Question: who was the first african american to run for president of the united states

Answer: Shirley Chisholm

This is a document about African-American candidates for President of the United States
 lead the party’s ticket. Taylor’s campaign in 1904 was unsuccessful. The party’s promise to put 300 speakers on the stump to support his candidacy and its plan to field 6,000 candidates for local offices failed to materialize. No newspaper supported the party. State laws kept the party from listing candidates officially on election ballots. Taylor’s name failed to be added to any state ballot. The votes he received were not recorded in state records. William Scott later estimated that the party had received 65,000 votes nationwide, a number that could not be verified. In 1972, Shirley Chisholm was the first

This is a document about United States Senate career of Barack Obama
 for U.S. Senate. With Obama facing nearly certain victory in his U.S. Senate race against Alan Keyes at the time combined with an overwhelmingly positive reaction to his address, speculation grew about the possibility of a potential Obama candidacy for President of the United States in 2008 or later. Following the speech, Chris Mathews even went as far as predicting that Obama would become the first African-American president. If he decided to run for President, he would join other African-Americans like Alan Keyes and Shirley Chisholm who had previous presidential runs. But as of 2004, no African-American had received a

This is a document about National Congress of Black Women
 responsibilities of good citizenship and the importance of engaging the political process, while also providing opportunities for internships and other learning experiences at the local, state, national and global levels. The National Congress of Black Women's founding chairs were Shirley Chisholm and Dr. C. Delores Tucker. Shirley Chisholm was an educator, author, and politician. She became the first African American woman elected in Congress in 1968 and in 1972, became the first African American woman to make a serious bid to run for President of the United States. Dr. C. Delores Tucker was the first African American woman to serve

This is a document about Post–civil rights era in African-American history
 directed by Melvin Van Peebles and starring Godfrey Cambridge. The first blaxploitation films were released. On April 20, 1971, the Supreme Court, in "Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education", upheld busing of students to achieve integration. In December 1971, Jesse Jackson organized Operation PUSH in Chicago. In 1972, Shirley Chisholm became the first major-party African-American candidate for President of the United States and the first woman to run for the Democratic presidential nomination. In 1976, Black History Month was founded by Professor Carter Woodson and the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History. In 1972, DJ Kool Herc

This is a document about List of Mexican presidential firsts
 First president with significant African ancestry.

This is a document about List of United States presidential candidate firsts
 First African-American man to seek a major party's presidential nomination: Jesse Jackson

This is a document about African-American candidates for President of the United States
 For African American presidential candidates in minor parties as well as major parties, see List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates.   This article is about African-American candidates for President of the United States. The article covers only candidates from major parties (including one who briefly left one of the major parties to run). On November 4, 2008, U.S. Senator Barack Obama (D-IL) was elected president of the United States. He was the first African American to win a presidential election and the first African American to serve as president of the United States. He was re-elected as president in 2012.

This is a document about 1872 United States presidential election
  Victoria Woodhull is recognized as the first woman to run for president. She was nominated by the small Equal Rights Party. Frederick Douglass was nominated as her running mate, although he did not attend the convention, acknowledge his nomination, or take an active role in the campaign.

This is a document about List of African-American firsts
 First African-American to vote in an election under the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting voting rights regardless of race: Thomas Mundy Peterson ; First African American to graduate from Harvard College: Richard Theodore Greener. ; First African-American elected to the U.S. Senate, and first to serve in the U.S. Congress: Hiram Rhodes Revels (R–MS). ; First African American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives: Joseph Rainey (R-SC). ; First African-American acting governor: Oscar James Dunn of Louisiana from May until August 9, 1871, when sitting Governor Warmoth was incapacitated and chose to recuperate in Mississippi. (See also: Douglas Wilder, 1990)

This is a document about Members of the 111th United States Congress
  of 2008 and becoming the first African American to be elected President of the United States. Until the emancipation of enslaved African Americans after the Civil War and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, blacks were generally barred from voting outside of the Northeast. As a result of these new laws, Joseph Rainey and Jefferson F. Long won election to Congress in majority-black districts and Hiram Rhodes Revels was appointed as senator from Mississippi (then a majority-black state) in 1870. However, the end of Reconstruction in 1876 marked a weakening of black rights and by 1901, when George Henry White left the House after losing a reelection bid,

This is a document about Frederick Douglass
  South Carolina and sending troops there and into other states. Under his leadership over 5,000 arrests were made. Grant's vigor in disrupting the Klan made him unpopular among many whites but earned praise from Douglass. A Douglass associate wrote that African Americans "will ever cherish a grateful remembrance of [Grant's] name, fame and great services." In 1872, Douglass became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States, as Victoria Woodhull's running mate on the Equal Rights Party ticket. He was nominated without his knowledge. Douglass neither campaigned for the ticket nor acknowledged that he had been nominated. In that year, he was

This is a document about Clennon Washington King Sr.
 Clennon Washington King Jr. (July 18, 1920 – February 12, 2000) was a civil rights activist and the first African-American to run for President of the United States of America; ; Chevene Bowers King (1923–1988), was a prominent civil rights attorney whose client list included Martin Luther King Jr. Posthumously Chevene had a United States Courthouse in Albany, Georgia named after him. ; Slater Hunter King (July 18, 1927 – 1969) was a successful real estate broker and civil rights leader who helped his father found the Albany chapter of the NAACP; ; Preston King (b. 1936) is a civil rights activist, professor, lecturer and political theorist who was exiled from the United States during the Civil Rights era, but was later pardoned by Bill Clinton in 2000, after 39 years. Marvin Kenneth King (February 27, 1922 – July 27, 2008) ; Paul Dickens King ; Allen

This is a document about Frederick Douglass
  the distinguished citizens of the country," the Chester County PA newspaper remarked.  At the 1888 Republican National Convention, Douglass became the first African American to receive a vote for President of the United States in a major party's roll call vote. That year, Douglass spoke at Claflin College, a historically black college in Orangeburg, South Carolina, and the state's oldest such institution. Many African Americans, called Exodusters, escaped the Klan and racially discriminatory laws in the South by moving to Kansas, where some formed all-black towns to have a greater level of freedom and autonomy. Douglass did not favor this, nor the Back-to-Africa movement. He

This is a document about List of African-American firsts
 First African-American midshipman admitted to the United States Naval Academy: John H. Conyers (nominated by Robert B. Elliott of South Carolina). ; First African-American governor (non-elected): P. B. S. Pinchback of Louisiana (See also: Douglas Wilder, 1990) ; First African-American nominee for Vice President of the United States: Frederick Douglass by the Equal Rights Party.

This is a document about List of first minority male lawyers and judges in the United States
 Frank R. Beckwith: First African American male (a lawyer) to run as a candidate for the President of the U.S. in a major-party primary (1960) ; Hiram Fong:  First Asian American male (a lawyer) to run as a candidate for the President of the U.S. (1964) ; Barack Obama (1991): First African American male (a lawyer) to become President of the United States (2009-2017)

This is a document about Public image of Bill Clinton
  Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and made improving race relations a major theme of his presidency. In 1998, Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison in The New Yorker called Clinton "the first Black president", saying, "Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas," and comparing Clinton's sex life, scrutinized despite his career accomplishments, to the stereotyping and double standards that blacks typically endure. In 2008, Morrison's sentiments were raised anew as Barack Obama, who would later become the country's first African-American president, ran for the presidency. After endorsing

This is a document about List of United States presidential candidate firsts
 First individual to succeed to the presidency following the death or resignation of a predecessor, and then win election in his own right: Theodore Roosevelt ; First African American to run for president: George Edwin Taylor

This is a document about George Edwin Taylor
  George Edwin Taylor (August 4, 1857 – December 23, 1925) was an American journalist, editor, political activist, and politician. In 1904, he was the candidate of the National Negro Liberty Party for President of the United States. He was the first African American to run for president. Taylor was born free in Little Rock, Arkansas because his mother was free. His father was enslaved. His mother took him to Alton, Illinois, where she died. He reached La Crosse, Wisconsin in 1865, where he lived with the family of a ship cook. After they left the city, he was placed in a foster home at age 10, and lived with that family until he was 20. He attended

This is a document about List of fictional United States presidencies of historical figures (V–Z)
 In the alternate history short story "We are Not Amused" by Laura Resnick contained in the anthology Alternate Presidents edited by Mike Resnick, Victoria Woodhull was elected as the 19th President in 1872, defeating her Democratic opponent Horace Greeley after a constitutional amendment restricted her predecessor Ulysses S. Grant to one term. President Woodhull, the first woman to hold the office, ran for the Equal Rights Party with the former slave and prominent abolitionist Frederick Douglass as her running mate. Consequently, Douglass became the first African American to hold the office of Vice President. Shortly after her election, Woodhull began a correspondence with her namesake, the British monarch Queen

This is a document about African Americans
  during the Atlantic Slave Trade. On November 4, 2008, Democratic Senator Barack Obama defeated Republican Senator John McCain to become the first African American to be elected president. At least 95 percent of African-American voters voted for Obama. He also received overwhelming support from young and educated Whites, a majority of Asians, and Hispanics, picking up a number of new states in the Democratic electoral column. Obama lost the overall White vote, although he won a larger proportion of White votes than any previous nonincumbent Democratic presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter. Obama was reelected for a second and final term, by a similar margin on November 6, 2012. In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first woman, the first African American, and the first Asian American to serve as Vice President of the United States.

The first African American to run for president of the United States was Shirley Chisholm, who ran in 1972. However, it's important to note that there were earlier attempts by other African Americans to run for president, such as Frederick Douglass in 1888 and Marcus Garvey in 1920, but their campaigns did not gain significant support.


Question: who wrote my kinda party by jason aldean

Answer: Brantley Gilbert

This is a document about My Kinda Party (song)
 My Kinda Party (song) "My Kinda Party" is a song written and originally recorded by American country rock artist Brantley Gilbert from his 2009 album "Modern Day Prodigal Son". Jason Aldean covered the song and his version serves as the lead-off single to his 2010 album of the same name. This song is an up-tempo country rock song about a guy who's "worked all week" asking a girl out for a tailgate party and bonfire, and asking her to stay the night with him afterwards. This song has received overall mixed critical reception. Amar Toor of AOL Radio Blog gave

This is a document about Jason Aldean
 chart from unsolicited airplay for the week of November 20, 2010. In March 2011, it became Aldean's fifth number-one hit. In early 2011, Aldean's version of "Dirt Road Anthem", which was recorded previously by both of its writers country rap artist Colt Ford and Brantley Gilbert (who also wrote "My Kinda Party"), debuted on the Hot Country Songs chart at No. 57 as an album cut from an unsolicited airplay for the week of February 5, 2011. In March 2011, the song was chosen as the third single from "My Kinda Party". Aldean also collaborated with Ludacris for the song

This is a document about My Kinda Party
 My Kinda Party My Kinda Party is the fourth studio album released by American country music artist Jason Aldean. It was released on November 2, 2010 on Broken Bow Records. The songs were written by various songwriters including Neil Thrasher, Brantley Gilbert and Michael Dulaney. Aldean said that he chose the name of the album because he thought it was representative of "what my fans have come to expect." He also said that it has a unique sound because he recorded it with his touring band and an engineer who does not work with any other artists. On November 30,

This is a document about My Kinda Party
 the only song that "deserves another spin". Juli Thanki with Engine 145 gave the album 3½, saying it "includes some of his most enjoyable and mature work to date". My Kinda Party My Kinda Party is the fourth studio album released by American country music artist Jason Aldean. It was released on November 2, 2010 on Broken Bow Records. The songs were written by various songwriters including Neil Thrasher, Brantley Gilbert and Michael Dulaney. Aldean said that he chose the name of the album because he thought it was representative of "what my fans have come to expect." He also

This is a document about Dirt Road Anthem
 Dirt Road Anthem "Dirt Road Anthem" is a country rap song written by American singers Colt Ford and Brantley Gilbert (who also wrote Aldean's hit "My Kinda Party"), each of whom recorded his own version of the song. Jason Aldean covered the song for his 2010 album "My Kinda Party", and released it as the third single from the album in April 2011. The song debuted as a single as Aldean's previous single, "Don't You Wanna Stay", was at the number one spot on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart. On November 30, the song received a nomination at the

This is a document about Colt Ford
 Colt Ford Jason Farris Brown (born August 27, 1970) known professionally as Colt Ford, is an American country music rapper, singer, songwriter, entrepreneur, and former professional golfer best known for his music fusing country and hip hop, which has been categorized as "country rap". He has released six albums via Average Joes Entertainment, which he co-founded. Ford has charted six times on the Hot Country Songs charts and co-wrote (with Brantley Gilbert) "Dirt Road Anthem", a song on his 2008 album "Ride Through the Country", which Jason Aldean later covered on his "My Kinda Party" album. Brown was born and

This is a document about Ride Through the Country
 Ride Through the Country Ride Through the Country is the debut album released by country rap artist Colt Ford. It was released on December 2, 2008 on the independent Average Joe's label. It features guest appearances by John Michael Montgomery on the title track (which was released as the album lead-off single) as well as an appearance from Jamey Johnson on "Cold Beer". "Dirt Road Anthem" was later covered by co-writer Brantley Gilbert on his album "Halfway to Heaven", and once again by Jason Aldean for his album "My Kinda Party", both from 2010. As of August 6, 2014, the

This is a document about Country rap
 American country singer-songwriter Tim McGraw; the song peaked at number three on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Jason Aldean had a number-one country hit in 2011 with "Dirt Road Anthem," which was originally done by country rapper Colt Ford and country-rock singer Brantley Gilbert. The song was featured on his album "My Kinda Party". A remixed "Dirt Road Anthem" featuring rapper Ludacris was played at both the 2011 CMT Music Awards and the 2011 Grammy Nominations Concert. American rapper B.o.B and country singer Taylor Swift also collaborated for a country rap song titled "Both Of Us", in 2012. Swift did

This is a document about My Kinda Party
 debuted at #15 on the Adult Contemporary chart and #39 on the Adult Top 40 chart. "Don't You Wanna Stay" was also certified Double Platinum by the RIAA. The third single is the country rap-themed "Dirt Road Anthem", which was previously recorded separately by both of its writers, Brantley Gilbert and Colt Ford. It debuted as an album cut on the Hot Country Songs chart from unsolicited airplay at number 57 for the week ending February 5, 2011. According to AOL's The Boot, Aldean's publicist teased about this song, suggesting Aldean listened to "a little Snoop Dogg in his time";

This is a document about My Kinda Party (song)
 Country Songs chart for the chart week dated August 21, 2010, and entered the top 40 in its second chart week. It also debuted at number 54 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for the week of September 11, 2010. It also debuted at number 99 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of November 20, 2010. As of June 2011, "My Kinda Party" was sold 1,000,000 times in the United States. My Kinda Party (song) "My Kinda Party" is a song written and originally recorded by American country rock artist Brantley Gilbert from his 2009 album

This is a document about Brantley Gilbert
 Brantley Gilbert Brantley Keith Gilbert (born January 20, 1985) is an American country music singer, songwriter and record producer from Jefferson, Georgia. He was originally signed to Colt Ford's label, Average Joes Entertainment, where he released "Modern Day Prodigal Son" and "Halfway to Heaven". He is now signed to the Valory division of Big Machine Records where he has released three studio albums—a deluxe edition of "Halfway to Heaven", "Just as I Am", "The Devil Don't Sleep", and 11 country chart entries, four of which have gone to number one. He also wrote Jason Aldean's singles "My Kinda Party" and

This is a document about My Kinda Party
 2011, the album received a nomination for the 54th Grammy Awards for Best Country Album. The first single from "My Kinda Party" is the title track, which debuted on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart at number 41. The song has become Aldean's tenth Top 10 hit on that chart, peaking at number two. The song also debuted at number 54 on the Hot 100 chart. "My Kinda Party" was written and originally recorded by country rock artist Brantley Gilbert for his 2009 album "Modern Day Prodigal Son". Aldean's version was also certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of

This is a document about My Kinda Party
  My Kinda Party is the fourth studio album released by American country music artist Jason Aldean. It was released on November 2, 2010 by Broken Bow Records. The songs were written by various songwriters including Neil Thrasher, Brantley Gilbert and Michael Dulaney. Aldean said that he chose the name of the album because he thought it was representative of "what my fans have come to expect." He also said that it has a unique sound because he recorded it with his touring band and an engineer who does not work with any other artists. On November 30, 2011, the album received a nomination for the 54th Grammy Awards for Best Country Album.

This is a document about My Kinda Party (song)
  "My Kinda Party" is a song written and originally recorded by American country rock artist Brantley Gilbert from his 2009 album Modern Day Prodigal Son. Jason Aldean covered the song and his version serves as the lead-off single to his 2010 album of the same name.

This is a document about Thomas Rhett
  Rhett co-wrote the song "I Ain't Ready to Quit" on Jason Aldean's 2010 album My Kinda Party and signed a recording contract with Big Machine Records' Valory Music Group division in 2011. The album's first 21 weeks were spent in the top 40 of the Billboard 200; it also has sold 1.7 million in its first years of release. Rhett also co-wrote the 2013 singles "1994" by Jason Aldean, "Parking Lot Party" by Lee Brice, and "Round Here" by Florida Georgia Line. During the chart week of September 21, 2013, the Country Airplay chart included five songs within the top 10 that Rhett or his father had co-written, including "It Goes Like This".

This is a document about Brantley Gilbert
  In addition to his original work, Gilbert has written songs that Colt Ford and Jason Aldean have recorded. The songs "Dirt Road Anthem" (co-written and originally recorded by him and Colt Ford) and "My Kinda Party" were released on Aldean's 2010 album My Kinda Party. "My Kinda Party" was originally recorded by Gilbert on Modern Day Prodigal Son, while "Dirt Road Anthem" was on Halfway to Heaven. Aldean has also covered Gilbert's "The Best of Me", available on the iTunes release of his 2009 album Wide Open. Gilbert has also co-written the tracks "The Same Way" on Aldean's album 9 and "Small Town Small" on his album Macon, Georgia.

This is a document about My Kinda Party
  The first single from My Kinda Party is the title track, which debuted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart at number 41. The song has become Aldean's tenth Top 10 hit on that chart, peaking at number two. The song also debuted at number 54 on the Hot 100 chart. "My Kinda Party" was written and originally recorded by country rock artist Brantley Gilbert for his 2009 album Modern Day Prodigal Son. Aldean's version was also certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The second single "Don't You Wanna Stay", a duet with pop rock singer Kelly Clarkson, debuted on the country

This is a document about Jason Aldean
  Jason Aldean (born Jason Aldine Williams; February 28, 1977) is an American country music singer, songwriter and record producer. Since 2005, Aldean has been signed to Broken Bow Records, a record label for which he has released nine albums and 35 singles. His 2010 album, My Kinda Party, is certified quadruple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). His 2012 album Night Train is certified double-platinum, while his 2005 self-titled debut, 2007 album Relentless, 2009 album Wide Open, 2014 album Old Boots, New Dirt are all certified platinum. Aldean has received four Grammy Award nominations throughout his career, twice for Best Country Album. 24 of his 35 singles have reached #1 on either

This is a document about Jason Aldean
  and Brantley Gilbert (who also wrote "My Kinda Party"), debuted on the Hot Country Songs chart at No. 57 as an album cut from an unsolicited airplay for the week of February 5, 2011. In March 2011, the song was chosen as the third single from My Kinda Party. Aldean also collaborated with Ludacris for the song at the 2011 CMT Music Awards in Nashville, Tennessee on June 8, 2011. In addition to making #1 on the Hot Country Songs chart for the week of July 30, 2011, it also became Aldean's first Top 10 hit on the Hot 100 chart. Aldean performed "My Kinda Party" at the start of the 2011 Home Run Derby, which was broadcast on ESPN. Aldean won the CMA award for Album

Jason Aldean's "My Kinda Party" was written by Brantley Gilbert and Chris DuBois.


Question: which member of queen has a phd in astrophysics

Answer: May

This is a document about Brian May
 George Orwell's novel of the same name, with vocalist and bassist Tim Staffell. At Hampton Grammar School, he attained ten GCE Ordinary Levels and three GCE Advanced Levels in Physics, Mathematics, and Applied Mathematics. He studied Mathematics and Physics at Imperial College London, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics in 1968 with honours. In 2007, May was awarded a PhD in astrophysics from Imperial College London for work started in 1971 and completed in 2007. May formed the band Smile in 1968. The group included Tim Staffell as the lead singer and bassist, and later, drummer Roger

This is a document about Starmus Festival
 Starmus Festival The Starmus International Festival is an international gathering focused on celebrating astronomy, space exploration, music, art, and allied sciences such as biology and chemistry. It was founded by Garik Israelian, an astronomer at the Institute for Astrophysics in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. The Festival has featured Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Hawking, Alexei Leonov, Jim Lovell, Brian May, Jill Tarter, Kip Thorne, and Rick Wakeman among others. In 2007 Brian May, founding guitarist of the rock band Queen, completed his PhD dissertation, which was left unfinished in 1974 when Queen began to achieve significant success. May’s

This is a document about Garik Israelian
 Brian May (the guitarist of the legendary rock band Queen) credits Israelian in his PhD thesis as "... my prime collaborator in resuming this work … more than anyone else responsible for helping me through the final stages of this PhD work". Israelian has supervised six Doctoral dissertations, and lectured 32 hours post- graduate courses on Stellar Atmospheres and Radiation Transfer at the Universities of Geneva (Switzerland) and Tokyo (Japan). Israelian is a trusted referee of the scientific magazines "Nature", "Science", "Astrophysical Journal", "Astronomy and Astrophysics", "MNRAS". He collaborated and published articles with, amongst others, Prof. Hans Bethe (Nobel Prize

This is a document about Remo Ruffini
 Remo Ruffini Remo Ruffini (born May 17, 1942, La Brigue, Alpes-Maritimes, at that time, Briga Marittima, Italy). He is Director of ICRANet, International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics Network. Moreover, he is President of the International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics (ICRA); he initiated the International Relativistic Astrophysics PhD (IRAP PhD), a common graduate school program of several universities and research institutes for the education of theoretical astrophysicists. He is Director of the Erasmus Mundus IRAP PhD program (IRAP Ph D Erasmus Mundus). He has been Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Rome "Sapienza" from 1978 to 2012. After his

This is a document about Remo Ruffini
 Earth based experiments and represent the first evidence of the energy extraction process from Black Holes (the blackholic energy). He is co-author of 21 books, including: Remo Ruffini Remo Ruffini (born May 17, 1942, La Brigue, Alpes-Maritimes, at that time, Briga Marittima, Italy). He is Director of ICRANet, International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics Network. Moreover, he is President of the International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics (ICRA); he initiated the International Relativistic Astrophysics PhD (IRAP PhD), a common graduate school program of several universities and research institutes for the education of theoretical astrophysicists. He is Director of the Erasmus Mundus IRAP

This is a document about Brian May
 greatest guitarist of all time. He was ranked at No. 26 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". In 2012, he was ranked the 2nd greatest guitarist in a "Guitar World" magazine readers poll. May was appointed a CBE by Queen Elizabeth II in 2005 for "services to the music industry and for charity work". May earned a PhD in astrophysics from Imperial College London in 2007, and was Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University from 2008 to 2013. He was a "science team collaborator" with NASA's New Horizons Pluto mission. He is also

This is a document about Feryal Özel
 Feryal Özel Feryal Özel (born May 27, 1975) is a Turkish-American astrophysicist born in Istanbul, Turkey, specializing in the physics of compact objects and high energy astrophysical phenomena. She is widely recognized for her contributions to the field of neutron stars, black holes, and magnetars. She is currently a professor at the University of Arizona in Tucson, in the Astronomy Department and Steward Observatory. She received the Maria Goeppert Mayer award from the American Physical Society in 2013 for her outstanding contributions to neutron star astrophysics. She received her PhD at Harvard University and has been a member and Hubble

This is a document about Ashot Chilingarian
 graduated from the Armenian State Pedagogical University. He entered the Faculty of Physics of Yerevan State University in 1966, and in 1971 received his bachelor's degree in nuclear physics. He earned his PhD degree in 1984 and Doctorate of Science in Physics and Mathematics in 1991 from the Yerevan Physics Institute (YerPhi). During his professional life, Chilingarian has received many awards including: Chilingarian is a member of many professional societies such as: Ashot Chilingarian Ashot Chilingarian (; born 18 May 1949) is an Armenian physicist known for his contributions to the fields of high-energy astrophysics, space weather, and high-energy atmospheric

This is a document about Douglas N. C. Lin
 Douglas N. C. Lin Douglas N. C. Lin (born May 7, 1949) is Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He was born in New York and grew up in Beijing. He earned his BSc from McGill University, his PhD from the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge University, and performed postdoctoral research at both Harvard and Cambridge. In 1979 he took an Assistant Professorship at UCSC, and has remained there since. He is also the founding director of the Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics at Peking University. Douglas Lin's principal research interests are in the

This is a document about Zoltán Balog (astronomer)
 of Arizona at Tucson. Balog is a member of the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) Guaranteed Time Oberservation (GTO) team led by Dr. George Rieke. Balog earned his PhD in Physics in 2005 from the University of Szeged, Hungary. He was also an SAO pre-doctoral fellow between 1999 and 2002 at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. An updated bibliography may be found here Zoltán Balog (astronomer) Zoltán Balog (born 1972 in Szolnok, Hungary) is an astronomer with the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany. In 2006, while at the Steward Observatory at the University of Arizona, Dr.

This is a document about Zodiacal light
  In 2007, Brian May, lead guitarist with the band Queen, completed his thesis, A Survey of Radial Velocities in the Zodiacal Dust Cloud, thirty-six years after abandoning it to pursue a career in music. He was able to submit it only because of the minimal amount of research on the topic undertaken during the intervening years. May describes the subject as being one that became "trendy" again in the 2000s.

This is a document about Brian May
  Fame as a member of Queen and in 2018 the band received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. May was appointed a CBE by Queen Elizabeth II in 2005 for "services to the music industry and for charity work". May earned a PhD degree in astrophysics from Imperial College London in 2007, and was Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University from 2008 to 2013. He was a "science team collaborator" with NASA's New Horizons Pluto mission. He is also a co-founder of the awareness campaign Asteroid Day. Asteroid 52665 Brianmay was named after him. May is also an animal rights activist, campaigning against the hunting of foxes and the culling of badgers in the UK.

This is a document about Brian May
  Brian Harold May (born 19 July 1947) is an English musician and astrophysicist who achieved fame as lead guitarist of the rock band Queen. May was a co-founder of Queen with lead singer Freddie Mercury and drummer Roger Taylor. His songwriting contributions helped Queen become one of the most successful bands in rock history. May previously performed with drummer Roger Taylor in the band Smile, which he had joined while he was at university. After the band's formation in 1970, bass player John Deacon joined to complete the line-up in 1971. Queen became one of the biggest rock bands in the world with the success of the album A Night at the Opera and

This is a document about Starmus Festival
  In 2007 Brian May, founding guitarist of the rock band Queen, completed his PhD dissertation, which was left unfinished in 1974 when Queen began to achieve significant success. May's work focused on zodiacal dust in the solar system. He had studied at Tenerife earlier through Imperial College London, and resumed work there more than 30 years later. In 2007, his new co-advisor was Garik Israelian, and the two struck up a friendship, Israelian also being a musician. This led to the founding of the Starmus Festival — the name paying homage to stars and music — and the stage was set for the first Festival, which would occur four years later.

This is a document about Lennox and Addington County
 Charles Jones, composer ; Terence Dickinson, awards-winning astronomy author and expert in astrophotography ; Avril Lavigne, musician ; Daniel Woolf, historian and former principal of Queen’s University

This is a document about Stephen Hawking in popular culture
 Brian May (lead guitarist of Queen and astrophysicist) used recordings of Stephen Hawking's voice in his song "New Horizons (Ultima Thule Mix)" (written to celebrate New Horizon NASA space probe journey). ; The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The voice of the book in the new series, The Hexagonal Phase first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Thursday 8 March: BBC Home page for The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy ; Jon Holmes. The comedian's BBC Radio 6 Music radio show features Hawking reciting songs lyrics as suggested by listeners. These have included 'Gay Bar' by Electric Six and 'Prime Mover' by Zodiac Mindwarp. ; Greydon Square.

This is a document about Peter T. Gallagher
  he studied a wide range of subjects but moved to focus on physics and specifically astronomy after being given a copy of A Brief History of Time as a present. He qualified with an honours B.Sc. in Physics and Maths in 1995, and secured a place on a funded Masters course in Optoelectronics at Queen's University Belfast, qualifying first in his year, with distinction, in Optoelectronics and Image Processing in 1996. After some work in the Canary Islands, he deepened his academic focus on astronomy and pursued a funded PhD from Queen's. He received an offer to work in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at Cambridge University, the department where Stephen Hawking worked, but declined this. He qualified in Astrophysics in 2000, having defended a thesis entitled Optical and EUV observations of the solar atmosphere.

This is a document about Brian May
   May studied physics and mathematics at Imperial College London, graduating with a BSc (Hons) degree and ARCS in physics with Upper Second-Class Honours. From 1970 to 1974, he studied for a PhD degree at Imperial College, studying reflected light from interplanetary dust and the velocity of dust in the plane of the Solar System. When Queen began to have international success in 1974, he abandoned his doctoral studies, but nonetheless co-authored two peer reviewed research papers, which were based on his observations at the Teide Observatory in Tenerife. In October 2006, May re-registered for his doctorate at Imperial College and he submitted his thesis in August 2007 (one year earlier than he estimated it would

This is a document about Stephen Smartt
  Born and raised in Belfast, Stephen was educated at Belfast Royal Academy and studied physics and applied mathematics at Queen’s University Belfast. He was awarded a PhD in astrophysics in 1996.

This is a document about Music and mathematics
 Albert Einstein - Accomplished pianist and violinist. ; Art Garfunkel (Simon & Garfunkel) – Masters in Mathematics, Columbia University ; Brian May (Queen) - BSc (Hons) in Mathematics and Physics from Imperial College London. ; Dan Snaith – PhD Mathematics, Imperial College London ; Delia Derbyshire - BA in mathematics and music from Cambridge. ; Jonny Buckland (Coldplay) - Studied astronomy and mathematics at University College London. ; Kit Armstrong - Degree in music and MSc in mathematics. ; Manjul Bhargava - Plays the tabla, won the Fields Medal in 2014. ; Phil Alvin (The Blasters) – Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles ; Philip Glass - Studied mathematics and philosophy at the University of Chicago. ; Tom Lehrer - BA mathematics from Harvard University. ; William Herschel - Astronomer and played the oboe, violin, harpsichord and organ. He composed 24 symphonies and many concertos, as well as some church music.

Brian May is the member of Queen who has a PhD in astrophysics.


Question: when did bears ears become a national monument

Answer: December 28 , 2016

This is a document about Bears Ears National Monument
 Bears Ears National Monument Bears Ears National Monument is a United States national monument located in San Juan County in southeastern Utah, established by President Barack Obama by presidential proclamation on December 28, 2016. The monument's original size was , which was controversially reduced 85% by President Donald Trump on December 4, 2017. The monument protects the public land surrounding the Bears Ears—a pair of buttes—and the Indian Creek corridor rock climbing area. The Native American names for the buttes have the same meaning in each of the languages represented in the region. The names are listed in the presidential

This is a document about Bears Ears National Monument
 bones and tracks, among many of the other fragile features in Bears Ears. On December 28, 2016, President Obama proclaimed the Bears Ears National Monument, including the eponymous buttes and the surrounding landscapes, using his authority under the Antiquities Act to create national monuments by proclamation. The intertribal coalition proposed the inclusion of several areas that did not make it into the final monument designation; these included the Abajo Mountains (also called the Blue Mountains); the lower reach of Allen Canyon; Black Mesa; a "large, arcing strip of land" next to the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, surrounding Mancos Mesa;

This is a document about Bears Ears National Monument
 president since 1963. The largest previous reduction by acreage was President Woodrow Wilson's 1915 removal of from the Mount Olympus National Monument established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1909. The largest reduction by percentage was Navajo National Monument by 90% (from about 3715 acres to 360 acres) by President William Howard Taft in 1912 after he established it three years prior. Bears Ears National Monument Bears Ears National Monument is a United States national monument located in San Juan County in southeastern Utah, established by President Barack Obama by presidential proclamation on December 28, 2016. The monument's original size was ,

This is a document about Escalante National Monument
 Capitol Reef National Monument under the Antiquities Act in 1937 and Canyonlands National Park by act of Congress in 1964, and expanded with the proclamation of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument by the Clinton Administration in 1996. Later proposals by the National Parks Conservation Association in the 1980s, former Utah Congressman Wayne Owens in the 1990s, and the Greater Canyonlands Coalition in the 2010s revived the idea, encountering renewed opposition from the Utah congressional delegation. On December 28, 2016 President Barack Obama proclaimed the 1.35 million acre Bears Ears National Monument to protect Bureau of Land Management public lands and

This is a document about Manti-La Sal National Forest
 with . On July 1, 1915 Nebo National Forest was added, and La Sal National Forest on November 11, 1949. On August 28, 1950 the name became Manti-La Sal National Forest. On December 28, 2016 President Barack Obama proclaimed the 1.35 million acre Bears Ears National Monument, which includes most of the Monticello Ranger District on the forest and the Dark Canyon Wilderness. Manti La Sal National Forest is very popular for recreation. The northern district on the Wasatch Plateau is well known for the Skyline Drive, an unpaved road tracing along the backbone of the plateau. There is also

This is a document about Dark Canyon Wilderness
 west within a U.S. Bureau of Land Management primitive area that is recommended for wilderness designation. The last four miles of the main canyon drop steeply through Glen Canyon National Recreation Area into Lake Powell. On December 28, 2016 President Barack Obama proclaimed the 1.35 million acre Bears Ears National Monument, that includes both the Dark Canyon Wilderness and the adjacent Dark Canyon Primitive Area. Life zones range from ponderosa pine and aspen-covered high country to desert vegetation in the bottom of Dark Canyon. High terraced castle-like sandstone walls tower above the canyon floors. Wildlife species include mule deer, some

This is a document about Bears Ears National Monument
  Bears Ears National Monument is a United States national monument located in San Juan County in southeastern Utah, established by President Barack Obama by presidential proclamation on December 28, 2016. The monument's original size was 1,351,849 acres, which was reduced by 85% by President Donald Trump on December 4, 2017, an act subsequently challenged as allegedly illegal. The monument protects the public land surrounding the Bears Ears—a pair of buttes—and the Indian Creek corridor rock climbing area. The Native American names for the buttes have the same meaning in each of the languages represented in the region. The names are listed in the presidential proclamation as "Hoon’Naqvut, Shash Jáa [sic], Kwiyagatu Nukavachi, Ansh An

This is a document about Escalante National Monument
  by act of Congress in 1964, and expanded with the proclamation of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument by the Clinton Administration in 1996. Later proposals by the National Parks Conservation Association in the 1980s, former Utah Congressman Wayne Owens in the 1990s, and the Greater Canyonlands Coalition in the 2010s revived the idea, encountering renewed opposition from the Utah congressional delegation. On December 28, 2016 President Barack Obama proclaimed the 1.35 million acre Bears Ears National Monument to protect Bureau of Land Management public lands and part of the Manti-La Sal National Forest south and east of Canyonlands National Park. This area was part of the 1936 proposed national monument.

This is a document about Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration
  Bears Ears National Monument, located in southeastern Utah, was established by presidential proclamation by Barack Obama in 2016. Five native American tribes urged Obama to create the monument to preserve about 9,000 recorded archaeological sites, including petroglyphs, woven cloth, human remains and ancient roads. In 2017 Donald Trump reduced it by 85%. Members of the Navajo tribe in particular were integral to the monument's passage. A tribal spokesperson stated that a reduction in the size of the Bear's Ears Monument would be "an attack on a significant part of the foundation of American conservation law." A different opinion was offered by Republican Utah state representative Mike Noel who sees a shrinking of the Bears Ears Monument as a victory over federal restrictions

This is a document about Bears Ears National Monument
  On December 28, 2016, President Obama proclaimed the 1,351,849 acre Bears Ears National Monument, including the eponymous buttes and the surrounding landscapes, using his authority under the Antiquities Act to create national monuments by proclamation. The intertribal coalition proposed the inclusion of several areas that did not make it into the final monument designation; these included the Abajo Mountains (also called the Blue Mountains); the lower reach of Allen Canyon; Black Mesa; a "large, arcing strip of land" next to the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, surrounding Mancos Mesa; Raplee Anticline, and "most of Lime Ridge between Mexican Hat and Comb Ridge." The omission of these areas from the boundaries of the monument represented a "significant" concession to those who opposed the monument's designation.

This is a document about Bears Ears National Monument
  The monument is named Bears Ears for a pair of buttes that rise to elevations over 8900 ft and 9000 ft, which is more than 2000 ft above Utah state routes 95 and 261. Capped by Wingate Sandstone, the buttes and surroundings have long been held as sacred or significant by a number of the region's Native American tribes. Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwellings dated to more than 3,500 years ago have been discovered in the region, just some of the estimated 100,000 archaeological sites protected within the monument. The Comb Ridge monocline traverses the eastern portion of the monument's Shash Jáa unit. Of the

This is a document about Gold Butte National Monument
  President Barack Obama designated the monument on December 28, 2016, using his powers under the Antiquities Act, after a two-year campaign by local conservation groups, Nevada and Clark County lawmakers and the Moapa Band of Paiute Indians. The designation came on the same day as the designation of Bears Ears National Monument. U.S. Representative Dina Titus and outgoing U.S. Senator Harry Reid, as well as the Las Vegas Paiute Tribe, were also strong supporters of the monument's designation. Some congressional Republicans, along with former Nevada Attorney General Adam Laxalt, have expressed opposition to the monument designation, and have called for it to be revoked by Congress.

This is a document about Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument
  monument's size be reduced by nearly 47% to 1003863 acres, with the remainder divided into three areas, two of which border one another along the Paria River. Bears Ears National Monument was significantly reduced in size at the same time. Conservation, angling, hunting, and outdoor recreation groups filed suit to block any reduction in the national monument, arguing that the president has no legal authority to materially shrink a national monument. The cases were still pending at the 2020 election. On his first day in office, President Joe Biden signed an executive order calling for a review of the reduction of the Bears Ears and Grand Staircase–Escalante monuments. On October 8, 2021, he restored the original boundaries.

This is a document about Executive Order 13792
  Trump has indicated that he was eager to change the boundaries of a 1.35-million-acre national monument Obama declared in December 2016, in Utah, Bears Ears National Monument. The United States Secretary of the Interior (Secretary) shall conduct a review of all Presidential designations or expansions of designations under the Antiquities Act made since January 1, 1996, where the designation covers more than 100,000 acres, where the designation after expansion covers more than 100,000 acres, or where the Secretary determines that the designation or expansion was made without adequate public outreach and coordination with relevant stakeholders, to determine whether each designation or expansion conforms to six policy criteria listed in section 1 of this order. Those criteria are:"(i)  the requirements and original objectives of the [Antiquities] Act, including the Act’s requirement that reservations of land not exceed “the smallest area compatible with the proper

This is a document about Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve
  The dunes and surrounding area were designated a national monument in 1932 after a bill—sponsored by the P.E.O. Sisterhood and widely supported by local residents—was signed into law by President Herbert Hoover. The original monument boundaries protected an area of 35,528 acres. Similar support in the late 1990s resulted in the monument's redesignation as Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve in 2000. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed the Great Sand Dunes as a protected landscape (management category V) in 2000, including the national park, the preserve, and the adjacent Baca National Wildlife Refuge. In 1976, the U.S. Congress designated the Great Sand Dunes

This is a document about National Historic Landmark
  National Historic Site on March 17, 1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the survey data gathered under this legislation, and the National Historic Landmark program began to take more formal shape. When the National Register of Historic Places was established in 1966, the National Historic Landmark program was encompassed within it, and rules and procedures for inclusion and designation were formalized. Because listings (either on the National Register, or as an NHL) often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the listing procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9, 1960, 92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton. The Sergeant Floyd Monument in Sioux City, Iowa, was officially designated on June 30 of that year, but for various reasons, the public announcement of the first several NHLs was delayed.

This is a document about Bears Ears National Monument
  your land. In an illegal move, the president just reduced the size of Bears Ears and Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monuments. This is the largest elimination of protected land in American history." Three separate federal lawsuits were filed by December 7, 2017 challenging the reduction of Bears Ears National Monument. The plaintiffs include five Native American tribes, a private corporation, conservation groups, and several non-profit organizations and NGOs. The groups have argued that the reduction is not authorized by law. The three federal lawsuits are: The three suits were consolidated at the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in January

This is a document about Bears Ears National Monument
  had drafted the 1996 presidential proclamation creating the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. In October 2015, the BEITC submitted a proposal to President Barack Obama, seeking the designation of 1,900,000 acre as a national monument which would include Cedar Mesa, Indian Creek, White Canyon, Abajo Mountains, Comb Ridge, Valley of the Gods, and the confluence of the San Juan and Colorado Rivers. The Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance described how a "historic coalition of Native American Tribes" requested for the Bears Ears National Monument designation to "provide them with co-management authority to protect their ancestral homelands". On July 13, 2016, Utah Representative Rob Bishop unveiled a

This is a document about Bears Ears National Monument
  On his first day in office, President Joe Biden signed an executive order calling for a review of the reduction of the Bears Ears and Grand Staircase-Escalante monuments. In early April 2021, Deb Haaland, the first Native American Secretary of the Interior, began the onsite review process. On October 8, 2021, President Biden restored the original 2016 boundaries of Bears Ears National Monument, retaining 11,000 acres that Trump had added, for a total protected area of 1.36 million acres. The Bureau of Land Management will increase staffing and funding to protect the monument's resources and manage increased visitation.

Bears Ears National Monument was established by President Barack Obama on December 28, 2016.


Question: when was the first australian football competition held

Answer: 1858

This is a document about History of Australian rules football
 History of Australian rules football Australian rules football was invented in Melbourne, Australia, in 1858. The first match identified as a direct precursor to the codification of Australian football was organised and umpired by Tom Wills and contested on 31 July between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College, adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground at the Richmond Paddock. The oldest surviving set of rules of Australian rules football were drawn up on 17 May 1859, three days after the formation of the Melbourne Football Club. The origins of Australian football before 1858 are still the subject of much debate, as

This is a document about Sport in Australia
  the inaugural competition. The remaining states would not participate until much later, with Queensland first participating in 1926–27, Western Australia in 1947–48 and Tasmania in 1982–83. In 1897 the Victorian Football League, which later became the AFL the Australian Football League, was founded after breaking away from the Victorian Football Association. The first badminton competition in Australia was played in 1900. The first ice hockey game was played in Melbourne on 12 July 1906 between a local Melbourne team and a team from the crew of the visiting US warship USS Baltimore (C-3). Motor racing began in the first

This is a document about Football in Australia
  The Australasian Football Council (Australian Football) (founded 1906) was the first national governing body of any football code in Australia and the 1908 Melbourne Carnival was the first national representative competition involving all Australian states. Prior to the modern national club football competitions, the first club competitions to feature clubs from numerous states were the Championship of Australia (1888-1975) and National Soccer League (1977-2004). Although contemporary professional competitions are represented by clubs from multiple states and national governing bodies, there are currently no truly national club competitions with clubs in all states due to the exclusion of Tasmania. This may change as the two competitions that are closest to national competitions (AFL/AFLW and A-League/W-League) expand to include Tasmania (see: Tasmanian AFL bid and Tasmanian A-League bid). A truly national competition would include territories as well. The AFL has to date declined to award licenses to bids for proposed clubs in the ACT and Northern Territory, while the A-League has declined bids from the ACT (see Canberra A-League Bid).

This is a document about Sport in Australia
  Victorian rules football (later known as Australian rules) was codified in 1859. Australian football clubs still around in the current Australian Football League were founded by 1858. Originally formed as the South Australian Football Association on 30 April 1877, the SANFL (South Australian National Football League) is the oldest surviving football league of any code in Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground, Australia's largest sporting arena, opened in 1853. The Melbourne Cup was first run in 1861. A rugby union team was established at the University of Sydney in 1864. Regular sport did not begin to be played in South Australia,

This is a document about Geography of Australian rules football
  The first truly international competitor in Australian Football was New Zealand. In 1908, the Jubilee Australasian Football Carnival was held to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Australian rules football. New Zealand (then representing a total of 115 clubs) defeated both New South Wales and Queensland in the carnival, but lost to Victoria and Tasmania. The 1995 Arafura Games, held in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia became the first international sporting event to have Australian football as a competition sport, rather than a demonstration sport. Papua New Guinea won the gold medal and retained it in subsequent games. Other teams that have competed at

This is a document about History of Australia (1851–1900)
  the first metropolitan competition in Australia developed, formally beginning in 1874. The first inter-colonial match was played in Sydney in 1882 and the first international kicked off in 1899 when an Australian team composed of players from New South Wales and Queensland (a forerunner of the Australian Wallabies) played a first Test series—against a visiting team from the British Isles. The game of Australian rules football began evolving in Melbourne from inter-school games resembling rugby—the first being played in 1858. Melbourne football, geographically isolated, evolved various rule changes and was codified in 1877 when the Victorian Football Association was formed.

This is a document about Grand final
  The Anglo-Norman term "grand" to describe a sporting event, documented in England as "grand match" in 1836, was used in Australia from the 1850s. A steeplechase in England has been called the "Grand National Steeple Chase" ("Grand National" alone for short) since at least 1839. Use of the term in Australian Football dates back to the first organised and widely publicised match between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College on 7 August 1858 at Yarra Park, Melbourne (formerly Richmond Park). The game was advertised as the "grand football match" in the Melbourne Morning Herald and several other local newspapers. In 1859, a "grand football match" was advertised in Richmond, Tasmania for St Patrick's Day on Friday 18 March. In The Argus of 1861, the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne invited clubs to compete in a "grand football-match" which was to be football's first ever trophy, the Caledonian Challenge Cup,

This is a document about Australian National Football Council
  Australian rules football was first played in Melbourne, Victoria in 1858, and developed over the following decades. The game was spread to other cities, but due to the large distances between cities in Australia, the game developed independently in each city. Until the 1870s, football in each city or colony was administered in an ad hoc manner by the participating clubs, before colony-level administrative bodies began to be established, with the Victorian Football Association (VFA) and South Australian Football Association (SAFA) formed in 1877 and the Tasmanian Football Association (TFA) in 1879. The first effort towards national administration of the game took place in 1883, with an informal intercolonial football conference

This is a document about Australian rules football in Australia
  It began in the Colony of Victoria in 1858, followed by the Colony of Queensland (1866) Colony of South Australia (1877), Colony of Tasmania (1876), Colony of New South Wales (1877) and Colony of Western Australia (1881). In 1879, the first intercolonial representative match took place in Melbourne between Victoria and South Australia. Delegates representing the football associations of South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Queensland met in 1883 in order to standardise the rules across the colonies. The earliest governing body, the Australasian Football Council (later Australian National Football Council) dates back to this time. Following a hiatus in Queensland (1892-1903) and New South Wales (1893-1903) it was revived after the Federation of Australia and expanded to the territories of the Australian Capital Territory (1911) and the Northern Territory (1916).

This is a document about Culture of Australia
  Australian rules football is the most highly attended spectator sport in Australia. Its core support lies in four of the six states: Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. Originating in Melbourne in the late 1850s and codified in 1859, the sport is the world's oldest major football code. The national competition, the Australian Football League (AFL), evolved from the Victorian Football League in 1990, and has expanded to all states except Tasmania. The AFL Grand Final is traditionally played on the last Saturday of September at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the sport's "spiritual home". Australian rules football culture has a strong set of rituals and traditions, such as kick-to-kick

This is a document about Football in Australia
  Early forms of football were played in Sydney by 1829. Regular football competitions were organised in New South Wales by 1850 (an early form of Rugby), with organised competition being played in Queensland (Rugby) and Victoria (Victorian Rules football) soon after. Victorian rules football was codified in 1858. Australian Fotball clubs still around in the current Australian Football League were founded by 1858. Australian Football was first played in Australia in 1859. A rugby union team was established at the University of Sydney in 1864. Rugby union was being played in Australia by 1874 when the sport was established in Sydney. Soccer was being played in Australia by the

This is a document about Football
  One of the longest running football fixture is the Cordner-Eggleston Cup, contested between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College, Melbourne every year since 1858. It is believed by many to also be the first match of Australian rules football, although it was played under experimental rules in its first year. The first football trophy tournament was the Caledonian Challenge Cup, donated by the Royal Caledonian Society of Melbourne, played in 1861 under the Melbourne Rules. The oldest football league is a rugby football competition, the United Hospitals Challenge Cup (1874), while the oldest rugby trophy is the Yorkshire Cup, contested since 1878. The South Australian Football Association (30 April 1877) is the oldest surviving Australian rules football competition. The oldest surviving soccer trophy is the Youdan Cup (1867) and the oldest national football competition is the English FA Cup (1871). The Football League (1888) is recognised as the longest running Association Football league. The first ever international football match took place between sides representing England and Scotland on 5 March 1870 at the Oval under the authority of the FA. The first Rugby international took place in 1871.

This is a document about History of Australian rules football
  1858 did not take place; a scratch match was played instead. The oldest surviving set of rules of Australian rules football were drawn up on 17 May 1859, three days after the re-formation of the Melbourne Football Club for the 1859 season. These rules were based on school football rules, but made simpler. The earliest official formal leagues were the South Australian National Football League, originally called the South Australian Football Association, and the Victorian Football Association, both formed in 1877. The first intercolonial matches were played in 1879. The game was first known as Melbourne rules football. As it spread throughout the country, the game became known as Victorian rules football, and

This is a document about Kangaroo Island Football League
  Australian Football began on Kangaroo Island in the late 1800s, with the first organised competition beginning in 1908 with the formation of Kingscote and Dudley United clubs. Wisanger joined in 1910, thereafter several clubs came and went such as Muston.

This is a document about History of Australian rules football
  Australian rules football began its evolution in Melbourne, Australia about 1858. The origins of Australian football before 1858 are still the subject of much debate, as there were a multitude of football games in Britain, Europe, Ireland and Australia whose rules influenced the early football games played in Melbourne. The first match that the AFL Commission has identified as a direct precursor to the codification of Australian football was organised and umpired by Tom Wills and contested between Melbourne Grammar School Football Club and Scotch College, on 31 July 1858 at the Richmond Paddock, adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground. A follow-up match was played on 11 August 1858. A match announced for 14

This is a document about Origins of Australian rules football
  game was declared a draw with each side scoring one goal. The two schools have competed annually ever since for the Cordner–Eggleston Cup. Some regard these early matches as the first matches of Australian rules football, however to many it is clear that the game was still in the process of evolving. The Herald wrote in August 1858: "The game of football promises, as it deserves to be, one of the popular amusements of the ingenuous youth of Victoria. Hitherto, a modification of the Rugby rules has been adopted, which, in the opinion of some, might be altered for the better. But as the cricketing season is so close at hand, it is, perhaps hardly worthwhile to discuss the matter seriously."

This is a document about Playoffs
  The Australian Football League (which was known until 1990 as the Victorian Football League) was the first league to introduce regular finals when it was established in 1897. The South Australian National Football League introduced finals in 1898, and other leagues soon followed. Prior to 1897, the premiership was generally awarded to the team with the best overall win-loss record at the end of the season. If two teams had finished with equal records, a playoff match for the premiership was required: this occurred in the Challenge Cup in 1871, the South Australian Inter-club competition in 1874, the SAFA in 1889 and 1894, and in the VFA in 1896.

This is a document about Australian rules football schism (1938–1949)
  Australian rules football had been played in Victoria since 1858, and was initially administered in an ad hoc manner by the active clubs, who agreed upon rules and administrative matters through informal meetings of club secretaries. In 1877, the Victorian Football Association (VFA) was established to provide formal and binding administration of the game in Victoria. By 1888, the VFA had brought a formal structure to its on-field competition, including the system under which the premiership was decided, and thus the VFA was serving as both the game's administrative body and as its top senior competition in Victoria. In October 1896, eight of the VFA's thirteen clubs seceded and established the Victorian Football League (VFL). The VFL

This is a document about Origins of Australian rules football
  The origins of Australian rules football date back to the late 1850s in Melbourne, the capital city of Victoria. There is documentary evidence of "foot-ball" being played in Australia as early as the 1820s. These games were poorly documented but appear to have been informal, one-off affairs. In 1858, cricketers, sports' enthusiasts and school students began to regularly play variants of English public school football in the parklands of Melbourne. The following year, four members of the newly formed Melbourne Football Club codified the laws from which Australian rules football evolved. Professional historians began taking a serious interest in the origins of Australian rules football

This is a document about List of VFL/AFL premiers
  This page is a complete chronological listing of VFL/AFL premiers. The Australian Football League (AFL), known as the Victorian Football League (VFL) until 1990, is the elite national competition in men's Australian rules football. The inaugural premiership was awarded as a result of a round-robin finals system; this format was replaced after the first season, and a grand final has been held every season since 1898 to determine the premiers, with the exception of 1924 when a modified round-robin system was used. The formation of a national competition, beginning in 1987, has resulted in the league attempting to develop "an

The first Australian football competition was held in 1858 in Melbourne, Victoria.


Question: the secretary of state for foreign and commonwealth affairs of the united kingdom

Answer: Boris Johnson

This is a document about Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
 with foreign countries, matters pertaining to the Commonwealth of Nations and the Overseas Territories in addition to the promotion of British interests abroad. The Foreign Secretary also has ministerial oversight for the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) and the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). The Foreign Secretary works out of the Foreign Office in Whitehall, and the post's official residences are 1 Carlton Gardens in London and Chevening in Kent. Margaret Beckett, appointed in 2006 by Tony Blair, is the only woman to have held the post. The current Foreign Secretary is Jeremy Hunt, following Boris Johnson's resignation on 9 July 2018.

This is a document about Embassy of Belarus, London
 2019. The year 2017 saw the intensification of the Belarusian-British inter-parliamentary dialogue. Both parliaments have established relevant country groups. 27 – 28 March 2018 Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus Vladimir Makei paid his official visit to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This is the first since 1993 visit of Belarus’ Foreign Minister to the UK. During the visit, Vladimir Makei met with the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Boris Johnson to discuss the prospects for the development of bilateral relations in the context of the current situation in the

This is a document about ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia
 political dispute, while the navy chose to declare its support for Barrow. However, some paramilitaries and mercenaries stayed loyal to Jammeh. The Senegalese rebel group Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance reportedly joined pro-Jammeh forces and there were reported clashes on the border with Senegal. United States Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs John Kirby announced that the United States was supportive of the intervention. United Kingdom's Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Boris Johnson called on Jammeh to step down and praised "African organisations which are working to ensure the democratic wishes of the Gambian people

This is a document about 2016–17 Gambian constitutional crisis
 involve itself in a political dispute, while the navy chose to declare its support for Barrow. However, some paramilitaries and mercenaries led by Benjamin Yeaten stayed loyal to Jammeh. The Senegalese rebel group Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance reportedly joined pro-Jammeh forces and there were reported clashes on the border with Senegal. United States Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs John Kirby announced that the United States was supportive of the intervention. United Kingdom's Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Boris Johnson called on Jammeh to step down and praised "African organisations which are working to

This is a document about Foreign Secretary
  The secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs, also referred to as the foreign secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with overall responsibility for the work of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, fourth in the ministerial ranking. The office holder works alongside the other Foreign Office ministers. The corresponding shadow ministers are the shadow secretary of state for foreign and Commonwealth affairs and the shadow secretary of state for international development. The performance of the secretary of state is also scrutinised by the Foreign Affairs Select Committee. The foreign secretary position is currently held by Liz Truss MP after her appointment in the September 2021 cabinet reshuffle.

This is a document about Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs
  The Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs was a British Cabinet minister responsible for dealing with the United Kingdom's relations with members of the Commonwealth of Nations (its former colonies). The minister's department was the Commonwealth Office. The position was created on 1 August 1966 by the merger of the old positions of Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and Secretary of State for the Colonies. In 1968 the position was merged with that of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to create the new position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.

This is a document about Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
  The Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations was a British Cabinet minister responsible for dealing with the United Kingdom's relations with members of the Commonwealth of Nations (its former colonies). The minister's department was the Commonwealth Relations Office (CRO). The position was created in 1947 out of the old positions of Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs and Secretary of State for India. In 1966, the position was merged with that of the Secretary of State for the Colonies to form that of Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, which was in turn merged with the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1968 to create the new position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, the equivalent position today being the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs.

This is a document about Foreign minister
 In the United Kingdom, the minister responsible for foreign policy (as well as the British Overseas Territories) is the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Foreign Secretary). Before 1968, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs only handled relations with foreign (non-Commonwealth) countries, while relations with Commonwealth countries and colonies were handled by the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs. For the same reason, in Commonwealth countries other than the United Kingdom, the ministers responsible for handling relations with both Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth countries were formerly usually designated ministers for External Affairs. ; In the United States, the Secretary of State handles foreign policy and is the senior Cabinet officer. The

This is a document about Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs
  In UK politics, the Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs is a position within the opposition's shadow cabinet that deals mainly with issues surrounding the Foreign Office. If elected, the person serving as shadow foreign secretary may be designated to serve as the new Foreign Secretary. The current shadow secretary of state for foreign and Commonwealth affairs is MP David Lammy. The Shadow Secretary (usually with one or more junior shadow ministers) holds the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs and other FCDO ministers to account in Parliament. Although DFID and the role of International Development Secretary was abolished by the second Johnson government in 2020, the Shadow Secretary of State did not have responsibility for development until Lammy was appointed in November 2021. His predecessor, Lisa Nandy, served alongside the Shadow Secretary of State for International Development, Preet Gill. This however is no longer the case after the November 2021 British shadow cabinet reshuffle.

This is a document about Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (United Kingdom)
  Minister of State for Foreign Affairs is a mid-level ministerial position in Her Majesty's Government, the Minister serves as the deputy to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.

This is a document about Foreign Secretary
  The title secretary of state in the government of England dates back to the early 17th century. The position of secretary of state for foreign affairs was created in the British governmental reorganisation of 1782, in which the Northern and Southern Departments became the Foreign Office and Home Office respectively. Eventually, the position of secretary of state for foreign and Commonwealth affairs came into existence in 1968 with the merger of the functions of secretary of the state for foreign affairs and the secretary of state for Commonwealth affairs into a single department of state. The India Office was a constituent predecessor department of the Foreign Office, as were the Colonial Office and the Dominions Office. Margaret Beckett, appointed in 2006 by Tony Blair, was the first woman to have held the post. The post of secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs was created in 2020 when position holder Dominic Raab absorbed the responsibilities of the secretary of state for international development.

This is a document about Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs
  The position of Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs in the United Kingdom was created in 1966 by the merger of the old positions of Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. The position dealt with British relations with members of the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1968 the position was merged with the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to create the new position of Under-Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.

This is a document about Minister of State for South Asia and the Commonwealth
  The Minister of State for South Asia, United Nations and the Commonwealth is a mid-level position in the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office in the British government. It is currently held by Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon who took the office on 13 June 2017.

This is a document about Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
  The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs has been a junior position in the British government since 1782, subordinate to both the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and since 1945 also to the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs. The post has been based at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, which was created in 1968, by the merger of the Foreign Office, where the position was initially based, and the Commonwealth Office. Notable holders of the office include Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville, John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley, Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, and Anthony Eden.

This is a document about List of witnesses of the Iraq Inquiry
 Jack Straw MP – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, 2001 to 2006

This is a document about Minister of State for Commonwealth Affairs
  The position of Minister of State for Commonwealth Affairs was created in 1966 by the merger of the old positions of Minister of State for Commonwealth Relations and Minister of State for the Colonies. The position dealt with British relations with members of the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1968 the position was merged with the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs to create the new position of Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.

This is a document about Principal Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
  The principal private secretary to the secretary of state for foreign and Commonwealth affairs is the head of the private office of the foreign minister of the Her Majesty's Government, and is located in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building.

This is a document about David Pearey
 Foreign & Commonwealth Office - David Pearey

This is a document about Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
  The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It was created on 2 September 2020 through the merger of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the Department for International Development (DFID). The FCO, itself created in 1968 by the merger of the Foreign Office (FO) and the Commonwealth Office, was responsible for protecting and promoting British interests worldwide. The head of the FCDO is the secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs, commonly abbreviated to "foreign secretary". This is regarded as one of the four most prestigious positions in the Cabinet – the Great Offices of State – alongside those of prime minister, chancellor of the exchequer and home secretary. The FCDO is managed from day to day by a civil servant, the permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, who also acts as the Head of Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service. The current permanent under-secretary is Sir Philip Barton, who took office on 2 September 2020. The expenditure, administration and policy of the FCDO are scrutinised by the Foreign Affairs Select Committee.

The current Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs of the United Kingdom is Jeremy Hunt. He took office following Boris Johnson's resignation in 2018. The Foreign Office is responsible for promoting British interests abroad, representing the UK in international organizations, and overseeing the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) and the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). The Foreign Secretary also has ministerial oversight of the Ministry of Overseas Territories.


Question: when did jerusalem become the capital city of the hebrews

Answer: c. 1000 BCE

This is a document about History of Jerusalem
 central power gave rise to independent kingdoms in the region. According to the Bible, Jerusalem at this time was known as Jebus and its independent Canaanite inhabitants at this time were known as Jebusites. According to the Bible, the Israelite history of the city began in c. 1000 BCE, with King David's sack of Jerusalem, following which Jerusalem became the City of David and capital of the United Kingdom of Israel. According to the Books of Samuel, the Jebusites managed to resist attempts by the Israelites to capture the city, and by the time of King David were mocking such

This is a document about Abrahamic religions
  Jerusalem is considered Judaism's holiest city. Its origins can be dated to 1004 BCE when according to Biblical tradition David established it as the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel, and his son Solomon built the First Temple on Mount Moriah. Since the Hebrew Bible relates that Isaac's sacrifice took place there, Mount Moriah's importance for Jews predates even these prominent events. Jews thrice daily pray in its direction, including in their prayers pleas for the restoration and the rebuilding of the Holy Temple (the Third Temple) on mount Moriah, close the Passover service with the wistful statement "Next

This is a document about History of Jerusalem
  and others dispute the very existence of a unified monarchy to begin with ), Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Judah, while the Kingdom of Israel located its capital at Shechem in Samaria. Thomas L. Thompson argues that it only became a city and capable of acting as a state capital in the middle of the 7th century. Both the Bible and regional archaeological evidence suggest the region was politically unstable during the period 925–732 BCE. In 925 BCE, the region was invaded by Egyptian Pharaoh Sheshonk I of the Third Intermediate Period, who is possibly the same as Shishak, the first Pharaoh mentioned

This is a document about Demographic history of Jerusalem
 4500–3500 BCE: First settlement established near Gihon Spring (earliest archeological evidence) ; c. 1550–1400 BCE: Jerusalem becomes a vassal to the New Kingdom of Egypt ; c. 1000 BCE: According to the Bible, King David conquers Jerusalem and makes it the capital of the Kingdom of Israel (2 Samuel 5:6–7:6). His son King Solomon builds the First Jewish Temple on the Temple Mount. ; 732 BCE: Jerusalem becomes a vassal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire ; 587–586 BCE: Conquest of Jerusalem by Babylonians; Nebuchadnezzar II fought Pharaoh Apries's attempt to invade Judah. Jerusalem mostly destroyed including the First Temple, and the

This is a document about Abrahamic religions
  in built Jerusalem," and recall the city in the blessing at the end of each meal. Jerusalem has served as the only capital for the five Jewish states that have existed in Israel since 1400 BCE (the United Kingdom of Israel, the Kingdom of Judah, Yehud Medinata, the Hasmonean Kingdom, and modern Israel). It has been majority Jewish since about 1852 and continues through today. Jerusalem was an early center of Christianity. There has been a continuous Christian presence there since. William R. Kenan, Jr., professor of the history of Christianity at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, writes that from

This is a document about Jerusalem
  Jerusalem has been sacred to Judaism for roughly 3000 years, to Christianity for around 2000 years, and to Islam for approximately 1400 years. The 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem lists 1204 synagogues, 158 churches, and 73 mosques within the city. Despite efforts to maintain peaceful religious coexistence, some sites, such as the Temple Mount, have been a continuous source of friction and controversy. Jerusalem has been sacred to the Jews since King David proclaimed it his capital in the 10th century BCE. Jerusalem was the site of Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple. Although not mentioned in the Torah / Pentateuch, it

This is a document about Jerusalem
  City of David shows first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE, in the shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds. In the Canaanite period (14th century BCE), Jerusalem was named as Urusalim on ancient Egyptian tablets, probably meaning "City of Shalem" after a Canaanite deity. During the Israelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 9th century BCE (Iron Age II), and in the 8th century BCE the city developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah. In 1538, the city walls were rebuilt for a last time around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided

This is a document about History of Jerusalem
  Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Judah for some 400 years. It had survived an Assyrian siege in 701 BCE by Sennacherib, unlike Samaria, the capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel, that had fallen some twenty years previously. According to the Bible, this was a miraculous event in which an angel killed 185,000 men in Sennacherib's army. According to Sennacherib's own account preserved in the Taylor prism, an inscription contemporary with the event, the king of Judah, Hezekiah, was "shut up in the city like a caged bird" and eventually persuaded Sennacherib to leave by sending him "30 talents of gold and 800 talents of silver, and diverse treasures, a rich and immense booty". The siege of Jerusalem in 597 BCE led to the city being overcome by the Babylonians, who then took the young

This is a document about History of Jerusalem
  According to the Bible, the Israelite history of the city began in c. 1000 BCE, with King David's sack of Jerusalem, following which Jerusalem became the City of David and capital of the United Kingdom of Israel. According to the Books of Samuel, the Jebusites managed to resist attempts by the Israelites to capture the city, and by the time of King David were mocking such attempts, claiming that even the blind and lame could defeat the Israelite army. Nevertheless, the masoretic text for the Books of Samuel states that David managed to capture the city by stealth, sending his forces through a "water shaft" and attacking

This is a document about East Jerusalem
  Jerusalem was to be an international city under the 1947 UN Partition Plan. It was not included as a part of either the proposed Jewish or Arab states. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the western part of Jerusalem was captured by Israel, while East Jerusalem (including the Old City) was captured by Jordan. The war came to an end with the signing of the 1949 Armistice Agreements. On 23 January 1950, Israel declared Jerusalem its capital, with a Knesset resolution declaring that, "With the creation of a Jewish State, Jerusalem again became its capital". Jordan followed suit on 24 April and, on the basis of a referendum conducted also among

This is a document about Religious significance of Jerusalem
  role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Since King David established the city as the capital of the Jewish state c. 1000 BCE, it has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish people's identity as a nation." Basic Facts you should know: Jerusalem, Anti-Defamation League, 2007. Accessed March 28, 2007. During classical antiquity, Jerusalem was considered the center of the world, where God resided. Jerusalem has been the holiest city in Judaism and the ancestral and spiritual homeland of the Jewish people since the 10th century BCE.<ref name=1000BCE>Since the 10th century BCE:

This is a document about Timeline of Jerusalem
  the Messiah. ; 1672: Synod of Jerusalem. ; 1700: Judah the Pious with 1000 followers settle in Jerusalem. ; 1703–1705: The Naqib al-Ashraf Revolt, during which the city's inhabitants revolted against heavy taxation. It was ultimately put down two years later by Jurji Muhammad Pasha. ; 1705: Restrictions imposed against the Jews. ; 1744: The English reference book Modern history or the present state of all nations stated that "Jerusalem is still reckoned the capital city of Palestine". ; 1757 Ottoman firman is issued regarding the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. ; 1771–1772: The renegade Christian Mamluk ruler of Egypt Ali Bey al-Kabir temporarily took control of Jerusalem with

This is a document about Timeline of Jerusalem
 c. 1010 BCE: biblical King David attacks and captures Jerusalem. Jerusalem becomes City of David and capital of the United Kingdom of Israel. ; c. 962 BCE: biblical King Solomon builds the First Temple. ; c. 931–930 BCE: Solomon dies, and the Golden Age of Israel ends. Jerusalem becomes the capital of the (southern) Kingdom of Judah led by Rehoboam after the split of the United Monarchy. ; 925 BCE: Egyptian Sack of Jerusalem – Pharaoh Sheshonk I of the Third Intermediate Period invades Canaan following the Battle of Bitter Lakes. Possibly the same as Shishak, the first Pharaoh mentioned in the Bible who captured and pillaged Jerusalem (see Bubastite Portal). ; 853 BCE: The Battle of Qarqar in which Jerusalem's forces were likely involved in an indecisive battle against Shalmaneser III of Neo-Assyria (Jehoshaphat of Judah was allied to Ahab of the Israel according to the

This is a document about Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses
  Jehovah's Witnesses assert that Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians in 607 BC and completely uninhabited for exactly seventy years. This date is critical to their selection of October 1914 for the arrival of Christ in kingly power—2520 years after October 607 BC. Non-Witness scholars do not support 607 BC for the event; most scholars date the destruction of Jerusalem to within a year of 587 BC, twenty years later. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that periods of seventy years mentioned in the books of Jeremiah and Daniel refer to the Babylonian exile of Jews. They also believe that the gathering of Jews in Jerusalem, shortly after their return from Babylon, officially ended the exile in Jewish month of Tishrei (Ezra 3:1). According to the Watch Tower Society, October 607 BC is derived by counting

This is a document about Tel Motza temple
  century BCE, that is before the centralising religious reforms of Kings Hezekiah (reign ca. 729–687 BCE) and Josiah (reign ca. 640–609 BCE) of Judah. The temple dates back to the Kingdom of Judah of the 9th century BCE, and appears to have operated alongside the First Temple in nearby Jerusalem. Jerusalem was the centre of the Kingdom of Judah and, according to the Hebrew Bible, the seat of kings David and Solomon. Many historical finds have been discovered in the area of Tel Motza, dating from different periods, and archaeologists have sought to identify it as the Biblical settlement of Mozah mentioned in the Book of Joshua. The archaeological

This is a document about Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses
  Jehovah's Witnesses assert that Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians in 607 BC and completely uninhabited for exactly seventy years. This date is critical to their selection of October 1914 for the arrival of Christ in kingly power—2520 years after October 607 BC. Non-Witness sources do not support 607 BC for the event, placing the destruction of Jerusalem within a year of 587 BC, twenty years later. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that periods of seventy years mentioned in the books of Jeremiah and Daniel refer to the Babylonian exile of Jews. They also believe that the gathering of Jews in Jerusalem, shortly after their return

This is a document about Proposals for a Jewish state
  Policy on Jerusalem, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987, p. 1. ISBN: 0-313-25700-0 ; "Jerusalem became the center of the Jewish people some 3,000 years ago" Moshe Maʻoz, Sari Nusseibeh, Jerusalem: Points of Friction – And Beyond, Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 1. ISBN: 90-411-8843-6 ; "The Jewish people are inextricably bound to the city of Jerusalem. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Since King David established the city as the capital of the Jewish state circa 1000 BCE, it has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish people's

This is a document about Four Holy Cities
  Jerusalem from the Jebusite Araunah (2 Samuel 24:24), Jacob bought land outside the walls of Shechem from the Shechemites (Genesis 33:18-19), and Omri bought the site of Samaria. Historically, Hebron is the first capital of King David. ; Safed came to be regarded as a holy city after the influx of Jews following the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 and became known as a center of kabbalistic scholarship. ; Tiberias was significant in Jewish history as the place where the Jerusalem Talmud was composed and as the home of the Masoretes, but its status as a holy city is due to the influx of rabbis who established the city as a

This is a document about Kingdom of Judah
  Jerusalem apparently remained uninhabited for much of the 6th century, and the centre of gravity shifted to Benjamin, the relatively unscathed northern section of the kingdom, where the town of Mizpah became the capital of the new Babylonian province of Yehud for the remnant of the Jewish population in a part of the former kingdom. That was standard Babylonian practice. When the Philistine city of Ashkelon was conquered in 604 BCE, the political, religious and economic elite (but not the bulk of the population) was banished and the administrative centre shifted to a new location. Gedaliah was appointed governor of the Yehud province, supported by a Babylonian guard. The

This is a document about Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period
  Although the Maccabean Revolt broke out in 167 BCE and the Temple was purified from pagan influences in 164 BCE, Jerusalem nevertheless remained dominated by the Seleucid garrison which held out in the Acra for a further 25 years. Only in 141 BCE did Simon Maccabaeus occupy the Acra and, according to Josephus, raze it to the ground. From 140 BCE to 63 BCE Jerusalem was the capital of first an independent state and then an independent kingdom. As attested in 1 Maccabees, it began its own year count, distinct from the Seleucid system: "In the one hundred and seventieth year the yoke of the Gentiles was removed from Israel, and the people began

Jerusalem became the capital city of the Hebrews around 1000 BCE, according to the biblical account. However, archaeological evidence suggests that the region was inhabited as early as the 925 BCE and was a regional capital during the Middle Bronze Age. The city's status as a capital city is debated by historians.