Question: harry potter and the philosiphers stone release date

Answer: 16 November 2001

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
 The film was released to cinemas in the United Kingdom and United States on 16 November 2001. It became a critical and commercial success, grossing $974.8 million at the box office worldwide. The highest-grossing film of 2001, it is the 37th highest-grossing of all-time (2nd at the time of its release) and the second most successful instalment of the "Harry Potter" series behind "Deathly Hallows – Part 2". The film was nominated for many awards, including Academy Awards for Best Original Score, Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design. It was followed by seven sequels, beginning with "Harry Potter and

This is a document about Wizarding World
 Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the film over 4 July 2001 weekend, making for such a short production window that several proposed directors removed themselves from consideration. Because of time constraints, the date was put back, and "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on 16 November 2001. Harry, Ron, and Hermione return to Hogwarts for their second year, but a mysterious chamber, hidden in the school, is opened leaving students and ghosts petrified by an unknown agent. They must solve the mystery of the chamber, and discover its

This is a document about Harry Potter (film series)
 the Wizarding and Muggle worlds. The rights for the first four novels in the series were sold to Warner Bros. for £1,000,000 by J.K. Rowling. After the release of the fourth book in July 2000, the first film, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", was released on 16 November 2001. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $90 million in the United States alone, which set a record opening worldwide. The succeeding three motion picture adaptations followed suit in financial success, while garnering positive reviews from fans and critics. The fifth film, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix",

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
 initially planned to release the film over 4 July 2001 weekend, making for such a short production window that several proposed directors pulled themselves out of the running. Due to time constraints, the date was put back to 16 November 2001. Two British film industry officials requested that the film be shot in the United Kingdom, offering their assistance in securing filming locations, the use of Leavesden Film Studios, as well as changing the UK's child labour laws (adding a small number of working hours per week and making the timing of on-set classes more flexible). Warner Bros. accepted their

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
  Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone had its world premiere at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 4 November 2001, with the cinema arranged to resemble Hogwarts School. The film had previews in the United Kingdom on 1,137 screens at 491 theatres on 10 and 11 November 2001. It officially opened on 16 November 2001 on 1,168 screens at 507 theatres in the United Kingdom and Ireland; in 3,672 theatres in the United States and Canada. It was the widest release of all-time in the UK and the US.

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
  its world premiere in mid-2016 at London's Palace Theatre. The announcement marked the eighteenth anniversary of the publication of the first Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, published on 26 June 1997. On announcing plans for the project, Rowling stated that the play would not be a prequel. In response to queries regarding the choice of a play rather than a new novel, Rowling stated that she "is confident that when audiences see the play they will agree that it is the only proper medium for the story". Rowling also assured audiences that the play would contain an

This is a document about Harry Potter in translation
 Maori (2020) ; a second Macedonian translation (2020) ; Yiddish (2020) ; Kazakh (2020) ; a second Korean translation (2019) ; Belarusian (2019) ; Hawaiian (2018) ; Scots (2017) ; and a second Mongolian translation (2017) It has been difficult to accurately determine with any degree of certainty exactly how many languages Harry Potter has been translated into. As best as can be determined (as of March 2021), The Philosopher's Stone has been officially translated from the original English into other languages, the most recent being Maori in November 2020 preceded by Kazakh and Yiddish, in February 2020. Both Bloomsbury's and J.K. Rowling's sites stated

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
  An illustrated version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released on 6 October 2015, with illustrations by Jim Kay. The book carries over 100 illustrations and will be followed by illustrated versions of all seven books from the series by the same artist.

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
  $974million at the worldwide box office, $317million of that in the US and $657million elsewhere, which made it the second-highest-grossing film in history at the time, as well as the year's highest-grossing film. It is the second-highest-grossing Harry Potter film after Deathly Hallows – Part 2. Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 55.9million tickets in the US and Canada. In August 2020, Philosopher's Stone was re-released in several countries, including a 4K 3D restoration in China, where it earned $26.4million, for a global $1.017billion, making it the second film in the series to surpass the billion-dollar mark, after Deathly Hallows – Part 2.

This is a document about Harry Potter
  Rowling), using her grandmother's name as her second name because she has no middle name. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published by Bloomsbury, the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom, on 26 June 1997. It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic – the American publisher of the books – as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights – a record amount for a children's book by an unknown author. Fearing that American readers would not associate the word "philosopher" with magic (although the Philosopher's Stone

This is a document about Lego Harry Potter
  Harry Potter sets were released on June 1, 2019.

This is a document about Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)
  18 November 2016 in 2D, 3D, 4D, Dolby Cinema, and IMAX formats, by Warner Bros. Pictures. It received generally positive reviews from critics and emerged a commercial success after grossing $814 million worldwide, making it the eighth highest-grossing film of 2016. The film was nominated for five British Academy Film Awards, including Best British Film, and won for Best Production Design. It was nominated for two Academy Awards and won for Best Costume Design, becoming the first Wizarding World film to win an Academy Award. The first sequel, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, was released on 16 November 2018; a second sequel, Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore, is scheduled to release in April 2022.

This is a document about Harry Potter
  Stone (titled "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" in the United States), with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision. After extensive casting, filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself, with production ending in July 2001. Philosopher's Stone was released on 14 November 2001. Just three days after the film's release, production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, also directed by Columbus, began. Filming was completed in summer 2002, with the film being released on 15 November

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
  Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the first book in the series, was published by Bloomsbury on 30 June 1997. The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was published on 2 July 1998. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later on 8 July 1999. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was published on 21 June 2003. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005, and sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.

This is a document about Wizarding World
  adhered to. On 8 August 2000, the virtually unknown Daniel Radcliffe and newcomers Rupert Grint and Emma Watson were selected to play Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger respectively. Chris Columbus was hired to direct the film adaptation of Philosopher's Stone, with Steve Kloves selected to write the screenplay. Filming began on 29 September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and concluded on 23 March 2001, with final work being done in July. Principal photography took place on 2 October 2000 at North Yorkshire's Goathland railway station. Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the film over 4 July 2001 weekend, making for such a short production window that several proposed directors removed themselves from consideration. Because of time constraints, the date was put back, and Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on 16 November 2001.

This is a document about Lego Harry Potter
  Harry Potter sets were released in Europe on June 1, 2020, and in North America on August 24, 2020 (Originally planned for August 1).

This is a document about Harry Potter (film series)
  The rights for the first four novels in the series were sold to Warner Bros. for £1,000,000 by J.K. Rowling. After the release of the fourth book in July 2000, the first film, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was released on 16 November 2001. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $90 million in the United States alone, which set a record opening worldwide. The succeeding three motion picture adaptations followed suit in financial success, while garnering positive reviews from fans and critics. The fifth film, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, was released by Warner Bros. on 11 July 2007 in English-speaking countries, except for the UK and Ireland, which released the movie on 12 July. The sixth, Harry Potter

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
  Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets held its world premiere at Odeon Leicester Square on 3 November 2002, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on 15 November 2002. The film broke multiple records upon its opening. In the US and Canada, the film opened to an $88.4million opening weekend at 3,682 cinemas, the third-largest opening at the time, behind Spider-Man and Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. It was also No. 1 at the box office for two non-consecutive weekends. In the United Kingdom, the film broke all opening records that were previously held by Philosopher's Stone. It made

This is a document about J. K. Rowling
  while on a delayed train from Manchester to London. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997. There were six sequels, of which the last was released in 2007. Since then, Rowling has written several books for adult readers: The Casual Vacancy (2012) and—under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith—the crime fiction Cormoran Strike series. In 2020, her "political fairytale" for children, The Ickabog, was released in instalments in an online version. Rowling has lived a "rags to riches" life in which she progressed from living

The release date for "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" in the United Kingdom and the United States was 16 November 2001.


Question: when was the world 's first camera invented

Answer: circa 1550

This is a document about History of the camera
 of a darkened room to project images used as a drawing aid has been traced back to circa 1550. Since the late 17th century portable camera obscura devices in tents and boxes were used as a drawing aid. Before the invention of photographic processes there was no way to preserve the images produced by these cameras apart from manually tracing them. The earliest cameras were room-sized, with space for one or more people inside; these gradually evolved into more and more compact models. By Niépce's time portable box camerae obscurae suitable for photography were readily available. The first camera that

This is a document about Alexander S. Wolcott
  experimenting with it. Wolcott improved on Daguerre's lens camera by making a camera that used a concave mirror to gather more light instead of a simple refractive lens that gathered little light. On October 7, 1839, Wolcott took a photograph of Johnson with his daguerreotype reflector camera, creating the first photograph portrait in the world. Wolcott patented the camera on May 8, 1840 (US #1,582). It became known as "Wolcott's camera" and the "mirror camera". It was the first U.S. patent in photography. Wolcott started using his camera available to the public on March 4, 1840, in a business

This is a document about Photography
  Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, relating to seeing an image and capturing the image. The discovery of the camera obscura ("dark chamber" in Latin) that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid independently described a camera obscura in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments. The Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) also invented a camera obscura as well as the first true pinhole camera. The invention of the

This is a document about Chronophotography
  Soon after the introduction of photography in 1839, the camera became the dominant source of accurate depiction of life. As the technology became more sophisticated, so did the activities for which people used cameras. Around 1840/1841 Francis Ronalds documented his first idea to use photographic methods to make scientific recordings. His first machine was built in April 1845 to continuously trace the varying indications of meteorological equipment on photographic paper. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century. The earliest Daguerreotype photographers already took multiple shots of a subject, mostly to increase their chances

This is a document about History of photography
   The history of photography began in remote antiquity with the discovery of two critical principles: camera obscura image projection and the observation that some substances are visibly altered by exposure to light. There are no artifacts or descriptions that indicate any attempt to capture images with light sensitive materials prior to the 18th century. Around 1717, Johann Heinrich Schulze captured cut-out letters on a bottle of a light-sensitive slurry, but he apparently never thought of making the results durable. Around 1800, Thomas Wedgwood made the first reliably documented, although unsuccessful attempt at capturing camera images in permanent form. His experiments did produce detailed photograms, but Wedgwood

This is a document about Cinematography
  In the 1830s, three different solutions for moving images were invented on the concept of revolving drums and disks, the stroboscope by Simon von Stampfer in Austria, the phenakistoscope by Joseph Plateau in Belgium, and the zoetrope by William Horner in Britain. In 1845, Francis Ronalds invented the first successful camera able to make continuous recordings of the varying indications of meteorological and geomagnetic instruments over time. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century. William Lincoln patented a device, in 1867, that showed animated pictures called the "wheel

This is a document about Thomas Sutton (photographer)
  In 1859, Sutton developed the earliest panoramic camera with a wide-angle lens. The lens consisted of a glass sphere filled with water, which projected an image onto a curved plate. The camera was capable of capturing an image in a 120 degree arc. In 1861, Sutton created the first single lens reflex camera. Sutton was the photographer for James Clerk Maxwell's pioneering 1861 demonstration of colour photography. In a practical trial of a thought-experiment Maxwell had published in 1855, Sutton took three separate black-and-white photographs of a multicoloured ribbon, one through a blue filter, one through a green filter, and one through

This is a document about History of the single-lens reflex camera
  The photographic single-lens reflex camera (SLR) was invented in 1861 by Thomas Sutton, a photography author and camera inventor who ran a photography related company together with Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard on Jersey. Only a few of his SLRs were made. The first production SLR with a brand name was Calvin Rae Smith's Monocular Duplex (USA, 1884). Other early SLR cameras were constructed, for example, by Louis van Neck (Belgium, 1889), Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer (England, 1894) and Max Steckelmann (Germany, 1896), and Graflex of the United States and Konishi in Japan produced SLR cameras as early as 1898 and 1907 respectively. These first

This is a document about Photo booth
  The patent for the first automated photography machine was filed in 1888 by William Pope and Edward Poole of Baltimore. The first known really working photographic machine was a product of the French inventor T. E. Enjalbert (March 1889). It was shown at the 1889 World's Fair in Paris. The German-born photographer Mathew Steffens from Chicago filed a patent for such a machine in May 1889. These early machines were not reliable enough to be self-sufficient. The first commercially successful automatic photographic apparatus was the "Bosco" from inventor Conrad Bernitt of Hamburg (patented July 16, 1890). All of these early machines produced ferrotypes. The first photographic automate with

This is a document about Susse Frères
  On the 19th of August 1839, François Arago publicly unveiled the previously secret details of the daguerreotype process, the first publicly announced photographic process. Two months earlier, on the 22nd of June 1839, its inventor Louis Daguerre had signed contracts with two manufacturers, Alphonse Giroux and Maison Susse Frères, Place de la Bourse 31, Paris, to produce the first commercially available photographic cameras. The two companies were granted exclusive rights to make and sell the special camera obscura designed by Daguerre, as well as the several lesser items of equipment needed to work the process.  The only known surviving Susse Frères daguerreotype camera,

This is a document about Photograph
  The first permanent photograph, a contact-exposed copy of an engraving, was made in 1822 using the bitumen-based "heliography" process developed by Nicéphore Niépce. The first photographs of a real-world scene, made using a camera obscura, followed a few years later at Le Gras, France, in 1826, but Niépce's process was not sensitive enough to be practical for that application: a camera exposure lasting for hours or days was required. In 1829 Niépce entered into a partnership with Louis Daguerre and the two collaborated to work out a similar but more sensitive and otherwise improved process.  After Niépce's death in 1833 Daguerre concentrated on silver halide-based alternatives. He exposed a

This is a document about Camera lucida
  The camera lucida was patented in 1806 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston. The basic optics were described 200 years earlier by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler in his Dioptrice (1611), but there is no evidence he or his contemporaries constructed a working camera lucida. By the 19th century, Kepler's description had fallen into oblivion, so Wollaston's claim was never challenged. The term "camera lucida" (Latin "well-lit room" as opposed to camera obscura "dark room") is Wollaston's. (cf. Edmund Hoppe, Geschichte der Optik, Leipzig 1926) While on honeymoon in Italy in 1833, the photographic pioneer William Fox Talbot used a camera lucida as a sketching aid. He later wrote that it was a disappointment with his resulting efforts which encouraged him to seek a means to "cause these natural images

This is a document about Daguerreotype
  Daguerreotype ( daguerréotype) was the first publicly available photographic process; it was widely used during the 1840s and 1850s. "Daguerreotype" also refers to an image created through this process. Invented by Louis Daguerre and introduced worldwide in 1839, the daguerreotype was almost completely superseded by 1860 with new, less expensive processes, such as ambrotype, that yield more readily viewable images. There was a revival of daguerreotype in the late 20th century by a small number of photographers interested in making artistic use of early photographic processes.  To make the image, a daguerreotypist polished a sheet of silver-plated copper to a mirror finish; treated it with fumes that made its surface light sensitive; exposed it

This is a document about List of German inventions and discoveries
 c. 1151: The earliest known morality play (Ordo Virtutum) by St. Hildegard of Bingen, OSB ; 1505: The world's first (pocket) watch (Watch 1505) by Peter Henlein ; 1663: First magazine (Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen) ; 1885: Nipkow disk (fundamental component in the earliest televisions) by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow ; 1895: First moving picture show to a paying audience, and thereby creating the first cinema, by Emil and Max Skladanowsky in the Berlin Wintergarten theatre ; 1897: Cathode-ray tube (CRT) and the oscilloscope by Ferdinand Braun ; 1903: Printed circuit board by Albert Hanson of Berlin ; 1907: Earplug by Max Negwer (Ohropax) ; 1907: Pigeon photography by Julius Neubronner ; 1920s: Small format camera (35mm format) by Oskar Barnack ; 1928: Magnetic tape in Dresden, later developed and commercialized by AEG ; 1930s: (Modern) tape recorder by BASF (then part of the chemical giant

This is a document about Digital single-lens reflex camera
   In 1969, Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith invented the first successful imaging technology using a digital sensor, a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device). CCD would allow the rapid development of digital photography. For their contribution to digital photography Boyle and Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009. In 1975 Kodak engineer Steven Sasson invented the first digital still camera, which used a Fairchild 100×100 pixel CCD. On August 25, 1981, Sony unveiled a prototype of the Sony Mavica. This camera was an analogue electronic camera that featured interchangeable lenses and an SLR viewfinder. At Photokina in 1986, Japanese

This is a document about 1830s
 1833 – Joseph Plateau invented an early stroboscopic device, the "phenakistoscope", which gives the illusion of a moving image. This invention was an important precursor to cinema. ; August 1835 – H. Fox Talbot exposes the world's first known photographic negatives at Lacock Abbey in England. ; Louis Daguerre develops the daguerreotype. ; January 2, 1839 – First photo of the Moon taken by photographer Louis Daguerre ; January 9, 1839 – The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process. ; June 22, 1839 – Louis Daguerre receives a patent for his camera (commercially available by September at the price of 400 francs). ; August 19, 1839 – The French government gives Louis Daguerre a pension and gives the daguerreotype "for the whole world".

This is a document about Johann Heinrich Schulze
  exposure to light obliterated them. Because they were produced by the action of light, an extremely broad and literal definition of what a photograph is may allow even these fluid, ephemeral sun printings to qualify as such, and on that basis many German sources credit Schulze as the inventor of photography. Though Schulze's work did not provide a means of permanently preserving an image, it did provide a foundation for later efforts toward that end. Thomas Wedgwood and Humphry Davy produced more substantial but still impermanent shadow images on coated paper and leather around the year 1800. Nicéphore Niépce succeeded in photographing camera images on paper coated with silver chloride in 1816 but he, too, could not make his results light-fast. The first permanent camera photograph of this type was made in 1835 by Henry Fox Talbot.

This is a document about Daguerreotype
  or, the date the first photograph was taken by or with a camera (using the asphalt process or heliography), thought to have been 1822, but Eder's research indicates that the date was more probably 1826 or later. Fox Talbot's first photographs, on the other hand, were made "in the brilliant summer of 1835." Daguerre and Niépce had together signed a good agreement in which remuneration for the invention would be paid for by subscription. However, the campaign they launched to finance the invention failed. François Arago, whose views on the system of patenting inventions can be gathered from speeches he made later in the House of Deputies

This is a document about History of the camera
  was Thomas Wedgwood. To create images, Wedgwood placed items, such as leaves and insect wings, on ceramic pots coated with silver nitrate, and exposed the set-up to light. These images weren't permanent, however, as Wedgwood didn't employ a fixing mechanism. He ultimately failed at his goal of using the process to create fixed images created by a camera obscura.  The first permanent photograph of a camera image was made in 1825 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris. Niépce had been experimenting with ways to fix the images of a camera

This is a document about John Johnson (inventor)
  partner Wolcott started experimenting with the Daquerre camera design on October 6, 1839. Wolcott had constructed a workable camera within 24 hours and took a picture of Johnson. Wolcott took this picture on October 7, the first portrait in the world. On March 4, 1840, they opened the first studio in the world as a commercial enterprise for taking portrait pictures of people. The customer would sit for their likeness to be captured on a permanent medium for future viewing. The commercial photography studio was located in New York City at Broadway and Chambers Street. Johnson, with Wolcott, created the world's first photography portrait studio as a business. They opened their commercial daguerreotype photography portrait studio in March 1840.

The world's first camera is believed to have been invented around the 5th century BCE, with the discovery of the camera obscura principle. However, the first reliable camera was not created until the 1830s by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Woide. The first photograph was taken around 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.


Question: what type of mutation produces the bcr-abl chimeric protein

Answer: retrotransposition

This is a document about Fusion protein
 translocation, tandem duplication, or retrotransposition creates a novel coding sequence containing parts of the coding sequences from two different genes. Naturally occurring fusion proteins are commonly found in cancer cells, where they may function as oncoproteins. The bcr-abl fusion protein is a well-known example of an oncogenic fusion protein, and is considered to be the primary oncogenic driver of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Some fusion proteins combine whole peptides and therefore contain all functional domains of the original proteins. However, other fusion proteins, especially those that occur naturally, combine only portions of coding sequences and therefore do not maintain the original

This is a document about NOV (gene)
 with cancers such as Ewing’s sarcoma, melanoma, and breast cancer. In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), NOV is downregulated as a consequence of the kinase activity of BCR-ABL, a chimeric protein generated through the chromosomal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22. Forced expression of NOV inhibits proliferation and restores growth control in CML cells, suggesting that NOV may be an alternate target for novel therapeutics against CML. NOV (gene) NOV (nephroblastoma overexpressed) also known as CCN3 is a matricellular protein that in humans is encoded by the "NOV" gene. NOV is a member of the CCN family of secreted, extracellular matrix

This is a document about CCL9
 suggesting an important role for CCL9 in bone resorption. CCL9 is constitutively expressed in macrophages and myeloid cells. The gene for CCL9 is located on chromosome 11 in mice. CCL9 is a chemokine involved in the process of signaling an antileukemic response and is a potential form of immunotherapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). CML is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. This is caused by chromosomal translocation, a mutation in which the abnormal gene BCR-ABL, is turned into a CML cell. CML starts off as a myeloproliferative for example in

This is a document about Philadelphia chromosome
 9"), and a truncated chromosome 22 ("the Philadelphia chromosome, 22q-)." In agreement with the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN), this chromosomal translocation is designated as t(9;22)(q34;q11). The symbol "ABL" is derived from Abelson, the name of a leukemia virus which carries a similar protein. The symbol BCR is derived from breakpoint cluster region, a gene which encodes a protein that acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPase proteins. Translocation results in an oncogenic BCR-ABL gene fusion that can be found on the shorter derivative 22 chromosome. This gene encodes for a BCR-ABL fusion protein. Depending

This is a document about History of cancer chemotherapy
 such as proliferation and survival. In a particular cancer, such a network may be radically altered, due to a chance somatic mutation. Targeted therapy inhibits the metabolic pathway that underlies that type of cancer's cell division. The classic example of targeted development is imatinib mesylate (Gleevec), a small molecule which inhibits a signaling molecule kinase. The genetic abnormality causing chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has been known for a long time to be a chromosomal translocation creating an abnormal fusion protein, kinase BCR-ABL, which signals aberrantly, leading to uncontrolled proliferation of the leukemia cells. Imatinib precisely inhibits this kinase. Unlike so

This is a document about Chimeric RNA
  Numerous putative chimeric transcripts have been identified among the expressed sequence tags using high throughput RNA sequencing technology. In humans, chimeric transcripts can be generated in several ways such as trans-splicing of pre-mRNAs, RNA transcription runoff, from other errors in RNA transcription or they can also be the result of gene fusion following inter-chromosomal translocations or rearrangements. Among the few corresponding protein products that have been characterized so far, most result from chromosomal translocations and are associated with cancer. For instance, gene fusion in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) leads to an mRNA transcript that encompasses the 5′ end of the breakpoint cluster region protein (BCR) gene and the 3′ end of the Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (ABL)

This is a document about Chimeric RNA
  Translation of this transcript results in a chimeric BCR–ABL protein that possesses increased tyrosine kinase activity. Chimeric transcripts characterize specific cellular phenotypes and are suspected to function not only in cancer, but also in normal cells. One example of a chimera in normal human cells is generated by trans-splicing of the 5′ exons of the JAZF1 gene on chromosome 7p15 and the 3′ exons of JJAZ1 (SUZ12) on chromosome 17q1. This chimeric RNA is translated in endometrial stroma cells and encodes an anti-apoptotic protein. Notable examples of chimeric genes in cancer are the fused BCR-ABL, FUS-ERG, MLL-AF6, and MOZ-CBP genes expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and the TMPRSS2-ETS chimera associated with overexpression of the oncogene in prostate cancer.

This is a document about Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitor
  Point mutations can cause amino acid substitutions inside the kinase domain of the Bcr-Abl protein and disrupt the binding site of imatinib on the tyrosine kinase, resulting in a loss of sensitivity to the drug. These mutations normally affect the structure of the Bcr-Abl protein, leading either to interruption of critical contact points between the drug and the Bcr-Abl protein or induction of a conformational change, resulting in a protein that imatinib is unable to bind to. Mutational frequencies appear to increase as the disease, CML, progresses from chronic phase to the blast phase. The most important mutations are the P-loop mutations and the T315I mutation. Mutations on other sites of the kinase have also been reported, for example on the C-helix, SH2 domain, substrate binding site, activation loop and C-terminal lobe. Some of these mutations have clinical significance, but none as much as P-loop and T315I mutations.

This is a document about Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitor
  Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI) are the first-line therapy for most patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). More than 90% of CML cases are caused by a chromosomal abnormality that results in the formation of a so-called Philadelphia chromosome. This abnormality was discovered by Peter Nowell in 1960 and is a consequence of fusion between the Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase gene at chromosome 9 and the break point cluster (Bcr) gene at chromosome 22, resulting in a chimeric oncogene (Bcr-Abl) and a constitutively active Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of CML. Compounds have been developed to selectively inhibit the tyrosine

This is a document about Philadelphia chromosome
  a leukemia virus which carries a similar protein. The symbol BCR is derived from breakpoint cluster region, a gene which encodes a protein that acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPase proteins Translocation results in an oncogenic BCR-ABL1 gene fusion that can be found on the shorter derivative chromosome 22. This gene encodes for a BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. Depending on the precise location of fusion, the molecular weight of this protein can range from 185 to 210 kDa. Consequently, the hybrid BCR-ABL1 fusion protein is referred to as p210 or p185. Three clinically important variants encoded by the fusion gene are the p190, p210, and

This is a document about ABL (gene)
  Mutations in the ABL1 gene are associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In CML, the gene is activated by being translocated within the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22. This new fusion gene, BCR-ABL, encodes an unregulated, cytoplasm-targeted tyrosine kinase that allows the cells to proliferate without being regulated by cytokines. This, in turn, allows the cell to become cancerous. This gene is a partner in a fusion gene with the BCR gene in the Philadelphia chromosome, a characteristic abnormality in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and rarely in some other leukemia forms. The BCR-ABL transcript encodes a tyrosine kinase, which activates mediators of the cell cycle regulation system, leading to a clonal myeloproliferative disorder. The BCR-ABL protein can be inhibited by various small molecules. One such inhibitor is imatinib mesylate, which occupies the tyrosine kinase domain and inhibits BCR-ABL's influence on the cell cycle. Second generation BCR-ABL tyrosine-kinase inhibitors are also under development to inhibit BCR-ABL mutants resistant to imatinib.

This is a document about Chronic myelogenous leukemia
  product is also a tyrosine kinase. The fused BCR-ABL protein interacts with the interleukin 3beta(c) receptor subunit. The BCR-ABL transcript is continuously active and does not require activation by other cellular messaging proteins. In turn, BCR-ABL activates a cascade of proteins that control the cell cycle, speeding up cell division. Moreover, the BCR-ABL protein inhibits DNA repair, causing genomic instability and making the cell more susceptible to developing further genetic abnormalities. The action of the BCR-ABL protein is the pathophysiologic cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia. With improved understanding of the nature of the BCR-ABL protein and its action as a tyrosine kinase, targeted therapies (the first of which was imatinib) that specifically inhibit the activity of the BCR-ABL protein have been developed. These tyrosine kinase inhibitors can induce complete remissions in CML, confirming the central importance of bcr-abl as the cause of CML.

This is a document about Clonal hypereosinophilia
  genes that encode tyrosine kinase proteins; and cause or contribute to the development of hematological malignancies. A classic example of such a disease is chronic myelogenous leukemia, a neoplasm commonly caused by a mutation that creates the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene (see Philadelphia chromosome). The disease is due to conversion of the tightly regulated tyrosine kinase of ABL1 protein to being unregulated and continuously active in the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. This Philadelphia chromosome positive form of chronic myelogenous leukemia used to be treated with chemotherapy but nonetheless was regarded as becoming lethal within 18-60 months of diagnosis. With the discovery of the uncontrolled tyrosine kinase activity of this disorder and the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Philadelphia chromosome

This is a document about PDGFRA
  typically including either the CHIC2 or LNX gene. The fused gene encodes a FIP1L1-PDGFRA protein that causes: a) chronic eosinophilia which progresses to chronic eosinophilic leukemia; b) a form of myeloproliferative neoplasm/myeloblastic leukemia associated with little or no eosinophilia; c) T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma associated with eosinophilia; d) myeloid sarcoma with eosinophilia (see FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion genes); or e) mixtures of these presentations. Variations in the type of malignancy formed likely reflects the specific type(s) of hematopoietic stem cells that bear the mutation. The PDGFRA gene may also mutate through any one of several chromosome translocations to create fusion genes which, like the Fip1l1-PDGFRA fusion gene, encode a fusion protein that possesses continuously active PDGFRA-related tyrosine kinase and causes myeloid and/or lymphoid malignancies. These mutations, including the Fip1l1-PDGFRA mutation, along with

This is a document about Antineoplastic resistance
  myeloid leukemia (CML) involves a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the BCR/ABL fusion gene called imatinib. In some people resistant to Imatinib, the BCR/ABL gene is reactivated or amplified, or a single point mutation has occurred on the gene. These point mutations enhance autophosphorylation of the BCR-ABL protein, resulting in the stabilization of the ATP-binding site into its active form, which cannot be bound by imatinib for proper drug activation. Topoisomerase is a lucrative target for cancer therapy due to its critical role as an enzyme in DNA replication, and many topoisomerase inhibitors have been made. Resistance can occur when topoisomerase levels are decreased, or when different isoforms of topoisomerase are differentially distributed within the cell. Mutant enzymes have also been reported in patient leukemic cells, as well as mutations in other cancers that confer resistance to topoisomerase inhibitors.

This is a document about Philadelphia chromosome
  The Philadelphia chromosome or Philadelphia translocation (Ph) is a specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22 of leukemia cancer cells (particularly chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells). This chromosome is defective and unusually short because of reciprocal translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11), of genetic material between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22, and contains a fusion gene called BCR-ABL1. This gene is the ABL1 gene of chromosome 9 juxtaposed onto the breakpoint cluster region BCR gene of chromosome 22, coding for a hybrid protein: a tyrosine kinase signalling protein that is "always on", causing the cell to divide uncontrollably by interrupting the stability of the genome and impairing various signaling pathways governing the cell cycle. The presence of this translocation

This is a document about Carcinogenesis
  when two separate chromosomal regions become abnormally fused, often at a characteristic location. A well-known example of this is the Philadelphia chromosome, or translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, which occurs in chronic myelogenous leukemia, and results in production of the BCR-abl fusion protein, an oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Small-scale mutations include point mutations, deletions, and insertions, which may occur in the promoter of a gene and affect its expression, or may occur in the gene's coding sequence and alter the function or stability of its protein product. Disruption of a single gene may also result from integration of genomic material from a DNA virus or retrovirus, and such an event may also result in the expression of viral oncogenes in the affected cell and its descendants.

This is a document about Fusion protein
  Fusion proteins or chimeric (kī-ˈmir-ik) proteins (literally, made of parts from different sources) are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins. Translation of this fusion gene results in a single or multiple polypeptides with functional properties derived from each of the original proteins. Recombinant fusion proteins are created artificially by recombinant DNA technology for use in biological research or therapeutics. Chimeric or chimera usually designate hybrid proteins made of polypeptides having different functions or physico-chemical patterns. Chimeric mutant proteins occur naturally when a complex mutation, such as a chromosomal translocation, tandem duplication, or retrotransposition creates a novel coding sequence containing parts of the coding sequences from two different genes. Naturally occurring fusion proteins are commonly found in cancer cells, where they may function as oncoproteins. The bcr-abl fusion protein is a well-known example of an oncogenic fusion protein, and is considered to be the primary oncogenic driver of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

This is a document about Imatinib
   Imatinib is a 2-phenyl amino pyrimidine derivative that functions as a specific inhibitor of a number of tyrosine kinase enzymes. It occupies the TK active site, leading to a decrease in activity. There are a large number of TK enzymes in the body, including the insulin receptor. Imatinib is specific for the TK domain in abl (the Abelson proto-oncogene), c-kit and PDGF-R (platelet-derived growth factor receptor). In chronic myelogenous leukemia, the Philadelphia chromosome leads to a fusion protein of abl with bcr (breakpoint cluster region), termed bcr-abl. As this is now a constitutively active tyrosine kinase, imatinib is used to

The BCR-ABL chimeric protein is produced by a chromosomal translocation, specifically a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in the fusion of the BCR and ABL genes. This mutation is the cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).


Question: what were two major causes of world war 2

Answer: Italian fascism in the 1920s

This is a document about Causes of World War II
 Causes of World War II Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasion of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy. The immediate cause was Germany invading Poland on September 1, 1939, and Britain and France declaring war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Problems arose in Weimar Germany that experienced strong currents of revanchism after the Treaty of Versailles that concluded its defeat in World War I in 1918. Dissatisfactions of treaty

This is a document about Causes of World War II
 destroyers escorting convoys and German U-boats were already de facto at war in the Battle of the Atlantic. This declaration effectively ended isolationist sentiment in the U.S. and the United States immediately reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe. Causes of World War II Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasion of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy. The immediate cause was Germany invading Poland on September 1, 1939, and Britain

This is a document about Causes of World War II
   The causes of World War II, a global war from 1939 to 1945 that was the deadliest conflict in human history, have been given considerable attention by historians from many countries who studied and understood them. The immediate precipitating event was the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany on September 1, 1939, and the subsequent declarations of war on Germany made by Britain and France, but many other prior events have been suggested as ultimate causes. Primary themes in historical analysis of the war's origins include the political takeover of Germany in 1933 by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party; Japanese

This is a document about World war
  The Second World War occurred from 1939 to 1945 and is the only conflict in which nuclear weapons have been used; both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in the Japanese Empire, were devastated by atomic bombs dropped by the United States. Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, was responsible for genocides, most notably the Holocaust, the killing of about 6,000,000 Jews and 11,000,000 others persecuted by the Nazis, including Romani people and homosexuals. The United States, the Soviet Union, and Canada deported and interned minority groups within their own borders and, largely because of the conflict, many ethnic Germans were later expelled from Eastern Europe. Japan was responsible for attacking neutral nations without a declaration of war, such as the attack on

This is a document about World War II
  the only two uses of nuclear weapons in war. World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in human history; it resulted in 70 to 85 million fatalities, a majority being civilians. Tens of millions of people died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, massacres, and disease. In the wake of the Axis defeat, Germany and Japan were occupied, and war crimes tribunals were conducted against German and Japanese leaders. World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland. The United Kingdom and France subsequently declared war on

This is a document about List of Medal of Honor recipients
  World War II, or the Second World War, was a global military conflict. The conflicts joined from two separate conflicts. The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German and Russian invasion of Poland. This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. It involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history, and placed the participants in a state of "total war", erasing the distinction between civil

This is a document about List of Asian Pacific American Medal of Honor recipients
  World War II, or the Second World War, was a global military conflict, the joining of what had initially been two separate conflicts. The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland. This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. It involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history, and placed the participants in a state of total war, erasing the distinction between civil and military resources. This resulted in the complete activation of

This is a document about Treadmill of destruction
   World War II is a prime example of paramount number of military operations with a long history of military conflict involving 30 countries, lasting from 1939 to 1945 and being the deadliest wars, killing over 70 million people across the globe. There are many factors that contributed to World War II which were the World War I, the Great Depression, militarism, nationalism, expansionism and fascism. During the years of violence, significant amounts of physical capital were destroyed through the years of bombing and ground battles, hunger was common within Western Europe, families were separated from each other, children lost their fathers as they were sent to the army to fight the war, horrendous acts

This is a document about Historiography of World War II
  Blame as the driving force during World War II, is a widely known orthodox perspective. Especially directly after World War II, Nazi Germany was held to blame for starting the war. Orthodox historians cited several reasons for this. Germany was the one who initially invaded Poland against the recommendation of the allies, and also attacked the Soviet Union. Also, the system of alliances between the Axis Powers was one that was only meant for war. The Tripartite Pact stated that if any country declared war on one of the Axis countries, the other two would also declare war on those countries. Another reason, historians saw, is that the policies of Hitler were overly aggressive; not only did Hitler preach war with France and the Soviet Union, but he followed a careful pre-made plan of expansionism. Additionally, the events that took place in unveiling of the war such as the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, Anschluss, and the German involvement during the Spanish Civil War, showed that Hitler was anticipating the possibility of war and intentionally gearing up for it.

This is a document about Great Depression
 Causes of World War II ; Causes of World War I ; Economic collapse ; International relations (1919–1939) ; Interwar France ; Involuntary unemployment ; List of economic crises

This is a document about Timothy Mason
 The German working class was always opposed to the Nazi dictatorship. ; In the overheated German economy in the late 1930s, German workers could force employers to grant higher wages by leaving for another firm, which would grant their desired wage increases. ; It was a form of political resistance that forced Adolf Hitler to go to war in 1939. Mason's most notable arguments were the following: Thus, the outbreak of the Second World War was caused by structural economic problems, a "flight into war" that had been imposed by a domestic crisis. The key aspects of the crisis were, according to Mason, a shaky economic recovery being

This is a document about Andreas Hillgruber
  the German invasion of Poland was an "accident" precipitated by diplomatic blunders. Hillgruber argued adamantly that the German invasion of Poland was a war of aggression caused by Hitler's ideological belief in war and the need for Lebensraum (living space). World War II, for Hillgruber, really consisted of two wars. One was an europäischer Normalkrieg ("normal European war") between the Western powers and Germany, a conflict which Hitler caused but did not really want. The other war - which Hitler both caused and most decidedly did want (as evidenced in part by Mein Kampf) - was the German-Soviet one, a savage,

This is a document about World War II
  World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. In a total war directly involving more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres

This is a document about History of liberalism
  war between communists and conservatives wishing to restore the monarchy. The worldwide Great Depression, starting in 1929, hastened the discrediting of liberal economics and strengthened calls for state control over economic affairs. Economic woes prompted widespread unrest in the European political world, leading to the rise of fascism as an ideology and a movement arrayed against both liberalism and communism, especially in Nazi Germany and Italy. The rise of fascism in the 1930s eventually culminated in the Second World War, the deadliest conflict in human history. The Allies prevailed in the war by 1945, and their victory set the stage for

This is a document about Soviet offensive plans controversy
  cause with the Social Democrats against the Nazis in parliamentary elections". Suvorov claims that Stalin's plan and vision was that Hitler's predictability and his violent reactionary ideas made him a candidate for the role of "icebreaker" for the Communist revolution. By starting wars with European countries, Hitler would validate the USSR's entry into World War II by attacking Nazi Germany and "liberating" and Sovietising all of Europe. When concluding the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939, Stalin "clearly counted on the repetition of the 1914–1918 war of attrition, which would leave the "capitalist" countries so exhausted that the USSR could sweep into

This is a document about German declaration of war against the United States
  widening submarine operations and directly attacking U.S. commercial shipping. While Hitler's declaration of war against the United States eventually led to his downfall, initially it seemed successful in its objective of more effectively cutting Britain's supply lines, as the U.S. military's lack of tactics, equipment, and procedures for fighting U-boats caused 1942 to be the most devastating year of the war for shipping losses; the war declaration enabled the Second Happy Time for U-boats. Hitler's declaration of war came as a great relief to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who feared the possibility of two parallel but disconnected wars – the UK

This is a document about List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
  The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German and Soviet invasion of Poland. This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. The United States was drawn into World War II on December 8, 1941, a day after the Axis-member Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu that killed almost 2,500 people in what was considered the biggest peacetime loss on American soil inflicted by foreign people at that time. For actions during World War II, 472 United States military personnel received

This is a document about Axis powers
  Hitler in 1941 described the outbreak of World War II as the fault of the intervention of Western powers against Germany during its war with Poland, describing it as the result of "the European and American warmongers". Hitler had designs for Germany to become the dominant and leading state in the world, such as his intention for Germany's capital of Berlin to become the Welthauptstadt ("World Capital"), renamed Germania. The German government also justified its actions by claiming that Germany inevitably needed to territorially expand because it was facing an overpopulation crisis that Hitler described: "We are overpopulated and cannot feed ourselves from our own resources". Thus expansion was

This is a document about 20th century
  in the 1930s led to the rise of Fascism and Nazism in Europe. ; World War II (1939–1945) involved Eastern Asia and the Pacific, in the form of Japanese aggression against China and the United States. Civilians also suffered greatly in World War II, due to the aerial bombing of cities on both sides, and the German genocide of the Jews and others, known as the Holocaust. ; During World War I, in the Russian Revolution of 1917, 300 years of Romanov reign were ended and the Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, established the world's first Communist state. After the Soviet

The two major causes of World War 2 were the aggressive foreign policy of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the invasion of Poland by Germany on September 1, 1939.


Question: which part of the neuron undergoes graded potentials

Answer: membrane

This is a document about Graded potential
 of the stimulus. Graded potentials that make the membrane potential less negative or more positive, thus making the postsynaptic cell more likely to have an action potential, are called excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Depolarizing local potentials sum together, and if the voltage reaches the threshold potential, an action potential occurs in that cell. EPSPs are caused by the influx of Na or Ca from the extracellular space into the neuron or muscle cell. When the presynaptic neuron has an action potential, Ca enters the axon terminal via voltage-dependent calcium channels and causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, causing neurotransmitter to be

This is a document about Postsynaptic potential
 Postsynaptic potential Postsynaptic potentials are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse. Postsynaptic potentials are graded potentials, and should not be confused with action potentials although their function is to initiate or inhibit action potentials. They are caused by the presynaptic neuron releasing neurotransmitters from the terminal bouton at the end of an axon into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic terminal, which may be a neuron or a muscle cell in the case of a neuromuscular junction. These are collectively referred to as postsynaptic receptors, since they are

This is a document about Molecular neuroscience
 cDNA library which could be used to clone the channel protein. Cloning the channel itself allowed for applications such as identifying the same channels in other animals. Sodium channels are known for working in concert with potassium channels during the development of graded potentials and action potentials. Sodium channels allow an influx of Na ions into a neuron, resulting in a depolarization from the resting membrane potential of a neuron to lead to a graded potential or action potential, depending on the degree of depolarization. Potassium channels come in a variety of forms, are present in most eukaryotic cells, and

This is a document about Postsynaptic potential
 potential will change by the difference between them. Temporal summation: When a cell receives inputs that are close together in time, they are also added together, even if from the same synapse. Thus, if a neuron receives an excitatory postsynaptic potential, and then the presynaptic neuron fires again, creating another EPSP, then the membrane of the postsynaptic cell is depolarized by the total of the EPSPs. Postsynaptic potential Postsynaptic potentials are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse. Postsynaptic potentials are graded potentials, and should not be confused with action potentials although their function

This is a document about Cellular neuroscience
 the membrane potential depolarizes and hyperpolarizes in a graded fashion relative to the amount of stimulus that is applied to the neuron. An action potential on the other hand is an all-or-none electrical impulse. Despite being slower than graded potentials, action potentials have the advantage of traveling long distances in axons with little or no decrement. Much of the current knowledge of action potentials comes from squid axon experiments by Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Sir Andrew Huxley. The Hodgkin–Huxley model of an action potential in the squid giant axon has been the basis for much of the current understanding

This is a document about Action potential
 "fires", producing an action potential. The frequency at which a neuron elicits action potentials is often referred to as a firing rate or neural firing rate. Currents produced by the opening of voltage-gated channels in the course of an action potential are typically significantly larger than the initial stimulating current. Thus, the amplitude, duration, and shape of the action potential are determined largely by the properties of the excitable membrane and not the amplitude or duration of the stimulus. This all-or-nothing property of the action potential sets it apart from graded potentials such as receptor potentials, electrotonic potentials, and synaptic

This is a document about Molecular neuroscience
 typically tend to stabilize the cell membrane at the potassium equilibrium potential. As with sodium ions, graded potentials and action potentials are also dependent on potassium channels. While influx of Na ions into a neuron induce cellular depolarization, efflux of influx of K ions out of a neuron causes a cell to repolarize to resting membrane potential. The activation of potassium ion channels themselves are dependent on the depolarization resulting from Na influx during an action potential. As with sodium channels, the potassium channels have their own toxins that block channel protein action. An example of such a toxin is

This is a document about Action potential
 in turn alter the ionic permeabilities of the membrane and its voltage. These voltage changes can again be excitatory (depolarizing) or inhibitory (hyperpolarizing) and, in some sensory neurons, their combined effects can depolarize the axon hillock enough to provoke action potentials. Some examples in humans include the olfactory receptor neuron and Meissner's corpuscle, which are critical for the sense of smell and touch, respectively. However, not all sensory neurons convert their external signals into action potentials; some do not even have an axon! Instead, they may convert the signal into the release of a neurotransmitter, or into continuous graded potentials,

This is a document about Graded potential
 of Cl or efflux of K. As with EPSPs, the amplitude of the IPSP is directly proportional to the number of synaptic vesicles that were released. The resting membrane potential is usually around –70 mV. The typical neuron has a threshold potential ranging from –40 mV to –55 mV. Temporal summation occurs when graded potentials within the postsynaptic cell occur so rapidly that they build on each other before the previous ones fade. Spatial summation occurs when postsynaptic potentials from adjacent synapses on the cell occur simultaneously and add together. An action potential occurs when the summated EPSPs, minus the

This is a document about Graded potential
 Graded potential Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none. They arise from the summation of the individual actions of ligand-gated ion channel proteins, and decrease over time and space. They do not typically involve voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. These impulses are incremental and may be excitatory or inhibitory. They occur at the postsynaptic dendrite as a result of presynaptic neuron firing and release of neurotransmitter, or may occur in skeletal, smooth, or cardiac muscle in response to nerve input. The magnitude of a graded potential is determined by the strength

This is a document about Graded potential
 summated IPSPs, in an area of membrane reach the cell's threshold potential. Graded potential Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none. They arise from the summation of the individual actions of ligand-gated ion channel proteins, and decrease over time and space. They do not typically involve voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. These impulses are incremental and may be excitatory or inhibitory. They occur at the postsynaptic dendrite as a result of presynaptic neuron firing and release of neurotransmitter, or may occur in skeletal, smooth, or cardiac muscle in response to nerve

This is a document about Neurotransmission
 of neurotransmitters may influence the postsynaptic neuron in either an inhibitory or excitatory way. The binding of neurotransmitters to receptors in the postsynaptic neuron can trigger either short term changes, such as changes in the membrane potential called postsynaptic potentials, or longer term changes by the activation of signaling cascades. Neurons form complex biological neural networks through which nerve impulses (action potentials) travel. Neurons do not touch each other (except in the case of an electrical synapse through a gap junction); instead, neurons interact at close contact points called synapses. A neuron transports its information by way of an action

This is a document about Electrotonic potential
 Electrotonic potentials can sum spatially or temporally. Spatial summation is the combination of multiple sources of ion influx (multiple channels within a dendrite, or channels within multiple dendrites), whereas temporal summation is a gradual increase in overall charge due to repeated influxes in the same location. Because the ionic charge enters in one location and dissipates to others, losing intensity as it spreads, electrotonic spread is a graded response. It is important to contrast this with the all-or-none law propagation of the action potential down the axon of the neuron. Electrotonic potential can either increase the membrane potential with positive

This is a document about Action potential
 membrane usually vary across different parts of the cell, giving the dendrites, axon, and cell body different electrical properties. As a result, some parts of the membrane of a neuron may be excitable (capable of generating action potentials), whereas others are not. Recent studies have shown that the most excitable part of a neuron is the part after the axon hillock (the point where the axon leaves the cell body), which is called the initial segment, but the axon and cell body are also excitable in most cases. Each excitable patch of membrane has two important levels of membrane potential:

This is a document about Action potential
 the hillock be raised above the threshold for firing. There are several ways in which this depolarization can occur. Action potentials are most commonly initiated by excitatory postsynaptic potentials from a presynaptic neuron. Typically, neurotransmitter molecules are released by the presynaptic neuron. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. This binding opens various types of ion channels. This opening has the further effect of changing the local permeability of the cell membrane and, thus, the membrane potential. If the binding increases the voltage (depolarizes the membrane), the synapse is excitatory. If, however, the binding decreases the voltage

This is a document about Graded potential
 released. The transmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and activates ligand-gated ion channels that mediate the EPSP. The amplitude of the EPSP is directly proportional to the number of synaptic vesicles that were released. If the EPSP is not large enough to trigger an action potential, the membrane subsequently repolarizes to its resting membrane potential. This shows the temporary and reversible nature of graded potentials. Graded potentials that make the membrane potential more negative, and make the postsynaptic cell less likely to have an action potential, are called inhibitory post synaptic potentials (IPSPs). Hyperpolarization of membranes is caused by influx

This is a document about Synaptic potential
 Synaptic potential Synaptic potential refers to the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a postsynaptic neuron. In other words, it is the “incoming” signal of a neuron. Synaptic potential comes in two forms: excitatory and inhibitory. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) depolarize the membrane and move it closer to the threshold for an action potential. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) hyperpolarize the membrane and move it farther away from the threshold. In order to depolarize a neuron enough to cause an action potential, there must be enough EPSPs to both counterbalance the IPSPs and also depolarize the membrane from

This is a document about Synaptic potential
 Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al, editors. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, 2001. Synaptic potential Synaptic potential refers to the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a postsynaptic neuron. In other words, it is the “incoming” signal of a neuron. Synaptic potential comes in two forms: excitatory and inhibitory. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) depolarize the membrane and move it closer to the threshold for an action potential. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) hyperpolarize the membrane and move it farther away from the threshold. In order to depolarize a neuron enough to cause an action potential, there must be enough

This is a document about Electrotonic potential
 Electrotonic potential In physiology, electrotonus refers to the passive spread of charge inside a neuron. "Passive" means that voltage-dependent changes in membrane conductance do not contribute. Neurons and other excitable cells produce two types of electrical potential: Electrotonic potentials represent changes to the neuron's membrane potential that do not lead to the generation of new current by action potentials. However, all action potentials are begun by electrotonic potentials depolarizing the membrane above the threshold potential which converts the electrotonic potential into an action potential. Neurons which are small in relation to their length, such as some neurons in the brain,

The part of the neuron that undergoes graded potentials is the postsynaptic terminal. Graded potentials are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal caused by the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminals. These potentials can be either depolarizing (excitatory) or hyperpolarizing (inhibitory), and they can summate to produce an action potential if the membrane potential reaches the threshold potential.


Question: how many episodes of the handmaid 's tale in season one

Answer: 10

This is a document about The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)
 The Handmaid's Tale (TV series) The Handmaid's Tale is an American dystopian drama television series created by Bruce Miller, based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by the streaming service Hulu as a straight-to-series order of 10 episodes, for which production began in late 2016. The plot features a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War wherein a totalitarian society subjects fertile women, called "Handmaids", into child-bearing servitude. The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday.

This is a document about Strike Force (Gotham)
 Rotten Tomatoes, with the site's consensus stating: "Many of "Gotham"s characters take a promising step forward in 'Strike Force,' but the tone is uncomfortably akin to the most dour and overly simplistic episodes of season one." Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "good" 7.5 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict: "I have nothing against Michael Chiklis' performance here, or his character's hard-line stance on corruption (or his idea to give Gordon a squad of rookies to command). If anyone can bark loudly and back it up, it's Chiklis. But how has Barns existed within the ranks

This is a document about How I Met Your Mother (season 9)
 because there's so much exciting stuff". Season 9 premiered on CBS on September 23, 2013, with two 22-minute episodes, and contained 24 episodes. The ninth season of "How I Met Your Mother" received mostly positive reviews from critics. The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave an 80% approval rating for the season with an average rating of 7.3/10, based on 10 reviews. At the end of the season, Max Nicholson of IGN gave the season a negative review, writing: "Many "How I Met Your Mother" fans felt betrayed after watching the series finale -- and understandably so after Season 9

This is a document about Photek discography
 S. 1 Ep. 10 (2014) [43min] (TV Series) [ABC / Shondaland / Nowalk Entertainment] Composer (All Episodes) How To Get Away With Murder, 'Best Christmas Ever' S. 1 Ep. 11 (2014) [43min] (TV Series) [ABC / Shondaland / Nowalk Entertainment] Composer (All Episodes) How To Get Away With Murder, 'She's a Murder' S. 1 Ep. 12 (2014) [43min] (TV Series) [ABC / Shondaland / Nowalk Entertainment] Composer (All Episodes) How To Get Away With Murder, 'Mama's Here Now' S. 1 Ep. 13 (2014) [43min] (TV Series) [ABC / Shondaland / Nowalk Entertainment] Composer (All Episodes) How To Get Away With

This is a document about Baby (Supernatural)
 10 and wrote in her verdict, ""Supernatural"s gone and done it. They've made one of their best episodes ever in Season 11. So far, this season has been quite good, but 'Baby' surpassed all expectations. The concept was fresh and really added a new personal layer to how we see the Winchesters. The Impala is such a part of the family that it was weirdly comforting and emotional to know how it views the boys' adventures." Hunter Bishop of TV Overmind wrote, "The biggest strength of tonight's episode was that it stripped away the typical TV fare. The camera shots

This is a document about House (TV series)
 episodes of season five. Shore was "House"s showrunner. Through the end of the sixth season, more than two dozen writers had contributed to the program. The most prolific were Kaplow (18 episodes), Blake (17), Shore (16), Friend (16), Lerner (16), Moran (14), and Egan (13). The show's most prolific directors through its first six seasons were Deran Sarafian (22 episodes), who was not involved in season six, and Greg Yaitanes (17). Of the more than three dozen other directors who have worked on the series, only David Straiton directed as many as 10 episodes through the sixth season. Hugh Laurie

This is a document about Bad News (How I Met Your Mother)
 9.5 out of 10. DeAnn Welker of Television Without Pity graded the episode at A. This episode achieved the second highest ratings of season 6, bringing in 10.15 million viewers, just behind the episode "Last Words" which attracted 10.51 million viewers. Bad News (How I Met Your Mother) "Bad News" is the 13th episode of the sixth season of the CBS sitcom "How I Met Your Mother" and their 125th episode overall. It aired January 3, 2011. "TV Guide" listed "Bad News" in its list of 2011's Top TV Episodes. Future Ted tells his kids that Marshall and Lily are

This is a document about Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics
 episodes were produced in NTSC VHS by Saban International and distributed by Starmaker Entertainment Inc. and Hi-Tops Video/Fisher Price in 1990 and Video Treasures/HGV Video Productions in 1992. Those volumes included: A few episodes were released to a single Region 2 DVD titled "Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics - Volume One" under distribution by Fox Kids and Maximum Entertainment in 2004. The episodes included were: The British newspapers "Daily Mirror" and "Sunday Mirror" released the following episodes on promotional DVDs: The original Japanese version of the series was released as a 5-disc DVD set in Region 2 with 10 episodes from

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  The first season consists of eight episodes. The first two episodes premiered on a dedicated YouTube channel on January 19, 2014. The premiere was covered by online blogs as well as traditional media outlets in Toronto. Upon release, it was voted number one in the "Indie Series Of The Week" poll by WeLoveSoaps.com users for the week of January 19 to 25, 2014.

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  1 Denotes a 1-hour episode.

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 The Handmaid's Tale 2017—present. Also director of 3 episodes.

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  The Handmaid's Tale is an American dystopian television series created by Bruce Miller, based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. The series was ordered by the streaming service Hulu as a straight-to-series order of 10 episodes, for which production began in late 2016. The plot features a dystopia following a Second American Civil War wherein a totalitarian society subjects fertile women, called "Handmaids", to child-bearing slavery. The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017; the subsequent seven episodes were released every Wednesday. In July 2019, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on April 27, 2021. In September 2019, it was announced that

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  and MGM were developing a sequel series, to be based on Atwood's 2019 novel The Testaments. In December 2020, ahead of the fourth season premiere, the series was renewed for a fifth season. The Handmaid's Tales first season won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from 13 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. It is the first show produced by Hulu to win a major award as well as the first series on a streaming service to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama. Elisabeth Moss was also awarded the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and the Golden Globe for Best Actress.

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  This season was originally shown as 16 episodes of which six were one hour in length. When the one-hour episodes were standardized into half-hour episodes this yielded 22 episodes.

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  Season one consists of nine episodes, while season two has eight episodes. The unaired pilot is available on the season one DVD box set.

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 This season has 16 episodes. ; This season is the only season directed by Lorraine Barton.

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  There were two seasons having 32 episodes. The first season had 13 and the second season had 19 episodes.

The Handmaid's Tale (TV series) had 10 episodes in its first season.


Question: what episode of adventure time is lemongrab in

Answer: Too Young

This is a document about Too Young (Adventure Time)
 Too Young (Adventure Time) "Too Young" is the fifth episode of the third season of the American animated television series "Adventure Time". The episode was written and storyboarded by Jesse Moynihan and Tom Herpich, from a story by Mark Banker, Kent Osborne, Patrick McHale, and series creator Pendleton Ward. It originally aired on Cartoon Network on August 8, 2011. The series follows the adventures of Finn (voiced by Jeremy Shada), a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake (voiced by John DiMaggio), a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will. In

This is a document about You Made Me (Adventure Time)
 change shape and grow and shrink at will. In this episode, Princess Bubblegum (voiced by Hynden Walch) hands over the Pup Gang to Lemongrab after he upsets the Candy Kingdom and demands citizens for his isolated castle. However, Lemongrab is not satisfied with these unruly citizens. Bubblegum eventually makes him a twin to rule with. The episode features the return of Roiland, who had first appeared in the third season episode, "Too Young". According to Nielsen ratings, the episode ranked as the number one telecast in its time period for all children demographics aged 2–11, 6–11, and 9–14, as well

This is a document about Adventure Time (season 3)
 voices for various characters. For instance, Jackie Buscarino appears as the Cute King in "Conquest of Cuteness". Steve Agee voices Ash, Marceline's ex-boyfriend, and Ava Acres as young Marceline in "Memory of a Memory". Isabella Acres reprises her role as a young Princess Bubblegum, and Justin Roiland makes his debut as Lemongrab in the episode "Too Young". Lemongrab would soon becoming a recurring character. Steve Little voices the character Abracadaniel, and Maurice LaMarche appears as the Grand Master Wizard in the episode "Wizard Battle". For the gender bent episode "Fionna and Cake", Madeleine Martin voiced Fionna, Roz Ryan played the

This is a document about Too Young (Adventure Time)
 this episode, the Earl of Lemongrab (voiced by Justin Roiland) finds out that Princess Bubblegum (voiced by Isabella Acres as a young girl, and by Hynden Walch as an adult) has reverted to being only 13 years old and tries to usurp the Candy Kingdom throne. While Finn and Bubblegum initially try to use pranks to coerce him into leaving, Bubblegum eventually makes herself 18 again so she can re-claim the throne. "Too Young" was the first of only three episode of the series to have been boarded by Moynihan and Herpich. The episode introduced the character of Lemongrab, who

This is a document about Too Young (Adventure Time)
 required: the heat from a "whopping love hug", which Finn provides. Bubblegum reverts to her original form, fires Lemongrab, and sets the kingdom straight. However, she scorns Finn's advances now that she is older. Jake, via the telephone, comforts Finn, telling him that the key to success is to be persistent and dedicated. "Too Young" was written and storyboarded by Tom Herpich and Jesse Moynihan, from a story by Pendleton Ward, Kent Osborne, Patrick McHale, and Mark Banker. The episode was the first that Moynihan and Herpich worked together on. The two had been "comic pen pals" before their time

This is a document about Too Young (Adventure Time)
 would go on to reappear in many other episodes. The episode was watched by 2.089 million people and received largely positive critical reviews. It was later nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short-format Animated Program in 2012. At the Candy Kingdom, Finn and a young Princess Bubblegum (voiced by Isabella Acres) are spending the day together. Now that Bubblegum is his age, he is actively trying to woo her, using advice that he learned from Jake. Because Bubblegum is now "too young" to be legal ruler of the kingdom, her first creation, the Earl of Lemongrab (voiced by

This is a document about Too Young (Adventure Time)
 number of weird and sometimes paralyzingly funny quirks about the truly bizarre Earl of Lemongrab". Oliver Sava of "The A.V. Club" named "Too Young" as one of the ten additional episodes of the series that illustrates that "emotional complexity" lies "beneath "Adventure Time"s weirdness". The decision to revert Princess Bubblegum to her original 18 year old self was met with contention on the Internet, with many fans noting that the decision merely returned the show to its second-season status quo. Ward expressed disregard for these opinions, and the episode's co-storyboarded Tom Herpich stated in the DVD commentary: "We're not out

This is a document about Too Young (Adventure Time)
 there to give people a hard time. We're out there to make quality entertainment." Herpich and Rebecca Sugar also argued that the point of Bubblegum reverting to 18 was meant to be emphasize the idea of sacrifice, as well as the fact that the Candy Kingdom cannot function without her as ruler. The episode was later nominated for a 2012 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short-format Animated Program. Too Young (Adventure Time) "Too Young" is the fifth episode of the third season of the American animated television series "Adventure Time". The episode was written and storyboarded by Jesse Moynihan and

This is a document about List of Adventure Time characters
  an overweight despot after eating part of his clone brother after he accidentally broke their "child" Lemonsweets. In "Too Old", Lemongrab swallows his now-crippled and repenting clone after Princess Bubblegum takes away one of their subjects, a lemon boy named Lemonhope. In "Lemonhope", the eponymous lemon child overthrows Lemongrab by using his soothing music to blow the tyrant up. Soon after, Princess Bubblegum manages to graft Lemongrab back together with what remained of his clone brother and other lemon subjects caught in the explosion. The sixth-season episode "The Mountain" suggests that this new Lemongrab, while still somewhat off, is a much more competent ruler.

This is a document about Normal Man
  "Normal Man" is the seventh episode of the eighth season of the American animated television series Adventure Time. The episode was written and storyboarded by Sam Alden and Jesse Moynihan, from an outline by Ashly Burch, Moynihan, showrunner Adam Muto, Jack Pendarvis, and head writer Kent Osborne. The episode, which debuted on May 12, 2016 on Cartoon Network, guest stars Melissa Villaseñor as Grob and Justin Roiland as Lemongrab. The series follows the adventures of Finn (voiced by Jeremy Shada), a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake (voiced by John DiMaggio), a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will. In this episode, Normal Man (voiced

This is a document about Too Young (Adventure Time)
  reference to the latter, Sanchez noted that it was "indirect foreshadowing" for what was to come in the show. The episode marks the introduction of Earl of Lemongrab. According to Moynihan, the character was undefined in the beginning; he and Tom redefined him to make him "stranger and more distinct" so people would remember him as a villain. A rough design for Lemongrab was made by Moynihan; Herpich later added his clothes and sword. The character's original name was "Lemonsour", but this was later changed. The character itself voiced by Justin Roiland. After hearing Roiland's audio, Moynihan noted that it was as if a "dream

This is a document about You Made Me (Adventure Time)
  but he has another breakdown and leaves. Princess Bubblegum, Finn, and Jake therefore decide journey to Castle Lemongrab to try to help the Earl and save the Pup Gang. Lemongrab soon presents himself, and tries to recondition Finn and Jake. Just when he is about to harm Bubblegum with a soundsword, a clone of Lemongrab, Lemongrab 2, walks into the room. Bubblegum explains that she made him to be the original Lemongrab's companion, so that he would not be so lonely. The two Earls become friends very quickly and send off the Pup Gang, Bubblegum, and Finn and Jake.

This is a document about List of Adventure Time characters
 Voiced by Justin Roiland The Earl of Lemongrab, more commonly called Lemongrab, is the first being Princess Bubblegum ever created and lives in a realm also called Lemongrab. Lemongrab is socially dysfunctional, and has trouble interacting with Candy Kingdom citizens due to his intolerance towards anything happy or comical. In "Too Young," he takes over as ruler of the Candy Kingdom when Bubblegum is deemed too young after being de-aged in the events of "Mortal Recoil"; jailing most of the candy subjects before Bubblegum returns to her original age. In "You Made Me," Lemongrab spies on the candy citizens while they sleep, which upsets Bubblegum

This is a document about You Made Me (Adventure Time)
  "You Made Me" is the twentieth episode of the fourth season of the American animated television series Adventure Time. The episode was written and storyboarded by Tom Herpich and Jesse Moynihan, from a story by Patrick McHale, Kent Osborne, and Pendleton Ward. It originally aired on Cartoon Network on August 27, 2012. The episode guest stars Justin Roiland as the Earl of Lemongrab. The series follows the adventures of Finn (voiced by Jeremy Shada), a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake (voiced by John DiMaggio), a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will. In this episode, Princess Bubblegum

This is a document about Elements (miniseries)
  N.E.P.T.R., a sentient robot who makes and throws pies. Justin Roiland provides the voice of the Earl of Lemongrab. Felicia Day also has a starring role in this miniseries, playing Ice King's fiancée, Betty Grof (in previous episodes, this role had been played by Lena Dunham). The Adventure Time cast records their lines together as opposed to doing it individually. This is to capture more natural sounding dialogue among the characters. Hynden Walch has described these group session as akin to "doing a play reading—a really, really out there play." The miniseries also features several guest actors lending their voices to various characters. Hayden Ezzy plays Fern, Ethan

This is a document about Too Young (Adventure Time)
  girl, and by Hynden Walch as an adult) has reverted to being only 13 years old and tries to usurp the Candy Kingdom throne. While Finn and Bubblegum initially try to use pranks to coerce him into leaving, Bubblegum eventually makes herself 18 again so she can re-claim the throne. "Too Young" was the first of only three episode of the series to have been boarded by Moynihan and Herpich. The episode introduced the character of Lemongrab, who would go on to reappear in many other episodes. The episode was watched by 2.089 million people and received largely positive critical reviews. It was later nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short-format Animated Program in 2012.

This is a document about You Made Me (Adventure Time)
  by Hynden Walch) hands over the Pup Gang to Lemongrab after he upsets the Candy Kingdom and demands citizens for his isolated castle. However, Lemongrab is not satisfied with these unruly citizens. Bubblegum eventually makes him a twin to rule with. The episode features the return of Roiland, who had first appeared in the third season episode, "Too Young". According to Nielsen ratings, the episode ranked as the number one telecast in its time period for all children demographics aged 2–11, 6–11, and 9–14, as well as in all boy demographics. Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club wrote positively of the episode, applauding its exploration of Lemongrab.

This is a document about List of Annoying Orange episodes
  }}{{#invoke:Episode list|list |EpisodeNumber  = 576 |EpisodeNumber2 = 51 |Title          = Storytime #23: Rumplestiltskin! |Aux2           = 3:55 |OriginalAirDate = November 8, 2019 |Aux4           = 6.22 |ShortSummary   = Orange and Pear tell the story of Rumpelstiltskin, with Midget Apple acting as the titular character. |LineColor      = FF6145 }}{{#invoke:Episode list|list |EpisodeNumber  = 577 |EpisodeNumber2 = 52 |Title          = Gummy Food vs Real Food Challenge |Aux2           = 3:29 |OriginalAirDate = November 11, 2019 |Aux4           = 6.22 |ShortSummary   = Midget Apple and Grapefruit do the Gummy Food vs. Real Food Challenge, where they eat two different foods, a real one and a gummy one,

This is a document about Adventure Time (season 5)
  length of the stories they're able to tell by linking monster-of-the-week episodes into longer arcs." The A.V. Club later named the series the 27th best television series of 2014, noting that, "The end of the super-sized season five saw a string of conceptually ambitious episodes that blew the world of Ooo wide open, deepening the stories of Lemongrab, Lumpy Space Princess' doomed romance, and Ice King's past as Simon Petrikov." The site selected "Lemonhope" as the stand-out from the season's end. Each episode was also graded by The A.V. Club with a different letter grade; the season received four C's, twenty B's, and twenty-six A's. In June 2013, the series was nominated for "Best Animated Series" at the

This is a document about SpongeBob SquarePants (season 12)
  Pearl brings SpongeBob along to prank them, but he gets lost in the woods. Meanwhile, the girls tell Pearl a scary story that turns out to be true. ; LineColor      = 34508a EpisodeNumber  = 262b ; EpisodeNumber2 = 21b ; Title          = The Hankering ; DirectedBy     = Alan Smart ; WrittenBy      = ; OriginalAirDate = November 30, 2019 ; Viewers        = 1.10 ; ShortSummary   = Mr. Krabs gets a craving for chum, and when the only other place in town that sells chum shuts down, he is forced to sell the secret formula to Plankton to get more. LineColor

The episode "Too Young" from Adventure Time, which originally aired on August 8, 2011, features the character Lemongrab. In this episode, Lemongrab is voiced by Justin Roiland.