Question: how does one convert poly-unsaturated fats into saturated fat

Answer: Full hydrogenation

This is a document about Trans fat
 four bonds per carbon atom). Full hydrogenation results in a molecule containing the maximum amount of hydrogen (in other words, the conversion of an unsaturated fatty acid into a saturated one). Partial hydrogenation results in the addition of hydrogen atoms at some of the empty positions, with a corresponding reduction in the number of double bonds. Typical commercial hydrogenation is partial to obtain a malleable mixture of fats that is solid at room temperature, but melts during baking, or consumption. In most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids, the hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bonds of

This is a document about Vegetable oil
 the end fatty acids, most of the hydrogenation occurs on the end fatty acids, thus making the resulting fat more brittle. A margarine made from naturally more saturated oils will be more plastic (more "spreadable") than a margarine made from hydrogenated soy oil. While "full hydrogenation" produces largely saturated fatty acids, partial hydrogenation results in the transformation of unsaturated cis fatty acids to unsaturated trans fatty acids in the oil mixture due to the heat used in hydrogenation. Partially hydrogenated oils and their trans fats have been linked to an increased risk of mortality from coronary heart disease, among other

This is a document about Margarine
  is recommended that the ratio in the diet should be less than 4:1, although the optimal ratio may be closer to 1:1. Consumption of unsaturated fatty acids has been found to decrease LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL cholesterol levels in the blood, thus reducing the risk of contracting cardiovascular diseases. There are two types of unsaturated oils: mono- and poly-unsaturated fats, both of which are recognized as beneficial to health in contrast to saturated fats. Some widely grown vegetable oils, such as canola, sunflower, safflower, and olive oils contain high amounts of unsaturated fats. During the manufacture of margarine, makers may convert some unsaturated fat into hydrogenated fats or trans fats to give them a higher melting point so they stay solid at room temperatures.

This is a document about David Gillespie (author)
  index." The National Heart Foundation of Australian has released a statement disagreeing with Gillespie's claims around vegetable oils and including a strong health warning. "There is no single cause of chronic diseases, including heart disease. However there is scientific consensus that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat, in particular polyunsaturated fat, reduces your risk of heart disease. The Heart Foundation believes that to say otherwise is dangerous, misleading and wrong. Following such advice is fraught with risk and if followed could lead to the rapid development of serious health conditions." With reference to Gillespie's attitude to sugar Stanton says: "It makes very good sense to

This is a document about Margarine
  Replacing saturated and trans unsaturated fats with unhydrogenated monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats is more effective in preventing coronary heart disease than reducing overall fat intake. See saturated fat and cardiovascular disease. Vegetable fats can contain anything from 7% to 86% saturated fatty acids. Liquid oils (canola oil, sunflower oil) tend to be on the low end, while tropical oils (coconut oil, palm kernel oil) and fully hardened (hydrogenated) oils are at the high end of the scale. A margarine blend is a mixture of both types of components. Generally, firmer margarines contain more saturated fat. Typical soft tub margarine contains 10% to 20% of saturated fat. Regular butterfat contains 52 to 65% saturated fats. The American Institute of Medicine and the European Food Safety Authority recommend saturated fat intake to be as low as possible.

This is a document about Triglyceride
  generally have a higher melting point than unsaturated ones with the same molecular weight, and thus are more likely to be solid at room temperature. For example, the animal fats tallow and lard are high in saturated fatty acid content and are solids. Olive and linseed oils on the other hand are unsaturated and liquid. Unsaturated fats are prone to oxidation by air, which causes them to become rancid and inedible. The double bonds in unsaturated fats can be converted into single bonds by reaction with hydrogen effected by a catalyst. This process, called hydrogenation, is used to turn vegetable oils into solid or semisolid vegetable fats like margarine, which can substitute for tallow and butter and (unlike unsaturated fats) can

This is a document about Oleochemistry
  The fatty acid or fatty esters are susceptible to hydrogenation converts unsaturated fatty acids into saturated fatty acids. The acids or esters can also be reduced to the fatty alcohols. For some applications, fatty acids are converted to fatty nitriles. Hydrogenated of these nitriles gives fatty amines, which have a variety of applications.

This is a document about Fatty acid
  Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids is widely practiced. Typical conditions involve 2.0–3.0 MPa of H2 pressure, 150 °C, and nickel supported on silica as a catalyst. This treatment affords saturated fatty acids. The extent of hydrogenation is indicated by the iodine number. Hydrogenated fatty acids are less prone toward rancidification. Since the saturated fatty acids are higher melting than the unsaturated precursors, the process is called hardening. Related technology is used to convert vegetable oils into margarine. The hydrogenation of triglycerides (vs fatty acids) is advantageous because the carboxylic acids degrade the nickel catalysts, affording nickel soaps. During partial hydrogenation, unsaturated fatty acids can be isomerized from cis to trans configuration. More forcing hydrogenation, i.e. using higher pressures of H2 and higher temperatures, converts fatty acids into fatty alcohols. Fatty alcohols are, however, more easily produced from fatty acid esters. In the Varrentrapp reaction certain unsaturated fatty acids are cleaved in molten alkali, a reaction which was, at one point of time, relevant to structure elucidation.

This is a document about Saturated and unsaturated compounds
   The terms saturated vs unsaturated are often applied to the fatty acid constituents of fats. The triglycerides (fats) that comprise tallow are derived from the saturated stearic and monounsaturated oleic acids. Many vegetable oils contain fatty acids with one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds in them.

This is a document about Fat hydrogenation
 H2forMargerin.png Fat hydrogenation is the process of combining fat — typically, vegetable oils — with hydrogen, in order to make it more saturated. The process is typically carried out at very high pressure, with the help of a nickel catalyst (that is removed from the final product). Their partial hydrogenation reduces most, but not all, of these carbon-carbon double bonds. The degree of hydrogenation is controlled by restricting the amount of hydrogen, reaction temperature and time, and the catalyst. The goal is to turn liquid oils into solid or semi-solid fats that can replace butter and shortening in spreads, candies, baked good, and other products.  Hydrogenation converts liquid vegetable oils into solid or semi-solid fats, such as those present in margarine. Changing the degree of saturation of the fat changes some important physical properties, such as the melting range, which is why liquid oils become semi-solid.

This is a document about Vegetable oil
  the two carbon atoms; each carbon atom becomes single-bonded to an individual hydrogen atom, and the double bond between carbons can no longer exist. In organic chemistry, unsaturation is considered as a pair of hydrogen atoms missing from the (hypothetical) fully-saturated carbon chain. The level to which an organic molecule is deficient in hydrogen, is called the degree of unsaturation (DoU); as the degree of unsaturation decreases, the oil progresses toward being fully hydrogenated (when DoU = 0). A fully hydrogenated oil, also called a saturated fat, has had all of its double bonds converted into single bonds. If a polyunsaturated oil is left incompletely-hydrogenated (not all of the double bonds are

This is a document about Omega-7 fatty acid
  16- and 18-carbon omega-7 unsaturated fatty acids are known to be converted into 18- or 20-carbon highly unsaturated fatty acids in the body by nonselective desaturating enzymes. The same enzymes also act on omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids. As a result, while proportions of individual highly unsaturated fatty acids may vary greatly in different tissue types due to factors such as diet, the overall concentration of highly unsaturated fatty acids is kept stable in a living organism. These individual concentrations are highly influential in determining what fatty acids will be used by a given tissue type in phospholipid synthesis such as that required for the maintenance of the cellular membrane.

This is a document about Triglyceride
  stored indefinitely without becoming rancid. However, partial hydrogenation also creates some unwanted trans acids from cis acids. In cellular metabolism, unsaturated fat molecules yield slightly less energy (i.e., fewer calories) than an equivalent amount of saturated fat. The heats of combustion of saturated, mono-, di-, and tri-unsaturated 18-carbon fatty acid esters have been measured as 2859, 2828, 2794, and 2750 kcal/mol, respectively; or, on a weight basis, 10.75, 10.71, 10.66, and 10.58 kcal/g — a decrease of about 0.6% for each additional double bond. The greater the degree of unsaturation in a fatty acid (i.e., the more double bonds in the fatty acid) the more vulnerable it is to lipid peroxidation (rancidity). Antioxidants can protect unsaturated fat from lipid peroxidation.

This is a document about Degreasing
  Fat trimming of a meal can be done during preparation by a variety of methods. The most common methods involving substituting food items or removal of naturally occurring fat and conservative addition of fat. Substituting fats is a method in which a certain ingredient is substituted by another ingredient. A common way of doing this is substituting saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids while cooking. For instance, olive oil can be used instead of butter for seasoning vegetables. Food items are also substituted to reduce fat content. For instance, instead of using eggs by using a whole egg, where the egg yolks are high in fat levels, egg whites can instead be used. Alternatively, skimmed milk or similar low-fat products can be used as ingredients for cooking.

This is a document about Chemical process of decomposition
  Neutral lipids are hydrolyzed by lipases shortly after death, to free the fatty acids from their glycerol backbone. This creates a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Under the right conditions (when sufficient water and bacterial enzymes are present), neutral lipids will be completely degraded until they are reduced to fatty acids. Under suitable conditions, the fatty acids can be transformed into adipocere. In contrast, fatty acids may react with sodium and potassium ions present in tissue, to produce salts of fatty acids. When the body is located near soil, the sodium and potassium ions can be replaced by calcium and magnesium ions to form soaps of saturated fatty acids, which can also contribute to the formation of adipocere.

This is a document about Saturated fat
  A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds. A fat known as a glyceride is made of two kinds of smaller molecules: a short glycerol backbone and fatty acids that each contain a long linear or branched chain of carbon (C) atoms. Along the chain, some carbon atoms are linked by single bonds (-C-C-) and others are linked by double bonds (-C=C-). A double bond along the carbon chain can react with a pair of hydrogen atoms to change into a single -C-C- bond, with each H atom now bonded

This is a document about Vegetable oil
  Unsaturated vegetable oils can be transformed through partial or complete "hydrogenation" into oils of higher melting point, some of which, such as vegetable shortening, will remain solid at room temperature. The hydrogenation process involves "sparging" the oil at high temperature and pressure with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, typically a powdered nickel compound, such as Raney nickel. Chemically, hydrogenation is the reduction of a carbon-carbon double bond to a single bond, by addition of hydrogen atoms. Since the surface of the metal catalyst is covered with hydrogen atoms, when the double bonds of the unsaturated oil come into contact with the catalyst, it reacts with the hydrogen atoms, forming new bonds

This is a document about Fat
  In recent years, the negative public image and strict regulations have driven many fat processing industries to replace partial hydrogenation by fat interesterification, a process that chemically scrambles the fatty acids among a mix of triglycerides. When applied to a suitable bend of oils and saturated fats, possibly followed by separation of unwanted solid or liquid triglycerides, this process can achieve results similar to those of partial hydrogenation without affecting the fatty acids themselves; in particular, without creating any new "trans fat". Researchers at the United States Department of Agriculture have investigated whether hydrogenation can be achieved without the side effect of trans fat production. They varied the pressure under which the chemical reaction was conducted – applying 1400 kPa (200 psi) of pressure to soybean oil in a 2-liter vessel while

This is a document about Triglyceride
  several different saturated and unsaturated acids, even on the same molecule. For example, in most vegetable oils, the saturated palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acid residues are usually attached to positions 1 and 3 (sn1 and sn3) of the glycerol hub, whereas the middle position (sn2) is usually occupied by an unsaturated one, such as oleic (C18:1, ω–9) or linoleic (C18:2, ω–6). ) While it is the nutritional aspects of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are generally of greatest interest, these materials also have non-food applications. They include the drying oils, such as linseed (flax seed), tung, poppy seed, perilla, and walnut oil, which polymerize on exposure to oxygen to form solid films, and are used to make paints and varnishes. Saturated

To convert polyunsaturated fats into saturated fat, you would need to add hydrogen atoms to the double bonds in the fatty acid chains. This process is called hydrogenation. During hydrogenation, some of the double bonds are converted into single bonds, and the resulting fat is called partially hydrogenated fat. However, it's important to note that the process of hydrogenation can also lead to the formation of trans fats, which have been linked to an increased risk of heart disease. It's generally recommended to avoid consuming trans fats and to instead focus on consuming uns


Question: who wrote and sang me and bobby mcgee

Answer: Kris Kristofferson

This is a document about Me and Bobby McGee
 Me and Bobby McGee "Me and Bobby McGee" is a song written by American singer-songwriter Kris Kristofferson and songwriter Fred Foster, originally performed by Roger Miller. A posthumously-released version by Janis Joplin topped the U.S. singles chart in 1971, making the song the second posthumously released No. 1 single in U.S. chart history after "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" by Otis Redding. "Billboard" ranked Joplin's version as the No. 11 song for 1971. Other recordings of the song include those by Waylon Jennings, Grateful Dead, Kristofferson himself, Kenny Rogers and The First Edition, Gordon Lightfoot, and Miranda Lambert.

This is a document about John Beland
 months as he and Lois Dalton sang the theme song for the popular sitcom and ABC's hit show, "The Brady Bunch". He continued to attend Troubadour, where he was introduced to Kris Kristofferson, a musician from Nashville, Tennessee. It was decided that Beland would back up the performer on acoustic guitar for Kristofferson. They performed three tracks, "Help Me Make It Through the Night", "For The Good Times", and "Me And Bobby McGee". According to Beland, all three received a cold reception. In 1969, Beland answered an ad in "The Hollywood Reporter" calling for lead guitarists who could sing harmony.

This is a document about Me and Bobby McGee
 in 2004, her version of this song was ranked No. 148 on "Rolling Stone"s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Me and Bobby McGee "Me and Bobby McGee" is a song written by American singer-songwriter Kris Kristofferson and songwriter Fred Foster, originally performed by Roger Miller. A posthumously-released version by Janis Joplin topped the U.S. singles chart in 1971, making the song the second posthumously released No. 1 single in U.S. chart history after "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" by Otis Redding. "Billboard" ranked Joplin's version as the No. 11 song for 1971. Other recordings

This is a document about Pearl (album)
 McGee", on which she played acoustic guitar, written by Kris Kristofferson and Fred Foster; "Trust Me", by Bobby Womack, written for Joplin; Howard Tate's "Get It While You Can", showcasing her vocal range; and the original songs "Move Over" and "Mercedes Benz", the latter co-written by Joplin, Bobby Neuwirth and Michael McClure. Joplin sang on all tracks except "Buried Alive in the Blues", which remained a Full Tilt Boogie instrumental because she died before adding vocals, but she approved the instrumental track. The song's writer Nick Gravenites was offered the opportunity to sing it as a tribute to Joplin, but

This is a document about Bob Beckham
 his primary career. In the 1970s, Beckham became a major power on Music Row, and nurtured many great songwriters who wrote classic hits like "Me and Bobby McGee" and "Sunday Morning Coming Down" (Kris Kristofferson), and Elvis Presley's "Burning Love" (Dennis Linde). Beckham was a gruff but supportive father figure to his staff songwriters, whom he truly loved. He was given the Mentor Award by the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame. The Nashville Entertainment Association presented him with its Master Award in 1988 and he received the Pioneer Award by the Academy of Country Music in 2014. Beckham died in

This is a document about Kris Kristofferson
 Kris Kristofferson Kristoffer Kristofferson (born June 22, 1936) is an American actor and singer-songwriter. He wrote and recorded the songs "Me and Bobby McGee", "For the Good Times", "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down", and "Help Me Make It Through the Night". Kristofferson composed his own songs and collaborated with Nashville songwriters such as Shel Silverstein. In 1985, Kristofferson joined fellow country artists Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson and Johnny Cash in forming the country music supergroup The Highwaymen, and formed a key creative force in the Outlaw country music movement that eschewed the Nashville music machine in favor of independent songwriting and

This is a document about Kris Kristofferson
 (b. 1988), Kelly Marie (b. 1990), and Blake (b. 1994) from his marriage to his current wife Lisa (Meyers) Kristofferson. Kristofferson has said that he would like the first three lines of Leonard Cohen's "Bird on the Wire" on his tombstone: Like a bird on the wire Like a drunk in a midnight choir I have tried in my way to be free Kris Kristofferson Kristoffer Kristofferson (born June 22, 1936) is an American actor and singer-songwriter. He wrote and recorded the songs "Me and Bobby McGee", "For the Good Times", "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down", and "Help Me Make It

This is a document about Piece of My Heart
 and forgiveness, surely he has to understand, change, give me back what I have given". In such a way, Joplin used blues conventions not to transcend pain, but "to scream it out of existence". Until her death in 1970, "Piece of My Heart" was Joplin’s biggest chart success and best-known song. ("Me and Bobby McGee”, which Kris Kristofferson wrote, eclipsed "Piece of My Heart" when it appeared after her death in 1970. It went to #1 in 1971). "Piece of My Heart" remains most associated with Joplin and continued to get airplay long after her death. Berns never got to

This is a document about Fred Foster
 Seely, Jerry Byrd, Billy Joe Shaver, Grandpa Jones, the Velvets, and Robert Mitchum. In 1963, Foster expanded his label, forming the soul and R&B imprint Sound Stage 7. Its roster of artists included Joe Simon, the Dixie Belles, Arthur Alexander, and Ivory Joe Hunter. Foster co-wrote (with Kris Kristofferson) "Me and Bobby McGee", which was a hit for Kristofferson, Roger Miller, and Janis Joplin. Foster produced Willie Nelson's 2006 Grammy Award–nominated "" and Nelson's collaboration with Merle Haggard and Ray Price, "Last of the Breed" (2007). The latter was the winner of the 2008 Grammy for Best Country Collaboration, for

This is a document about Why Me (Kris Kristofferson song)
 "Why Me", on her 2017 album ""Let Them Fall In Love"". Why Me (Kris Kristofferson song) "Why Me" is an American country and gospel song written and recorded by American country music singer and songwriter Kris Kristofferson. Kristofferson had become the toast of Nashville in the early 1970s, with the massive success of compositions including "For the Good Times," "Me and Bobby McGee," "Sunday Morning Coming Down," and "Help Me Make It Through the Night", among many others. He had a hit of his own as well, with "Lovin' Her Was Easier (Than Anything I'll Ever Do Again)." "Why Me"

This is a document about Why Me (Kris Kristofferson song)
 Why Me (Kris Kristofferson song) "Why Me" is an American country and gospel song written and recorded by American country music singer and songwriter Kris Kristofferson. Kristofferson had become the toast of Nashville in the early 1970s, with the massive success of compositions including "For the Good Times," "Me and Bobby McGee," "Sunday Morning Coming Down," and "Help Me Make It Through the Night", among many others. He had a hit of his own as well, with "Lovin' Her Was Easier (Than Anything I'll Ever Do Again)." "Why Me" was recorded by Kristofferson in 1972, featuring backing vocals by soon-to-be

This is a document about Would You Take Another Chance on Me?
 album approximating romance..." Would You Take Another Chance on Me? Would You Take Another Chance on Me? is an album by Jerry Lee Lewis that was released on Mercury Records in 1971. Lewis's fourth Mercury album of 1971 includes his radical arrangement of the Kris Kristofferson classic "Me and Bobby McGee". Although producer Jerry Kennedy avoided releasing singles in the country market that featured Jerry Lee's trademark "boogie woogie" piano style, by late 1971 Lewis had amassed so many country hits that Kennedy began to alter his approach. As Colin Escott writes in the liner notes to the 2006 retrospective

This is a document about Would You Take Another Chance on Me?
 Would You Take Another Chance on Me? Would You Take Another Chance on Me? is an album by Jerry Lee Lewis that was released on Mercury Records in 1971. Lewis's fourth Mercury album of 1971 includes his radical arrangement of the Kris Kristofferson classic "Me and Bobby McGee". Although producer Jerry Kennedy avoided releasing singles in the country market that featured Jerry Lee's trademark "boogie woogie" piano style, by late 1971 Lewis had amassed so many country hits that Kennedy began to alter his approach. As Colin Escott writes in the liner notes to the 2006 retrospective "A Half Century

This is a document about La Strada
 an example of a new brand of neorealism, "bittersweet and self-conscious". International film directors who have named "La Strada" as one of their favorite films include Stanley Kwan, Anton Corbijn, Gillies MacKinnon, Andreas Dresen, Jiří Menzel, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Mike Newell, Rajko Grlić, Laila Pakalniņa, Ann Hui, Kazuhiro Soda, Julian Jarrold, Krzysztof Zanussi, and Andrey Konchalovsky. The film has found its way into popular music, too. Bob Dylan and Kris Kristofferson have mentioned the film as an inspiration for their songs "Mr. Tambourine Man" and "Me and Bobby McGee", respectively, and a Serbian rock band took the film's name as their

This is a document about Lay Lady Lay
 at Cash's house outside of Nashville. Cash claimed that several other musicians also played their own new, unheard songs: Shel Silverstein played "A Boy Named Sue", Joni Mitchell played "Both Sides, Now", Graham Nash played "Marrakesh Express" and Kris Kristofferson played "Me and Bobby McGee". Drummer Kenny Buttrey has said that he had a difficult time coming up with a drum part for the song. Dylan had suggested bongos, while producer Bob Johnson said cowbells. In order to "show them how bad their ideas were", Buttrey used both instruments together. Kristofferson, who was working as a janitor in the studio

This is a document about Live at the Philharmonic
 Live at the Philharmonic Live at the Philharmonic is a live album by Kris Kristofferson, released on Monument Records in 1992 (see 1992 in music). Performed at Philharmonic Hall in New York City on December 2, 1972, the concert followed the release of Kristofferson's successful "Jesus Was a Capricorn". Aside from several songs from the latter, the singer performed a number of new pieces, as well as a few of his well-known hits such as "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down" and "Me and Bobby McGee". Guest artists included Willie Nelson, who was a little-known personality in country music at the time,

This is a document about Live at Wood Hall
 "Independence Day", Tori Amos' "Playboy Mommy", Counting Crows' "A Murder of One" - and classic rock - John Lennon's "Imagine" and "Me and Bobby McGee", a song penned by Fred Foster and Kris Kristofferson and recorded most famously by Janis Joplin. She also gives a nod to Broadway with "Bill" (from "Show Boat") and "I Dreamed a Dream" (from "Les Misérables"). Add in some jazz, "In Love in Vain", and a traditional Irish aire, "Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms", and the result is the sort of eclectic mix for which the artist is becoming known. Live at

This is a document about Would You Take Another Chance on Me?
 of Hits", "Since the country breakthrough in 1968, Lewis's records had been spare, unornamented and unremittingly slow-paced. After three years Kennedy decided to break out of the artistic straitjacket. When Lewis arrived at Mercury's studio in August 1971 he was greeted by a 10-piece string section rehearsing a Kris Kristofferson song. Kennedy wanted to give the big-budget treatment to 'Me and Bobby McGee'. The song had been a country hit for Roger Miller and a pop hit for Janis Joplin, and so if Lewis was to do it, he would have to rethink it. And that's what he did. In

This is a document about If Not for You (album)
 Original Tracks". The album features covers of Kris Kristofferson ("Me and Bobby McGee"), Bread ("If"), The Band ("In a Station"), Lesley Duncan ("Love Song" and "Lullaby"), Kris Kristofferson ("Help Me Make It Through the Night"), Bob Dylan ("If Not for You"), Brotherhood of Man ("Where Are You Going to My Love"), Gordon Lightfoot ("If You Could Read My Mind") and Tom Rush ("No Regrets"). "Banks of the Ohio" is a traditional song that had an arrangement made by Farrar and Welch. Newton-John made several appearances on television programs across Europe and her homeland Australia between 1971–72. She also made an

The song "Me and Bobby McGee" was written by Kris Kristofferson and Fred Foster. The original version was recorded by Roger Miller in 1969. The posthumous version by Janis Joplin, which became the first U.S. No. 1 single for her, was released in 1971. Joplin also sang the song in the film "Monterey Pop" in 1967.


Question: who plays the clown in freak show ahs

Answer: John Carroll Lynch

This is a document about John Carroll Lynch
 John Carroll Lynch John Carroll Lynch (born August 1, 1963) is an American character actor and film director. He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in "Fargo". He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom "The Drew Carey Show" as the title character's cross-dressing brother, Steve Carey, as well as on "" and "" as Twisty the Clown. His films include "Face/Off", "Gran Torino", "Shutter Island", "Ted 2", "The Invitation", and "Zodiac". Most recently, he portrayed McDonald's co-founder Maurice McDonald in "The Founder". He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film "Lucky".

This is a document about American Horror Story: Freak Show
 jealousy and cruelty towards everyone in the troupe leads her to make selfish decisions to achieve her personal desires. In the middle of all the chaos is the mysterious killer clown known as Twisty (John Carroll Lynch), who murders and kidnaps the townspeople. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In November 2013, FX announced that the show had been renewed for a fourth season. Series co-creator Ryan Murphy hinted that clues about the fourth season would be hidden in the final episodes of the third season. In March 2014, the season was revealed to be set at a carnival, according to co-executive producer/writer Douglas Petrie.

This is a document about Edward Mordrake (television episode)
 and particularly John Carroll Lynch's performance. Erik Adams of "The A.V. Club" gave the first part a B- rating, writing: "The love of a good shock often stands in for "American Horror Story" inability to scare: It's much easier to fleetingly startle than suggest that any of the primary characters are in mortal danger. "Edward Mordrake (Part 1)" reinforces that difficulty... "Freak Show" is succeeding at making us care for these people; if only it could make us fear for them as well." He gave the second part a C+ rating, criticising the idea to make Twisty the Clown into

This is a document about Edward Mordrake (television episode)
 of the episode. The second part of the episode deals with the backstories of several characters including Twisty the Clown (John Carroll Lynch). At the American Morbidity Museum, Stanley (Denis O'Hare), disguised as Dr. Sylvester Mansfield, and his assistant Maggie (Emma Roberts), disguised as a Miss Rothschild, attempt to sell a specimen to the museum. The curator (Celia Weston) runs a background check on Stanley and determines his credentials are fraudulent. The museum guide says that they would pay handsomely for a legitimate specimen, some of which they get from freak shows. Learning that one of the two remaining freak

This is a document about American Horror Story: Freak Show
  American Horror Story: Freak Show is the fourth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story, created by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk. It premiered on October 8, 2014, and concluded on January 21, 2015. This season is mainly set in 1952 Jupiter, Florida, telling the story of one of the last remaining freak shows in the United States and their struggle for survival. Returning cast members from the previous seasons of the series include: Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Frances Conroy, Denis O'Hare, Emma Roberts, Angela Bassett, Kathy Bates, Jessica Lange, Grace Gummer, Gabourey Sidibe, Danny Huston, Jamie Brewer, and Mare Winningham, along with new cast members Michael Chiklis and Finn Wittrock. Ben Woolf also returned to the series. This is the first season of the series that is

This is a document about List of American Horror Story: Freak Show characters
  American Horror Story: Freak Show is the fourth season of the FX horror anthology series American Horror Story. The season is set in 1952 Jupiter, Florida, and centers around a freak show run by aspiring German actress and singer Elsa Mars. The season's theme, discrimination, is underlined by depictions of physical and mental abuse towards “freaks” and their struggle to survive economically. Veteran cast members include Jessica Lange, Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Angela Bassett, Emma Roberts, Kathy Bates, Denis O'Hare, and Frances Conroy, with Michael Chiklis and Finn Wittrock making their debuts. Special guest stars who made appearances include Celia Weston, Wes Bentley, Neil Patrick Harris, and Matt Bomer. Other returning cast members who made appearances in a limited capacity include Jamie Brewer, Gabourey Sidibe, Danny Huston, Lily Rabe, Grace Gummer, Ben Woolf, Mare Winningham, Naomi Grossman, and John Cromwell. This is the first season to not be strictly anthological, with Lily Rabe, Naomi Grossman, and John Cromwell (as a younger Dr. Arthur Arden) reprising their roles from American Horror Story: Asylum.

This is a document about American Horror Story: Freak Show
  strictly anthological, with Lily Rabe, Naomi Grossman, and James Cromwell (as a younger Dr. Arthur Arden) reprising their roles from the series's second cycle, Asylum. Like its predecessors, Freak Show was met with positive reviews and consistently strong ratings. The premiere episode attracted a series high of 6.13 million viewers, making it the most viewed episode of the series. It ultimately became FX's most-watched program ever, surpassing its previous installment, Coven. The season garnered a total of twenty Emmy Award nominations, the most for any season of American Horror Story to date, including nominations for Outstanding Limited Series, and six acting nominations for Lange, O'Hare, Wittrock, Paulson, Bassett, and Bates. In addition, Paulson won for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Limited Series at the 5th Critics' Choice Television Awards.

This is a document about American Horror Story: Freak Show
  a role specifically for Coven alum Leslie Jordan, but he did not appear on the show due to scheduling conflicts. In September 2014, it was reported that Asylum alum Naomi Grossman would return to portray Pepper, which marked the first time a character appeared in multiple seasons of the series. Lily Rabe also reprised her Asylum character Sister Mary Eunice McKee in the tenth episode, "Orphans". Mare Winningham made an appearance in the same episode, as Pepper's sister Rita. Neil Patrick Harris guest starred in two episodes as Chester, who takes over the freak show when Elsa leaves for Hollywood. Harris' husband, David Burtka, appeared in the season finale as Elsa's husband.

This is a document about American Horror Story: Cult
  the show. On June 26, 2017, it was confirmed that Lady Gaga would not return for the seventh season due to other projects. Despite rumors, Entertainment Weekly reported on July 7, 2017, that Vera Farmiga, sister of American Horror Story actress Taissa Farmiga, would not appear in the season. Later that month, it was confirmed by The Hollywood Reporter that Kathy Bates will not appear in Cult, after four seasons of regular appearances. Murphy also revealed via his Instagram account that Freak Show character Twisty the Clown would return in the seventh season, indicating that John Carroll Lynch would reprise his role.

This is a document about American Horror Story: Hotel
  Freak Show character, Dandy Mott. In July 2015, Murphy stated that Emma Roberts would be returning to the series for a few episodes toward the finale, after completing filming on her Fox series, Scream Queens. Her character would be associated with James March (Peters). While promoting Scream Queens in September 2015, Roberts spoke about her role with less certainty, but optimism, stating, "...it's just everything you could dream of and more. Everything you could nightmare about and more. Granted, things over there are always changing, but I definitely want to go back to it. If it still stands, what Ryan told me, everyone's in for a great shock." However, she later confirmed that she

This is a document about American Horror Story
  been added to the cast. Roberts played Madison Montgomery, a "self-involved party girl". In July 2013, season one alum Denis O'Hare also joined the cast in an unknown role, later revealed as Spalding. In November 2013, Ryan Murphy confirmed that Jessica Lange would be returning for a fourth season, although in a reduced capacity. It was later revealed she would be playing freak show owner Elsa Mars. Kathy Bates returned in a main role, portraying bearded lady Ethel Darling. On March 29, 2014, Murphy announced that Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Frances Conroy, Emma Roberts, Denis O'Hare, and Angela Bassett would all return for the fourth

This is a document about List of Danny Phantom characters
  Voiced by Jon Cryer, first appears in "Control Freaks" (episode #20) Freakshow (a parody of The Joker) is the ringmaster of the Circus Gothica, as well as the only fully human villain in the series. An entertainer for the Gothic audience, Freakshow is eccentric, full of showmanship and creativity. His family have used ghosts for their circus for years. Unsatisfied with just a showman's life, Freakshow used a magic scepter able to control ghosts and ordered them to steal goods. He went to Amity Park to make Danny Phantom a member of his performance. He succeeds briefly until Sam snaps him out of it and Danny destroys the scepter. He is promptly jailed for his crimes. He escapes and uses the fabled Reality Gauntlet to bend reality to his whim, only to be outsmarted by Danny again. Danny successfully uses "Ghost Envy," Freakshow's jealousy of ghosts, against him and defeats him for good. Freakshow is mainly a spoof of the Ringmaster, but the Reality Gauntlet storyline makes him slightly a spoof of Thanos. His full name is Frederich Isak Showenhower.

This is a document about List of American Horror Story: Cult characters
  members with recurring appearances include Adina Porter, John Carroll Lynch, Frances Conroy, Mare Winningham, Emma Roberts, Chaz Bono, James Morosini and Jamie Brewer. This is the fourth season that is not strictly anthological, with Carroll Lynch reprising his previous role as Twisty the Clown from Freak Show. Cult marks the first season to not feature mainstay actress Lily Rabe. This is also the first season to not feature, since Coven, Kathy Bates and Angela Bassett in any capacity; Finn Wittrock and Wes Bentley also don't appear in any capacity (they appeared in Freak Show, Hotel and Roanoke). This is also the first season since Hotel to not include Lady Gaga.

This is a document about Riley Schmidt
  After college, he moved to Hollywood and landed a small role on Passions. He would later guest star on other shows such as 7th Heaven, ER, Power Rangers Time Force and Cold Case. In 2011 he was cast as the Rubber Man in American Horror Story. In 2015 and 2016, he played the Red Devil and the Green Meanie on Scream Queens.

This is a document about Art the Clown
  Art the Clown is a fictional character from the Terrifier series of slasher films, initially originating from short films and the anthology film All Hallows' Eve (2013) with Mike Giannelli portraying him. In the retcon and launch of the standalone feature film series, he first appears in 2016 in Damien Leone's Terrifier as a murderous clown that becomes fixated on Victoria Heyes (Samantha Scaffidi)—this time portrayed by David Howard Thornton after Giannelli retired from acting. Thornton used Giannelli's performance as a base and further developed the character. His portrayal received widespread critical acclaim, particularly his physical performance and use of body language. Outside of films, the character appears in comic books and merchandise such as apparel lines, action figures, and body tattoos.

This is a document about Thom Hazaert
  In 2015, under the banner "THC : FILMS", Hazaert began producing special features with Red Shirt Pictures for Shout!Factory/Scream Factory, including directing and co-producing, with Scream Factory, Red Shirt Pictures, and Iron Alley Films, a documentary featurette about the Wes Craven's Shocker soundtrack. The documentary, featuring interviews with soundtrack producer Desmond Child, David Ellefson of Megadeth, Jason McMaster of Dangerous Toys, Bruce Kulick (ex-KISS, Grand Funk Railroad), Kane Roberts, and the film's star Mitch Pileggi (The X-Files, Sons of Anarchy), who played the iconic Horace Pinker, appears on the Scream Factory Collector's Edition Blu-Ray released September 8, 2015. Hazaert was also involved in production, with Red Shirt Pictures and Iron Alley Films, on special features for Wes Craven's The People Under The Stairs, Army of Darkness, and Tales From the Crypt Demon Knight and Bordello of Blood. Hazaert also served as a

This is a document about List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters
  shows the consequences of the events in the near future. Veteran cast members include Kathy Bates, Sarah Paulson, Lily Rabe, Denis O'Hare, Evan Peters, Wes Bentley, Cheyenne Jackson, and Angela Bassett, with Cuba Gooding Jr. and André Holland making their debut. Veteran cast members with recurring appearances include Adina Porter, Lady Gaga, Leslie Jordan, Frances Conroy, Finn Wittrock, Taissa Farmiga and Robin Weigert. This is the third season that is not strictly anthological, with Sarah Paulson reprising her previous role as Lana Winters from Asylum and Evan Peters portraying Edward Mott, the ancestor of Dandy and Gloria Mott from Freak Show.

This is a document about Crossing Jordan
 Wallace Shawn portrays Dr. Howard Stiles: The Medical Examiner's Office's resident psychiatrist. ; Emy Coligado portrays Emmy: An assistant in the Medical Examiner's Office. ; Alex McKenna portrays Abby Macy: Dr. Macy's estranged daughter. ; Lindsay Frost portrays Maggie Macy: Dr. Macy's ex-wife. ; Jack Laufer portrays Herman Redding: A psychiatric patient and murder suspect who claims to have knowledge about the death of Jordan's mother. ; Michael T. Weiss portrays James Horton: Jordan's illegitimate half-brother. ; Lesley Ann Warren portrays Arlene Lebowski: Lily's estranged aunt and adoptive mother. ; Brian Kimmet portrays Oliver Titleman: A young student obsessed with creating the perfect crime. ; Charles Mesure portrays J.D. Pollack: An Australian reporter romantically involved with Jordan.

This is a document about American Horror Story: Freak Show
  Ryan Murphy confirmed that Jessica Lange would be returning for a fourth season, although said to be in a reduced capacity. She portrayed Elsa Mars, the owner of the freak show. In November 2013, Murphy said he approached Kathy Bates and Angela Bassett to return. Bassett later confirmed in an interview with Access Hollywood that she would be indeed coming back. They portrayed Ethel Darling and Desiree Dupree, respectively. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Sarah Paulson revealed she would be returning, possibly for a main role, which was later revealed to be the conjoined twins Bette and Dot Tattler. It was announced at the PaleyFest 2014 that the cast members

This is a document about American Horror Story: Freak Show
  The opening theme for the 4th season of AHS is "Carousel" by Melanie Martinez,a song from her debut album "Cry Baby". Every cover song performed in Freak Show was released by 20th Century Fox TV Records in online music stores following the broadcast of the episode in which it appeared, except the cover of David Bowie's "Heroes", performed by Jessica Lange in "Curtain Call."

John Carroll Lynch plays the clown, Twisty, in "American Horror Story: Freak Show."


Question: what is the title of the leader in the house of representatives

Answer: Majority Leaders

This is a document about Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
 the Speaker of the House. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor. In some cases, Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker; notably, Tom DeLay was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert. In addition, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor. The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader. Unlike the Majority Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House

This is a document about Majority Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives
 may serve as a negotiator for members of his or her political party in talks with other Illinois political leaders. The Illinois House Majority Leader receives a stipend in addition to his or her pay as a member of the Illinois legislature. As of 2012, the office of Illinois House Majority Leader is held by Representative Barbara Flynn Currie. Previous majority leaders include Democrat Jim McPike, who served from 1983 to 1994 and Republican Robert W. Churchill, who served from 1995 to 1996 Majority Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives The office of Majority Leader of the Illinois House

This is a document about North Carolina General Assembly of 2013–14
  The following members were the leadership of the House of Representatives:

This is a document about North Carolina General Assembly of 2011–12
  The following members were the leadership of the House of Representatives:

This is a document about New Hampshire House of Representatives
  The current leadership of the house is as follows:

This is a document about Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
  The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, commonly known as the Speaker of the House, or simply the House Speaker, is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and is simultaneously the House's presiding officer, de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House

This is a document about Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
  Party leaders and whips of the United States House of Representatives, also known as floor leaders, are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot. With the Democrats holding a majority of seats and the Republicans holding a minority, the current leaders are Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, Majority Whip Jim Clyburn, Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy and Minority Whip Steve Scalise.

This is a document about North Carolina General Assembly of 2001–02
  The house leadership was as follows:

This is a document about Party leader
  Thune on the Republican side. The party leaders of the House of Representatives are elected by their respective parties in the House by secret ballot. The Republican Party is currently represented in the House by Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy and Minority Whip Steve Scalise, whereas the Democratic Party is represented by Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and Majority Whip Jim Clyburn. In the House of Representatives, the most powerful official is the House-elected Speaker, who is currently Nancy Pelosi of the Democratic Party. Currently, Jaime Harrison serves as the chair of the Democratic Party, while Ronna McDaniel serves as the chair of the Republican Party.

This is a document about Rhode Island House of Representatives
  The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. The current Speaker of the House is K. Joseph Shekarchi (D), who was elected Speaker of the House by his House colleagues on January 5, 2021. From November 2016 through 2020, he served as House Majority Leader, and he was previously Chairman of the House Labor Committee. He has served

This is a document about Majority leader
  In the House of Representatives the Majority Leader's presence and power often depends on the session. In some sessions, the Majority Leader takes precedence over the Speaker as House leader and legislative party leader either by force (which usually occurs when the Speaker of the House is unpopular) or because the Speaker of the House voluntarily surrenders power to the Majority Leader. In most sessions, the Speaker of the House takes precedence as house leader and party leader, with the Majority Leader being irrelevant and largely powerless outside the fact they might be Speaker of the House one day. In the United States House of Representatives, the current Majority Leader is Steny Hoyer, who assumed office on January 3rd, 2019.

This is a document about Massachusetts House of Representatives
  The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leader, and controls the flow of legislation. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the House. The current Speaker of the House is Ronald Mariano of the 3rd Norfolk District.

This is a document about Parliamentary leader
  A parliamentary leader is a political title or a descriptive term used in various countries to the person leading a caucus (or parliamentary group) in a legislative body, whether it be a national or sub-national legislature. A party leader may be the same person as the parliamentary leader, or the roles may be separated.

This is a document about List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives
 Eight: Massachusetts; ; Four: Kentucky and Virginia; ; Three: Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas; ; Two: Maine, New Jersey, New York, and South Carolina; ; One: Alabama, California, Connecticut, Iowa, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Washington, and Wisconsin. The speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House, and is simultaneously the body's presiding officer, the de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various administrative and procedural functions, all

This is a document about 18th Sarawak State Legislative Assembly
 Leader of the House: ; Shadow Leader of the House:

This is a document about 19th Sarawak State Legislative Assembly
 Leader of the House: ; Shadow Leader of the House:

This is a document about 16th Sabah State Legislative Assembly
 Leader of the House: ; Shadow Leader of the House:

This is a document about Texas House of Representatives
  The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer and highest-ranking member of the House. The Speaker's duties include maintaining order within the House, recognizing members during debate, ruling on procedural matters, appointing members to the various committees and sending bills for committee review. The Speaker pro tempore is primarily a ceremonial position, but does, by long-standing tradition, preside over the House during its consideration of local and consent bills. Unlike other state legislatures, the House rules do not formally recognize majority or minority leaders. The unofficial leaders are the Republican Caucus Chairman and the Democratic House Leader, both of whom are elected by their respective caucuses.

This is a document about List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 12th Congress by seniority
  In this Congress the only formal leader was the Speaker of the House. A Speakership ballot was held on November 4, 1811 and Henry Clay (DR-KY) was elected. The title Dean of the House (sometimes known, in the nineteenth century, as Father of the House) was held by the member with the longest continuous service. It was not a leadership position.

This is a document about Washington House of Representatives
  The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker and the Speaker Pro Tem are nominated by the majority party caucus followed by a vote of the full House. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position and controls the flow of legislation. In the absence of the Speaker the Speaker Pro Tem assumes the role of Speaker. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the House. The Speaker of the House during the first session of the 65th legislature (2019) was Democrat Frank Chopp (D-Seattle) of the 43rd Legislative District. He stepped down at the end of the session and John Lovick (D-Mill Creek) of the 44th Legislative District served as speaker pro tempore until the second session, when Laurie Jinkins (D-Tacoma) was elected speaker. The Majority Leader is Pat Sullivan (D-Covington) of the 47th Legislative District. The Republican Minority Leader is J.T. Wilcox (R-Roy) of the 2nd Legislative District.

The title of the leader in the House of Representatives is "Speaker of the House." However, in the context of the provided information, the title of the leader in the Illinois House of Representatives is "Majority Leader."


Question: where does the reed go on a clarinet

Answer: the mouthpieces

This is a document about Reed (mouthpiece)
 and separated from the tube of cane and attached to a mouthpiece of some sort. By contrast, in an uncapped double reed instrument (such as the oboe and bassoon), there is no mouthpiece; the two parts of the reed vibrate against one another. Single reeds are used on the mouthpieces of clarinets and saxophones. The back of the reed is flat and is placed against the mouthpiece, the rounded top side tapers to a thin tip. These reeds are roughly rectangular in shape except for the thin vibrating tip, which is curved to match the curve of the mouthpiece tip.

This is a document about Clarinet
  The clarinet uses a single reed made from the cane of Arundo donax, a type of grass. Reeds may also be manufactured from synthetic materials. The ligature fastens the reed to the mouthpiece. When air is blown through the opening between the reed and the mouthpiece facing, the reed vibrates and produces the clarinet's sound. Basic reed measurements are as follows: tip, 12 mm wide; lay, 15 mm long (distance from the place where the reed touches the mouthpiece to the tip); gap, 1 mm (distance between the underside of the reed tip and the mouthpiece). Adjustment to these measurements is one method of affecting tone color. Most clarinetists buy manufactured reeds, although many make adjustments to these reeds, and some make their own reeds from cane "blanks". Reeds come in varying degrees of hardness, generally indicated on a scale from one (soft) through five (hard). This numbering system is not standardized—reeds with the same number often vary in hardness across manufacturers and models. Reed and mouthpiece characteristics work together to determine ease of playability, pitch stability, and tonal characteristics.

This is a document about Woodwind instrument
  Reed instruments produce sound by focusing air into a mouthpiece which then causes a reed, or reeds, to vibrate. Similarly to flutes, reed pipes are also further divided into two types: single reed and double reed. Single-reed woodwinds produce sound by fixing a reed onto the opening of a mouthpiece (using a ligature). When air is forced between the reed and the mouthpiece, the reed causes the air column in the instrument to vibrate and produce its unique sound. Single reed instruments include the clarinet, saxophone, and others such as the chalumeau. Double-reed instruments use two precisely cut, small pieces of cane bound together at the base. This form of sound production has been estimated to have

This is a document about Clarinet
  The clarinet is a family of woodwind instruments. It has a single-reed mouthpiece, a straight, cylindrical tube with an almost cylindrical bore, and a flared bell. A person who plays a clarinet is called a clarinetist (sometimes spelled clarinettist). While the similarity in sound between the earliest clarinets and the trumpet may hold a clue to its name, other factors may have been involved. During the Late Baroque era, composers such as Bach and Handel were making new demands on the skills of their trumpeters, who were often required to play difficult melodic passages in the high, or as it came to be called, clarion register. Since the trumpets of this time had no valves or pistons, melodic passages would often require the use of the highest part of the trumpet's range, where

This is a document about Clarinet
  Note: A Böhm system soprano clarinet is shown in the photos illustrating this section. However, all modern clarinets have similar components. The reed is attached to the mouthpiece by the ligature, and the top half-inch or so of this assembly is held in the player's mouth. In the past, string was used to bind the reed to the mouthpiece. The formation of the mouth around the mouthpiece and reed is called the embouchure. The reed is on the underside of the mouthpiece, pressing against the player's lower lip, while the top teeth normally contact the top of the mouthpiece (some players roll the upper lip under

This is a document about Clarinet
  down the pipe (travelling 4 pipe lengths in total) before the cycle is repeated again.  Sound is a wave that propagates through the air as a result of a local variation in air pressure. The production of sound by a clarinet follows these steps: At this point, the reed stays pressed against the mouthpiece until either the springiness of the reed forces it to open or a returning pressure wave 'bumps' into the reed and opens it. Each time the reed opens, a puff of air goes through the gap, after which the reed swings shut again. When played loudly,

This is a document about Mouthpiece (woodwind)
   The clarinet mouthpiece is narrow inside, typically with straight side walls. through the throat. The bottom of the mouthpiece is formed with a tenon that is ringed with cork. Today, as with the saxophone mouthpiece, the reed is placed against the surface (the table) closest to the player's bottom lip. However, this was not always so: The earliest clarinetists would often place the reed on top of the mouthpiece. Bernhard Crusell (1775–1838) was one of the first clarinettists of note to consistently place the reed against the bottom lip. Of particular note is Reginald Kell who was known for using a "double embouchure", also known as "double

This is a document about Mouthpiece (woodwind)
  section that leaves the flat table and continues to the tip of the mouthpiece. The length of a facing—defined as the distance from the tip of the mouthpiece to the point where the reed and mouthpiece meet—can vary. Different facing lengths have different response properties. The reed is held tightly against the mouthpiece by a ligature. Anything that can hold the reed on the mouthpiece may serve as a ligature. Commercial ligatures are commonly made of metal or plastic. Some players (including many German clarinetists) prefer string or a shoelace, which is wrapped around the reed and the mouthpiece, to commercially manufactured ligatures.

This is a document about Single-reed instrument
  Although the clarinet and saxophone both have a single reed attached to their mouthpiece, the playing technique or embouchure is distinct from each other. The standard embouchures for single reed woodwinds like the clarinet and saxophone are variants of the single lip embouchure, formed by resting the reed upon the bottom lip, which rests on the teeth and is supported by the chin muscles and the buccinator muscles on the sides of the mouth. The top teeth rest on top of the mouthpiece. The manner in which the lower lip rests against the teeth differs between clarinet and saxophone embouchures. In clarinet playing, the lower lip is rolled over the teeth and corners of the mouth are

This is a document about Clarinet
 1) The mouthpiece and reed are surrounded by the player's lips, which put light, even pressure on the reed and form an airtight seal. Air is blown past the reed and down the instrument. In the same way a flag flaps in the breeze, the air rushing past the reed causes it to vibrate. As air pressure from the mouth increases, the amount the reed vibrates increases until the reed hits the mouthpiece. 1) More than a 'neutral' amount of air escapes from the instrument, which creates a slight vacuum or rarefaction in the clarinet tube. This rarefaction wave travels

This is a document about Mouthpiece (woodwind)
  On single-reed instruments, such as the clarinet and saxophone, the mouthpiece is that part to which the reed is attached. Its function is to provide an opening through which air enters the instrument and one end of an air chamber to be set into vibration by the interaction between the air stream and the reed. Single-reed mouthpieces are basically wedge shaped, with the reed placed against the surface closest to the player's lower lip (the table). The player's breath causes the reed to vibrate. The reed beats against the mouthpiece, and in turn causes the column of air inside the instrument to vibrate.

This is a document about Embouchure
  If the mouthpiece is not placed far enough into the mouth, no sound will be generated, as the reed will not vibrate. The standard embouchures for single reed woodwinds like the clarinet and saxophone are variants of the single lip embouchure, formed by resting the reed upon the bottom lip, which rests on the teeth and is supported by the chin muscles and the buccinator muscles on the sides of the mouth. The top teeth rest on top of the mouthpiece. The manner in which the lower lip rests against the teeth differs between clarinet and saxophone embouchures. In clarinet playing, the lower lip

This is a document about Organ pipe
  The sound of a reed pipe is produced by a beating reed: wind is directed towards a curved piece of brass (the reed). A partial vacuum is created by higher velocity air flowing under the reed which causes it to be pulled closed against a hard surface called the shallot. This shuts off the vacuum and allows the reed to spring open again. A tuned resonator extends above this assembly and reinforces the sound produced. The principle is the same as that of the orchestral clarinet. The pitch of a reed pipe is determined primarily by the length of the reed but the volume of air in the resonator supports that frequency. Most reed pipes have a slide to adjust the vibrating length of the reed to fine-tune it. Because

This is a document about RMI Harmonic Synthesizer
 Clarinet ; Flute ; Pulse ; Horn ; Reed

This is a document about Pitch pipe
  The brass reeds in common pitchpipes are subject to work hardening with use, so they gradually change pitch. Because of this, replacement reed plates are sold. Carried in a pocket, a pipe will occasionally pick up small bits of lint which works its way into the narrow space around a reed. This usually requires disassembly of the pipe in order to clean the lint off the reed. To avoid this eventuality many users will use a small holster to carry the pipe.

This is a document about Clarinet
  increasingly directional frequencies of the upper registers. The fixed reed and fairly uniform diameter of the clarinet give the instrument an acoustical behavior approximating that of a cylindrical stopped pipe. Recorders use a tapered internal bore to overblow at the octave when the thumb/register hole is pinched open, while the clarinet, with its cylindrical bore, overblows at the twelfth. Adjusting the angle of the bore taper controls the frequencies of the overblown notes (harmonics). Changing the mouthpiece's tip opening and the length of the reed changes aspects of the harmonic timbre or voice of the clarinet because this changes the

This is a document about Contrabass clarinet
  sits between the bass and contrabass in range, the contra-alto clarinet functions as the great bass of the clarinet family. Like other clarinets, the contra-alto clarinet is a wind instrument that uses a reed to produce sound. The keys of the contra-alto are similar to the keys on smaller clarinets, and are played in the same way. Some contra-alto clarinet models have a range extending down to low (written) E, sounding as the lowest G on the piano (aka G1), while others can play down to low (written) C, sounding E1. The earliest contra-alto clarinets were developed in the first half of the nineteenth century; these were usually pitched in F and were

This is a document about Clarinet
  of reed vibrations. Generally, the goal of the clarinetist when producing a sound is to make as much of the reed vibrate as possible, making the sound fuller, warmer, and potentially louder. The lip position and pressure, shaping of the vocal tract, choice of reed and mouthpiece, amount of air pressure created, and evenness of the airflow account for most of the clarinetist's ability to control the tone of a clarinet. A highly skilled clarinetist will provide the ideal lip and air pressure for each frequency (note) being produced. They will have an embouchure which places an even pressure

This is a document about Clarinet
  The clarinet has its roots in the early single-reed instruments or hornpipes used in Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, Middle East, and Europe since the Middle Ages, such as the albogue, alboka, and double clarinet. The modern clarinet developed from a Baroque instrument called the chalumeau. This instrument was similar to a recorder, but with a single-reed mouthpiece and a cylindrical bore. Lacking a register key, it was played mainly in its fundamental register, with a limited range of about one and a half octaves. It had eight finger holes, like a recorder, and two keys for its two highest notes. At this time, contrary to modern practice, the reed was placed

This is a document about Embouchure
  With the woodwinds, aside from the flute, piccolo, and recorder, the sound is generated by a reed and not with the lips. The embouchure is therefore based on sealing the area around the reed and mouthpiece. This serves to prevent air from escaping while simultaneously supporting the reed, allowing it to vibrate, and constrict the reed preventing it from vibrating too much. With woodwinds, it is important to ensure that the mouthpiece is not placed too far into the mouth, which would result in too much vibration (no control), often creating a sound an octave (or harmonic twelfth for the clarinet) above the intended

The reed goes on the single reed mouthpiece of a clarinet. It is held in place by the ligature and vibrates when air is blown through the mouthpiece, causing the reed to produce sound.


Question: pictures that you have to look at cross eyed

Answer: autostereogram

This is a document about Autostereogram
 right eye, allowing us to reconstruct the original object via binocular disparity. When viewed with the proper vergence, an autostereogram does the same, the binocular disparity existing in adjacent parts of the repeating 2D patterns. There are two ways an autostereogram can be viewed: "wall-eyed" and "cross-eyed". Most autostereograms (including those in this article) are designed to be viewed in only one way, which is usually wall-eyed. Wall-eyed viewing requires that the two eyes adopt a relatively parallel angle, while cross-eyed viewing requires a relatively convergent angle. An image designed for wall-eyed viewing if viewed correctly will appear to pop

This is a document about Autostereogram
 from the distance between it and its neighbor at the left. These types of autostereograms are designed to be read in only one way, either cross-eyed or wall-eyed. All autostereograms in this article are encoded for wall-eyed viewing, unless specifically marked otherwise. An autostereogram encoded for wall-eyed viewing will produce inverse patterns when viewed cross-eyed, and vice versa. Most Magic Eye pictures are also designed for wall-eyed viewing. The wall-eyed depth map example autostereogram to the right encodes 3 planes across the "x"-axis. The background plane is on the left side of the picture. The highest plane is shown on

This is a document about Autostereogram
 every tiger icon at its proper depth. Autostereograms where patterns in a particular row are repeated horizontally with the same spacing can be read either cross-eyed or wall-eyed. In such autostereograms, both types of reading will produce similar depth interpretation, with the exception that the cross-eyed reading reverses the depth (images that once popped out are now pushed in). However, icons in a row do not need to be arranged at identical intervals. An autostereogram with varying intervals between icons across a row presents these icons at different depth planes to the viewer. The depth for each icon is computed

This is a document about Autostereogram
  the picture, which the brain perceives as being located twice as far away as the picture itself. This may help persuade the brain to adopt the required divergence while focusing on the nearby picture. For crossed-eyed autostereograms, a different approach needs to be taken. The viewer may hold one finger between their eyes and move it slowly towards the picture, maintaining focus on the finger at all times, until they are correctly focused on the spot that will allow them to view the illusion. Stereoblindness, however, is not known to permit the usages of any of these techniques, especially for persons in whom it may be, or is, permanent.

This is a document about Autostereogram
  autostereogram does the same, the binocular disparity existing in adjacent parts of the repeating 2D patterns. There are two ways an autostereogram can be viewed: wall-eyed and cross-eyed. Most autostereograms (including those in this article) are designed to be viewed in only one way, which is usually wall-eyed. Wall-eyed viewing requires that the two eyes adopt a relatively parallel angle, while cross-eyed viewing requires a relatively convergent angle. An image designed for wall-eyed viewing if viewed correctly will appear to pop out of the background, while if viewed cross-eyed it will instead appear as a cut-out behind the background and may be difficult to bring entirely into focus.

This is a document about 3D stereo view
  the picture. A modified method has the viewer focus on their reflection on a reflective surface of the picture, which the brain perceives as being located twice as far away as the picture itself. This may help persuade the brain to adopt the required divergence while focusing on the nearby picture. For crossed-eyed autostereograms, a different approach needs to be taken. The viewer may hold one finger between their eyes and move it slowly towards the picture, maintaining focus on the finger at all times, until they are correctly focused on the spot that will allow them to view the illusion.

This is a document about Van Hare Effect
  A regular, two-dimensional image is all that is needed. The viewer prepares two prints of the identical image and these are placed side-by-side, horizontally, and close together. The pair of identical images are then viewed with the cross-eyed viewing method, the same as one would use in interpreting stereoscopic image pairs. The cross-eyed viewing method has its roots in aerial photography and aerial reconnaissance image interpretation. No special glasses, filters, colored lens or other apparatus are required to employ the Van Hare Effect. Simply by utilizing the cross-eyed viewing technique, the resulting pair of identical images are seen in three-dimensions, even if there

This is a document about Van Hare Effect
  the image pair and the viewer's eyes, which can be achieved by moving the paper forward and backward until the two images come into full view, whereupon the hole in the paper will seem to frame a small three-dimensional image. A third aid is that the viewer goes cross-eyed, and when this is done, the two images appear as three images, due to the lines of sight when cross-eyed. If the viewer focuses on the middle of the three images, it will come into focus as stereoscopic, without any viewing apparatus or use of a finger to get the eyes correctly focused.

This is a document about The Rumjacks
 Crosses for Eyes (2012)

This is a document about Maya society
  In Relación de las cosas de Yucatán, Diego de Landa reports that Maya mothers would artificially induce cross-eyedness in infants. Cross-eyedness was seen as a valued characteristic and it has been suggested that the Maya deity Kinich Ahau was depicted as cross-eyed as well.

This is a document about Bagolini Striated Glasses Test
  In a patient with an unsuppressed exotropia, the patient will see two lights with one line through each light. The line corresponding to the right eye will be on the left side of the results, meaning the images are crossed.

This is a document about ASCII stereogram
  at the rest of the image and the 3D effect should become apparent. If the Os at the bottom of Figure 1 look like three, then the effect is reversed. It is also possible to obtain opposite 3D effects by crossing the eyes rather than diverging them. O   On   n   n   n   n   n   n   n   n   n   n   n   n   n   n   n   nf    f    f    f    f    f    f    f    f    f    f    f    f    fe   e   e   e   e   e   e   e   e   e   e   e   e   e   e   e   ea    a    a    a    a    a    a    a    a    a    a    a

This is a document about Van Hare Effect
  the cross-eyed viewing. The image edits are instantly evident, typically as throbbing or highlighted areas in the combined "middle" image. Seeing Artworks in 3D -- Painting and flat image artworks of most types can be seen as if in artificial 3D, even if the artist did not paint any significant clues as to the dimensions of the subjects. Using the Van Hare Effect, the human brain simply fills in an artificial dimensional depth in the painting, even if it is not there, thus allowing the user to appreciate the artwork in a new way. Uncovering Image of Video Manipulation

This is a document about Stereoscopy
  in normal use it usually requires some previous training and tends to cause eye strain. ; The cross-eyed viewing method swaps the left and right eye images so that they will be correctly seen cross-eyed, the left eye viewing the image on the right and vice versa. The fused three-dimensional image appears to be smaller and closer than the actual images, so that large objects and scenes appear miniaturized. This method is usually easier for freeviewing novices. As an aid to fusion, a fingertip can be placed just below the division between the two images, then slowly brought straight toward the viewer's eyes, keeping

This is a document about Autostereogram
  These types of autostereograms are designed to be read in only one way, either cross-eyed or wall-eyed. All autostereograms in this article are encoded for wall-eyed viewing, unless specifically marked otherwise. An autostereogram encoded for wall-eyed viewing will produce inverse patterns when viewed cross-eyed, and vice versa. Most Magic Eye pictures are also designed for wall-eyed viewing. The wall-eyed depth map example autostereogram to the right encodes 3 planes across the x-axis. The background plane is on the left side of the picture. The highest plane is shown on the right side of the picture. There is a narrow middle plane in the

This is a document about Visual comparison
  A visual comparison is to compare two or more things by eye. This might be done by placing them side by side; by overlaying them; by alternating an image or by presenting each image to a separate eye. Such comparisons are the first stage in a child's development of an understanding of geometry and measurement, before they move to an understanding of measuring devices such as a ruler. People with sufficient control over the parallax of their eyeballs (e.g. those who can easily view random-dot stereograms) can hold up two paper printouts and go cross-eyed to superimpose them. This invokes deep, fast, built-in image comparison wetware (the same machinery responsible for depth perception)

This is a document about Van Hare Effect
  3D as a general rule, even when very limited or no stereoscopic data is available. Thus, the Van Hare Effect creates the artificial impression of 3D viewing based on the brain's own past experience in interpreting objects, shapes and people, drawing on past visual experiences and knowledge of the perception of similar forms. The cross-eyed viewing technique may be the cue that allows the brain to override its assumption that the photograph or video/film being viewed is two-dimensional and instead trick it into thinking that the results are supposed to be three-dimensional. Therefore, once the brain is tricked in this manner, it may

This is a document about Autostereogram
  formed on each eye's retina. In order to look at a nearby object, the two eyeballs rotate towards each other so that their eyesight can converge on the object. This is referred to as cross-eyed viewing. To see a faraway object, the two eyeballs diverge to become almost parallel to each other. This is known as wall-eyed viewing, where the convergence angle is much smaller than that in cross-eyed viewing. Stereo-vision based on parallax allows the brain to calculate depths of objects relative to the point of convergence. It is the convergence angle that gives the brain the absolute reference depth value for the point of convergence from which absolute depths of all other objects can be inferred.

This is a document about Worth 4 dot test
 They see 5 lights, 2 Red and 3 Green ; The lights are horizontally displaced, and are seen side by side ; The 2 Red Lights from the Right eye are on the left side ; The 3 Green lights from the Left eye  are on the right side In an Exotropic (XT) deviation, the patient will experience crossed diplopia. When questioned about the position of the lights, they will report that: This is recorded as: W4LT (D): 5 lights (Crossed Diplopia) XT NB: The clinician will be unable to indicate which eye is the deviating eye based on these results alone. The results should be interpreted with other clinical findings in order to produce a final diagnosis.

Autostereograms are pictures that can be viewed in 3D by looking at them cross-eyed. They are designed to be viewed in this way, and the depth perception is achieved by the brain reconstructing the original 3D image from the repeated patterns in the picture. Cross-eyed viewing is one of the two ways to view autostereograms, and it requires the viewer to adopt a wall-eyed angle.


Question: what is the present name of hindu collage

Answer: Presidency University , Kolkata

This is a document about Presidency University, Kolkata
 Presidency University, Kolkata Presidency University, Kolkata, formerly known as Hindu College and Presidency College, is a public state university located in College Street, Kolkata. It is considered to be one of the best liberal arts and science institutions in India. The institution was elevated to University status in 2010, before which it was functioning as a top constituent college under University of Calcutta for a period of around 193 years. The University had its bicentenary celebrations in 2017. In its first cycle as a university, Presidency received the highest possible "A" rating by the NAAC. Presidency has been recognized as

This is a document about Maharaja College, Arrah
 DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES ; DEPARTMENT OF ARTS ; DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE ; DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE The collage of following departments:

This is a document about Hindu College, Moradabad
 1963 Chemistry ; 1965 Physics and English ; 1966 Zoology ; 1969 Hindi and Economics ; 1971 Sociology ; 1972 Geography and Botany ; 1977 Education (M.Ed.) and Political Science ; 1983 Psychology ; 1984 Sanskrit ; 2006 Urdu and Defense studies Hindu College was established in 1911 as a middle school. In 1916 it was upgraded in a high school and in 1937 it was converted into an intermediate college. In 1949 and 1950 it was recognized as Degree and Post Graduate College, respectively. Until 1960 B.Sc., M.Sc. (Maths), Commerce and B.Ed. classes were functioning, after that in 1961 courses of Art Faculty was established at the undergraduate level. In the succeeding years these courses were started at the post graduate level:  Hindu College was first affiliated to Agra University and later to with the establishment of Rohilkhand University — presently known as Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University — in 1973.

This is a document about List of rulers of Lan Na
 Collage

This is a document about Hindu College, Delhi
  Hindu College Gazette. The publication also reviews and publishes opinions and analyses from scholars and writers from across the country. Other societies include Abhyas- The Internship Cell; The Finance & Investment Cell; Abhirang, the Hindi Dramatic Society; Adhrita, The Indian Dance Society, that works to maintain culture and heritage and conduct the only dance fest of DU; Abstraction, the Fine Arts Society; Aria, the Western Music Society; Manthan, the Quiz Society; Srijya, the Contemporary Dance Society; Scribe: The Literary Society ; Masque, The English Dramatic Society; Vagmi, the Hindi Debating Society; and Vivre, The Film and Photography Society, the Entrepreneurship Cell, or more commonly just Ecell.

This is a document about Hindu College, Delhi
  Hindu College was founded in 1899 by Krishan Dassji Gurwale in the backdrop of the nationalist struggle against the British Raj. Some prominent citizens, including Rai bahadur Amba Prasad, Gurwale Ji, decided to start a college that would provide nationalist education to the youth, while being non-elitist and non-sectarian. Originally, the college was housed in a humble building in Kinari Bazar, Chandni Chowk, and it was affiliated to Punjab University as there was no university in Delhi at that time. As the college grew, it faced a major crisis in 1902. The Punjab University warned the college that the university would disaffiliate the college if the college failed to get a proper building of its own. Rai Bahadur Lala Sultan Singh came to rescue the college from this crisis. He donated a part of his historic property, which originally belonged to Colonel James Skinner, at Kashmiri Gate, Delhi, to

This is a document about Hindu Higher Secondary School
  The schools roots are in two boys' schools in the Triplicane area of Madras, the Dravida Pathasala (Pathasala means school in Sanskrit) for Tamil boys and the Hindu Balura Pathsala for Telugu boys. In 1860, these two Pathsalas were merged, the new entity being named the "Triplicane Andhra Dravida Balura Pathasala". The school was later again renamed "The Triplicane Anglo-Vernacular High School". Finally, in 1897, the school's name was changed to "Hindu High School".

This is a document about Hindu College, Delhi
  Hindu College is a constituent college of the University of Delhi in New Delhi, India. Established in 1899, it is one of the oldest for arts and sciences in India. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in sciences, humanities, social sciences and commerce. In 2020, it is ranked 3rd nationally by National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) under Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India). It has been awarded 'Star College' status for its Department of Biotechnology by the Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India). The college has produced many notable alumni in the fields of Law, Economics, Science, Psychology, Business, Philosophy, Literature, Media, Cinema, Military, Sports and Politics. Notwithstanding its name, students from all religions are admitted to Hindu College.

This is a document about Hindu School, Kolkata
  Hindu School is a state government-administered school in Kolkata (Calcutta), India. This is the Oldest Modern Educational Institution in Asia (it was known to be Hindu College then). The institution played a key role during Bengal Renaissance period. It is located on College Street, in the vicinity of Hare School, College Square, Presidency University, Sanskrit College, Calcutta Medical College and the University of Calcutta.

This is a document about Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra
  Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra finds its origin in a Jhankar, a society founded in 1947 for an appreciation of Indian classical music and dance, gradually it started offering training in music and dance and came to be known as Bharatiya Kala Kendra. Eventually it moved to Copernicus Marg where it was renamed Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra, later it was registered under the same name in 1952, under the Societies' Registration Act XXI of 1860. It now has two sections, the College of Music and Dance, and the Performing Arts Section. Noted classical singer Nilina Ripjit Singh, later known as Naina Devi was its director. Noted musicians, singer and dance guru of the era worked

This is a document about SaMMsCRIthi
  The event, a cultural extravaganza, has been known by various names since its inception in the year 2000. It was called InFest, Parivartan 2010, Abhivyakth 2011, etc before it was decided in 2012 that the festival would be permanently named saMMsCRIthi reflecting the college name within.

This is a document about Maharaja College, Arrah
  The campus of the collage has an area of 8.5 acres and is located 1.5 kilometres from Ara Junction railway station. The main collage buildings of the campus are BCA department building, Central Library, Administrative Building, Botenical Garden and Cricket Ground and Arrah House. A study centre of Nalanda Open University is running in the college campus to impart education (about 105 traditional and vocational courses) through distance mode.

This is a document about Faculty of Arts, Banaras Hindu University
  Faculty of Arts, Banaras Hindu University is a faculty in the Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India which offers courses in History, Culture, Philosophy, Languages, Literature along with various Professional and Vocational courses. It was founded in 1898 and is the oldest and largest faculty in the Banaras Hindu University. Faculty of Arts was formerly known as the Central Hindu College (1898–1916). In 1916, the Banaras Hindu University grew around the "nucleus" of the Faculty of Arts.

This is a document about Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai
  The Government College of Fine Arts (initially known as the Madras School of Art) in Chennai is the oldest art institution in India. The institution was established in 1850 by surgeon Alexander Hunter as a private art school. In 1852, after being taken over by the government, it was renamed as the Government School of Industrial Arts. In 1962, it was renamed as the Government School of Arts and Crafts and the Government College of Arts and Crafts, before finally being renamed as present.

This is a document about Hindu College, Guntur
  This educational institution started its activities in 1930. The current Hindu high school started then. later it started offering other courses also. It offers graduate and under-graduate courses. It has a Pharma College campus and a P.G. college on the Amaravathi Road which are recognized by the Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur.

This is a document about Sibpur S.S.P.S Vidyalaya
  The logo or emblem of the institution is knitted in a square piece of cloth and includes the school name, year of establishment and the motto: 'শ্রদ্ধাবান্ লভতে জ্ঞানম' ; this Sanskrit phrase denotes that the most credited or honoured person attains the knowledge. There are four color schemes in the emblem of the institution. Each of them depicts a house from the following four houses. The houses and their respective colors are: This color sequence recycles after every fourth roll number. The Vidyasagar House was previously named Jogiraj House, after Sri Shyamacharan Lahiri.

This is a document about Hindu School, Kolkata
  Radha Madhab Banerjee and Gunganarain Doss. Buddinath Mukherjee was appointed as the first Secretary of the college. The newly established college mostly admitted Hindu students from affluent and progressive families, but also admitted non-Hindu students such as Muslims, Jews, Christians and Buddhists. At first the classes were held in a house belonging to Gorachand Bysack of Garanhatta (later renamed 304, Chitpore Road), which was rented by the college. In January 1818 the college moved to 'Feringhi Kamal Bose's house' which was located nearby in Chitpore. From Chitpore, the college moved to Bowbazar and later to the building that now houses the Sanskrit College on College Street. In 1855 the 'Pathshala' part was renamed as Hindu School and the 'Mahapathshala' part became Presidency College, Kolkata.

This is a document about Salotgi
  According to A.S. Altekar in Education in Ancient India: "The village of Salotgi in Bijapur District of the Bombay Presidency was a famous centre, probably of Vedic learning, in the 10th and 11th centuries C.E. The Sanskrit college that flourished at this place must have existed for a long time, for it eventually transformed the original name of the place, Pavittage, into Salotgi, which is an abbreviated and Prakristised compound of Sala and Pavittage. The college was located in a spacious hall, attached to the temple of Tray-Purusha, which was built by Narayana, a minister of the Rashtrakuta emperor Krishna III. Owing to its far spread fame for efficiency, the college could attract students from different parts of the country. The strength of the college is not known, but it seems that 27 houses were necessary for lodging the students. An endowment of 12 Nivartanas(probably equal to 60 acres) of land was made for meeting the lighting charges of the boarding houses. The students were offered free boarding, an endowment of 500 Nivartanas having been received for that purpose. It would appear that at least 200 students were offered free boarding, lodging and education at this institution."

This is a document about St. Xavier's College, Patna
  The college emblem contains the motto Pravahito Gyan Ganga Pravah (Sanskrit): "Let the streams of Gyan (knowledge) Ganga keep on flowing." The College is situated beside the river Ganga and like the flowing river would ensure that the streams of Gyan keep on flowing and liberating people, building bridges of understanding. The Sun with the letters IHS (first three letters for Jesus in Greek) is a symbol for the Society of Jesus. The emblem within the emblem, containing crown and crescent moon, is the coat of arms of the noble family of its patron, St. Francis Xavier.

This is a document about Hindu studies
  Hindu studies is the study of the traditions and practices of the Indian subcontinent, especially Hinduism. Beginning with British philology in the colonial period, Hindu studies has been practiced largely by Westerners, due in part to the lack of a distinct department for religion in Indian academia. Since the 1990s this has caused some dissent from Hindus, raising questions in academia about the role of Hindu studies in creating postcolonial images of India.

Presidency University, Kolkata (Hindu College is now a part of this university)