Sociobiology:The New Synthesis. Wilson included a chapter on human behavior. Wilson's application of evolutionary analysis to human behavior caused bitter debate. With the publication of Sociobiology, evolutionary thinking for the first time had an identifiable presence in the field of psychology. E. O. Wilson argues that the field of evolutionary psychology is essentially the same as "human sociobiology". Edward H. Hagen writes in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology that sociobiology is, despite the public controversy regarding the applications to humans, "one of the scientific triumphs of the twentieth century." "Sociobiology is now part of the core research and curriculum of virtually all biology departments, and it is a foundation of the work of almost all field biologists" Sociobiological research on nonhuman organisms has increased dramatically and appears continuously in the world's top scientific journals such as Nature and Science.The more general term behavioral ecology is commonly used as substitute for the term sociobiology in order to avoid the public controversy.

This is a document about Modern synthesis (20th century)
   In 1975, E. O. Wilson published his controversial book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, the subtitle alluding to the modern synthesis as he attempted to bring the study of animal society into the evolutionary fold. This appeared radically new, although Wilson was following Darwin, Fisher, Dawkins and others. Critics such as Gerhard Lenski noted that he was following Huxley, Simpson and Dobzhansky's approach, which Lenski considered needlessly reductive as far as human society was concerned. By 2000, the proposed discipline of sociobiology had morphed into the relatively well-accepted discipline of evolutionary psychology.

This is a document about Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
  Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (1975; 25th anniversary edition 2000) is a book by the biologist E. O. Wilson. It helped start the sociobiology debate, one of the great scientific controversies in biology of the 20th century and part of the wider debate about evolutionary psychology and the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology. Wilson popularized the term "sociobiology" as an attempt to explain the evolutionary mechanics behind social behaviour such as altruism, aggression, and the nurturing of the young. It formed a position within the long-running nature versus nurture debate. The fundamental principle guiding sociobiology is that an organism's evolutionary success is measured by the extent to which its genes are represented in the next generation. The book was generally well reviewed in biological journals. It received a much more mixed reaction among sociologists, mainly triggered by the

This is a document about Social Darwinism
  The term Darwinism was coined by Thomas Henry Huxley in his March 1861 review of On the Origin of Species, and by the 1870s it was used to describe a range of concepts of evolution or development, without any specific commitment to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. The phrase "social Darwinism" first appeared in Joseph Fisher's 1877 article on The History of Landholding in Ireland, which was published in the Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Fisher was commenting on how a system for borrowing livestock called "tenure" had led to the false impression that the early Irish had already evolved or developed land tenure; Despite the fact that Social Darwinism bears Charles Darwin's name, it is also linked today with others, notably Herbert Spencer, Thomas Malthus,

This is a document about Sociobiology
  behavior specifically. Edward H. Hagen writes in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology that sociobiology is, despite the public controversy regarding the applications to humans, "one of the scientific triumphs of the twentieth century." "Sociobiology is now part of the core research and curriculum of virtually all biology departments, and it is a foundation of the work of almost all field biologists" Sociobiological research on nonhuman organisms has increased dramatically and continuously in the world's top scientific journals such as Nature and Science. The more general term behavioral ecology is commonly substituted for the term sociobiology in order to avoid the public controversy.

This is a document about Outline of zoology
 Louis Agassiz (malacology, ichthyology) ; Aristotle ; Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre ; Archie Carr (herpetology, esp. cheloniology) ; Eugenie Clark (ichthyology) ; Jeff Corwin (most animals) ; Georges Cuvier (founder of comparative morphology) ; Charles Darwin (formulated modern theory of evolution) ; Richard Dawkins (ethology) ; Dian Fossey (primatology) ; Birutė Galdikas (primatology) ; Jane Goodall (primatology) ; Victor Hensen (planktology) ; Libbie Hyman (invertebrate zoology) ; Steve Irwin (herpetology) ; William Kirby (father of entomology) ; Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke (ornithology, herpetology) ; Carl Linnaeus (father of systematics) ; Konrad Lorenz (ethology) ; David W. Macdonald (wild mammals) ; Ernst Mayr (evolutionary biologist) ; Desmond Morris (ethology) ; Richard Owen (proposed archetypes for major groups of organisms) ; Roger Tory Peterson (ornithology) ; William Emerson Ritter (marine biology) ; Thomas Say (entomology) ; Jakob von Uexküll (animal behavior, invertebrate zoology) ; E. O. Wilson (entomology, founder of sociobiology) ; more... In alphabetical order by surname:

This is a document about Sociobiology
  pioneered and popularized the attempt to explain the evolutionary mechanics behind social behaviors such as altruism, aggression, and nurturance, primarily in ants (Wilson's own research specialty) and other Hymenoptera, but also in other animals. However, the influence of evolution on behavior has been of interest to biologists and philosophers since soon after the discovery of evolution itself. Peter Kropotkin's Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, written in the early 1890s, is a popular example. The final chapter of the book is devoted to sociobiological explanations of human behavior, and Wilson later wrote a Pulitzer Prize winning book, On Human Nature, that addressed

This is a document about Human ecology
  species with the necessaries of life" The work of Linnaeus influenced Charles Darwin and other scientists of his time who used Linnaeus' terminology (i.e., the economy and polis of nature) with direct implications on matters of human affairs, ecology, and economics. Ecology is not just biological, but a human science as well. An early and influential social scientist in the history of human ecology was Herbert Spencer. Spencer was influenced by and reciprocated his influence onto the works of Charles Darwin. Herbert Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest", he was an early founder of sociology where he developed the idea of society as an organism,

This is a document about E. O. Wilson
  only scientist in modern times to be physically attacked for an idea." Objections from evangelical Christians included those of Paul E. Rothrock in 1987: "... sociobiology has the potential of becoming a religion of scientific materialism." Philosopher Mary Midgley encountered Sociobiology in the process of writing Beast and Man (1979) and significantly rewrote the book to offer a critique of Wilson's views. Midgley praised the book for the study of animal behavior, clarity, scholarship, and encyclopedic scope, but extensively critiqued Wilson for conceptual confusion, scientism, and anthropomorphism of genetics. The book and its reception were mentioned in Jonathan Haidt's book The Righteous Mind. as well as Matt Ridley's The Agile Gene.

John Paul Scott coined the term "sociobiology" at a 1948 conference on animal behavior. However, the field gained significant attention and controversy with the publication of E.O. Wilson's book "Sociobiology: The New Synthesis" in 1975.


Question: like many northern italian medieval towns s. gimignano is distinctive for its

Answer: its white wine

This is a document about San Gimignano
 San Gimignano San Gimignano () is a small walled medieval hill town in the province of Siena, Tuscany, north-central Italy. Known as "the Town of Fine Towers", San Gimignano is famous for its medieval architecture, unique in the preservation of about a dozen of its tower houses, which, with its hilltop setting and encircling walls, form "an unforgettable skyline". Within the walls, the well-preserved buildings include notable examples of both Romanesque and Gothic architecture, with outstanding examples of secular buildings as well as churches. The Palazzo Comunale, the Collegiate Church and Church of Sant' Agostino contain frescos, including cycles dating

This is a document about San Gimignano
 Gimignano for a month. M. C. Escher's 1923 woodcut "San Gimignano" depicts the celebrated towers. A 15th-century version of the town is featured in the 2009 video game "Assassin's Creed II". San Gimignano is twinned with: San Gimignano San Gimignano () is a small walled medieval hill town in the province of Siena, Tuscany, north-central Italy. Known as "the Town of Fine Towers", San Gimignano is famous for its medieval architecture, unique in the preservation of about a dozen of its tower houses, which, with its hilltop setting and encircling walls, form "an unforgettable skyline". Within the walls, the well-preserved

This is a document about San Gimignano
 from the 14th and 15th centuries. The "Historic Centre of San Gimignano" is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The town also is known for saffron, the Golden Ham, and its white wine, Vernaccia di San Gimignano, produced from the ancient variety of Vernaccia grape which is grown on the sandstone hillsides of the area. In the 3rd century BC a small Etruscan village stood on the site of San Gimignano. Chroniclers Lupi, Coppi and Pecori relate that during the Catiline conspiracy against the Roman Republic in the 1st century, two patrician brothers, Muzio and Silvio, fled Rome for Valdelsa and

This is a document about San Gimignano
  San Gimignano is a small walled medieval hill town in the province of Siena, Tuscany, north-central Italy. Known as the Town of Fine Towers, San Gimignano is famous for its medieval architecture, unique in the preservation of about a dozen of its tower houses, which, with its hilltop setting and encircling walls, form "an unforgettable skyline". Within the walls, the well-preserved buildings include notable examples of both Romanesque and Gothic architecture, with outstanding examples of secular buildings as well as churches. The Palazzo Comunale, the Collegiate Church and Church of Sant' Agostino contain frescos, including cycles dating from the 14th and 15th centuries. The "Historic Centre of San Gimignano" is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The town also is known for saffron, the Golden Ham, and its white wine, Vernaccia di San Gimignano, produced from the ancient variety of Vernaccia grape which is grown on the sandstone hillsides of the area.

This is a document about San Gimignano
  The town of San Gimignano has many examples of Romanesque and Gothic architecture. As well as churches and medieval fortifications, there are examples of Romanesque secular and domestic architecture which may be distinguished from each other by their round and pointed arches, respectively. A particular feature which is typical of the region of Siena is that the arches of openings are depressed, with doorways often having a second low arch set beneath a semi-circular or pointed arch. Both Romanesque and Gothic windows sometimes have a bifurcate form, with two openings divided by a stone mullion under a single arch.

This is a document about Skyline
  Towers from different eras make for contrasting skylines. San Gimignano, in Tuscany, Italy, has been described as having an "unforgettable skyline" with its competitively built towers.

This is a document about San Gimignano
  for the next two centuries by conflict between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, and family rivalries within San Gimignano. This resulted in competing families building tower houses of increasingly greater heights. Towards the end of the Medieval period, there were 72 tower houses in number, up to 70 metres (230 feet) tall. The rivalry was finally restrained when the local council ordained that no tower was to be taller than that adjacent to the Palazzo Comunale. While the official patron is Saint Geminianus, the town also honours Saint Fina, known also as Seraphina and Serafina, who was born in San Gimignano 1238 and whose feast day is 12 March. The Chapel of Santa Fina in the Collegiate Church houses her shrine

This is a document about San Gimignano
  frescos by Ghirlandaio. The house said to be her home still stands in the town. On 8 May 1300, San Gimignano hosted Dante Alighieri in his role as ambassador of the Guelph League in Tuscany. The city flourished until 1348, when it was struck by the Black Death that affected all of Europe, and about half the townsfolk died. The town submitted to the rule of Florence. Initially, some Gothic palazzi were built in the Florentine style, and many of the towers were reduced to the height of the houses. There was little subsequent development, and San Gimignano remained preserved in its medieval state until the 19th century, when its status as a touristic and artistic resort began to be recognised.

This is a document about Castel San Gimignano
  Castel San Gimignano is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comuni of Colle di Val d'Elsa and San Gimignano, province of Siena. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 334. Castel San Gimignano is about 50 km from Siena, 24 km da Colle di Val d'Elsa and 22 km from San Gimignano.

This is a document about San Gimignanello
  San Gimignanello is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Rapolano Terme, province of Siena. San Gimignanello is about 34 km from Siena and 8 km from Rapolano Terme.

This is a document about Piazza del Duomo, San Gimignano
  Piazza del Duomo is a city square in San Gimignano, Italy.

This is a document about Real estate in Italy
  The dissolution of the Western Roman Empire brings in Italy the creation of many barbarian kingdoms, as, for example, Kingdom of the Lombards, that evolved over the centuries in feudal lordships. During this period were built the medieval villages with fortified walls and towers. Because of widespread fragmentation in kingdoms and feudal lords, often at war with each other, were built castles and fortresses, often embedded in medieval villages. Today some are protected as Heritage of inestimable value and as UNESCO World Heritage Site, as, for example, The "Historic Centre of San Gimignano", in Tuscany.

This is a document about Torre Grossa
  Torre Grossa is the tallest tower in San Gimignano, with 54m. It is one of the best known of Tuscany's medieval towers. It was built in 1310.

This is a document about Collegiate Church of San Gimignano
  The first church on the site was begun in the 10th century. During the early 12th century the importance of San Gimignano, and its principal church, grew steadily, owing to the town's location on the pilgrimage route to Rome, the Via Francigena. The present church on this site was consecrated on 21 November 1148 and dedicated to St. Geminianus (San Gimignano) in the presence of Pope Eugenius III and 14 prelates. The event is commemorated in a plaque on the facade. The power and authority of the city of San Gimignano continued to grow, until it was able to win autonomy from Volterra. The church owned land and enjoyed numerous privileges that were endorsed by papal bulls and decrees. It was elevated to collegiate status 20 September 1471. During the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries,

This is a document about Tower house
   After their initial appearance in Ireland, Scotland, Basque Country and England during the High Middle Ages, tower houses were also built in other parts of western Europe, especially in parts of France and Italy. In Italian medieval communes, urban palazzi with a very tall tower were increasingly built by the local highly competitive patrician families as power centres during times of internal strife. Most north Italian cities had a number of these by the end of the Middles Ages, but few now remain, notably two towers in Bologna and fourteen secular towers in the small city of San Gimignano in Tuscany now the

This is a document about Positional good
  One early instance of positional economy comes from San Gimignano – a Tuscan medieval town that has been described as the Manhattan of the Middle Ages because of its towers (in the past there were about eighty towers). Towers were not built by aristocratic families to live in them, but to "demonstrate" to community, their power, affluence and status of each family. In this case, the owner of a tower consumed a positive level of positional good, like power, instead the family which did not own a tower or owned a lower building consumed a negative level of positional good, that is, it

This is a document about Romanesque secular and domestic architecture
  Another house, at Karden, has similar features but in form combines a tower house and a hall. The extremes of tall city housing are found in San Gimignano and Bologna where families rivaled each other in the construction of very tall tower houses. In Bologna only the Torre Garisenda, (1100), 130 ft and the Torre Asinelli, (1109), 225 ft, have survived, but the much smaller walled hill-town of San Gimignano contains fourteen tower and the stumps of very many more, having once bristled with them. It has been suggested that the tall houses of this city served the practical purpose of suspending bolts of cloth for drying, in the shade rather than in the sun.

This is a document about San Gimignano
  The municipality of San Gimignano extends for 138 km² and is located on a hill in Val d'Elsa. The altitude difference is between a minimum of 64 meters a.s.l. in the plain of the river Elsa near Certaldo at a maximum of 631 meters in the area of Cornocchio.

This is a document about Collegiate Church of San Gimignano
  The Collegiate Church of Santa Maria Assunta, San Gimignano is a Roman Catholic collegiate church and minor basilica located in San Gimignano, Tuscany, central Italy, situated in the Piazza del Duomo at the town's heart. The church is famous for its fresco cycles which include works by Domenico Ghirlandaio, Benozzo Gozzoli, Taddeo di Bartolo, Lippo Memmi and Bartolo di Fredi. The basilica is located within the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the "Historic Centre of San Gimignano", with its frescos being described by UNESCO as "works of outstanding beauty".

San Gimignano is distinctive for its medieval hill town architecture, with about a dozen towers preserving its unique skyline. It is also known for its UNESCO World Heritage Site status and the production of Vernaccia di San Gimignano white wine.


Question: who sings the song wind beneath my wings

Answer: Sheena Easton

This is a document about Wind Beneath My Wings
 Wind Beneath My Wings "Wind Beneath My Wings" (sometimes titled "The Wind Beneath My Wings" and "Hero") is a song written in 1982 by Jeff Silbar and Larry Henley. The song was originally recorded by Roger Whittaker in 1982, as well as by Sheena Easton and Lee Greenwood. The song appeared very shortly thereafter in charted versions by Colleen Hewett (1982), Lou Rawls (1983), Gladys Knight & the Pips (1983), and Gary Morris (1983). The highest-charting version of the song to date was recorded in 1988 by singer and actress Bette Midler for the soundtrack to the film "Beaches". This

This is a document about Wind Beneath My Wings
 performed the song, with the fictional character Krusty the Clown, on season 4 episode 22 of "The Simpsons" in 1993. 7": US (Atlantic 7-88972) 7": UK (Atlantic A8972) 7": Japan (Atlantic PRS-2048) 3": Japan (Atlantic 09P3-6159) 12": UK (Atlantic A8972T) 3": UK (Atlantic A8972CD) CDM: US (Atlantic PR2615-2) promo CDM: Germany (Atlantic 756785481-2) Note: Released in 1996 Wind Beneath My Wings "Wind Beneath My Wings" (sometimes titled "The Wind Beneath My Wings" and "Hero") is a song written in 1982 by Jeff Silbar and Larry Henley. The song was originally recorded by Roger Whittaker in 1982, as well as by

This is a document about Wind Beneath My Wings
 R&B chart. Rawls once performed a twelve minute live version of the song at a concert in Elgin, Illinois. "Wind Beneath My Wings" was recorded by country artist Gary Morris and reached the Top 10 of the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles chart. It was named Song of the Year by both the Academy of Country Music and the Country Music Association. "Wind Beneath My Wings" was performed by Bette Midler for the soundtrack of the film "Beaches" and became a US number-one single. It was named Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the Grammy Awards of

This is a document about Wind Beneath My Wings
 found to be the most-played song at British funerals. Silbar and Henley recorded a demo of the song, which they gave to musician Bob Montgomery. Montgomery then recorded his own demo version of the song, changing it from the mid-tempo version he was given to a ballad. Silbar and Henley then shopped the song to many artists, eventually resulting in Roger Whittaker becoming the first to release the song commercially. It appeared on his 1982 studio album, also titled "The Wind Beneath My Wings". The song was very shortly thereafter recorded by Australian artist Colleen Hewett and released by Avenue

This is a document about Larry Henley
 Hall of Fame. "Bread and Butter" has been used in Sunbeam Bread advertisements and multiple films, while "Wind Beneath My Wings" was part of the soundtrack for "Beaches" (1988). "Love Is on the Air" written by Henley with Jim Hurt and Johnny Slate, performed by Lou Rawls was used in The Cannonball Run. The song "Wind Beneath My Wings" (written by Henley and Jeff Silbar) was a U.S. #1 hit for Bette Midler and has since totaled around 6 million radio air plays. The song earned Henley and Silbar the Grammy Award for Song of the Year for 1989, and

This is a document about Wind Beneath My Wings
 Records in 1982. Hewitt's recording became the first version of the song to be issued as a single and to appear on a national chart, peaking at #52 on Australia's Kent Music Report chart. The first year "Wind Beneath My Wings" appeared on music industry trade publication charts in the United States was 1983. Singer Lou Rawls was the first to score a major hit with the song, as his version peaked at No. 10 on the "Billboard" Adult Contemporary chart, No. 60 on the "Billboard" Hot Black Singles chart, and No. 65 on the main "Billboard" Hot 100 singles

This is a document about Beaches (soundtrack)
 Beaches (soundtrack) Beaches: Original Soundtrack Recording is the soundtrack to the Academy Award nominated 1988 film starring Bette Midler and Barbara Hershey. Midler performs most of the tracks on the album, released on the Atlantic Records label. The album features one of Midler's best-known songs, the ballad "Wind Beneath My Wings", which was a #1 hit. The track that was chosen to promote both the movie and the album was not "Wind Beneath My Wings", but the song heard in the movie's opening scene and also the opening track on the album: Midler's cover of The Drifters' 1960s classic "Under

This is a document about Paloma San Basilio
 and "Quiéreme Siempre" for Spain. From this last album, the song "Un largo camino" duet with CRAG is highlighted, as well as one of the best versions that has ever been made of “Wind Beneath My Wings” from Bette Midler. On March 3, 1991, she performed a duet concert with the tenor Plácido Domingo in Miami, which was edited in video and LP and reached multimillion-dollar sales and that was, in the words of the performer herself, one of the most wonderful experiences of her life. She sings Zarzuela pieces like "la Revoltosa" in it, Operetta, like “Vals de la

This is a document about 86th Academy Awards
 presented by actress Glenn Close. The montage featured an excerpt of the main title from "Somewhere in Time" by composer John Barry. At the conclusion of the tribute, singer Bette Midler performed her song "Wind Beneath My Wings" from the film "Beaches". Shortly after Midler finished singing, camera assistant Sarah Jones, who died more than a week prior to the ceremony, was briefly mentioned before the commercial break. 86th Academy Awards The 86th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2013 and took place on March 2, 2014,

This is a document about Wind Beneath My Wings
 chart.\ Gladys Knight & The Pips also released a recording of the song in 1983 under the title "Hero". Their version peaked at No. 64 on "Billboard"s Hot Black Singles chart while also reaching No. 23 on "Billboard"s Adult Contemporary chart. Singer Gary Morris released a country version of the song in 1983. Morris's version of the song peaked at No. 4 on "Billboard"s Hot Country Singles chart and later won both the Academy of Country Music and the Country Music Association awards for Song of the Year. Kenny Rogers released his version of the song in 1996 as part

This is a document about Ron Haffkine
 on the first version of Wind Beneath My Wings, a song made famous by Bette Midler. Other songs produced for this album were A Couple More Years, I Been Him, If You're Gonna Love Me, Midnight Sunshine, That's When The Magic Begins, The One I Sign My Love Songs To, Upside Down, When The Night Comes, You Can't Take It With You Haffkine and Silverstein released "Where the Sidewalk Ends" on cassette in 1983, as an LP phonograph record in 1984, and won the 1984 Grammy Award for Best Recording For Children. The copyright is owned by Sony Music Entertainment

This is a document about Saturdays of Thunder
 culture. The title of the episode is itself a play on the film "Days of Thunder", starring American actor Tom Cruise. The song used at the end of the episode is "Wind Beneath My Wings", a song by Bette Midler. While Homer is watching television at the beginning of the episode, Marge and her sisters, Patty and Selma, go through a catalog of different hairstyles; Patty tells her sisters that she wants Mary Tyler Moore's hairstyle, referencing the American actress known for her roles in television sitcoms. When Marge and her sisters head to the beauty parlor, Homer promises Marge

This is a document about Gary Morris
 in late 1981. Two follow-up singles also reached the top 15. Morris' 1983 album, "Why Lady Why" focused more on ballads. One of the album's four singles was "Wind Beneath My Wings," which showcased Morris' soaring tenor. Written by Larry Henley and Jeff Silbar, the song about heroes — which Morris recorded as a ballad — became one of the earliest hit versions of the song; a better-known version by Bette Midler would top the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1989. The "Why Lady Why" album also featured the ballad "The Love She Found in Me," the mid-tempoed "Velvet Chains" and

This is a document about Wind Beneath My Wings
 of the "Vote for Love" album. In 1997 the song was recorded by British actor Steven Houghton, reaching no. 3 on the UK singles chart on 17 November 1997. Lou Rawls was the first to land the song on the chart in the US. The up-tempo version by Rawls was released in March 1983 on Epic 34-03758. It was backed with "Midnight Sunshine". It appeared on his album, "When the Night Comes". It spent six weeks on the "Billboard Hot" 100 chart and on April 16, 1983, it peaked at no. 65. It also got to no. 60 on the

This is a document about From a Distance
 been performed by Gold, Griffith, Simon Nicol (of Fairport Convention) and many others. Much of the song's popularity coincided with the first Persian Gulf War. The song's parent album, "Some People's Lives", peaked at number 6 in the "Billboard" 200. The "Gavin Report" wrote about the song: "Bette Midler's well-deserved Grammy for "Wind Beneath My Wings" reaffirmed her innate ability to extract every single ounce of emotion out of a song. Teaming once again with producer Arif Mardin, she seems right at home with a tune that has much of the same quality as her giant hit of last year.

This is a document about Beaches (soundtrack)
 the Boardwalk". That song alluded to the title of the movie and the place where the movie's main characters, rich girl Hillary Whitney (Barbara Hershey) and child performer Cecilia Carol "CC" Bloom (Midler) first meet. Midler's version of "Under the Boardwalk", released to tie in with the premiere in December 1988, peaked outside the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and passed by mostly unnoticed. "Wind Beneath My Wings", which had been recorded by several other artists before Midler in the early 1980s, among them Sheena Easton, Roger Whittaker, Gary Morris, Gladys Knight & the Pips and Lou Rawls, was released as

This is a document about Colleen Hewett
 version of "Wind Beneath My Wings" was released in February 1983, which did not reach the top 50. During the federal election campaign from February to March that year, Hewett provided lead vocals for the Liberal Party's theme song, "We're not Waiting for the World". On 31 March and 1 April 1973 Colleen Hewett had the role of The Mother (Mrs Walker) in the local version of The Who's rock opera "Tommy". The other Australian artists were Daryl Braithwaite (as Tommy), Bobby Bright, Linda George, Jim Keays, Ian Meldrum (as "Uncle Ernie" in Sydney) Doug Parkinson, Wendy Saddington, Broderick Smith,

This is a document about Paris Bennett
 by Gladys Knight & the Pips. The judges enjoyed the performance. On February 28, Bennett performed Bette Midler's "Wind Beneath My Wings", and was told that it was a good vocal performance, and to avoid performing older songs. On March 7, Bennett performed Gloria Estefan's "Conga". The judges liked the decision to sing an uptempo song, although the vocals were average. Bennett was put through to the Top 12 on March 9. On March 14, the Stevie Wonder theme night, Bennett performed "All I Do". Stevie Wonder, guest coach, said that hearing her reminded him of the excitement of Fantasia

This is a document about Madness, Money & Music
 Madness, Money & Music Madness, Money & Music is the third album by singer Sheena Easton. It was released in 1982 and produced by Christopher Neil. The album includes the singles "I Wouldn't Beg for Water" (US #64) and "Machinery" (US #57, UK #38), as well as the UK single "Are You Man Enough". Significantly however, the album featured an early recording of the song "Wind Beneath My Wings", which would later be covered by Bette Midler in 1988 and many other artists after. The album was one of Easton's lower-charting efforts, only hitting US #85 and UK #44, but

The song "Wind Beneath My Wings" has been recorded and performed by various artists including Bette Midler, Bette Davis, Bee Gees, Colleen Hewett, Lou Rawls, and many others. The first recorded version was by Roger Whittaker in 1982.


Question: who plays tom builder in pillars of the earth

Answer: Rufus Frederik Sewell

This is a document about Rufus Sewell
 Rufus Sewell Rufus Frederik Sewell (; born 29 October 1967) is an English actor. He has appeared in films such as "Hamlet", "The Woodlanders", "Dangerous Beauty", "Dark City", "A Knight's Tale", "The Illusionist", "Tristan and Isolde", and "Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence". On television, he has starred in "Victoria", "Middlemarch", "The Man in the High Castle", "Zen", "The Pillars of the Earth", "", Holiday and "Eleventh Hour". On stage, he originated the role of Septimus Hodge in Tom Stoppard's "Arcadia" and the role of Jan in Stoppard's "Rock 'n' Roll", with the latter earning him an Olivier Award and

This is a document about Tom Harper (actor)
  Tom Harper is a British actor.

This is a document about Tom Taylor (actor)
  Tom Taylor (born 16 July 2001) is an English actor, known for his performance as Jake Chambers in The Dark Tower and Tom Foster in the BBC One hit drama Doctor Foster.

This is a document about Tom York (actor)
  Tom York is an English actor, known for his roles as Samuel "Sam" Carne in Poldark and as Hero in Olympus.

This is a document about The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)
 Ian McShane as Waleran Bigod, Bishop of Kingsbridge, later Cardinal and Bishop of Kingsbridge ; Rufus Sewell as Tom Builder, 1st Head Builder of the Kingsbridge Cathedral ; Matthew Macfadyen as Prior Philip, Prior of Kingsbridge Priory and Cathedral Church and later Philip, Bishop of Kingsbridge ; Eddie Redmayne as Jack Jackson, 3rd Head Builder of the Kingsbridge Cathedral ; Hayley Atwell as Lady Aliena, daughter to Earl Bartholomew, merchant of Kingsbridge ; Sarah Parish as Regan Hamleigh ; Natalia Wörner as Ellen, a former nun, dissident, and Jack Jackson's mother ; Anatole Taubman as Remigius, Sub-Prior of Kingsbridge ; John

This is a document about Tom Burke (actor)
  Tom Burke (born 30 June 1981) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Athos in the 2014–2016 BBC series The Musketeers, Dolokhov in the 2016 BBC literary-adaptation miniseries War & Peace, the eponymous character Cormoran Strike in the 2017 BBC series Strike, and Orson Welles in the 2020 film Mank.

This is a document about Robert Bathurst
  The Pillars of the Earth and had a recurring role as widower Sir Anthony Strallan in the period drama Downton Abbey. In 2011 he starred as John Le Mesurier in the Hattie Jacques biopic Hattie, and joined the cast of the long-running ITV drama Wild at Heart. He also has a recurring role in the comedy series Toast of London. In 2014 he appeared in the Midsomer Murders “The Flying Club” as Perry Darnley. Bathurst is to star as Andy in the upcoming Sky1 television film television film adaptation of the M. C. Beaton novel Agatha Raisin: The Quiche of Death as Andy Cummings-Browne (2014). In September 2016, Bathurst reprised his

This is a document about Ken Follett's The Pillars of the Earth
  used in the world and/or combined with other items to solve puzzles and advance the story. In addition, the game includes minigames, where characters interact in real time with some element in their environment. In The Pillars of the Earth, primary in-game characters, based on those in the novel, include: Aliena, Cantor (voice acted by Ken Follett), Cuthbert, Earl Bartholomew, Jack, Martha, Philip, Richard, "Shovelmonk", Tom, Waleran, and William. There are only a few playable protagonists, namely Tom, and younger and older versions of Philip, Jack, and Aliena. Game characters visit or revisit in-game locations in the fictional earldom of Shiring, such as Kingsbridge, Shiring (town), Earlscastle, and St.-John-in-the-Forest, alongside historical locations such as Gloucester, Lincoln, Salisbury, and Winchester.

This is a document about Christian Coulson
  Christian Peter Coulson (born 3 October 1978) is an English actor best known for playing the 16-year-old Tom Marvolo Riddle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

This is a document about Tom Hughes (actor)
  Tom Hughes (born 18 April 1985) is an English actor, known for his roles as Prince Albert in the ITV drama Victoria and Joe Lambe in the BBC drama The Game. Hughes has also portrayed Michael Rogers in Agatha Christie's Marple, Jonty Millingden in the ITV drama Trinity, Chaz Jankel in Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll, Bruce Pearson in Cemetery Junction, and Nick Slade in the BBC legal drama Silk. In 2019, it was announced that Hughes would play the role of Christopher Marlowe in the second series of A Discovery of Witches.

This is a document about Evening Standard Theatre Awards
 2019 – Andrew Scott for Present Laughter ; 2018 – Ralph Fiennes for Antony and Cleopatra ; 2017 – Andrew Garfield for Angels in America ; 2016 – Ralph Fiennes for The Master Builder and Richard III ; 2015 – James McAvoy for The Ruling Class ; 2014 – Tom Hiddleston for Coriolanus ; 2013 – Adrian Lester and Rory Kinnear for Othello ; 2012 – Simon Russell Beale for Collaborators ; 2011 – Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Lee Miller for Frankenstein ; 2010 – Rory Kinnear for Hamlet and Measure for Measure ; 2009 – Mark Rylance for Jerusalem ; 2008 – Chiwetel Ejiofor for Othello ; 2007 – Patrick Stewart for Macbeth

This is a document about To Kill a King
 Tim Roth – MP / Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell ; Dougray Scott – Lord General Thomas Fairfax ; Olivia Williams – Lady Anne Fairfax ; James Bolam – Denzil Holles ; Corin Redgrave – Baron Vere ; Finbar Lynch – Henry Ireton ; Julian Rhind-Tutt – James ; Adrian Scarborough – Sgt. Joyce ; Jeremy Swift – Earl of Whitby ; Rupert Everett – King Charles I ; Steven Webb – Boy at Naseby ; Jake Nightingale – Col. Thomas Pride ; Thomas L. Arnold – Messenger at Naseby ; Sam Spruell – King's guard ; Julian Rivett – Little ; Richard Bremmer – Abraham ; Melissa Knatchbull – Lady Margaret ; Patricia Kerrigan – Mrs. Elizabeth Cromwell ; John-Paul Macleod – Richard Cromwell ; Benedict Cumberbatch – Royalist

This is a document about Ben Barnes (actor)
  Benjamin Thomas Barnes (born 20 August 1981) is an English actor and singer. He is best known for his roles as Prince Caspian in The Chronicles of Narnia film series, Logan Delos in Westworld, Billy Russo in The Punisher, and General Kirigan in the Netflix series Shadow and Bone. He has also played Tom Ward in the fantasy film Seventh Son, the titular role in Dorian Gray, supporting roles in The Words and The Big Wedding, Samuel Adams in the 2015 miniseries Sons of Liberty, and Benjamin Greene in the 2019 miniseries Gold Digger. In 2021, he began starring as The Darkling/General Kirigan in the Netflix series Shadow and Bone.

This is a document about David Oakes
  dramas in 2015, Oakes guest-starred in both the third season of Endeavour with Shaun Evans and in BBC's limited series The Living and the Dead with Colin Morgan. The role of Prince Ernest, brother of Queen Victoria's husband Prince Albert, went to Oakes in 2016 in the ITV series Victoria. The role reunited Oakes with his Trinity co-star Tom Hughes, and Pillars of the Earth co-star Rufus Sewell. In 2017, Oakes starred in the film adaptation of Albert Sánchez Piñol's novel Cold Skin, directed by Xavier Gens and co-starring Ray Stevenson and Aura Garrido. He also starred as Thomas Novachek in the London West End premiere of

This is a document about Tom Austen
  Thomas Michael Carter (born 15 September 1987), known professionally as Tom Austen, is an English actor, known for his television appearances portraying Jasper Frost on The Royals and Guy Hopkins on Grantchester.

This is a document about Aneirin Hughes
  and has also returned to the BBC Wales soap opera Pobol y Cwm as a new character, Morgan 'Moc' Thomas, whom he played from 2012 to 2013. He reprised the role in 2017. In 2012, he portrayed the politician and Welsh-language campaigner Gwynfor Evans in an S4C docu-drama, titled Gwynfor Evans: Y Penderfyniad? (The Decision?). In 2013, Hughes appeared in the S4C film Y Syrcas (The Circus) and is a regular in the bilingually-filmed detective series Y Gwyll (Hinterland). In May 2014 he appeared as Organ Morgan with Tom Jones and Katherine Jenkins in Kevin Allen's BBC centenary production of Under Milk Wood by Dylan Thomas. Hughes has also appeared as Tom Howells in the Welsh thriller television series Keeping Faith (2017) and as builder Bill Thornhill – an old rival of local villain Pat Phelan (Connor McIntyre) — in Coronation Street (2018).

This is a document about Game of Thrones (season 4)
  the role of Tommen Baratheon, King Joffrey's younger brother. Tommen was played by Callum Wharry in seasons 1 and 2. Chapman appeared as Martyn Lannister in two episodes of season 3 ("Walk of Punishment" and "Kissed by Fire"). Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson was cast as Ser Gregor Clegane, called "The Mountain". Hafþór replaces Ian Whyte, who portrayed the character in season 2. After an absence of at least a season, Owen Teale returns as Alliser Thorne, Kate Dickie as Lysa Arryn, Dominic Carter as Janos Slynt, Tony Way as Dontos Hollard, Andy Beckwith as Rorge, Gerard Jordan as Biter, Andy Kellegher as Polliver, Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn and Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck.

This is a document about David Oakes
  Oakes began his career at Shakespeare's Globe, before taking roles at the Almeida Theatre and the Old Vic, but he came to prominence when he played the villainous William Hamleigh in the television miniseries The Pillars of the Earth (2010). Oakes was present to accept the Jury Prize at the 2011 Romy Awards in Vienna alongside Donald Sutherland and Natalia Wörner. The following year, Oakes was cast in the television series The Borgias (2011), airing on Showtime. He played Juan Borgia opposite Jeremy Irons. Whilst shooting the second season, Oakes performed a cameo in the sequel to The Pillars of the Earth, World Without End (2012). Continuing a

This is a document about The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)
  The Pillars of the Earth is an eight-part 2010 TV miniseries, adapted from Ken Follett's 1989 novel of the same name. It debuted in the U.S. on Starz and in Canada on The Movie Network/Movie Central on July 23, 2010. Its UK premiere was on Channel 4 in October 2010 at 9pm. In 2011, the series was nominated for 3 Golden Globes, including Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television, Ian McShane for Best Actor and Hayley Atwell for Best Actress at the 68th Annual Golden Globe Awards.

Rufus Sewell plays Tom Builder in "The Pillars of the Earth."


Question: fundamental right available only to citizen of india

Answer: freedoms of speech and expression

This is a document about Fundamental rights in India
 to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion. On the other hand, freedoms of speech and expression and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved to citizens alone, including non-resident Indian citizens. The right to equality in matters of public employment cannot be conferred to overseas citizens of India. Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions, but some rights are enforceable against individuals. For instance, the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits "begar". These provisions act as a check both

This is a document about Legal Services Authorities Act 1987
  * Fundamental Rights in India

This is a document about Fundamental rights in India
  protection but also the prevention of gross violations of human rights. They emphasise on the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of the same facilities, irrespective of background. Some fundamental rights apply for persons of any nationality whereas others are available only to the citizens of India. The right to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion. On the other hand, freedoms of speech and expression and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved for citizens alone, including non-resident Indian citizens. The right to

This is a document about Civil liberties
  Court judges can also act on their own on the basis of media reports. The Fundamental Rights emphasize equality by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of public institutions and protections, irrespective of their background. The rights to life and personal liberty apply for persons of any nationality, while others, such as the freedom of speech and expression are applicable only to the citizens of India (including non-resident Indian citizens). The right to equality in matters of public employment cannot be conferred to overseas citizens of India. Fundamental Rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary State actions, but some rights are enforceable against private individuals too. For instance, the constitution abolishes untouchability and prohibits begar. These provisions

This is a document about Civil liberties
  The Fundamental Rights—embodied in Part III of the constitution—guarantee liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace as citizens of India. The six fundamental rights are right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights and right to constitutional remedies. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, incorporated in the fundamental law of the land and are enforceable in a court of law. Violations of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code, subject to discretion of the judiciary. These rights are neither absolute nor immune from constitutional amendments. They have been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices.

This is a document about Fundamental rights in India
  their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man.and Rights of women Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of traditional aryan practices. Specifically, they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth. They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime). They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious establishments. Right to property was changed from fundamental right to legal right.Sardar Vallabhai Patel is considered as the chief architect of fundamental rights of Indian constitution.

This is a document about Eminent domain
  The Constitution of India originally provided for the Fundamental Right to property under Articles 19 and 31. Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to 'acquire, hold and dispose of property'. Article 31 provided that "No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law." It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property had been 'taken possession of or acquired' for public purposes. In addition, both the state government as well as the union (federal) government were empowered to enact laws for the "acquisition or requisition of property" (Schedule VII, Entry 42, List III). It is this provision that has been interpreted as being the source

This is a document about Fundamental rights
 Right to Equality, which is subject to equality for equals. ; Right to Freedom, which includes Freedom of Speech and Expression, Right to Assemble Peacefully, Freedom to form Associations or Unions, Right to Move Freely throughout the territory of India, Right to Reside or Settle in any part of the territory of India, Right to Practice any profession or to carry on any occupation. ; Right against Exploitation ; Right to Freedom of Religion ; Cultural and Educational rights ; Right to Constitutional Remedies There are six fundamental rights recognized in the Constitution of India: In 2002, the Right to Education was added to the constitution after the 86th amendment under article 21A. The RTE Act enabled this right in the year 2010. In 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the Right to Privacy "is an integral part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution."

This is a document about Fundamental rights in India
  Fundamental rights in India are the rights guaranteed under Part III (Articles 12-35) of the Constitution of India. There are six fundamental rights (Article 12 - 35) recognised by the Indian constitution: the right to equality (Articles 14-18), the right to freedom (Articles 19-22), the right against exploitation (Articles 23-24), the right to freedom of religion (Articles 25-28), cultural and educational rights (Articles 29-30) and the right to constitutional remedies (Article 32 and 226). While the Constitution also provides some other rights, such as the Right to Property, that are not fundamental rights. In cases of fundamental rights violations, the Supreme Court of India can be directly petitioned under Article 32 of the Constitution. The Rights

This is a document about Freedom of speech by country
  citizen, but itself allows significant restrictions. In India, citizens are theoretically free to criticize government, politics, politicians, bureaucracy and policies, but there have been many cases of arrests of those who do so. There have been landmark cases in the Indian Supreme Court that have affirmed the nation's policy of allowing free press and freedom of expression to every citizen, with other cases in which the Court has upheld restrictions on freedom of speech and of the press. Article 19 of the Indian constitution states that: All citizens shall have the right — These rights are limited so as not to affect: Freedom

This is a document about Freedom of religion in Asia by country
  The Indian constitution's preamble states that India is a secular state. Freedom of religion is a fundamental right guaranteed by the constitution. According to Article 25 of the Indian Constitution, every citizen of India has the right to "profess, practice and propagate religion", "subject to public order, morality and health" and also subject to other provisions under that article. Article 25 (2b) uses the term "Hindus" for all classes and sections of Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs. Sikhs and Buddhists objected to this wording that makes many Hindu personal laws applicable to them. However, the same article also guarantees the right of members of the Sikh faith to bear a Kirpan.

This is a document about Right to property
  In India property rights (Article 31) was one of the fundamental rights of citizens until 1978, and it became a legal right through the 44th Amendment to the Constitution in 1978. The amendment was introduced by the Morarji Desai government as part of land reform policies. In 2020, the Supreme Court of India has stated that, even though property rights are not part of a citizen's fundamental right, it should be considers as one of the human rights promised by the Constitution. The Supreme Court also ruled that the states cannot acquire individual land unless there is a clear legal framework.

This is a document about Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India
   The Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties' are sections of the Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the states to its citizens and the duties and the rights of the citizens to the State. These sections are considered vital elements of the constitution, which was developed between 1947 and 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India. The Fundamental Rights are defined in Part III of the Indian Constitution from article 12 to 35 and applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, gender, and equality of opportunity in matters of employment.They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The Directive Principles

This is a document about Fundamental rights in India
  in matters of public employment cannot be conferred to overseas citizens of India. Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions, but some rights are enforceable against individuals. For instance, the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar. These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals. However, these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare. They can also be selectively curtailed. The Supreme Court has ruled that all provisions of the Constitution, including fundamental rights, can be amended, but that Parliament cannot

This is a document about Fundamental rights in India
  The Right to Freedom is covered in Article 19 to 22, with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the Constitution, and these Articles also include certain restrictions that may be imposed by the State on individual liberty under specified conditions. Article 19 guarantees six freedoms in the nature of civil rights, which are available only to citizens of India. These include the freedom of speech and expression, freedom of assembly without arms, freedom of association, freedom of movement throughout the territory of our country, freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country of India and the freedom to practice any

This is a document about Civil liberties
  as a check both on State action and actions of private individuals. Fundamental Rights are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of national interest. In the Kesavananda Bharati vs. state of Kerala case, the Supreme Court ruled that all provisions of the constitution, including Fundamental Rights can be amended. However, the Parliament cannot alter the basic structure of the constitution like secularism, democracy, federalism, separation of powers. Often called the "Basic structure doctrine", this decision is widely regarded as an important part of Indian history. In the 1978 Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India case, the Supreme Court extended the doctrine's importance as superior to any parliamentary legislation. According to the

This is a document about Fundamental rights in India
  the fundamental rights. All people, irrespective of race, religion, caste or gender, have been given the right to petition directly the Supreme Court or the High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so. Poverty-stricken people may not have the means to do so and therefore, in the public interest, anyone can commence litigation in the court on their behalf. This is known as "public interest litigation". In some cases, High Court judges have acted suo moto on their own on the basis of newspaper reports. These fundamental rights help not only

This is a document about Section 377
  On 24 August 2017, the Supreme Court of India held that the Right to Privacy is a fundamental right protected under Article 21 and Part III of the Indian Constitution. The judgement mentioned Section 377 as a "discordant note which directly bears upon the evolution of the constitutional jurisprudence on the right to privacy." In the judgement delivered by the 9-judge bench, Justice Chandrachud (who authored for Justices Khehar, Agarwal, Abdul Nazeer and himself), held that the rationale behind the Suresh Koushal (2013) Judgement is incorrect, and the judges clearly expressed their disagreement with it. Justice Kaul agreed with Justice Chandrachud's view that the right of privacy cannot be denied, even if there is a minuscule fraction of the population which is affected. He

This is a document about Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India
  The petitioners argued that deportation by the Indian government would violate the rights guaranteed under Articles 14 (Right to Equality) and Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) of the Indian Constitution, which are available to all persons. The court however observed that, "the right not to be deported, is ancillary or concomitant to the right to reside or settle in any part of the territory of India guaranteed under Article 19(1)(e)", and that such a right is only available to its citizens. The court also argued that since India is not a signatory to UN Convention on the Status of Refugees 1951 or it's 1967 Protocol, the principle of Non-refoulement doesn't apply to it.

 The following fundamental rights are available only to citizens of India:

1. The right to freedom of speech and expression
2. The right to reside and settle in any part of India
3. The right to vote and contest elections
4. The right to freedom of conscience and the right to freely practice any religion
5. The right to freedom of residence and movement within the country

These rights are not available to non-citizens, including foreigners.