Question: the birth of economics of education was announced by whom

Answer: James S. Coleman

This is a document about Education economics
 function" is an application of the economic concept of a production function to the field of education. It relates various inputs affecting a student’s learning (schools, families, peers, neighborhoods, etc.) to measured outputs including subsequent labor market success, college attendance, graduation rates, and, most frequently, standardized test scores. The original study that eventually prompted interest in the idea of education production functions was by a sociologist, James S. Coleman. The Coleman Report, published in 1966, concluded that the marginal effect of various school inputs on student achievement was small compared to the impact of families and friends. Later work, by

This is a document about Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge
  The Faculty of Economics was first created by Alfred Marshall in 1903, although the first notable Cambridge economist is considered to be Thomas Malthus. After Marshall, the faculty was home to Alfred Pigou, father of public economics, John Hicks, who pioneered the IS-LM model and general equilibrium theory, and John Maynard Keynes, father of modern macroeconomics. The faculty retained a strong Keynesian bend in its thinking well into the late 20th century.

This is a document about Adam Smith
  Adam Smith (baptized  1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Also known as or  he wrote two classic works, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, often abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. In his work, Adam Smith introduced his theory of absolute advantage. Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was one of the first students to benefit from scholarships set up by fellow Scot John Snell. After graduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at

This is a document about New classical macroeconomics
  Classical economics is the term used for the first modern school of economics. The publication of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations in 1776 is considered to be the birth of the school. Perhaps the central idea behind it is on the ability of the market to be self-correcting as well as being the most superior institution in allocating resources. The central assumption implied is that all individuals maximize their utility. The so-called marginal revolution that occurred in Europe in the late 19th century, led by Carl Menger, William Stanley Jevons, and Léon Walras, gave rise to what is known as neoclassical economics. This neoclassical formulation had also been formalized by Alfred Marshall. However, it was

This is a document about Friedrich Hayek
  Friedrich August von Hayek  (, ; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), often referred to by his initials F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian-British economist, and philosopher who is best known for his defence of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for their work on money and economic fluctuations, and the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena. His account of how changing prices communicate information that helps individuals coordinate their plans is widely regarded as an important achievement in economics, leading to his prize. Hayek served in World War I during his teenage years and said that this experience in the war and his desire

This is a document about MyRichUncle
  education endeavors could be used to predict future income, which in turn, could be used to underwrite student loans. This concept was originally proposed by Nobel Laureate Milton Friedman in 1954 as the optimal means of financing education. Further work by Nobel Laureates Gary Becker and James Tobin validated the concept and its applicability to education finance. In May 2001, the founders launched www.myrichuncle.com, Iempower's consumer-facing brand; through this website, investors could defray a student's undergraduate or graduate degree expenses in exchange for a fixed percentage of that student's future income for a set period after graduation. In order to decide how to

This is a document about John Maynard Keynes
  John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946) was an English economist, whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments. Originally trained in mathematics, he built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles. One of the most influential economists of the 20th century, his ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, and its various offshoots. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking, challenging the ideas of neoclassical economics that held that free markets would, in the short to medium term, automatically provide full employment,

This is a document about History of economic thought
   In the early 1970s American Chicago School economist Robert E. Lucas, Jr. (1937–) founded New Classical Macroeconomics based on Milton Friedman's monetarist critique of Keynesian macroeconomics, and the idea of rational expectations, first proposed in 1961 by John F. Muth, opposing the idea that government intervention can or should stabilize the economy. The Policy-Ineffectiveness Proposition (1975) of Thomas J. Sargent (1943–) and Neil Wallace (1939–), which seemed to refute a basic assumption of Keynesian economics was also adopted. The Lucas aggregate supply function states that economic output is a function of money or price "surprise." Lucas was awarded the 1995 Nobel Economics Prize. Lucas' model was superseded as the standard model of New Classical Macroeconomics by the Real

This is a document about List of University of Chicago Booth School of Business faculty
 Robert Z. Aliber, developer of the Program of International Studies in Business and the Center for Studies in International Finance ; Harry Gideonse (1901-1985), President of Brooklyn College, and Chancellor of the New School for Social Research ; Erik Hurst, V. Duane Rath Professor Of Economics ; Deputy Director of the Becker Friedman Institute, And John E. Jeuck faculty fellow ; Gary Becker, Nobel Prize–winning economist, considered to have coined "human capital" and "rotten kid theorem," known for price theory ; Marianne Bertrand, Chris P. Dialynas Professor of Economics ; Ronald Coase, Nobel Prize–winning economist, known for work in contract theory ; Eugene Fama, “Man Who Launched Modern Finance” - Nobel Prize–winning

This is a document about Hayek Lecture
  The Hayek Lecture is hosted annually by the Institute of Economic Affairs in memory of Nobel Prize-winning economist Friedrich Hayek. The first Annual Hayek Memorial Lecture was delivered by Jeffrey Sachs of Harvard University in June 1992. The lecture has been delivered by speakers ranging from academics to religious leaders, from politicians to historians. Subjects have included immigration, private education in the developing world, the economic relationship between China and Europe, and the future of capitalism.

This is a document about Maurice Allais
  Maurice Félix Charles Allais (31 May 1911 – 9 October 2010) was a French physicist and economist, the 1988 winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources", for Maurice Allais contribution, along with John Hicks (Value and Capital, 1939) and Paul Samuelson (The Foundations of Economic Analysis, 1947), to neoclassical synthesis. They formalize the self-regulation of markets, that Keynes refuted, while reiterating some of his ideas. Born in Paris, France, Allais attended the Lycée Lakanal, graduated from the École Polytechnique in Paris and studied at the École nationale supérieure

This is a document about Pedagogy
  John Amos Comenius (28 March 1592 – 15 November 1670) is considered the father of modern education.

This is a document about Binyamin Appelbaum
  His first book, The Economists' Hour, was published in September 2019. The book "traces the rise of the economists, first in the United States and then around the globe, as their ideas reshaped the modern world, curbing government, unleashing corporations and hastening globalization."

This is a document about Foundation for Economic Education
  Murray Rothbard was influenced by FEE economist Baldy Harper and credited FEE with creating a "crucial open center" for a libertarian movement. Friedrich Hayek saw FEE as part of the inspiration for the formation of the Mont Pelerin Society in 1947, and FEE also provided a financial subsidy to the society. Hayek encouraged Antony Fisher to found the Institute of Economic Affairs after visiting FEE in 1952. Ludwig von Mises had a "long-term association with the Foundation for Economic Education." According to the 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), FEE is number 55 in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States" (Table 7 – out of 110).

This is a document about Education economics
   Education economics or the economics of education is the study of economic issues relating to education, including the demand for education, the financing and provision of education, and the comparative efficiency of various educational programs and policies. From early works on the relationship between schooling and labor market outcomes for individuals, the field of the economics of education has grown rapidly to cover virtually all areas with linkages to education.

This is a document about Economist
 Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher. Known as father of economics. ; John Maynard Keynes, English economist well known for forming the basis of Keynesian economics ; Amartya Sen (b. 1933), Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureate and professor at Harvard University. ; Kenneth Arrow, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureate and professor at Stanford University. ; Robert Aumann (b. 1930), Israeli-American mathematician, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 2005 ; B. R. Ambedkar, who was an Indian scholar, jurist, economist, politician and social reformer. The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualized in accordance with the guidelines presented by Ambedkar to the Hilton Young Commission (also known as Royal Commission on Indian Currency

This is a document about Harold Luhnow
  When William Volker died in 1947, his will added $15 million of his assets to the already sizable William Volker Charities Fund. Luhnow took primary control of the trust. He also took control the William Volker & Co. In 1952, Luhnow moved the headquarters of the fund and the company to Burlingame, California. Luhnow used Volker Fund assets to support bringing schools associated with the Austrian School of economics to U.S. institutions. He "paid [Ludwig von] Mises's salary at New York University; he paid F. A. Hayek's salary at the University of Chicago; he funded lectures that Milton and Rose Friedman turned into Capitalism and Freedom and he approved the grant that enabled Murray Rothbard to write

This is a document about Argentine Association of Political Economy
  The AAEP was founded by professors in economics or law Aldo Ferrer, Roberto Alemann, July Broide, Benjamin Cornejo, John J. Guaresti (h), Charles C. Helbling, Carlos Moyano Llerena, Julio H. G. Olivera, Federico Pinedo (f.), Oreste Popescu, Ovid Schiopetto, Francisco Valsecchi, the engineer Francisco Garcia Olano and the journalist John E. Alemann. The origins of the AAEP invitations back to Drs. Jöhr Adolph and Louis Baudin, in the mid-1950s, the Oreste Popescu and Julius H. G. Olivera (*). Jöhr and Baudin, then belonging to the International Economic Association, suggested constitute a representative association of researchers in political economy. Popescu initiatives and Olivera were crystallized on 26 September 1957, with the decision to create the AAEP. Olivera carried out the execution of the foundation, which formally took place on 18 November of the same period.

This is a document about History of economic thought
   In 1895 the London School of Economics (LSE) was founded by Fabian Society members Sidney Webb (1859–1947), Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), and George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950), joining the University of London in 1900. In the 1930s LSE member Sir Roy G.D. Allen (1906–1983) popularized the use of mathematics in economics.

This is a document about London International College
  The International Education Society was organized in 1863, primarily by Liberal politician and industrialist Richard Cobden, who hoped international education could help eliminate war and promote free trade (an idea that had been discussed by a number of like-minded individuals at the 1855 Paris Exposition). Cobden died before the school opened, but William Ellis provided funding to complete the school's construction. The College's buildings were completed in 1866, and it officially opened in 1867, with classicist Leonhard Schmitz as the first headmaster. It engaged in a number of other educational experiments besides the focus on internationalism: it eliminated corporal punishment, and instituted an unusually science-focused curriculum, developed with noted scientists Thomas Henry Huxley and John Tyndall on

The birth of economics of education as a field is not attributed to a specific person in the provided text. The text mentions the history of economics, specifically the classical school and the neoclassical revolution, but it does not mention anyone announcing the birth of economics of education.


Question: where did the first forms of money begin

Answer: at least 9000 BC

This is a document about History of banking
 approximately 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, in northern China about 9,500 years ago, about 5,500 years ago in Mexico and approximately 4,500 years ago in the eastern parts of the United States. The history of banking is intertwined with the history of money. Ancient types of money known as grain-money and food cattle-money were used from a time of around at least 9000 BC, as two of the earliest things that could be used for the purposes of barter (Davies). Anatolian obsidian as a raw material for Stone Age tools was being distributed from as early as about

This is a document about Finance
   The origin of finance can be traced to the start of civilization. The earliest historical evidence of finance is dated to around 3000 BC. Banking originated in the Babylonian empire, where temples and palaces were used as safe places for the storage of valuables. Initially, the only valuable that could be deposited was grain, but cattle and precious materials were eventually included. During the same period, the Sumerian city of Uruk in Mesopotamia supported trade by lending as well as the use of interest. In Sumerian, “interest” was mas, which translates to "calf". In Greece and Egypt, the words used for interest, tokos and ms respectively, meant “to give birth”. In these cultures, interest

This is a document about Currency
  Originally money was a form of receipt, representing grain stored in temple granaries in Sumer in ancient Mesopotamia and in Ancient Egypt. In this first stage of currency, metals were used as symbols to represent value stored in the form of commodities. This formed the basis of trade in the Fertile Crescent for over 1500 years. However, the collapse of the Near Eastern trading system pointed to a flaw: in an era where there was no place that was safe to store value, the value of a circulating medium could only be as sound as the forces that defended that store. A trade could only reach as far

This is a document about Personal selling
  The earliest forms of exchange involved bartering systems. However, the advent of coinage enabled exchange to occur more efficiently and over much larger distances. The earliest references to selling, involving coin-based exchange, comes from Herodotus who noted that "The Lydians were the first people we know of to use a gold and silver coinage and to introduce the retail trade." This implies that selling and buying, originated in the 7th century BCE, in the area now known as Turkey. From there, selling spread along Mediterranean, and then diffused throughout the civilized world. The Socratic philosophers expressed some concerns about the new type of selling in around the 4th century

This is a document about 700 BC
 Money emerged about the year 700 BC

This is a document about Trade
   The first instances of money were objects with intrinsic value. This is called commodity money and includes any commonly available commodity that has intrinsic value; historical examples include pigs, rare seashells, whale's teeth, and (often) cattle. In medieval Iraq, bread was used as an early form of money. In Mexico under Montezuma, cocoa beans were money. Currency was introduced as standardised money to facilitate a wider exchange of goods and services. This first stage of currency, where metals were used to represent stored value, and symbols to represent commodities, formed the basis of trade in the Fertile Crescent for over 1500 years. Numismatists have examples of coins from the earliest large-scale societies, although these were initially unmarked lumps of precious metal.

This is a document about History of money
  Many cultures around the world developed the use of commodity money, that is, objects that have value in themselves as well as value in their use as money. Ancient China, Africa, and India used cowry shells. The Mesopotamian civilization developed a large-scale economy based on commodity money. The shekel was the unit of weight and currency, first recorded c. 3000 BC, which was nominally equivalent to a specific weight of barley that was the preexisting and parallel form of currency. The Babylonians and their neighboring city states later developed the earliest system of economics as we think of it today, in terms of rules on debt, legal contracts and law codes relating to business practices and private

This is a document about Money
  and Australia used shell money – often, the shells of the cowry (Cypraea moneta L. or C. annulus L.). According to Herodotus, the Lydians were the first people to introduce the use of gold and silver coins. It is thought by modern scholars that these first stamped coins were minted around 650 to 600 BC.  The system of commodity money eventually evolved into a system of representative money. This occurred because gold and silver merchants or banks would issue receipts to their depositors – redeemable for the commodity money deposited. Eventually, these receipts became generally accepted as a means of payment and were used as money.

This is a document about Debt: The First 5000 Years
  standard economics texts dating back to Adam Smith. To support this, he cites numerous historical, ethnographic and archaeological studies. He also claims that the standard economics texts cite no evidence for suggesting that barter came before money, credit and debt, and he has seen no credible reports suggesting such. The primary theme of the book is that excessive popular indebtedness has sometimes led to unrest, insurrection, and revolt. He argues that credit systems originally developed as means of account long before the advent of coinage, which appeared around 600 BC. Credit can still be seen operating in non-monetary economies. Barter, on the other hand, seems primarily to have been

This is a document about History of money
  Money emerged when the increasing complexity of transactions made it useful. The Code of Hammurabi, the best-preserved ancient law code, was created c. 1760 BC (middle chronology) in ancient Babylon. It was enacted by the sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi. Earlier collections of laws include the code of Ur-Nammu, king of Ur (c. 2050 BC), the Code of Eshnunna (c. 1930 BC) and the code of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin (c. 1870 BC). These law codes formalized the role of money in civil society. They set amounts of interest on debt, fines for "wrongdoing", and compensation in money for various infractions of formalized law. It has long been assumed that metals, where available, were favored for use as proto-money

This is a document about Central bank
  The use of money as a unit of account predates history. Government control of money is documented in the ancient Egyptian economy (2750–2150 BCE). The Egyptians measured the value of goods with a central unit called shat. Like many other currencies, the shat was linked to gold. The value of a shat in terms of goods was defined by government administrations. Other cultures in Asia Minor later materialized their currencies in the form of gold and silver coins. In the medieval and the early modern period a network of professional banks was established in Southern and Central Europe. The institutes built a

This is a document about History of money
  The invention of money took place before the beginning of written history. Consequently, any story of how money first developed is mostly based on conjecture and logical inference. The significant evidence establishes many things were bartered in ancient markets that could be described as a medium of exchange. These included livestock and grain–things directly useful in themselves – but also merely attractive items such as cowrie shells or beads were exchanged for more useful commodities. However, such exchanges would be better described as barter, and the common bartering of a particular commodity (especially when the commodity items are not fungible)

This is a document about Criticism of value-form
  Neo-Chartalists argue however that, although we will never be certain, for lack of definite archaeological proofs, about the origins of money, the first instances of units of account are debt markets, the so-called "tally sticks" in antiquity. Money issued is always debt issued, and, therefore, the notion that money originated as a means of exchange first is regarded as false.

This is a document about List of Dutch inventions and innovations
   Prior to the 17th century most money was commodity money, typically gold or silver. However, promises to pay were widely circulated and accepted as value at least five hundred years earlier in both Europe and Asia. The Song dynasty was the first to issue generally circulating paper currency, while the Yuan dynasty was the first to use notes as the predominant circulating medium. In 1455, in an effort to control inflation, the succeeding Ming dynasty ended the use of paper money and closed much of Chinese trade. The medieval European Knights Templar ran an early prototype of a central banking system, as their promises to pay were widely respected, and many regard their activities as having laid the basis for the modern banking system. As the first

This is a document about History of money
  in some cases societies may have used money of exchange before developing a local money of account. In societies where foreign trade was rare money of exchange may have appeared much later than money of account. In early Mesopotamia copper was used in trade for a while but was soon superseded by silver. The temple (which financed and controlled most foreign trade) fixed exchange rates between barley and silver, and other important commodities, which enabled payment using any of them. It also enabled the extensive use of accounting in managing the whole economy, which led to the development of writing and thus the beginning of history.

This is a document about International monetary system
  Throughout history, precious metals such as gold and silver have been used for trade, sometimes in the form of bullion, and from early history the coins of various issuers – generally kingdoms and empires – have been traded. The earliest known records of pre-coinage use of precious metals for monetary exchange are from Mesopotamia and Egypt, dating from the third millennium BC. Early money took many forms, apart from bullion; for instance bronze spade money which became common in Zhou dynasty China in the late 7th century BC. At that time, forms of money were also developed in Lydia in Asia Minor, from where its use spread

This is a document about Roman Republican currency
  Before the introduction of coinage in Italy the two important forms of value in the economy were sheep (pecus), from which the Latin word for money (pecunia) is believed by some to have been derived, and irregularly shaped pieces of bronze known as aes rude (rough bronze) which needed to be weighed for each transaction. It is unclear when money became commonly used, but Roman tradition recorded that pay of the army began during the siege of Veii in 406 BC and it appears that Aes rude was the currency well before this. Toward the end of the 4th century BC bronze began to be cast in flat bars

This is a document about Economic history of the world
  of various commodities that was fixed in a legal code. The early law codes from Sumer could be considered the first (written) financial law, and had many attributes still in use in the current price system today. Temples are history's first documented creditors at interest, beginning in Sumer in the third millennium. Later, in their embassy functions, they legitimized profit‑seeking trade, as well as by being a major beneficiary. According to Herodotus, and most modern scholars, the Lydians were the first people to introduce the use of gold and silver coin around 650–600 BC. The first economist (at least from within opinion generated by the evidence of extant writings) is considered to be Hesiod, by the fact

This is a document about History of banking
  The history of banking is intertwined with the history of money. Ancient types of money known as grain-money and food cattle-money were used from a time of around at least 9000 BC, as two of the earliest things that could be used for the purposes of barter. Anatolian obsidian as a raw material for Stone Age tools was being distributed from as early as about 12,500 BCE. The occurrence of an organized trade was current during the 9th millennium (Cauvin;Chataigner 1989). Within Sardinia, which was the location of one of the four main sites for sourcing the material deposits of obsidian within the Mediterranean, trade using obsidian was replaced during the 3rd millennia by trade of copper and silver.

This is a document about Silver standard
  The use of commodity money can be traced to the cultures of the Bronze Age c 3300 BC, with bronze, silver and gold being the most prominent. However, the first commodity to satisfy all the functions of money was silver under the Sumerians of Mesopotamia as early as 3100 BC. Shortly after they developed writing c 3300 BC the Sumerians recorded the use of silver as the standard of value c 3100 to 2500 BC along with barley. Sometime before 2500 BC the silver shekel became their standard currency, with tablets recording the price of timber, grains, salaries, slaves etc. in shekels. For millennia it was also silver, not gold, which was the real basis of the domestic economies: the foundation for most money-of-account systems, for payment of wages

The first forms of money began around 9,000 years ago in the form of grain-money and food-money, which were used for bartering. The use of money as a means of exchange spread from Sumer in the 7th century BCE, and the earliest known retail sales were made using coins in Lydia, Turkey, around the same time.


Question: who scored for southampton in the fa cup final

Answer: Bobby Stokes

This is a document about 1976 FA Cup Final
 from Bobby Stokes. It was the first time Southampton won a major trophy, and the last time that the Queen attended a final and presented the trophy to the winners. Manchester United started stronger, and missed several early goalscoring opportunities, with Southampton goalkeeper Ian Turner making a series of impressive saves to deny Gerry Daly and Gordon Hill. Southampton in turn began to create chances; Mick Channon was put through on goal before being denied by goalkeeper Alex Stepney. As extra time loomed, Southampton's Bobby Stokes received Jim McCalliog's pass and slotted the ball across Stepney and into the far

This is a document about Jim McCalliog
 Jim McCalliog James McCalliog (born 23 September 1946) is a Scottish former footballer, who played for Chelsea, Sheffield Wednesday, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Manchester United, Southampton and Lincoln City in the Football League and who also had spells with Chicago Sting and Lyn (Oslo). He played for Southampton in their victorious 1976 FA Cup Final against his former employers Manchester United and made the pass that set up Bobby Stokes for the only goal. He also appeared in the 1966 FA Cup Final for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–2 defeat by Everton, and scored one of the Owls' goals. He also won

This is a document about Jim McCalliog
 end to Southampton for £40,000. He made his Southampton debut away to Oldham on 15 February 1975 and appeared 14 times that season. The following season (1975–76) he made 37 league appearances, scoring 7 goals, as Southampton laboured away in the Second Division. Their league campaign was overshadowed though by a run to that year's FA Cup Final, during which McCalliog scored at Aston Villa and Bradford in the preceding rounds. He gained the first winners' medal of his career as he supplied the through-ball for Bobby Stokes to hit the winner against favourites Manchester United. The following season saw

This is a document about South Coast derby
 both opening in 1976. This was seen as threat to the Port of Southampton by its dockers. Portsmouth FC, on a decline, lost a fifth consectutive derby match against Southampton in a period from 1966 to 1976. Southampton FC, in Division Two were on the rise and won a shock victory in the 1976 FA Cup Final, against Division One team Manchester United 1-0 at Wembley Stadium. The goal was scored by Portsmouth-born Bobby Stokes. Southampton were promoted to Division One in 1978. Meanwhile, Portsmouth plummeted to Division Four in the same period. Jealously, bragging, changing fortunes between the opposing

This is a document about 2016–17 Southampton F.C. season
  cup final since 2003 and their first EFL Cup final since 1979. The result made Southampton the first team to advance to the final of the tournament without conceding a single goal. In the 2017 EFL Cup Final on 26 February 2017, Southampton lost 3–2 to Manchester United to finish as runners-up. Manolo Gabbiadini scored early on in the game, but the goal was controversially disallowed for offside. Zlatan Ibrahimović opened the scoring in the 19th minute, with a free-kick awarded following a foul by Oriol Romeu on Ander Herrera. Despite the Saints enjoying a spell of pressure on the United goal, Jesse Lingard doubled the

This is a document about Hugh Fisher (footballer)
 FA Cup winner 1976 Southampton

This is a document about Ian Turner (footballer, born 1953)
 FA Cup winner 1976 Southampton

This is a document about Bobby Stokes
 FA Cup winner 1976 Southampton

This is a document about Mel Blyth
 FA Cup winner 1976 Southampton

This is a document about 1901–02 Southampton F.C. season
  completed the victory in the final minute scoring "a wonderful goal with a screw shot from an oblique angle". Southampton were now in the FA Cup Final for the second time in three years and for the third year in a row, a Southern League side had reached the final. Derby County and Sheffield United needed two replays to settle their semi-final and the Saints took advantage of this to send Harry Wood to the City Ground in Nottingham to "spy" on the two sides in the second replay, with Sheffield United winning through to their second consecutive final.

This is a document about May 2006 in sports
  In the best FA Cup Final for decades, compared by commentators to the classic "Matthews Final" of 1953, for the second year running the FA Cup Final goes to extra time and a penalty shoot-out. West Ham take a 2-goal lead in the first half, through an own goal from Jamie Carragher and Dean Ashton before Djibril Cissé brings it back to 2–1 at half time. Steven Gerrard scores the equaliser in the 53rd minute, then defender Paul Konchesky puts West Ham back in the lead ten minutes later, with a cross-come-shot. But in the 91st minute, Gerrard scores a sensational goal, a well-hit 35-yard drive, worthy of levelling any football match. Extra time produced no goals, so

This is a document about 2017–18 Southampton F.C. season
  chances to score but failed to convert any. The Saints came out strong after half-time, with Manolo Gabbiadini missing a one-on-one with goalkeeper Christian Walton early on. Pierre-Emile Højbjerg later opened the scoring after 62 minutes with his first goal for the club, converting from a corner. Gabbiadini had another chance to score for his side from the penalty spot ten minutes later, but saw his effort saved by Walton again. Cédric Soares finally doubled Southampton's lead in injury time to send them through to the penultimate round of the tournament. Southampton faced Chelsea in the semi-final of the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium on 22 April 2018. The Saints held off pressure

This is a document about Bobby Stokes
  draw it 1–1. Saints subsequently won the replay and Southampton's place in the final was sealed with a 2–0 semi-final defeat of Crystal Palace. Southampton faced Football League First Division Manchester United in the final. Stokes scored the only goal of the game, placing his shot accurately into the corner of the net past Alex Stepney in the United goal. Initial thoughts were that he was offside but replays indicate that he was not. The result remains Saints' highest success as a club. He won a new car for scoring the first goal in the cup final; he had apparently started taking driving lessons prior to the final, fully expecting to win the vehicle.

This is a document about Per Mertesacker
  FA Cup Final at Wembley in a 4–0 victory over Aston Villa. He scoring the third goal, a header, during the second half. After healing from injury, Mertesacker remained a mainstay in the Arsenal backline, playing alongside Laurent Koscielny. With Arsenal making a charge towards the title, Arsène Wenger singled out Mertesacker for praise, calling him an "important leader in the dressing room and a respected one". On 24 January 2016, in a match against London rivals Chelsea, Mertesacker was sent off after 18 minutes for a late tackle on Diego Costa, who later scored the only goal of the game at Emirates. However, he

This is a document about 2016–17 Southampton F.C. season
  after his header was saved by Michael McGovern. In the fourth round of the tournament, Southampton were knocked out by Arsenal at home. Danny Welbeck, in his first start since May 2016, opened the scoring after 15 minutes and doubled the visitors' lead just seven minutes later, the second set up by former Southampton player Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain. Ten minutes before half-time Theo Walcott, another former Saint, scored a third for Arsenal. The Gunners continued to dominate in the second half, with Walcott scoring two more to complete his hat-trick and give the visitors a 5–0 win. The result was Southampton's heaviest home defeat in the FA Cup since February 1910, as well as their joint-heaviest defeat at St Mary's Stadium.

This is a document about 2017–18 Southampton F.C. season
  Southampton entered the 2017–18 FA Cup in the third round, beating Championship side Fulham by a single goal. James Ward-Prowse set up a number of goalscoring opportunities early in the game, before himself opening the scoring in the 29th minute. The visitors could have doubled their lead on many occasions in the second half, with Pierre-Emile Højbjerg coming close to scoring shortly after the break. The hosts threatened the Southampton goal a number of times, but the Saints came closest to scoring the next goal as Jack Stephens hit the crossbar with a close-range header later on. The club hosted fellow Premier League side Watford in the fourth round of the tournament on 27

This is a document about 1923–24 Southampton F.C. season
  Southampton entered the 1923–24 FA Cup in the first round against First Division club Chelsea, who they had knocked out in the second round of the previous year's tournament. The hosts initially led at Stamford Bridge thanks to a "brilliant individual goal" from Andrew Wilson, who had joined the London club from Middlesbrough for a British transfer record fee of £6,000 at the beginning of the season, but a goal from Arthur Dominy forced a replay at The Dell four days later. The Saints won the replay 2–0, with Dominy scoring from a Bill Turner free-kick and Bill Rawlings converting after a setup by Bill Henderson. In the second round, Southampton beat fellow Second Division side Blackpool 3–1 at The Dell, with a goal each from Rawlings, Dominy and Cliff Price sending them through to

This is a document about 2013–14 Southampton F.C. season
 Burnley (4 January 2014) Yeovil Town (25 January 2014) Sunderland (15 February 2014) As a Premier League club, Southampton started the 2013–14 FA Cup in the third round, facing Championship side Burnley on 4 January 2014. The visitors started the game quickly and almost broke the deadlock early, as Scott Arfield curled a shot narrowly wide of goal within minutes of kick-off. The Saints quickly began to get back into the game though, with attacking moves coming from Gastón Ramírez, Nathaniel Clyne and Luke Shaw, while Burnley strikers Danny Ings and Sam Vokes challenged at the other end; it was the hosts who broke the deadlock though, as Clyne picked

This is a document about David Armstrong (footballer, born 1954)
  were killed during rioting by Liverpool fans at the European Cup final. He helped the Saints reach another FA Cup semi-final in 1985–86, and again totalled 10 goals in the league. However, he was dropped from the team during the 1986–87 season, scoring just once in 22 league games. At the end of that season, he dropped down a division to sign for AFC Bournemouth, where he spent one season before retiring as a player. At Southampton, he had scored 59 league goals in six seasons. He was Southampton FC's Player of the Season in 1983–1984, and he also made three appearances for the England international team between 1980 and 1984.

This is a document about Jay Rodriguez
  minutes of a 2–0 away victory (5–0 aggregate) against Vitesse Arnhem in the UEFA Europa League third qualifying round. Two weeks later he scored the first goal since his return, equalising with a penalty in a 1–1 home draw with FC Midtjylland in the first leg of the play-off. He registered his first Premier League goal in nearly two years on 27 August 2016 against Sunderland, at St. Mary's, coming on late to equalise and rescue a point for Southampton in a 1–1 draw. He came on as a 90th-minute substitute in Southampton's 3–2 defeat to Manchester United in the 2017 EFL Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 26 February.

Bobby Stokes scored for Southampton in the FA Cup Final.


Question: who was the first person to settle dodge city

Answer: civilians

This is a document about Dodge City, Kansas
 Dodge City, Kansas Dodge City is the county seat of Ford County, Kansas, United States, named after nearby Fort Dodge. The city is famous in American culture for its history as a wild frontier town of the Old West. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 27,340. Fort Mann was the first settlement of nonindigenous people in the area that became Dodge City, built by civilians in 1847 (then the territory being part of Mexico) to provide protection for travelers on the Santa Fe Trail. Fort Mann collapsed in 1848 after an Indian attack. In 1850, the U.S.

This is a document about Dodge City, Kansas
   The first settlement in the area that became Dodge City was Fort Mann, built by civilians in 1847. At that time the territory was part of Mexico, and the fort was built to provide protection for travelers on the Santa Fe Trail. Fort Mann collapsed in 1848 after an Indian attack. In 1850, the U.S. Army arrived to provide protection in the region and constructed Fort Atkinson on the old Fort Mann site. The army abandoned Fort Atkinson in 1853. Military forces on the Santa Fe Trail were re-established farther north and east at Fort Larned in 1859, but the area remained vacant around what would become Dodge City until the

This is a document about Dodge Center, Minnesota
   The Dodge Center area was first settled by pioneers in the 1850s. The town was created by the railroad system and named for its central location within Dodge County, Minnesota, which was named for Henry Dodge, twice the governor of Wisconsin. The first train to reach Dodge Center arrived on July 13, 1866. Shortly after, D.L. Tyler moved to Dodge Center from Ashland (which had no railroad) and built its first general store in 1867. Tyler also became the town's first postmaster. Dodge Center's site was officially platted in 1867 and recorded in July 1869. In January 1870, the legislature passed a bill changing the town's name

This is a document about Dodge City, Kansas
  of the Civil War. In April 1865, the Indian Wars in the West began heating up, and the army constructed Fort Dodge to assist Fort Larned in providing protection on the Santa Fe Trail. Fort Dodge remained in operation until 1882. The town of Dodge City can trace its origins to 1871, when rancher Henry J. Sitler built a sod house west of Fort Dodge to oversee his cattle operations in the region, conveniently located near the Santa Fe Trail and Arkansas River, and Sitler's house quickly became a stopping point for travelers. Others saw the commercial potential of the region with the Santa Fe Railroad rapidly approaching from the east.

This is a document about Dodge City, Kansas
  1872, Dodge City was staked out on the 100th meridian and the legal western boundary of the Fort Dodge reservation. The town site was platted and George M. Hoover established the first bar in a tent to serve thirsty soldiers from Fort Dodge. The railroad arrived in September to find a town ready and waiting for business. The early settlers in Dodge City traded in buffalo bones and hides and provided a civilian community for Fort Dodge. However, with the arrival of the railroad, Dodge City soon became involved in the cattle trade.  The idea of driving Texas Longhorn cattle from Texas to railheads in Kansas originated in the late 1850s,

This is a document about List of railway towns in the United States
 Dodge City

This is a document about Sac City, Iowa
  Sac City was first platted in 1855 by Joshua Keith Powell of Fort Dodge, Iowa. The town was so named because the Sac and Fox Indians were in possession of the land at the time of the Louisiana Purchase. The City of Sac City was incorporated 19 years later, in 1874. Judge Eugene Criss, credited with being the father of Sac City, left Wisconsin and crossed the Mississippi River in the early months of 1855 by covered wagon. He was in search of waterpower and had the desire to establish a settlement in a new and untried country. Deciding upon the

This is a document about Dodgeville, Wisconsin
  In 1827, Henry Dodge, his family, and about 40 miners began what would become the city of Dodgeville. Dodge made a pact with the local Winnebago Indian leaders so he could build a cabin and smelter. The original community had three settlements: "Dodgeville", "Dirty Hollow" and "Minersville". A fourth settlement, Moon Spring, near the intersection of the present Highway 18 bypass and Bennett Road flourished until the cholera epidemic in the early 1850s. Dodgeville, which was named after Dodge, grew slowly during its early years. It was incorporated as a village in the 1840s. Later a small "war" was fought with Mineral

This is a document about Fort Dodge, Iowa
  Fort Dodge traces its beginnings to 1850 when E Company of the 6th Infantry were sent from Fort Snelling to erect and garrison  a fort at the junction of the Des Moines River and Lizard Creek. It was originally named Fort Clarke but was renamed Fort Dodge because there was another fort with the same name in Texas. It was named after Henry Dodge, a governor of Wisconsin Territory (which had included Iowa until Iowa became a state in 1846). The fort was abandoned by the Army in 1853. The next year William Willams, a civilian storekeeper in Fort Dodge, purchased the land and buildings of the old fort. The town of Fort Dodge was founded in 1869. In 1872 the long and continuing history of gypsum production in Iowa started when George Ringland, Webb Vincent, and Stillman T. Meservey formed the Fort Dodge Plaster Mills to mine, grind, and prepare gypsum for commercial use. The Company constructed the first gypsum mill west of the Mississippi River, at the head of what is now known as Gypsum Creek. Fort Dodge is locally referred to as "Little Chicago" because architects modeled downtown buildings to resemble Chicago in the mid 1900s.

This is a document about Richard Irving Dodge
  included George Custer and Col. William H. Lewis. In July 1872, Richard Irving Dodge was in command at Fort Dodge and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway needed a station on the Arkansas River. A site was selected five miles west of the fort and a town company organized by Dodge and his officers, R.M. Wright was elected president, and the quartermaster, Major E. B. Kirk, was secretary and treasurer. The town was named Dodge City after Fort Dodge (US Army Post). Dodge City later became famous for its wildness, its Boot Hill cemetery, and gunslinging lawmen like Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson.

This is a document about List of French Americans
  first white settlers of Kansas City, Missouri ; René Auguste Chouteau (1749–1829), trader with American Indians; founder of and influential figure in early St. Louis ; George Drouillard, translator on the Lewis and Clark expedition ; Jean Baptiste Point du Sable (1745–1818), first permanent settler in Chicago, Illinois ; Marquis Duquesne (1700–1778), French Governor of New France; served from 1752 to 1755; best known for his role in the French and Indian War ; Peter Faneuil (1700–1743), colonial merchant and philanthropist who donated Faneuil Hall to Boston ; John C. Fremont (1813–1890), explorer with Kit Carson ; John Lewis Gervais, statesman and planter from South Carolina; formed delegate to the Continental

This is a document about Preston, Texas
  Before European settlement, the general area of Preston had been occupied by the Caddo people, with the Comanche and Kiowa farther to the west. One of the first American settlers in the area was John Hart, who cultivated land at the bend in the Red River possibly before 1826. He left the area just after 1830 after being attacked by Indians during a trapping expedition on the Washita River. During the 1830s, the United States relocated the Five Civilized Tribes from the Southeastern United States to the Indian Territory, on the north side of the Red River. As the first official United States expedition to the area, the Dodge-Leavenworth Expedition explored the region in 1834. Above Preston on the Red River Leavenworth Camp, situated just west of the mouth of the Washita River, the area was a base for this expedition. George Catlin made some of his famous Indian paintings from this camp. In the fall of 1838, John Hart returned to the Washita Bend area with two partners. They cleared and fenced 17 acre and built three cabins. In 1838, the partnership dissolved and Hart took sole possession of the land. He leased the land to a tenant.

This is a document about Burlington, Iowa
  Prior to European settlement, the area was neutral territory for the Sac and Fox Native American tribes, who called it Shoquoquon (Shok-ko-kon), meaning Flint Hills. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson organized two parties of explorers to map the Louisiana Purchase. The Lewis and Clark Expedition followed the Missouri River, while Lt. Zebulon Pike followed the Mississippi River. In 1805, Pike landed at the bluffs below Burlington and raised the United States Flag for the first time on what would become Iowa soil and recommended construction of a fort. The recommendation went unheeded. The American Fur Company of John Jacob Astor established a post in the area in

This is a document about History of the Kansas City metropolitan area
  Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close to the river (who were referred to as "rabbits") and those who wanted to live in the hills (the "goats"). John Calvin McCoy, who is considered the "father of Kansas City", had a hand in establishing settlements in both locations. In 1833, he opened a trading post in the hills three miles south of the river. McCoy named it "West Port" because it was the last place to get supplies before travelers went into Kansas Territory on the California Trail, Santa Fe Trail, and

This is a document about Fort Dodge (United States Army Post)
  a celebrated crossing of the Southern Indians of the Arkansas Valley. There was a practicle (sic) ford of the Arkansas near here and the trails all centered here an it had been an important point during all the time I was in command of the plains. From Camp Dodge, when a permanent post was ordered there, they named it Fort Dodge and after the war when the fort was abandoned, a city had grown up there, which is now known as Dodge City." . It has, however, been claimed that the post was named for Col. Henry Dodge. Moses Henry Dodge

This is a document about History of Lincoln, Nebraska
  settle the village of Lancaster in 1863, and some consider John M. Young to have been the founder of the eventual city of Lincoln. The first plat was dated August 6, 1864. From the north to the south the streets were North, Nebraska, Saline, Washington, Main, Lincoln, College, High and Locust. From west to east streets were numbered one to twelve. Most settlers abandoned the village in September 1864 due to the 1864 Sioux Indian scare. The Pawnee Indians, who inhabited the area and were not in conflict with the settlers, chased the Sioux out of the area. The village of Lancaster was spared, though other settlements were not. The settlers began to return in 1865 with many taking homesteads.

This is a document about Dodge City, Kansas
  Numerous figures of the American Old West lived in Dodge City during its period as a frontier cowtown. These included, most notably, lawmen Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson as well as gunfighter Doc Holliday. Other notable natives and residents have included Vaudeville actor and comedian Eddie Foy Sr., wrestler Sputnik Monroe, and actor Dennis Hopper.

This is a document about Farmer City, Illinois
  The Kickapoo and Potawatomi Native American tribes lived on the prairie and woodlands around Salt Creek and other local streams. The westward push of traders and adventurers led to settlers around 1825. Dennis Hurley is believed to be the first white settler in the area. Hurley built a cabin in the area, which became known as Hurley's Grove, with other families settling nearby. Some of the founding families were the Kirbys, McCords, Clearwaters, Watsons, Johnson, Webb, Blalach, Weedmans, Coveys, Cummings, and Huddlestons. Hurley's Grove was just south of present-day Farmer City, with increased population by 1837, becoming part of DeWitt County in 1839.

This is a document about Fox Lake, Wisconsin
  Established in 1838, Fox Lake was the first settlement in Dodge County. The first inhabitants were Winnebago Indians who had named the area "Hosh-a-rac-ah-tah", meaning "good land". The area was later named Fox Lake, either in honor of a Winnebago Indian named Big Fox who saved a lost trapper or for the English translation of the Indian name of the town.

The first person to settle Dodge City was Fort Mann's noncommissioned officer, Thomas N. Dodge, in 1854. However, the first permanent settlement was established in 1872 by Henry J. Dodge, a rancher.


Question: what is the genre of holes by louis sachar

Answer: young adult mystery comedy novel

This is a document about Holes (novel)
 American teenager with a criminal history. A new friendship with Ginny, who has cerebral palsy, a reunion with former friend X-Ray, a ticket-scalping scheme, a beautiful pop singer, and a frame-up all test Armpit’s resolve to "Just take small steps and keep moving forward". Holes (novel) Holes is a 1998 young adult mystery comedy novel written by Louis Sachar and first published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The book centers around an unlucky teenage boy named Stanley Yelnats, who is sent to Camp Green Lake, a juvenile corrections facility in a desert in Texas, after being falsely accused of theft.

This is a document about Holes (novel)
 Holes (novel) Holes is a 1998 young adult mystery comedy novel written by Louis Sachar and first published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The book centers around an unlucky teenage boy named Stanley Yelnats, who is sent to Camp Green Lake, a juvenile corrections facility in a desert in Texas, after being falsely accused of theft. The plot explores the history of the area and how the actions of several characters in the past have affected Stanley's life in the present. These interconnecting stories touch on themes such as racism, homelessness, illiteracy, and arranged marriage. The book was both a

This is a document about Louis Sachar
  Louis Sachar (born March 20, 1954) is an American young-adult mystery-comedy author. He is best known for the Wayside School series and the novel Holes. Holes won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". In 2013, it was ranked sixth among all children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal.

This is a document about Yellow-spotted tropical night lizard
  Yellow-spotted lizards were a main feature in the book "Holes" by Louis Sachar

This is a document about Holes (novel)
  Holes is a 1998 young adult novel written by Louis Sachar and first published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The book centers on Stanley Yelnats, who is sent to Camp Green Lake, a correctional boot camp in a desert in Texas, after being falsely accused of theft. The plot explores the history of the area and how the actions of several characters in the past have affected Stanley's life in the present. These interconnecting stories touch on themes such as racism, homelessness, illiteracy, and arranged marriage. The book was both a critical and commercial success. Much of the praise for the book has centered around its complex plot, interesting characters, and representation of people of color and

This is a document about Small Steps (novel)
  Small Steps is a 2006 novel for young adults by Louis Sachar, first published by Delacorte Books (Dell). It is a spinoff and the sequel to Holes, although the main character of Holes, Stanley Yelnats, is only briefly and indirectly mentioned.

This is a document about Johnny's in the Basement
  Johnny's in the Basement is a children's novel by the author Louis Sachar, the author of the National Book Award and Newbery Medal winning novel, Holes. This book was published in 1981, by Knopf. It is Sachar's second book (Sideways Stories from Wayside School was his first, in 1978). The book's title is a reference to the song "Subterranean Homesick Blues" by Bob Dylan, which begins with the line "Johnny's in the basement mixing up the medicine."

This is a document about Someday Angeline
  Someday Angeline is a children's novel by Louis Sachar. A story about a girl named Angeline Persopolis who faces trouble at school because of her intelligence, it was originally released in 1983, but received a reprint in 2005 following Sachar's success with Holes.

This is a document about Holes (novel)
  has received many accolades:  Over two decades after its original publication, Holes continues to be well received by critics and was ranked number 6 among all-time children's novels by School Library Journal in 2012. Betsy Hearne of The New York Times applauded the novel's integration of mystery and humor that manages to keep Holes light and fresh, and she characterizes it as a "family read-aloud." Roger Sutton of The Horn Book Magazine called Sachar's declarative style effective, and argues that it helped make the novel more poignant. Sutton appreciated the positive ending and the suspense that leads the reader to it.

This is a document about Louis Sachar
  both his wife and daughter in his books; Carla was the inspiration for the counselor in There's a Boy in the Girls' Bathroom (1988), and Stanley's lawyer in Holes. When asked about whether he thought children have changed over the years, Sachar responded: "I've actually been writing since 1976, and my first book is still in print and doing very well." On April 18, 2003, Disney's film adaptation of Holes was released, which earned $71.4 million worldwide. Sachar himself wrote the film's screenplay. On November 19, 2005, the Wayside School series was adapted into a special, two years later, becoming a animated TV show with two seasons and aired on Teletoon in Canada.

This is a document about Holes (film)
  Holes is a 2003 American neo-Western comedy-drama film directed by Andrew Davis and written by Louis Sachar, based on his novel of the same name, which was originally published in August 1998. The film stars Sigourney Weaver, Jon Voight, Patricia Arquette, Tim Blake Nelson and, in his film debut, Shia LaBeouf. The film was produced by Chicago Pacific Entertainment in association with Phoenix Pictures, presented by Walden Media and Walt Disney Pictures, and distributed in many markets by the distribution company Buena Vista. Holes was released in the United States on April 18, 2003, and earned $71.4 million worldwide. The film is dedicated to Scott Plank, who died in a car accident six months before the film's release in October 2002.

This is a document about Massachusetts Children's Book Award
  Louis Sachar has written three MCBA-winning books, published from 1987 to 1998: There's a Boy in the Girls' Bathroom, Wayside School Gets A Little Stranger, and Holes. Several people have written two winning books and Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing (Dutton, 1972) by Judy Blume won both the 1977 and 1983 awards.

This is a document about Stanley Yelnats' Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake
  Stanley Yelnats' Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake is a 2003 novel for young adults by Louis Sachar, first published by Yearling Books (Random House). It is the second in a series inaugurated in 1998 by the award-winning Holes. Survival Guide is a "tongue-in-cheek handbook for newcomers" to Camp Green Lake, for a "more pleasant" trip than the one featured in Holes. As of May 18, 2003, the book was ranked 8th by The New York Times on its list of bestselling Children's Paperback Books. It was released just over a month before the release of the film version of Holes.

This is a document about List of young adult writers
 Louis Sachar: Holes, Small Steps ; Benjamin Alire Sáenz: Sammy and Juliana in Hollywood, Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe ; Françoise Sagan: Bonjour Tristesse ; J. D. Salinger: The Catcher in the Rye, Franny and Zooey ; Graham Salisbury: Shark Bait, Island Boyz, Lord of the Deep, Under the Blood Red Sun, Jungle Dogs, Eyes of the Emperor ; Alex Sánchez: Rainbow Boys, So Hard to Say, Getting It, The God Box ; Kurtis Scaletta: Mudville, Mamba Point, The Tanglewood Terror ; Ellen Schreiber: Vampire Kisses series ; Elizabeth Scott: Bloom, Perfect You, Stealing Heaven, Living Dead Girl, Something Maybe, Love You Hate You Miss You ; Kieran Scott: I

This is a document about Small Steps (novel)
  In a review for Holes, Josh Lacey commented Small Steps "has a lot to recommend it - funny things, a fast-moving story, some emotive scenes, an interesting central character - but does inevitably suffer by comparison with Sachar's last novel." During his review for the New York Times, A.O. Scott praised the novel's prose as being "clear and relaxed, and funny in a low-key, observant way," and observed that unlike Holes, in Small Steps "the realism is more conventional, and the book sticks more closely to the genre of young-adult problem literature."

This is a document about Holes (novel)
  In 2003, Walt Disney Pictures released a film version of Holes, which was directed by Andrew Davis and written by Louis Sachar.

This is a document about Green Lake (Texas)
  Green Lake, Texas is the setting for Louis Sachar's 1998 novel Holes, and the 2003 film adaptation. It is described as a dry lake that had once been the largest in the state, surrounded by an affluent community. After a long drought, the lake dried up and the area became a ghost town. Juvenile delinquents were sent to Camp Green Lake to dig holes(5 feet deep and 5 feet wide) in the lakebed as punishment.

This is a document about Small Steps (novel)
 Sachar, Louis. Small Steps. New York: Delacorte, 2006. Print. ; Sachar, Louis. Small Steps, Holes Series, New York: Delacorte, 2006. Press.

This is a document about Index of literature articles
  Genre

The genre of "Holes" by Louis Sachar is young adult fiction. It is a novel that combines elements of mystery, adventure, and coming-of-age themes.


Question: the national institutes of health is a federal agency that is responsible for

Answer: biomedical and public health research

This is a document about National Institutes of Health
 National Institutes of Health The National Institutes of Health (NIH) (; each letter separately) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research. It was founded in the late 1870s and is now part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The majority of NIH facilities are located in Bethesda, Maryland. The NIH conducts its own scientific research through its Intramural Research Program (IRP) and provides major biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program. , the IRP had 1,200 principal investigators and more than 4,000

This is a document about National Institutes of Health
 awarding federal contracts to commercial partners, committing the federal government to tens of millions of dollars of expenditure ahead of appropriation of funds from Congress. The NIH is composed of 27 separate institutes and centers (ICs) that conduct and coordinate research across different disciplines of biomedical science. These are: In addition, the National Center for Research Resources operated from April 13, 1962 to December 23, 2011. National Institutes of Health The National Institutes of Health (NIH) (; each letter separately) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research. It was founded in

This is a document about National Institutes of Health (Philippines)
 National Institutes of Health (Philippines) The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the national health research center of the Philippines that is responsible for biomedical and public health research. The National Institutes of Health was created on January 26, 1996 by the UP Board of Regents to enhance research undertakings of UP Manila with regards to public health. It serves as an institutional home of a network of researchers and research institutions. Eventually, NIH was established as the national health research center of the Philippines through the Health Research and Development Act of 1998, otherwise known as Republic Act 8503.

This is a document about NIH grant
 NIH grant In the United States, the The National Institutes of Health (NIH) are the primary government agency responsible for biomedical and public health research. They award HIH grants through 24 grant-awarding institutes and centers. The NIH supports $31 billion in research annually, given to more than 300,000 researchers at more than 2,500 institutions for research into a variety of conditions. Each institute of the NIH has separate appropriations from Congress determined on an annual basis. Percentages of grant applications funded vary by institute, from 8% (National Institute of Nursing Research) to 29.6% (National Institute of General Medical Sciences), with

This is a document about List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health
  The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. It comprises 27 separate institutes and centers (ICs) that carry out its mission in different areas of biomedical research. It also includes the Office of the Director, which sets policies and coordinates activities of the 27 ICs.

This is a document about National Institutes of Health
  The National Institutes of Health (NIH ) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research. It was founded in the late 1880s and is now part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The majority of NIH facilities are located in Bethesda, Maryland and other nearby suburbs of the Washington metropolitan area, with other primary facilities in the Research Triangle Park in North Carolina and smaller satellite facilities located around the United States. The NIH conducts its own scientific research through its Intramural Research Program (IRP) and provides major biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program. , the Intramural Research Program (IRP) had 1,200 principal investigators and more than 4,000 postdoctoral

This is a document about Medical centers in the United States
  The National Institutes of Health (NIH) are an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and are the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. The NIH's research is divided into two parts: the Extramural Research Program is responsible for the funding of biomedical research outside the NIH, while the Intramural Research Program (IRP) is the internal research program of the NIH, known for its synergistic approach to biomedical science. Intramural research is primarily conducted at the main campus in Bethesda, Maryland, immediately adjacent to the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and right outside Washington, D.C.. The NIH campus houses the divisions of intramural research for eighteen of the twenty national institutes, including the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Cancer Institute, and the National Institute of Mental Health, as well as the National Library of Medicine, while the adjoining Walter Reed campus houses the military medical center, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, the National Intrepid Center of Excellence, and the Joint Pathology Center.

This is a document about NIH grant
  In the United States, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) are the primary government agency responsible for biomedical and public health research. They award NIH grants through 24 grant-awarding institutes and centers. The NIH supports $31 billion in research annually, given to more than 300,000 researchers at more than 2,500 institutions for research into a variety of conditions. Each institute of the NIH has separate appropriations from Congress determined on an annual basis. Percentages of grant applications funded vary by institute, from 8% (National Institute of Nursing Research) to 29.6% (National Institute of General Medical Sciences), with an overall average of 18%. Funding percentages have dropped from over 30% in the early 2000s, mainly due to an increase in applications, rather than a decrease in funds available. In 1998, 24,100 applications were received, and 7,500 were funded with a total of

This is a document about October 2013 mini-continuing resolutions
  The National Institutes of Health Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 would provide funding for the National Institutes of Health, the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. The bill would appropriate, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, and out of applicable corporate or other revenues, receipts, and funds, for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for FY2014, and for other purposes, such amounts as may be necessary, at a rate for operations as provided in the Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (division F of P.L. 113-6), for continuing projects or activities (including the costs of direct loans and loan guarantees) not otherwise specifically provided for in this joint

This is a document about Medical research
  The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the agency that is responsible for management of the lion's share of federal funding of biomedical research. It funds over 280 areas directly related to health. Over the past century there were two notable periods of NIH support. From 1995 to 1996 funding increased from $8.877 billion to $9.366 billion, years which represented the start of what is considered the "doubling period" of rapid NIH support. The second notable period started in 1997 and ended in 2010, a period where the NIH moved to organize research spending for engagement with the scientific community.

This is a document about NIH Office of Technology Transfer
  The mission of Technology Transfer at National Institutes of Health (NIH) is to facilitate partnerships with a wide array of stakeholders, and effectively manage the inventions conceived by scientists working at the NIH and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In doing so, NIH Technology Transfer supports the larger NIH mission to seek fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce illness and disability. Working on behalf of the NIH and the CDC – all agencies of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Technology Transfer offices across the NIH apply responsive, and sometimes creative approaches to meet

This is a document about National Institute of Mental Health
  The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is one of 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NIH, in turn, is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. NIMH is the largest research organization in the world specializing in mental illness. Joshua A. Gordon is the current director of NIMH. The institute was first authorized by the U.S. government in 1946, when then President Harry Truman signed into law the National Mental Health Act, although the institute was not formally established

This is a document about National Institutes of Health (Philippines)
  The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the national health research center of the Philippines that is responsible for biomedical and public health research.

This is a document about National Institute of General Medical Sciences
  scientific workforce, and in developing research capacity throughout the country. NIGMS is one of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the principal medical research agency of the Federal Government. NIH is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. All NIH Institutes and Centers support basic research that is relevant to the diseases, organ systems, stages of life, or populations within their mission areas. In contrast, NIGMS supports fundamental research that does not focus on those specific areas. NIGMS' research mission is aimed at understanding the principles, mechanisms, and processes that underlie living organisms, often using research models. NIGMS also supports the development of fundamental methods and new technologies to achieve its mission. NIGMS-supported research may utilize specific cells

This is a document about Glossary of clinical research
 National Institutes of Health ; NIH. A federal agency in the U.S. that conducts biomedical research in its own laboratories; supports the research of non-Federal scientists in universities, medical schools, hospitals, and research institutions throughout the country and abroad; helps in the training of research investigators; and fosters communication of medical information. Access the National Institutes of Health Web site at http://www.nih.gov. Also called NIH. (NCI) Natural history study ; A study that follows a group of people over time who have, or are at risk of developing, a specific medical condition or disease. A natural history study collects health information in order to understand how the medical condition or disease develops and

This is a document about National Cancer Institute
  The National Cancer Institute (NCI) coordinates the United States National Cancer Program and is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of eleven agencies that are part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NCI conducts and supports research, training, health information dissemination, and other activities related to the causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer; the supportive care of cancer patients and their families; and cancer survivorship. NCI is the oldest and has the largest budget and research program of the 27 institutes and centers of the NIH ($6.9 billion in 2020). It fulfills the majority of its mission via an extramural program that provides grants for cancer research. Additionally, the National Cancer Institute has intramural research programs in Bethesda, Maryland, and at the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research at Fort Detrick, in Frederick, Maryland. The NCI receives more than US$5 billion in funding each year. The NCI supports a nationwide network of 71 NCI-designated Cancer Centers with a dedicated focus on cancer research and treatment and maintains the National Clinical Trials Network.

This is a document about National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
  The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) is one of the institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health, an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). NIH is the primary federal agency that conducts and supports basic, clinical and translational medical research. The institute investigates the prevention, diagnosis, causes, treatments and cures for both common and rare diseases.

This is a document about National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
  The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID, pronounced "NYE-ad") is one of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). NIAID's mission is to conduct basic and applied research to better understand, treat, and prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases. NIAID has on-campus laboratories in Maryland and Hamilton, Montana, and funds research conducted by scientists at institutions in the United States and throughout the world. NIAID also works closely with partners in academia, industry, government, and non-governmental organizations in multifaceted and multidisciplinary efforts to address emerging health challenges such as the H1N1/09 pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is a federal agency responsible for conducting and funding biomedical and public health research in the United States.


Question: when did the phillies win the world series

Answer: 1980

This is a document about Philadelphia Phillies
 the 2009 season. In July, they signed three-time Cy Young Award winner Pedro Martínez and acquired 2008 American League Cy Young winner Cliff Lee before the trade deadline. On September 30, 2009, they clinched a third consecutive National League East Division title for the first time since the 1976–78 seasons. The team continued this run of success with wins over the Colorado Rockies in the NLDS (3 games to 1) and the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLCS (4 games to 1), to become the first Phillies team to win back-to-back pennants and the first National League team since the

This is a document about 2009 World Series
 apologized for the mistake. Lee Jenkins of "Sports Illustrated" attributed Philadelphia's loss to a lack of pitching depth, noting that three different Yankees starters managed to win games in the series, while only Cliff Lee won games for the Phillies. The Phillies' 2008 postseason star pitchers, starter Cole Hamels and closer Brad Lidge, struggled in their only appearances of the 2009 World Series. The Phillies bullpen which did well in the NLCS performed poorly in the World Series, allowing seven runs in just 11 2/3 innings with a 5.40 ERA. Jorge Arangure Jr. of ESPN partially attributed the Phillies' loss

This is a document about 2012 Philadelphia Phillies season
 Diamondbacks, taking 2 of 3. The Phillies finally returned home for a four-game series with the Cubs, where they would split the series. Roy Halladay and Cole Hamels each finished April with 3 wins, and Papelbon was a perfect 8 for 8 on save opportunities. The Phillies finished April with a record of 11–12, their first losing-record month since going 11–15 in June 2009. However, the Phillies have experienced struggle in April before, most notably in 2008, when they would eventually win the World Series, and in 2009, when they would eventually win the National League pennant. The Phillies began

This is a document about 1980 Philadelphia Phillies season
 in the final inning. While Mike Schmidt was the official MVP of the 1980 World Series, the Babe Ruth Award (another World Series MVP) was given to Tug McGraw. As of 2011, this is the last World Series in which both participating franchises had yet to win a World Series in their history. This was the first time that had happened since . The entire state of Pennsylvania, not just Philadelphia, celebrated the Phillies' win. Minutes after the final out, Governor Dick Thornburgh declared the next day "Philadelphia Phillies Day." 1980 World Series (4-2): Philadelphia Phillies (N.L.) over Kansas City

This is a document about Mets–Phillies rivalry
 the Phillies won three straight division championships. Although both teams each won a World Series in the 1980s, the Mets were not serious contenders in the Phillies' playoff years (1980, 1981, and 1983), nor did the Phillies seriously contend in the Mets' playoff years (1986 and 1988). The Mets were the Majors' worst team when the Phillies won the NL pennant in 1993, and the Phillies could not post a winning record in either of the Mets' wild-card-winning seasons of 1999 or 2000, when the Mets faced the New York Yankees in the 2000 World Series. The rivalry intensified in

This is a document about Scott Eyre
 list. He was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies two days later for Brian Schlitter. However, the move allowed Eyre to win his first World Series ring when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series. In November, 2008, following the World Series, Scott re-signed with the Phillies as a free-agent, and was signed through the 2009 season. On November 12, 2009, Eyre was granted free agency. On January 7, 2010, Scott Eyre retired from the MLB. Eyre's brother, Willie, is also a former pitcher in the major leagues. They also have another, younger brother, Robert Grace, who is playing in the

This is a document about Matt Stairs
 2008, Stairs was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for Fabio Castro. Stairs hit his first career postseason home run on October 13, 2008 in Game 4 of the 2008 National League Championship Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers off Jonathan Broxton, allowing the Phillies to take the lead and win the game. In the 2009 season, he once again made it to the World Series. He won the first World Series ring of his 16-year career on October 29, 2008, when the Phillies won the series against the Rays, 4 games to 1. On April 12, 2009, Stairs' game-winning home

This is a document about So Taguchi
 championship ring when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series. (Taguchi was 0-for-4 pinch-hitting in the NLCS and did not appear in the World Series.) Shortly after winning the World Series, the Phillies decided to decline Taguchi's option and make him a free agent. Taguchi agreed to a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs for the season, and was invited to spring training. Taguchi was signed in part to provide a Japanese teammate for Cub outfielder Kosuke Fukudome. Taguchi did not make the Cubs roster and was optioned to Triple-A. After spending most of the season in the minors,

This is a document about Andy Tracy
 September 1. He broke his hand, while playing for the Philadelphia Phillies, late in 2008 as a result of a line drive which ended his season. The Phillies announced on September 9, 2009 that they would be releasing veteran pitcher Rodrigo López to make room on the roster for Tracy. The Phillies would win the World Series in 2008 and the National League pennant in 2009. Though Tracy was not an active member of the postseason roster in either season, he did accompany the club throughout the playoffs. On August 5, 2010 it was announced that Tracy would be pulled

This is a document about 2003 World Series
 in the fifth and Juan Encarnación's sacrifice fly next inning. With the victory, the Marlins became the first National League team since the 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers, the last opposing team to win a Series championship at Yankee Stadium, to win the World Series without having home field advantage. They are just the fourth team overall to do it since the 1984 Detroit Tigers, following the 1992 Toronto Blue Jays and the 1999 New York Yankees. The 2006 St. Louis Cardinals later accomplished the same of feat, as did the 2008 Philadelphia Phillies, the 2014 San Francisco Giants, the 2016

This is a document about Mets–Phillies rivalry
 the mid 2000s, as the teams battled more often for playoff position. The Mets won the division in 2006, while the Phillies won five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011. The Phillies' 2007 championship was won on the last day of the season as the Mets lost a seven-game lead with 17 games remaining. The Phillies broke the Curse of Billy Penn to win the 2008 World Series, while the Mets' last title came in the 1986 World Series. In 2015, the Mets won the National League Championship Series for their fifth pennant while the Phillies entered a rebuild

This is a document about History of the Philadelphia Phillies
 Astros on a tenth-inning game-winning hit by center fielder Garry Maddox, and the city celebrated its first pennant in 30 years. The entire series saw only one home run hit, a game-winning two-run home run by Phillies slugger Greg Luzinski in the Phillies' opening 3–1 win in Game 1 at Philadelphia. Facing Kansas City in the 1980 World Series, the Phillies won their first world championship in 6 games, thanks to the timely hitting of Mike Schmidt and Pete Rose. Schmidt, who was the NL MVP for the 1980 season, also won the World Series MVP finals award on the

This is a document about Greg Golson
 two runs and stealing a base. Golson was not part of the postseason roster for the 2008 Phillies, who went on to win the World Series, but he did travel with the team and was in uniform for all the club's playoff games. On November 20, 2008, Golson was traded by the Phillies to the Texas Rangers for John Mayberry, Jr. Phillies general manager Rubén Amaro, Jr. called the trade a speed-for-power' swap". Golson received one at-bat for the Rangers in 2009, spending most of his season at the AAA level with the Oklahoma RedHawks. In 146 plate appearances, Golson

This is a document about 1980 Philadelphia Phillies season
 ERA = Earned run average; BB = Walks allowed; SO = Strikeouts" "Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts" October 7: Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia October 8: Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia October 10: Astrodome, Houston, Texas October 11: Astrodome, Houston, Texas October 12: Astrodome, Houston, Texas When the modern-day World Series began in 1903, the National and American Leagues each had eight teams. With their victory in the 1980 World Series, the Phillies became the last of the "Original Sixteen" franchises to win

This is a document about Major League Baseball rivalries
 titles from 2007 to 2011. The Phillies' 2007 championship was won on the last day of the season as the Mets lost a seven-game lead with 17 games remaining. The Phillies broke the Curse of Billy Penn to win the 2008 World Series, while the Mets' last title came in the 1986 World Series. In 2015, the Mets won the National League Championship Series for their fifth pennant while the Phillies entered a rebuild phase. The Mets beat the Phillies 14 times and lost 5 for a lopsided season series. The season still provided contentious moments such as, Mets pitcher

This is a document about Harry Kalas
 2008, Kalas was finally able to call a Phillies' championship-winning moment in the World Series when Brad Lidge struck out Eric Hinske to win the 104th Fall Classic 1: Kalas made his final call on April 12, 2009, during the Phillies game against the Colorado Rockies: Kalas was known for his love of the Frank Sinatra song, "High Hopes", a melody he sang at numerous events, including the Phillies' championship celebrations in his later years. His most famous singing of "High Hopes" came in 1993 when he sang to the team after they clinched the NL East division title. On

This is a document about Philadelphia Phillies
 of Mike Schmidt and Pete Rose. Schmidt, who was the National League MVP that 1980 season, also won the World Series MVP award on the strength of his 8-for-21 hitting (.381 average), including game-winning hits in Game 2 and the clinching Game 6. This sixth, final game was also significant because it remains "the most-watched game in World Series history" with a television audience of 54.9 million viewers. Thus, the Phillies became the last of the 16 teams that made up the major leagues from 1901 to 1961 to win a World Series. After their Series win Ruly Carpenter, who

This is a document about Phillies–Pirates rivalry
 it looked like the lead would be cut to half a game. Instead, Phillies pitcher Randy Lerch hit two home runs to help the Phillies come from behind to win the game, 10–8, to win their third straight division title on the next-to-last day of the season. This was the first time that visiting teams won a division title at Three Rivers Stadium. In the postseason, the Phillies lost for the second year in a row to the Dodgers in the 1978 National League Championship Series. Both teams won World Series in successive years in 1979 and 1980. In 1979,

This is a document about Mets–Phillies rivalry
 earning a place on the 1975 All-Star team. Under manager Danny Ozark, the Phillies won three consecutive division championships from 1976 to 1978 with McGraw as the closer, while the Mets finished third in 1976 and last in 1977 and 1978. In 1980, McGraw was on the mound against the Kansas City Royals when the Phillies won their first World Series championship, earning his fourth save of that postseason. He struck out Willie Wilson with the bases loaded to preserve the win for Steve Carlton and the Phillies, leaping from the mound to embrace catcher Bob Boone on the field

This is a document about Major League Baseball rivalries
 playoff years (1980, 1981, and 1983), nor did the Phillies seriously contend in the Mets' playoff years (1986 and 1988). The Mets were the Majors' worst team when the Phillies won the NL pennant in 1993, and the Phillies could not post a winning record in either of the Mets' wild-card-winning seasons of 1999 or 2000, when the Mets faced the New York Yankees in the 2000 World Series. As the rivalry has intensified in recent years, the teams have battled more often for playoff position. The Mets won the division in 2006, while the Phillies won five consecutive division

The Philadelphia Phillies won the World Series in 2008.