Question: when did cassie died on young and the restless

Answer: 2005

This is a document about Cassie Newman
 became her father by law. In 2005, the producers decided to kill off Cassie by having her die from injuries sustained in a car accident. The character's death was felt in storyline for years to follow, leading to the dissolution of her parents' marriage and numerous events thereafter. Grimes continued to recur in the role throughout the years following her character's death, usually in dreams or as a hallucination to the mentally ill. Grimes' final return as Cassie's ghost was over the course of 2013 to 2014, during which the actress would return to "The Young and the Restless" as

This is a document about The Young and the Restless characters (1990s)
 of the now renamed Cassie. Alice showed up and tried to take Cassie back. Christine Blair and Michael Baldwin were adversaries again when Michael represented Alice in the custody battle over Cassie. The Newmans later gained custody, however, Alice made numerous visits to Cassie after losing custody of her. In 2005, Alice returned to Genoa City to visit Sharon and Nick after Cassie's tragic death. Alice returns to Genoa City in 2017. Rafael Delgado appeared from January 25 to July 26, 1999 as the step-brother of Ashley Abbott. The role was portrayed by Carlos Bernard. History<br> Rafael made his first

This is a document about Camryn Grimes
 Camryn Grimes Camryn Elizabeth Grimes (born January 7, 1990) is an American actress. Grimes is the daughter of Preston Lee and Heather Grimes. She is the oldest of seven siblings: Camryn, Dakota, Shelby, Mattea, Ryder, Piper, Peyton. She played Cassie Newman on "The Young and the Restless" starting in 1997. In 2000, at age 10, she became the youngest winner ever of the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series; Kimberly McCullough had won the award ten years earlier, at age 11. In May 2005, Grimes's character was written off the show when she died from

This is a document about Mariah Copeland
 Mariah Copeland Mariah Copeland is a fictional character from the American soap opera, "The Young and the Restless", portrayed by Camryn Grimes. Introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps, the character made her first appearance on January 27, 2014. Grimes had previously played the role of Cassie Newman from 1997 to 2005, when the character was killed off. Mariah first appears in Genoa City, hired by Victor Newman to gaslight his former daughter-in-law Sharon Newman by posing as the ghost of Sharon's deceased daughter, Cassie, with whom she bears a remarkable resemblance. When the truth about her association with Victor

This is a document about The Young and the Restless characters (1990s)
 soon destroyed when they found out Callie was still married to her Trey. Callie was pressured by Malcolm into divorcing Trey, while Trey refused to let Callie go. Malcolm could not handle Callie's indecisiveness and they broke up. Alice Johnson first appeared on December 4, 1998, as the former adoptive mother of the late Cassie Newman. She was portrayed by Tamara Clatterbuck on a recurring status until October 26, 2000. She returned for a guest appearance on August 18, 2005 In 2017, Clatterbuck returned to the serial, first appearing on August 29 and departing on October 3. History<br> In 1991,

This is a document about Camryn Grimes
 a cast member. Camryn Grimes Camryn Elizabeth Grimes (born January 7, 1990) is an American actress. Grimes is the daughter of Preston Lee and Heather Grimes. She is the oldest of seven siblings: Camryn, Dakota, Shelby, Mattea, Ryder, Piper, Peyton. She played Cassie Newman on "The Young and the Restless" starting in 1997. In 2000, at age 10, she became the youngest winner ever of the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series; Kimberly McCullough had won the award ten years earlier, at age 11. In May 2005, Grimes's character was written off the show when

This is a document about Shemar Moore
 Malcolm Winters on "The Young and the Restless" for eight years. In November 2004, he returned to "The Young and the Restless" after originally planning to leave the show, but after a few months he dropped back to recurring status and left in September 2005. In 2007, he said, "My time is done on "Y&R". I did eight solid years as Malcolm." When Susan Lucci won her long-awaited Emmy for outstanding lead actress in a drama series at the 1999 Daytime Emmy Awards, Moore announced it by exclaiming, "The streak is over...Susan Lucci!" He was the host of the syndicated

This is a document about Young and Restless (Australian band)
 Young and Restless (Australian band) Young and Restless (sometimes abbreviated to Y + R or Y & R) were a band from Canberra, Australia. Young and Restless were formed in 2005, and won the 2006 Triple J Unearthed competition to play at the Homebake Festival 2006. The band formed in early 2005 when Karina Utomo and Ash Pegram (who were old high school buddies) combined with Ross Paxman, Mark Falkland and Nugie Utomo. Early names of the band were '...Wolves' and then 'The I Hate Yous' before settling on the current name. They started playing shows in Canberra before slowly

This is a document about Young and Restless (Australian band)
 and helped us along the way. We'll see you soon. YOUNG AND RESTLESS" Young and Restless (Australian band) Young and Restless (sometimes abbreviated to Y + R or Y & R) were a band from Canberra, Australia. Young and Restless were formed in 2005, and won the 2006 Triple J Unearthed competition to play at the Homebake Festival 2006. The band formed in early 2005 when Karina Utomo and Ash Pegram (who were old high school buddies) combined with Ross Paxman, Mark Falkland and Nugie Utomo. Early names of the band were '...Wolves' and then 'The I Hate Yous' before

This is a document about Cassie Turner
 so much in her life, she "is older in the head than she realises". She also said that at the same time she can act "naive because she is young". In 2005, the characters of Cassie, Martha and Matilda Hunter (Indiana Evans) were used by the Seven Network to promote their clothing range. The characters were seen on-screen dressed in items from their clothing line. In one storyline Cassie begins a relationship with Macca MacKenzie (Trent Baines), which turns violent when Macca starts to hit her. Cassie initially leaves Macca, but decides she loves him and dates him in secret.

This is a document about Sharon Newman
 Nick later sees Sharon kissing Victor, which leaves Sharon humiliated and depressed. She leaves town and meets Cameron Kirsten; they begin an affair, and he brutally abuses her. Sharon returns to Genoa after her injuries heal, but is horrified when Cameron comes to town on business with Newman Enterprises. She briefly believes that she killed him, but he is later tracked down and jailed for his crimes. Sharon becomes restless as a housewife, and wants to become a stripper; Nick gives her a job at spokesperson for Jabot Cosmetics to occupy her. In 2005, Cassie dies in a car accident

This is a document about Cassie Newman
  Cassie Newman is a fictional character The Young and the Restless, an American soap opera on the CBS network. Portrayed by Camryn Grimes, the character was introduced in 1997 by William J. Bell as the biological daughter of Sharon Newman (Sharon Case) whom she had given up for adoption. Grace Turner (Jennifer Gareis), Sharon's best friend, tracked Cassie down in hopes of reuniting her with Sharon, but decided to keep the girl for herself. A year passed before Sharon learned Cassie was her daughter, regaining custody with her husband Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow), who adopted her. In 2005, the producers decided to kill off Cassie by having her die from injuries sustained in a car accident. The character's death was felt in storyline for years to follow, leading to the dissolution

This is a document about Cassie Brady
  Created by Peter Brash and Paula Quickly, the role of Cassie was cast with Alexis Thorpe, who had previously portrayed Rianna Miner on The Young and the Restless. Thorpe appeared as a contract player from July 8, 2002, to December 1, 2003, at which point the character was believed to have been murdered. However, she reappeared on April 27, 2004, alive and well, making infrequent appearances until June 7, 2005, without a proper exit.

This is a document about Cassie Layne Winslow
  and excited about embarking on these two most wonderful adventures, and I'm so grateful to have some extra time now to embrace them fully. Working at Guiding Light, with everyone in the cast, crew, and production sides, has been one of the most rewarding experiences of my career. I couldn't ask for a better work family. And to the fans: A huge THANK YOU for cheering me on and embracing me as your Cassie! I wish you all the warmth and joy that you have shared with me over these past three years! Forester's last date as Cassie aired on November 4, 2008, exactly three years after stepping into the role.

This is a document about The Young and the Restless storylines
  In another high-profile storyline, Nicholas and Sharon's teenage daughter Cassie was killed off. In spite of rave reviews from the soap press, the ratings remained consistent. In August 2006, the show killed off patriarch John Abbott. These episodes nudged The Young and the Restless to some of its highest ratings (6.4 million viewers in August 2006) in some time. In 2014, it was revealed that Cassie actually had an identical twin sister named Mariah (played by the same actress as Cassie), who was raised by an unloving woman. It was revealed in the Fall of 2014, that Sharon gave birth to twins, and did not

This is a document about A Gathering of Days
  Cassie is Catherine's best friend. She is a year older than Catherine, fourteen, but the girls are the same height. She has three brothers: David Horatio (two years older), Asa Hale (Catherine's age), and William Mason, the baby. In the summer of 1831, Cassie is suddenly struck with a high fever. Her condition worsens over the next nine days, and she dies in her sleep on August 20, 1831. In her 1899 letter to her great-granddaughter, Catherine says of her dear childhood friend, "of all of us, the only one never to grow old."

This is a document about Cassie Newman
  her parents' marriage and numerous events thereafter. Grimes continued to recur in the role throughout the years following her character's death, usually in dreams or as a hallucination to the mentally ill. Grimes' final return as Cassie's ghost was over the course of July 8, 2013 to October 30, 2014, during which the actress would return to The Young and the Restless as a main cast member, as Cassie's previously unknown twin sister, Mariah Copeland. In January 2020, it was reported that Grimes would be reprising the role of Cassie, appearing on February 7. Both the actress and character were well-received by fans and enjoyed critical acclaim, with Grimes becoming the youngest recipient of the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series in 2000, at age 10.

This is a document about Cassie Layne Winslow
  Cassie was originally named Danni Shayne. The character of Cassie was originated by actress Laura Wright in the summer of 1997, barring a two-day leave in January 2001 (in which Laura Stepp filled in), and until her final appearance in November 2005. Soon afterward, Nicole Forester took over the role of Cassie in November 2005, continuing to play her through November 2008. Cassie has two children, a daughter named Tammy and a son named R.J. Cassie's entrance onto the canvas was part of a "retcon" storyline where the audience learned that Reva Shayne's mother Sarah had a child out of wedlock. After Sarah's death, Reva searched for her sister and briefly believed

This is a document about Nikki Newman
  them up. Max was involved in a bad business deal with Victor regarding Julia Newman Martin's design firm. In the end, Lorie couldn't follow through, and Victor and Nikki remarried in September. Shortly into Victor and Nikki's remarriage, Nikki was kidnapped resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder and was shot by a carjacker. Nikki began having more memories about her childhood and ended up having an affair with Bobby Marsino, who was the brother of one of Nikki's childhood friends whom she accidentally killed. In 2005, their granddaughter Cassie (Camryn Grimes) was killed in a car accident. Then, Nikki developed more

Cassie Newman died on "The Young and the Restless" in 2005.


Question: who has died from earth wind and fire

Answer: Maurice White

This is a document about Maurice White
 Maurice White Maurice White (December 19, 1941 – February 4, 2016) was an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and arranger. He was the founder of the band Earth, Wind & Fire; served as the band's main songwriter and record producer; and was its co-lead singer with Philip Bailey. White has been described as a "musical renaissance man" by Allmusic and a "maestro" by "Billboard". He was nominated for a total of 22 Grammys, of which he won seven. White was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame as a member

This is a document about Spirit (Earth, Wind & Fire album)
 100 charts, respectively. It also reached Nos. 12 on "Billboard"'s Disco chart and No. 17 on the UK Singles chart. Credits are adapted from Allmusic and the album’s Liner Notes Spirit (Earth, Wind & Fire album) Spirit is the seventh studio album by Earth, Wind & Fire, released in September 1976 by Columbia Records. The album rose to No. 2 on both the Billboard 200 and Top Soul Albums charts. Spirit has also been certified double Platinum in the US by the RIAA. As Charles Stepney died in the midst of its recording sessions, Maurice White went on to mostly

This is a document about Spirit (Earth, Wind & Fire album)
 Spirit (Earth, Wind & Fire album) Spirit is the seventh studio album by Earth, Wind & Fire, released in September 1976 by Columbia Records. The album rose to No. 2 on both the Billboard 200 and Top Soul Albums charts. Spirit has also been certified double Platinum in the US by the RIAA. As Charles Stepney died in the midst of its recording sessions, Maurice White went on to mostly arrange and produce the album. The LP was thus entitled Spirit in dedication to Stepney. Billboard magazine in its review found that the album's "arrangements, songs, sweet floating vocal harmonies

This is a document about Reasons (Earth, Wind & Fire song)
 "More Reasons" from "Purple Haze" by Cam'ron, "Seasoned" from "" by E-40 and "2 Step" by Fly Gypsy. Reasons (Earth, Wind & Fire song) "Reasons" is a love ballad by Earth, Wind & Fire from their sixth album, "That's the Way of the World". The song features the falsetto singing of Philip Bailey. Although it never charted, "Reasons" has endured. The song, which was written by Bailey, Charles Stepney, Maurice White has appeared on dozens of albums, including almost all of Earth, Wind & Fire's greatest hits and compilation albums. AllMusic describes "Reasons" as a gorgeous ballad. When reviewing the

This is a document about Earth, Wind & Fire
 Proms in the Park at Hyde Park with the BBC Concert Orchestra. On October 21, 2014, Earth, Wind & Fire released their first ever holiday album, entitled "Holiday". On December 8, 2014, Earth, Wind & Fire performed at the Kennedy Center Honors, honoring Al Green. On December 14, 2014, the band performed at the Christmas in Washington event. Maurice White died on February 4, 2016, after suffering for some years with Parkinson's disease. He was survived by his wife, his two sons, daughter and his brothers Verdine and Fred. Earth, Wind & Fire's songs have been covered by artists including

This is a document about Reasons (Earth, Wind & Fire song)
 Reasons (Earth, Wind & Fire song) "Reasons" is a love ballad by Earth, Wind & Fire from their sixth album, "That's the Way of the World". The song features the falsetto singing of Philip Bailey. Although it never charted, "Reasons" has endured. The song, which was written by Bailey, Charles Stepney, Maurice White has appeared on dozens of albums, including almost all of Earth, Wind & Fire's greatest hits and compilation albums. AllMusic describes "Reasons" as a gorgeous ballad. When reviewing the album, "Rolling Stone"'s Gordon Fletcher described the song as among their ballads cut from The Four Tops/Tavares mold.

This is a document about Earth, Wind & Fire Horns
 Queen Latifah's 2007 LP Trav'lin' Light. The EWF horns also played on Kelly Clarkson's 2017 album "Meaning of Life". Earth, Wind & Fire Horns The Earth, Wind & Fire Horns are the main horn section for the band Earth, Wind & Fire. The horn section has also played alongside artistes such as P Diddy, Queen Latifah and Kelly Clarkson. The Earth, Wind & Fire Horns were established in 1987 by Maurice White as EWF's new horn section. Composed of tenor saxophonist Gary Bias, Reggie Young on trombone and trumpeter Raymond Lee Brown the horn section at first featured on EWF's

This is a document about Earth, Wind & Fire Horns
 Earth, Wind & Fire Horns The Earth, Wind & Fire Horns are the main horn section for the band Earth, Wind & Fire. The horn section has also played alongside artistes such as P Diddy, Queen Latifah and Kelly Clarkson. The Earth, Wind & Fire Horns were established in 1987 by Maurice White as EWF's new horn section. Composed of tenor saxophonist Gary Bias, Reggie Young on trombone and trumpeter Raymond Lee Brown the horn section at first featured on EWF's 1990 album "Heritage". During 2004 Raymond Lee Brown left the EWF Horns to be replaced by Bobby Burns Jr.

This is a document about Earth, Wind & Fire
 and more) in one band". Quincy Jones has proclaimed himself to be the "biggest fan of Earth, Wind & Fire since day one." Alicia Keys has proclaimed EWF as being "the best band ever". Dionne Warwick has named Earth, Wind & Fire as her favorite group of all time. David Foster mentioned Earth, Wind & Fire as his favorite band of all time on the show "Hit Man Returns: David Foster and friends" (2011). In this concert he showed his respect to Maurice White publicly. In the movie "BAADASSSSS!", the actor Khalil Kain portrayed a young Maurice White leading the

This is a document about Earth, Wind & Fire discography
 Earth, Wind & Fire discography This following is a comprehensive discography of Earth, Wind & Fire, an American band whose songs fall within a number of genres of music. The band formed in Chicago, Illinois, in 1969 and led by founder Maurice White. Also known as EWF or the Elements of the Universe, the band has won six Grammy Awards and four American Music Awards. They have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. They have sold over 100 million albums worldwide. "Rolling Stone" magazine has described Earth, Wind &

This is a document about Fantasy (Earth, Wind & Fire song)
 at pop and urban radio." CD maxi 7" single 12" maxi Fantasy (Earth, Wind & Fire song) "Fantasy" is a song written and composed by Maurice White, Verdine White, and Eddie del Barrio. It first became an international hit in 1977 by the American group Earth, Wind & Fire. A cover version in 1990 by the Eurodance band Black Box was also a successful international hit. "Fantasy" has been covered or sampled by many artists over the years. "Fantasy" was first recorded by Earth, Wind & Fire for their studio album "All 'n All", and was released as a single

This is a document about Fantasy (Earth, Wind & Fire song)
 Fantasy (Earth, Wind & Fire song) "Fantasy" is a song written and composed by Maurice White, Verdine White, and Eddie del Barrio. It first became an international hit in 1977 by the American group Earth, Wind & Fire. A cover version in 1990 by the Eurodance band Black Box was also a successful international hit. "Fantasy" has been covered or sampled by many artists over the years. "Fantasy" was first recorded by Earth, Wind & Fire for their studio album "All 'n All", and was released as a single in 1978. The song took a period of three months to

This is a document about Alan Hewitt (musician)
 Hayward “Live at Buckhead” Alan Hewitt & One Nation- “Evolution John Lodge "10,000 Light Years Ago" Spirit Rising Vol.2 with Earth, Wind & Fire & Beyonce – Columbia Earth, Wind & Fire: Greatest Hits Earth, Wind & Fire-“The Promise” Kalimba Music Mary Fahl - co-production/arranging- Sony Classics Earth, Wind & Fire -Mega Mix Burning Bush – Co-produced Remix featuring Earth, Wind & Fire – Sony Music That’s The Way Of The World “Live” Earth, Wind & Fire- keys- Sony Legacy Warrant: “Cherry Pie” co-writer /arranger/keys- Columbia Godai – Kikuma Music/Japan with Maurice White co-Producer/arranger/keys John Waite: “City By The Sea”

This is a document about Earth, Wind & Fire discography
 band's albums. Earth, Wind & Fire discography This following is a comprehensive discography of Earth, Wind & Fire, an American band whose songs fall within a number of genres of music. The band formed in Chicago, Illinois, in 1969 and led by founder Maurice White. Also known as EWF or the Elements of the Universe, the band has won six Grammy Awards and four American Music Awards. They have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. They have sold over 100 million albums worldwide. "Rolling Stone" magazine has described Earth,

This is a document about That's the Way of the World (Earth, Wind & Fire song)
 That's the Way of the World (Earth, Wind & Fire song) "That's the Way of the World" is a song recorded by the band Earth, Wind & Fire, released as single in June 1975 on Columbia Records. The song reached No. 5 on the "Billboard" Hot Soul Singles chart and No. 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song is the title track of Earth, Wind & Fire's 1975 album "That's the Way of the World". The track was produced by bandleader Maurice White, who also wrote the song along with Charles Stepney and Verdine White. "That's the Way of

This is a document about Earth, Wind & Fire
 Earth, Wind & Fire Earth, Wind & Fire (abbreviated as EWF or EW&F) are an American band that has spanned the musical genres of R&B, soul, funk, jazz, disco, pop, rock, dance, Latin, and Afro pop. They have been described as one of the most innovative and commercially successful acts of all time. "Rolling Stone" called them "innovative, precise yet sensual, calculated yet galvanizing" and declared that the band "changed the sound of black pop". VH1 has also described EWF as "one of the greatest bands" of all time. The band was founded in Chicago by Maurice White in 1970,

This is a document about Shining Star (Earth, Wind & Fire song)
 that are unordered. Shining Star (Earth, Wind & Fire song) "Shining Star" is a 1975 song by Earth, Wind & Fire from their album "That's the Way of the World". The song was written by Maurice White, Larry Dunn and Philip Bailey and produced by White. "Shining Star" was Earth, Wind & Fire's first major hit, hitting No. 1 on both the U.S. Hot 100 and R&B charts from 1975. "Shining Star" is considered a prime example of funk music that attained mainstream success. The concept for the song came to White while strolling at night during the band's recording

This is a document about Shining Star (Earth, Wind & Fire song)
 Shining Star (Earth, Wind & Fire song) "Shining Star" is a 1975 song by Earth, Wind & Fire from their album "That's the Way of the World". The song was written by Maurice White, Larry Dunn and Philip Bailey and produced by White. "Shining Star" was Earth, Wind & Fire's first major hit, hitting No. 1 on both the U.S. Hot 100 and R&B charts from 1975. "Shining Star" is considered a prime example of funk music that attained mainstream success. The concept for the song came to White while strolling at night during the band's recording of "That's the

This is a document about Gratitude (Earth, Wind & Fire album)
 Gratitude (Earth, Wind & Fire album) Gratitude is a double album by the band Earth, Wind & Fire issued in November 1975 by Columbia Records. The album rose to No. 1 on both the Billboard 200 and Billboard Top Soul Albums charts. Gratitude has also been certified Triple Platinum in the US by the RIAA. Gratitude spent six weeks atop the Billboard Top Soul Albums chart and three weeks atop the Billboard 200 chart. The LP consists of mostly live concert material together with some newly recorded tracks. Gratitude was also coproduced by Maurice White and Charles Stepney. EWF went

This is a document about The Promise (Earth, Wind & Fire album)
 The Promise (Earth, Wind & Fire album) The Promise is the 18th studio album by Earth, Wind & Fire released in 2003 on Kalimba Music. The album peaked at No. 19 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The Promise featured collaborations with Angie Stone, The Emotions, Gerald Albright and Paulinho Da Costa. The album's cover art was also designed by Morito Suzuki. The Promise was executively produced by Maurice White who also served as a producer and vocal producer on the LP. Off the LP came the track All in the Way feat. The Emotions which got to Nos.

Maurice White, the founder and leader of Earth, Wind & Fire, died on February 4, 2016.


Question: 4 . which latitudes experience the greatest annual change in daylight hours

Answer: higher middle latitudes

This is a document about Daytime
 days. At middle latitudes, far from both the Equator and the poles, variations in the length of daytime are moderate. In the higher middle latitudes where Montreal, Paris and Ushuaia are located, the difference in the length of the day from summer to winter can be very noticeable: the sky may still be lit at 10 pm in summer, but may be dark at 5 pm in winter. In the lower middle latitudes where Southern California, Egypt and South Africa are located, the seasonal difference is smaller, but still results in approximately 4 hours difference in daylight between the winter

This is a document about Earth
  the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter. Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle there is no daylight at all for part of the year, causing a polar night, and this night extends for several months at the poles themselves. These same latitudes also experience a midnight sun, where the sun remains visible all day. By astronomical convention, the four seasons can be determined by the solstices—the points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun—and the equinoxes, when Earth's rotational axis is aligned with its orbital axis. In the Northern Hemisphere, winter solstice currently occurs around 21

This is a document about Daytime
  At middle latitudes, far from both the Equator and the poles, variations in the length of daytime are moderate. In the higher middle latitudes where Montreal, Paris and Ushuaia are located, the difference in the length of the day from summer to winter can be very noticeable: the sky may still be lit at 10 pm in summer, but may be dark at 5 pm in winter. In the lower middle latitudes where southern California, Egypt and South Africa are located, the seasonal difference is smaller, but still results in approximately 4 hours difference in daylight between the winter and summer solstices. The difference becomes less pronounced the closer one gets to the equator. An approximation to the monthly change can be obtained from the rule of twelfths.

This is a document about Night
  Pole or the South Pole, the wider the range of variation in the night's duration. Although daytime and night nearly equalize in length on the equinoxes, the ratio of night to day changes more rapidly at high latitudes than at low latitudes before and after an equinox. In the Northern Hemisphere, Denmark experiences shorter nights in June than India. In the Southern Hemisphere, Antarctica sees longer nights in June than Chile. Both hemispheres experience the same patterns of night length at the same latitudes, but the cycles are 6 months apart so that one hemisphere experiences long nights (winter) while the other is experiencing short nights (summer). In the region within either polar circle, the variation in daylight hours is so extreme that part of summer sees a period without night intervening between consecutive days, while part of winter sees a period without daytime intervening between consecutive nights.

This is a document about Sunshine duration
   If the Sun were to be above the horizon 50% of the time for a standard year consisting of 8,760 hours, apparent maximal daytime duration would be 4,380 hours for any point on Earth. However, there are physical and astronomical effects that change that picture. Namely, atmospheric refraction allows the Sun to be still visible even when it physically sets below the horizon. For that reason, average daytime (disregarding cloud effects) is longest in polar areas, where the apparent Sun spends the most time around the horizon. Places on the Arctic Circle have the longest total annual daytime, 4,647 hours, while the North Pole receives 4,575. Because of elliptic nature of the Earth's orbit, the Southern Hemisphere is not symmetrical: the Antarctic Circle, with 4,530 hours of daylight, receives five days less of sunshine than its antipodes. The Equator has a total daytime of 4,422 hours per year.

This is a document about Sunshine duration
  hours. There is also a smaller, isolated area of sunshine maximum in the heart of the western section of the Sahara Desert around the Eglab Massif and the Erg Chech, along the borders of Algeria, Mauritania, and Mali where the 4,000-hour mark is exceeded, too. Some places in the interior of the Arabian Peninsula receive 3,600–3,800 hours of bright sunshine annually. The largest sun-baked region in the world (over 3,000 hours of yearly sunshine) is North Africa. The sunniest month in the world is December in Eastern Antarctica, with almost 23 hours of bright sun daily. Conversely, higher latitudes (above 50° north/south) lying in stormy westerlies have much

This is a document about Sunshine duration
  are very high. The two major areas with the highest sunshine duration, measured as annual average, are the central and the eastern Sahara Desert—covering vast, mainly desert countries such as Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Chad, and Niger—and the Southwestern United States (Arizona, California, Nevada). The city claiming the official title of the sunniest in the world is Yuma, Arizona, with over 4,000 hours (about 91% of daylight time) of bright sunshine annually, but many climatological books suggest there may be sunnier areas in North Africa. In the belt encompassing northern Chad and the Tibesti Mountains, northern Sudan, southern Libya, and Upper Egypt, annual sunshine duration is estimated at over

This is a document about Rule of twelfths
  If midwinter sunrise and set are at 09:00 and 15:00, and midsummer at 03:00 and 21:00, the daylight duration will shift by 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 1:30, 1:00 and 00:30 over the six months from one solstice to the other. Likewise the day length changes by 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 1:30, 1:00 and 00:30 each month. More equatorial latitudes change by less, but still in the same proportions; more polar by more.

This is a document about International Date Line
  new day vary by the season. Around the June solstice, the first area would be any place within the Kamchatka Time Zone (UTC+12:00) that is far enough north to experience midnight sun on the given date. At the equinoxes, the first place to see daylight would be the uninhabited Millennium Island in Kiribati, which is the easternmost land located west of the IDL. Near the December solstice, the first places would be Antarctic research stations using New Zealand Time (UTC+13:00) during summer that experience midnight sun. These include Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, McMurdo Station, Scott Base and Mario Zucchelli Station.

This is a document about Twilight
  Vancouver, Calgary, Unalaska, Bellingham (largest in the continental USA), Rio Gallegos, and Punta Arenas. ; Major cities that near astronomical twilight from nautical dusk to nautical dawn: Khabarovsk (48°29'0"N), Dnipro (48°27'0"N), Victoria (48°25'42"N), Saguenay (48°25′0"N), Brest (48°23′26"N), Thunder Bay (48°22′56″N), Vienna (48°12′30″N), Bratislava (48°8′38″N), Munich (48°8'0"N)  The duration of twilight depends on the latitude and the time of the year. The apparent travel of the sun occurs at the rate of 15 degrees per hour (360° per day), but sunrise and sunset happen typically at oblique angles to the horizon and the actual duration of any twilight period will be a function of that

This is a document about Midnight sun
  sun, even though most of it (Grímsey is the exception) is slightly south of the Arctic Circle. For the same reasons, the period of sunlight at the poles is slightly longer than six months. Even the northern extremities of the United Kingdom (and places at similar latitudes, such as St. Petersburg) experience twilight throughout the night in the northern sky at around the summer solstice. Also, the periods of polar day and polar night are unequal in both polar regions because the Earth is at perihelion in early January and at aphelion in early July. As a result, the polar day is longer than the polar night in the Northern Hemisphere (at Utqiagvik, Alaska,

This is a document about Spherical Earth
  On a flat Earth with an omnidirectional Sun, all places would experience the same amount of daylight every day, and all places would get daylight at the same time. Actual day length varies considerably, with places closer to the poles getting very long days in the summer and very short days in the winter, with northerly summer happening at the same time as southerly winter. Places north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle get no sunlight for at least one day a year, and get 24-hour sunlight for at least one day a year. Both the poles experience sunlight for 6 months and darkness for 6 months, at opposite times. The movement of daylight between the northern and southern hemispheres happens because of the axial tilt of Earth. The imaginary line around which Earth spins, which goes between

This is a document about Solar irradiance
  Total solar irradiance (TSI) changes slowly on decadal and longer timescales. The variation during solar cycle 21 was about 0.1% (peak-to-peak). In contrast to older reconstructions, most recent TSI reconstructions point to an increase of only about 0.05% to 0.1% between the Maunder Minimum and the present. Ultraviolet irradiance (EUV) varies by approximately 1.5 percent from solar maxima to minima, for 200 to 300 nm wavelengths. However, a proxy study estimated that UV has increased by 3.0% since the Maunder Minimum. Some variations in insolation are not due to solar changes but rather due to the Earth moving between its perihelion and aphelion, or changes in the latitudinal distribution of radiation. These orbital changes or Milankovitch cycles have caused radiance variations of as much as 25% (locally; global average changes are much smaller) over long periods. The most recent significant event was an axial tilt of 24° during boreal summer near the Holocene climatic optimum. Obtaining a time series for a, the precession index, whose variation dominates the variations in insolation at 65°N when eccentricity is large. For the next 100,000 years, with variations in eccentricity being relatively small, variations in obliquity dominate.

This is a document about Summer solstice
  The summer solstice, also known as estival solstice or midsummer, occurs when one of Earth's poles has its maximum tilt toward the Sun. It happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere (Northern and Southern). For that hemisphere, the summer solstice is when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky (for areas outside of the tropics) and is the day with the longest period of daylight. Within the Arctic circle (for the northern hemisphere) or Antarctic circle (for the southern hemisphere), there is continuous daylight around the summer solstice. On the summer solstice, Earth's maximum axial tilt toward the Sun is 23.44°. Likewise, the Sun's declination from the celestial equator is 23.44°. The summer solstice occurs during summer. This is the

This is a document about Daytime
  tropics to be warm, while low angles (barely above the horizon) causes the polar regions to be cold. The slight effect of daylight hours on average seasonal temperature can be seen with the poles and tropical regions. The poles are still cold during their respective summers, despite seeing 24 hours of daylight for six months, while the Equator remains warm throughout the year, with only 12 hours of daylight per day. Although the daytime length at the Equator remains 12 hours in all seasons, the duration at all other latitudes varies with the seasons. During the winter, daytime lasts shorter than 12 hours; during the summer, it lasts longer than 12 hours. Northern winter and southern summer concur, while northern summer and southern winter concur.

This is a document about Earth
   The axial tilt of Earth is approximately 23.439281° with the axis of its orbit plane, always pointing towards the Celestial Poles. Due to Earth's axial tilt, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year. This causes the seasonal change in climate, with summer in the Northern Hemisphere occurring when the Tropic of Cancer is facing the Sun, and in the Southern Hemisphere when the Tropic of Capricorn faces the Sun. In each instance, winter occurs simultaneously in the opposite hemisphere. During the summer, the day lasts longer, and the Sun climbs higher in the sky. In

This is a document about Time zone
  solar noon in the Spanish city of Vigo occurs at 14:41 clock time. This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18:00 clock time, even in winter, despite lying 42 degrees north of the equator. Near the summer solstice, Vigo has sunset times after 22:00, similar to those of Stockholm, which is in the same time zone and 17 degrees farther north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though. A more extreme example is Nome, Alaska, which is at 165°24′W longitude – just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165°W). Nevertheless, Nome observes Alaska Time (135°W) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours

This is a document about Daytime
  few days past the fall equinox). This phenomenon of more daylight than night is not unique to the poles. In fact, at any given time slightly more than half of the earth is in daylight. The 24 hours of summer daylight is known as the midnight sun that is famous in some northern countries. To the north, the Arctic Circle marks this 23.44° boundary. To the south, the Antarctic Circle marks the boundary. These boundaries correspond to 66.56° north or south latitude, respectively. Because the sky is still bright and stars can't be seen when the sun is less than 6

This is a document about Solar power in Africa
  as much as 4,300 hours a year, which is equal to 97% of the possible total. This region also has the highest mean annual values of solar radiation (the maximum recorded being over 220 kcal/cm2 ). The low latitude of the landmass is another asset: much of the continent lies in the intertropical zone, where the intensity and the strength of the sunlight are always high. The area contains lots of vast sun-drenched arid and semi-arid expanses in the north, in the south, and to a lesser extent in the east. About two fifths of the continent are desert, and thus continuously sunny.

The greatest annual change in daylight hours is experienced at higher latitudes, such as Montreal, Paris, and Ushuaia. At these latitudes, the difference between the number of daylight hours in midsummer and midwinter can be quite significant.


Question: when was the first black and white camera invented

Answer: 1816

This is a document about History of photography
 accurate almost 40 years later. In 1816 Nicéphore Niépce, using paper coated with silver chloride, succeeded in photographing the images formed in a small camera, but the photographs were negatives, darkest where the camera image was lightest and vice versa, and they were not permanent in the sense of being reasonably light-fast; like earlier experimenters, Niépce could find no way to prevent the coating from darkening all over when it was exposed to light for viewing. Disenchanted with silver salts, he turned his attention to light-sensitive organic substances. The oldest surviving photograph of the image formed in a camera was

This is a document about Thomas Sutton (photographer)
  In 1859, Sutton developed the earliest panoramic camera with a wide-angle lens. The lens consisted of a glass sphere filled with water, which projected an image onto a curved plate. The camera was capable of capturing an image in a 120 degree arc. In 1861, Sutton created the first single lens reflex camera. Sutton was the photographer for James Clerk Maxwell's pioneering 1861 demonstration of colour photography. In a practical trial of a thought-experiment Maxwell had published in 1855, Sutton took three separate black-and-white photographs of a multicoloured ribbon, one through a blue filter, one through a green filter, and one through

This is a document about Photograph
  many years, even after the introduction of the more convenient gelatin process in 1871. Refinements of the gelatin process have remained the primary black-and-white photographic process to this day, differing primarily in the sensitivity of the emulsion and the support material used, which was originally glass, then a variety of flexible plastic films, along with various types of paper for the final prints. Color photography is almost as old as black-and-white, with early experiments including John Herschel's Anthotype prints in 1842, the pioneering work of Louis Ducos du Hauron in the 1860s, and the Lippmann process unveiled in 1891, but for many years color photography remained little more

This is a document about Hand-colouring of photographs
  Monochrome (black and white) photography was first exemplified by the daguerreotype in 1839 and later improved by other methods including: calotype, ambrotype, tintype, albumen print and gelatin silver print. The majority of photography remained monochrome until the mid-20th century, although experiments were producing colour photography as early as 1855 and some photographic processes produced images with an inherent overall colour like the blue of cyanotypes. In an attempt to create more realistic images, photographers and artists would hand-colour monochrome photographs. The first hand-coloured daguerreotypes are attributed to Swiss painter and printmaker Johann Baptist Isenring, who used a mixture of gum arabic and pigments to colour daguerreotypes soon after their invention in

This is a document about History of photography
  A practical means of color photography was sought from the very beginning. Results were demonstrated by Edmond Becquerel as early as the year of 1848, but exposures lasting for hours or days were required and the captured colors were so light-sensitive they would only bear very brief inspection in dim light. The first durable color photograph was a set of three black-and-white photographs taken through red, green, and blue color filters and shown superimposed by using three projectors with similar filters. It was taken by Thomas Sutton in 1861 for use in a lecture by the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who had

This is a document about Color motion picture film
   Color motion picture film refers both to unexposed color photographic film in a format suitable for use in a motion picture camera, and to finished motion picture film, ready for use in a projector, which bears images in color. The first color cinematography was by additive color systems such as the one patented by Edward Raymond Turner in 1899 and tested in 1902. A simplified additive system was successfully commercialized in 1909 as Kinemacolor. These early systems used black-and-white film to photograph and project two or more component images through different color filters. During 1930s the first practical subtractive color processes were introduced. These also used black-and-white film to photograph multiple color-filtered source images, but the

This is a document about Adolf Miethe
  the designer of a camera for color photography, the first photographic product made by the Berlin cabinetmaker Wilhelm Bermpohl. Introduced to the public in 1903, it produced sets of three separate black-and-white images on glass plates by making a series of three photographs of the subject through red, green and blue color fliters, a method of color photography first proposed by James Clerk Maxwell. These were used to reconstitute the full original range of color by projecting transparent positives made from them through similar filters and exactly superimposing the images on the projection screen (additive color), or by making three prints consisting of transparent pigment or dye images in the complementary colors

This is a document about Photography
  Color photography was explored beginning in the 1840s. Early experiments in color required extremely long exposures (hours or days for camera images) and could not "fix" the photograph to prevent the color from quickly fading when exposed to white light. The first permanent color photograph was taken in 1861 using the three-color-separation principle first published by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1855. The foundation of virtually all practical color processes, Maxwell's idea was to take three separate black-and-white photographs through red, green and blue filters. This provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image. Transparent prints of the images could be projected through similar

This is a document about Frederic Eugene Ives
  Ives was a pioneer in the field of color photography. He first demonstrated a system of natural color photography at the 1885 Novelties Exposition of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. His fully developed Kromskop (long-vowel marks over both "o"s and pronounced "chrome-scope") color photography system was commercially available in England by late 1897 and in the US about a year later. Three separate black-and-white photographs of the subject were taken through carefully adjusted red, green and blue filters, a method of photographically recording color first suggested by James Clerk Maxwell in 1855 and imperfectly demonstrated in 1861, but subsequently forgotten and independently reinvented by others. Transparent positives

This is a document about History of film technology
  The first person to demonstrate a natural-color motion picture system was British inventor Edward Raymond Turner, who applied for his patent in 1899, received it in 1900, and was able to show promising but very mechanically defective results in 1902. Turner's camera used a rotating disk of three color filters to photograph color separations on one roll of black-and-white film. A red, green or blue-filtered image was recorded on each successive frame of film. The finished film print was projected, three frames at a time, through the corresponding color filters. When Turner died in 1903, his financial backer at that time, pioneering film

This is a document about History of photography
  day in 1869. Included were methods for viewing a set of three color-filtered black-and-white photographs in color without having to project them, and for using them to make full-color prints on paper. The first widely used method of color photography was the Autochrome plate, a process inventors and brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière began working on in the 1890s and commercially introduced in 1907. It was based on one of Louis Duclos du Haroun's ideas: instead of taking three separate photographs through color filters, take one through a mosaic of tiny color filters overlaid on the emulsion and view the results through an

This is a document about Timeline of photography technology
  credited with introduction of the carte de visite (English: visiting card or calling card) format for portraiture. Disdéri uses a camera with multiple lenses that can photograph eight different poses on one large negative. After printing on albumen paper, the images are cut apart and glued to calling-card-size mounts. ; 1857 – In America David Acheson Woodward patents the solar camera, derived from the earlier solar microscope, using sunlight to make enlargements from glass negatives ; 1861 – James Clerk Maxwell presents a projected additive color image of a multicolored ribbon, the first demonstration of color photography by the three-color method he suggested in

This is a document about Daguerreotype
  Daguerreotype ( daguerréotype) was the first publicly available photographic process; it was widely used during the 1840s and 1850s. "Daguerreotype" also refers to an image created through this process. Invented by Louis Daguerre and introduced worldwide in 1839, the daguerreotype was almost completely superseded by 1860 with new, less expensive processes, such as ambrotype, that yield more readily viewable images. There was a revival of daguerreotype in the late 20th century by a small number of photographers interested in making artistic use of early photographic processes.  To make the image, a daguerreotypist polished a sheet of silver-plated copper to a mirror finish; treated it with fumes that made its surface light sensitive; exposed it

This is a document about Digital photography
  kg), recorded black and white images to a cassette tape, had a resolution of 0.01 megapixels (10,000 pixels), and took 23 seconds to capture its first image in December 1975. The prototype camera was a technical exercise, not intended for production. While it was not until 1981 that the first consumer camera was produced by Sony, Inc., the groundwork for digital imaging and photography had been laid. The first digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera was the Nikon SVC prototype demonstrated in 1986, followed by the commercial Nikon QV-1000C released in 1988. The first widely commercially available digital camera was the 1990

This is a document about Photo booth
  The patent for the first automated photography machine was filed in 1888 by William Pope and Edward Poole of Baltimore. The first known really working photographic machine was a product of the French inventor T. E. Enjalbert (March 1889). It was shown at the 1889 World's Fair in Paris. The German-born photographer Mathew Steffens from Chicago filed a patent for such a machine in May 1889. These early machines were not reliable enough to be self-sufficient. The first commercially successful automatic photographic apparatus was the "Bosco" from inventor Conrad Bernitt of Hamburg (patented July 16, 1890). All of these early machines produced ferrotypes. The first photographic automate with

This is a document about Field-sequential color system
  The use of sequential color systems for moving images predates the invention of fully electronic television. Described at the time as "additive" rather than sequential color systems, two-color Kinemacolor, in commercial use since 1906, and its predecessor three-color format, invented by Edward Raymond Turner and patented in 1899, were both sequential natural color systems for use with motion picture film. They utilized black-and-white film and rotating color filter wheels to record the amount of each color in the scene on alternating frames of the film, so that when the frames were projected by light of similar colors at a sufficiently rapid rate, those

This is a document about Dufaycolor
  The photographic reproduction of natural colour by means of a black-and-white photograph taken and viewed through a mosaic of tiny colour filters was an idea first patented and published by Louis Ducos du Hauron in the late 1860s, but the incomplete colour sensitivity of contemporary photographic materials made it impractical at that time. John Joly independently reinvented the concept in 1894 and attempted to commercialise it, but the first successful product based on this idea, the Autochrome plate, did not reach the market until 1907. Several competing mosaic colour screen plate products soon appeared, including Louis Dufay's Dioptichrome plate, but the Autochrome plate remained by far the most popular. A film-based version of Autochrome

This is a document about Timeline of photography technology
 1901 – Kodak introduces the 120 film format. ; 1902 – Arthur Korn devises practical telephotography technology (reduction of photographic images to signals that can be transmitted by wire to other locations).Wire-Photos are in wide use in Europe by 1910, and transmitted to other continents by 1922. ; 1907 – The Autochrome plate is introduced. It becomes the first commercially successful color photography product. ; 1908 – Kinemacolor, a two-color process known as the first commercial "natural color" system for movies, is introduced. ; 1909 – Kodak announces a 35 mm "safety" motion picture film on an acetate base as an alternative to the

This is a document about Cinematography
  In the 1830s, three different solutions for moving images were invented on the concept of revolving drums and disks, the stroboscope by Simon von Stampfer in Austria, the phenakistoscope by Joseph Plateau in Belgium, and the zoetrope by William Horner in Britain. In 1845, Francis Ronalds invented the first successful camera able to make continuous recordings of the varying indications of meteorological and geomagnetic instruments over time. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century. William Lincoln patented a device, in 1867, that showed animated pictures called the "wheel

This is a document about Digital photography
  While digital photography has only relatively recently become mainstream, the late 20th century saw many small developments leading to its creation. The history of digital photography as we know it began in the 1950s. In 1951, the first digital signals were saved to magnetic tape via the first video tape recorder. Six years later, in 1957, the first digital image was produced through a computer by Russell Kirsch. It was an image of his son. The metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) process, invented by engineers Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, led to the development of digital semiconductor image sensors, including

The first black and white photograph was taken by Nicéphore Niépce in 1826 or 1827, but the first practical black and white camera is not explicitly mentioned in the provided text. The text does mention that Thomas Sutton developed the first wide-angle lens in 1859, which was used for black and white photography. However, it does not specify that he invented the first black and white camera.


Question: who has won the world cup back to back

Answer: Italy

This is a document about History of the FIFA World Cup
 victory over Switzerland). West Germany were the tournament winners, defeating Olympic champions Hungary 3–2 in the final, overturning a 2–0 deficit in the process, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winner. The match is known as the Miracle of Bern in Germany. Brazil won the 1958 World Cup, held in Sweden, and became the first team to win a World Cup outside their home continent (only 4 teams have done this to date – Brazil in 1958, 1970, 1994 and 2002, Argentina in 1986, Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014). The Soviet Union participated this time, most likely due to

This is a document about Formation (association football)
 of Brazil during their unsuccessful 1990 World Cup campaign. It was used by Luiz Felipe Scolari as manager of Brazil during the 2002 FIFA World Cup campaign, when Brazil won the tournament. Edmilson acted as a sweeper. Although it had fallen out of favour with most coaches who now prefer four at the back, it had a renaissance in both club and international football in the 2010s. At club level, it has been effectively used by former Juventus coach Antonio Conte, under whom Juventus won three back-to-back "scudetti" between 2012 and 2014, or by Louis van Gaal at Manchester United.

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup Group E
 out by Stojković at the near post five minutes into the second period. Aleksandar Mitrović headed a cross from Antonio Rukavina straight at the feet of the keeper in the 65th minute. Thiago Silva headed home at the near post from Neymar's left-wing corner in the 68th minute. Brazil have qualified from the group stage of the World Cup for the 13th consecutive tournament, a run stretching back to 1970. Brazil have now won back-to-back World Cup matches for the first time since 2010, when they won their opening two group matches. For Serbia, this was the second consecutive elimination

This is a document about Christian Maggio
 Christian Maggio Christian Maggio (; born 11 February 1982) is an Italian footballer who plays as a right-back, as a wing-back, or as a right winger for Serie B club Benevento. A dynamic and hard-working offensive full-back, prior to joining Napoli in 2008, Maggio played for Italian clubs Vicenza, Fiorentina, Treviso, and Sampdoria. With Napoli he has won two Coppa Italia titles and the Supercoppa Italiana. A former Italy international level, he represented the Italy national football team on 34 occasions between 2008 and 2014, and took part at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2012 (winning a silver

This is a document about 2006 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup
 League" which took place earlier in the year. The nations who made it to the second stage of the Superfinal qualified to the World Cup being Spain, Portugal, Poland and Italy. To decide who would claim the fifth berth, the defeated nations in the competition came back to play in a straight knockout tournament, with the winner progressing to the World Cup. The nation which won the tournament was France who beat Switzerland in the final. North, Central American and Caribbean nations were allocated 2 berths at the World Cup. The championship took place between September 13 and September 17,

This is a document about 1990 FIFA World Cup Final
 1990 FIFA World Cup Final The 1990 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match played between West Germany and Argentina to determine the winner of the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The game took place on 8 July 1990 at the Stadio Olimpico in Italy's capital and largest city, Rome, and was won 1–0 by West Germany, with a late penalty kick taken by Andreas Brehme being the game's only goal. The match marked several firsts in World Cup history. This was the first-ever rematch of a final and, to date, the only back-to-back rematch, as Argentina defeated West Germany

This is a document about Cameroon v Colombia (1990 FIFA World Cup)
 54th minute, went to score after 106 and 109 minutes. In his second goal, Milla took the ball from the goalkeeper Higuita who was trying to dribble him near the halfway line. Redín pulled one back for Colombia after 115 minutes but it wasn't enough, Cameroon became the first African nation to reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup. Cameroon v Colombia (1990 FIFA World Cup) Cameroon vs Colombia was a FIFA World Cup match that took place in the Stadio San Paolo in Naples, Italy on 23 June 1990, during the 1990 World Cup. Cameroon won 2–1, thus

This is a document about Tsuneyasu Miyamoto
 debuted for Japan national team against Bolivia. As a centre back, he served as captain for Japan in the 2002 World Cup, after an injury to Ryuzo Morioka, who had begun the tournament as captain. He then continued to captain his country through the 2004 Asian Cup and the 2006 World Cup. At 2004 Asian Cup, he played full time in all 6 matches and Japan won the champions. At 2006 World Cup, he played the first two group matches of the cup, but was suspended for the third and last match against Brazil after he received yellow cards against

This is a document about Luigi Allemandi
 the left back position from Umberto Caligaris before their 1934 World Cup qualifying match against Greece. Manager Vittorio Pozzo started him in every match of the final tournament, helping the "Azzurri" win the title on home soil; he later served as Italy's captain between 1935 and 1936. Allemandi died in Pietra Ligure, Province of Savona. Luigi Allemandi Luigi Allemandi (8 November 1903 – 25 September 1978) was an Italian footballer who played as a defender, usually as a left back. He was a member of the Italian national team which won the 1934 World Cup. Born in San Damiano Macra,

This is a document about Akira Kaji
 highly by Zico who made him the first-choice right full-back. He was a member of the Japan team who won the 2004 Asian Cup in China. In a 2005 Confederations Cup against Brazil, his goal was disallowed by a controversial offside decision. His first goal for the country finally came on 17 August 2005 in a 2006 World Cup qualification against Iran. He made the final squad for the 2006 World Cup finals. In a preparation match against Germany just before the tournament, he injured his ankle when tackled by Bastian Schweinsteiger. Zico considered his replacement but decided to keep

This is a document about Andrea Marcato
 Andrea Marcato Andrea Marcato (born 17 April 1983 in Padua, Italy) is an Italian international rugby union player who is a utility back for Calvisano. He has won 16 caps for Italy and played in the 2008 and 2009 Six Nations Championships. Principally a fly-half he also plays fullback, making him a utility back. He won 4 Italian championships with Benetton Treviso and also appeared for them in the Celtic League and the Heineken Cup; in 2011 he came back to Italy to newly promoted Calvisano, with which he won the 2011-12 title, his 5th personal "Scudetto" and 3rd for

This is a document about Omar Esparza
 in the 2010 World Cup starting line-up. However a knee injury picked up in the final game of the season ended his world cup hopes and he is not expected to be back in full training until June 2010. Omar Esparza has played with the Mexico national football team in three categories. He was present with the Mexico U-17 Team, in which he and his team mates won the U-17 World Cup in Peru in 2005. He played in the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship Match where Mexico obtained the cup against Brazil. The score was 3-0, and Esparza scored

This is a document about List of FIFA World Cup winning managers
  The FIFA World Cup is considered the most prestigious association football tournament in the world. The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, followed by Germany and Italy with four titles each; Argentina, France, and Uruguay, with two titles each; and England and Spain, with one title each. Alberto Suppici led the Uruguay national team to victory in the inaugural tournament in 1930. Vittorio Pozzo is the only person who has won the World Cup twice as a manager, in 1934 and 1938 with Italy. Twenty different managers have won the

This is a document about FIFA World Cup
  32 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation(s), compete for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over about a month. The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina, France, and inaugural winner Uruguay, with two titles each; and England and Spain, with one title each. The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world, as well as the most widely viewed and followed single sporting event in the world. The cumulative

This is a document about FIFA World Cup
  runner- ups', and third-place); five players were from West Germany's squad of 1966–1974: Franz Beckenbauer, Jürgen Grabowski, Horst-Dieter Höttges, Sepp Maier, and Wolfgang Overath (1966–1974), Italy's Franco Baresi (1982, 1990, 1994) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany (2002–2014) with four consecutive medals. Brazil's Mário Zagallo, West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer and France's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach. Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach. Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach, and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018,

This is a document about FIFA World Cup
  The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champion is France, which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia. The current format involves a qualification phase, which takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase. In the tournament

This is a document about List of FIFA World Cup finals
  side of the trophy. Throughout the twenty-one editions of the World Cup, thirteen nations have reached the final, and eight have won. Brazil is the most successful team having won the title five times; Italy and Germany have four titles each; Uruguay, Argentina and current champion France have two each; while England and Spain have one each. Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands and Croatia have played in the final without winning. The team with the most appearances in the final overall is Germany, with eight. No team from outside Europe (UEFA) or South America (CONMEBOL) has made it to the final.

This is a document about FIFA World Cup
  and Asia (2002). Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986, while Spain won in Africa in 2010. In 2014, Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas. Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent. The current run of four champions from one continental confederation (Italy, Spain, Germany, and France) has not happened before. Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively, while Italy's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010, Germany in 2014 and France in 2018. Currently, it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents (Europe) is ahead of the other (South America) by more than one championship.

This is a document about List of FIFA World Cup winning players
  (1990). Didier Deschamps is the third: he led France to victory in 1998 as captain, and then in 2018 as manager. ; Germany's Miroslav Klose is the only player to have won four World Cup medals: 2002 (silver), 2006, 2010 (both bronze) and 2014 (gold). Notes A total of 445 players have been in the winning team in the World Cup. Brazil's Pelé is the only one to have won three times, while another 20 have won twice. In the below table, years in bold indicate that the player appeared in the respective final where his team won, while years in italics indicate that the player was an unused squad member in the respective tournament.

This is a document about Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)
  Brazil was hosting the FIFA World Cup for the second time (the first being 1950), and had won the tournament on five previous occasions. Germany was a three-time winner but had not won the tournament in 24 years. Brazil was in the semi-finals for the first time since 2002, from which they emerged victorious and subsequently won the tournament against Germany; while Germany was in a record-breaking fourth consecutive semi-final. Both teams had entered the tournament among the favourites to win, with Germany ranked 2nd and Brazil ranked 3rd in the FIFA World Rankings. It was only the second World Cup match between the two sides. Brazil's route to the semi-final included a group stage with Croatia, Mexico and Cameroon in

Brazil won the FIFA World Cup back-to-back in 1958 and 1962.


Question: where do the kilchers from alaska the last frontier live

Answer: 11 miles outside of Homer

This is a document about Alaska: The Last Frontier
 Wilma TV was fined $17,500. Alaska: The Last Frontier Alaska: The Last Frontier is an American reality cable television series on the Discovery Channel, currently in its 8th season of broadcast. The show documents the extended Kilcher family, descendants of Swiss immigrants and Alaskan pioneers, Yule and Ruth Kilcher, at their homestead 11 miles outside of Homer. By living without plumbing or modern heating, the clan chooses to subsist by farming, hunting and preparing for the long winters. The Kilcher family are relatives of the singer Jewel, who has appeared on the show. Production occurs throughout the year on site.

This is a document about Alaska: The Last Frontier
 Alaska: The Last Frontier Alaska: The Last Frontier is an American reality cable television series on the Discovery Channel, currently in its 8th season of broadcast. The show documents the extended Kilcher family, descendants of Swiss immigrants and Alaskan pioneers, Yule and Ruth Kilcher, at their homestead 11 miles outside of Homer. By living without plumbing or modern heating, the clan chooses to subsist by farming, hunting and preparing for the long winters. The Kilcher family are relatives of the singer Jewel, who has appeared on the show. Production occurs throughout the year on site. The production crew is based

This is a document about Alaska: The Last Frontier
  Alaska: The Last Frontier is an American reality cable television series on the Discovery Channel, currently in its 10th season of broadcast. The show documents the extended Kilcher family, descendants of Swiss immigrants and Alaskan pioneers, Yule and Ruth Kilcher, at their homestead 11 miles outside of Homer. By living without modern heating, the clan chooses to subsist by farming, hunting and preparing for the long winters. The Kilcher family are relatives of the singer Jewel, who has appeared on the show. The ninth season premiered on October 6, 2019. On September 28, 2020, it was announced that the tenth season will premiere on October 25, 2020.

This is a document about Jewel (singer)
  He was also the first recorded person to cross the Harding Icefield. Shortly after her birth, the family relocated to Anchorage, Alaska, settling on the Kilcher family's 770 acre homestead. There, her younger brother Atz Jr. was born.She also has a half-brother, Nikos, who was primarily raised in Oregon by his mother, with whom her father had a brief relationship; Jewel would later become close to him in adulthood.After her parents' divorce in 1981, Kilcher lived with her father near Homer, Alaska. The house she grew up in lacked indoor plumbing and had only a simple outhouse. The Kilcher family is featured on the Discovery Channel show Alaska: The Last Frontier,

This is a document about Atz Kilcher
  Atilla Kuno "Atz" Kilcher is the oldest son of Yule F. Kilcher and Ruth Weber. He is one of the stars on the Discovery show Alaska: The Last Frontier, which focuses on the Kilcher homestead established 80 years ago outside of Homer, Alaska on Kachemak Bay.

This is a document about Atz Kilcher
  Discovery Channel started producing the TV Series Alaska: The Last Frontier. The show is in its 10th season and features Atz, his brother Otto, and other family members from the Kilcher clan.

This is a document about Yule F. Kilcher
  United States, and in Scandinavia, where he also worked as a logger. In Sweden and in the Carpathian Mountains, he learned to build log houses. In 1936, Kilcher went for the first time to Alaska, intending to "found an idealistic community" there. In Alaska, he changed his name to Yule Forenorth Kilcher. He received 160 acres of land to homestead. This land was in the Kachemak Bay area, outside of Homer, Alaska. In 1939, Kilcher went back to Switzerland for a short time, intending to persuade likeminded people to emigrate to Alaska. From 1940, he lived permanently in Alaska. In 1941, he

This is a document about Yule F. Kilcher
  she had the rank of a colonel. As of 2012, she worked for the Republican Party. The unconventional lifestyle of the Kilcher family often found media attention. In 1984, the Swiss documentary film Die schwierige Schule des einfachen Lebens ("The hard school of the simple life") by Alfi Sinniger portrayed Yule Kilcher and his family. Discovery Channel's reality TV series Alaska: The Last Frontier also portrays the life of the Kilchers in Alaska and was in its 10th season in 2021. In 2012, Swiss Radio and Television (SRF) broadcast the documentary film Rousseaus Kinder – Ein Reality-Check in Alaskas Wildnis ("Rousseau's children – a reality check in Alaska's wilderness") in its series DOK, making a comparison of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's philosophy to the lifestyle of the Kilcher family. A review in the newspaper Tages-Anzeiger criticised it for leaving that promised connection unclear.

This is a document about The Last Frontier (TV series)
  The Last Frontier, is an American sitcom that aired on Fox in 1996. It featured a wealthy woman who moved to Anchorage, Alaska, sharing housing with three men who did not possess her social adeptness.

This is a document about Yule F. Kilcher
  In 1862, the United States of America passed the Homestead Law. If someone met certain requirements, they could obtain federally owned land as long as they proved they lived on the land and maintained it. As of 1986, homesteading is no longer possible in Alaska. The Kilcher homestead grew from 160 acres to 600 acres of land. As time wore on, Yule saw how other homesteads around Kachemak Bay were slowly being divided up between family members and becoming smaller versions of the previous homestead. He did not want the hard work of his family's homestead to disappear. He created a conservation easement, set up in the 1990's, starting the Kilcher Family Trust. Through the trust, the 600 acres of the Kilcher homestead remains intact for future generations to grow on and improve.

This is a document about Yule F. Kilcher
  Yule Forenorth Kilcher (1913–1998), born Julius Jacob Kilcher, was a Swiss-born American homesteader who was a member of the Alaska state senate from 1963 to 1966. He moved from Switzerland to Alaska in 1936 where he then lived permanently, after returning to Switzerland for a short time in 1939, outside of Homer, Alaska.

This is a document about Atz Kilcher
  The Kilcher Homestead was established when his father Yule Kilcher moved to Alaska in 1940 and was given 160 acres of federal land to homestead. His mother Ruth and the children helped work the homestead while Yule traveled for months at a time to Juneau as a state Senator. Over time, the homestead grew to over 600 acres of land. In the 1990’s, Yule established the Kilcher Family Trust, which would prevent the homestead from being divided between his children, and would insure that it remained intact for future generations of Kilchers to work the land he so loved. The homestead is owned by all 8 Kilcher siblings. The family offers tours of the homestead, where an original cabin has been turned into a museum. There, old tools are displayed which were used for farming. As one of the siblings gives a tour, they offer first hand stories of growing up on their homestead.

This is a document about Yule F. Kilcher
  first crossing of the Harding Icefield from Homer to Seward. Exit Glacier received its name from that expedition leaving the icefield over the glacier. Ruth and the children helped operate the homestead while Yule travelled to Juneau to attend the state legislature. Yule and Ruth Kilcher divorced in 1969. Ruth then moved to Tennessee, working as a journalist, writer and translator. In 1971, she married Charles Rod Mariott in New Mexico. Yule Kilcher died in Homer on December 8, 1998. The governor of Alaska, at the time Tony Knowles, ordered state flags flown at half staff at the day of the funeral.

This is a document about Harding Icefield
  in Seward. He was headed for Kachemak Bay, where he intended to take up residence, but was so intrigued by the icefield he had seen from the steamship that he vowed to cross it before long. Unwilling to wait two weeks for a coastal steamer, Kilcher walked to the Homer area, probably by way of the Resurrection River valley. After securing a homestead, he returned to Seward, and in late July he hiked up the Lowell Creek drainage toward the icefield. Conditions on the icefield overwhelmed him, however, and a week later he was back in Seward. About 1940, two Kenai

This is a document about Frontier
  free-spirited than in the East because of its lack of social and political institutions. The idea that the frontier provided the core defining quality of the United States was elaborated by the historian Frederick Jackson Turner, who built his Frontier Thesis in 1893 around this notion. Subsequently, the frontier has also been described as the point of contact between two cultures, where contact led to exchanges that affected both cultures. In popular culture, Alaska: The Last Frontier is an American reality cable television series about Alaskan pioneers, Yule and Ruth Kilcher, at their homestead 11 miles outside of Homer.

This is a document about Yule F. Kilcher
  Ruth Weber, originally from Pratteln, who was an American citizen. They had eight children who were all raised on the family homestead: Atz, Otto, Wurtilla, Fay, Catkin, Stellavera, Mossy and Sunrise. Kilcher sought a self-sufficient, natural lifestyle. The family lived without electricity and running water. Yule Kilcher produced two documentaries, filmed on 16 mm film, The Last Frontier and A Pioneer Family in Alaska. This were the first documentaries depicting homesteading life. He showcased his documentaries around Europe in the years 1947/48 and from 1956 to 1958. In 1955, Yule Kilcher was elected to the Constitutional convention which drew the Constitution of

This is a document about Chief Kilchis
  Kilchis ([gə́lšəs] or [gə́lčəs] in Tillamook ) (1806–1866 ) was one of the last free chiefs of the Tillmook Native Americans. He lived during the 19th century near Tillamook Bay, Oregon. Chief Kilchis and Chief Illga (also known as Tse-tse-no or Illga Adams) were the last Tillamook leaders to preside uncontested in the Tillamook's homeland around Tillamook Bay. Kilchis may have been a descendant of one of the survivors of a Spanish Manila Galleon that wrecked near Neahkahnie Mountain and the mouth of the Nehalem River. Known as the beeswax wreck, it was probably the Santo Cristo de Burgos, which was lost in 1693 while sailing from the Philippines to Mexico. Warren Vaughn, an early white settler in Tillamook,

This is a document about Alaska Nellie's Homestead
  Alaska Nellie's Homestead, located at Mile 23 of the Seward Highway in Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska, is the former homestead of Nellie Neal Lawing. Neal Lawing had migrated to Alaska in 1915 and ran a number of roadhouses for the Alaska Railroad before settling at the Roosevelt roadhouse on Kenai Lake in 1923, where she built her homestead. She planned to marry Kenneth Holden after settling, but he died in an industrial accident before their marriage; his cousin Billie Lawing then proposed to her, and the two married. A post office opened in the area in 1924; Nellie was the first postmistress, and the post office was named Lawing in her honor. Nellie was a wildlife expert and trophy hunter, and she kept her hunting trophies, which included three bears, in the roadhouse. She was also known to keep pet bear cubs

This is a document about The Last Alaskans
  The Last Alaskans is an American reality television series. The series premiered on Animal Planet on May 25, 2015. The second season premiered on the Discovery Channel on April 12, 2016. The fourth and final season premiered on the Discovery Channel on November 25, 2018. The series follows several families and trappers who live in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska.

The Kilcher family from "Alaska: The Last Frontier" live 11 miles outside of Homer, Alaska.


Question: who conducted the little albert study on conditioned fear

Answer: John B. Watson

This is a document about Little Albert experiment
 article which states that the child was actually William (called Albert by his family) Barger, and that the child was, in fact, healthy. Little Albert experiment The Little Albert experiment was a controlled experiment showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. The study also provides an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. The results were first published in the February 1920 issue of the "Journal of Experimental Psychology". After observing children in the field, Watson hypothesized that the fearful response of children to

This is a document about Conditioned emotional response
 become a conditioned stimulus that elicits fear (conditioned response). In 1920 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated such fear conditioning in the Little Albert experiment. They started with a 9-month boy called “Albert”, who was unemotional but was made to cry by the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) of a hammer striking a steel bar. Albert initially showed no fear of a white rat (neutral stimulus), but after the sight of the rat had been accompanied five times by the loud noise, he cried and tried to escape the rat, showing that the rat had become a conditioned stimulus for

This is a document about Mary Cover Jones
 causes. While attending a speech by leading behavioral psychologist, John B. Watson, Cover Jones became interested in his most famous study, the "Little Albert experiment". In this experiment, an infant was classically conditioned to express a fearful response when a white rat was presented along with a loud noise that shocked the child. Cover Jones began to wonder if the techniques used by Watson could be used to make children less fearful of a stimulus, in essence reversing his findings. These thoughts led to her most cited work, a study of the removal of a fear of rabbits through conditioning

This is a document about Kerplunk experiment
 Kerplunk experiment The kerplunk experiment was a famous stimulus and response experiment conducted on rats and demonstrates the ability to turn voluntary motor responses into a conditioned response. The purpose of the experiment was to get kinaesthetic feedback rather than guidance through external stimuli through maze learning. It was conducted in 1907 by John B. Watson and Harvey A. Carr and was named after the sound the rat made after running into the end of the maze. The study would help form a chain of responses hypothesis proposed by Watson. The studies findings would later give credibility to stimulus and

This is a document about Fear
 animal look more impressive), sweating, increased blood glucose (hyperglycemia), increased serum calcium, increase in white blood cells called neutrophilic leukocytes, alertness leading to sleep disturbance and "butterflies in the stomach" (dyspepsia). This primitive mechanism may help an organism survive by either running away or fighting the danger. With the series of physiological changes, the consciousness realizes an emotion of fear. People develop specific fears as a result of learning. This has been studied in psychology as fear conditioning, beginning with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment in 1920, which was inspired after observing a child with an irrational fear of

This is a document about John B. Watson
 John B. Watson John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson promoted a change in psychology through his address "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it", which was given at Columbia University in 1913. Through his behaviorist approach, Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising. In addition, he conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment and the Kerplunk experiment. Watson popularized the use of the scientific theory with behaviorism. He was also editor of "Psychological Review" from 1910 to 1915. A "Review of General Psychology"

This is a document about Fear of fish
 Fear of fish Fear of fish or ichthyophobia ranges from cultural phenomena such as fear of eating fish, fear of touching raw fish, or fear of dead fish, up to irrational fear (specific phobia). Galeophobia is the fear specifically of sharks. Ichthyophobia is described in "Psychology: An International Perspective" as an "unusual" specific phobia. Both symptoms and remedies of ichthyophobia are common to most specific phobias. John B. Watson, a renowned name in behaviorism, describes an example, quoted in many books in psychology, of conditioned fear of a goldfish in an infant and a way of unconditioning of the fear

This is a document about Little Albert experiment
 Little Albert experiment The Little Albert experiment was a controlled experiment showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. The study also provides an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. The results were first published in the February 1920 issue of the "Journal of Experimental Psychology". After observing children in the field, Watson hypothesized that the fearful response of children to loud noises is an innate unconditioned response. He wanted to test the notion that by following the principles of the procedure now known

This is a document about Little Albert experiment
  The Little Albert experiment was a controlled experiment showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. The study also provides an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. The results were first published in the February 1920 issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology. After observing children in the field, Watson hypothesized that the fearful response of children to loud noises is an innate unconditioned response. He wanted to test the notion that by following the principles of the procedure now known as "classical conditioning", he could use this unconditioned response to condition a child to fear a distinctive stimulus that normally would not be feared by a child (in this case, furry objects).

This is a document about Mary Cover Jones
  While attending a speech by leading behavioral psychologist, John B. Watson, Cover Jones became interested in his most famous study, the "Little Albert experiment". In this experiment, an infant was classically conditioned to express a fearful response when a white rat was presented along with a loud noise that shocked the child. Cover Jones began to wonder if the techniques used by Watson could be used to make children less fearful of a stimulus, in essence reversing his findings. These thoughts led to her most cited work, a study of the removal of a fear of rabbits through conditioning conducted on a three-year-old named Peter at Columbia University. She treated Peter's fear of a white rabbit

This is a document about Little Albert experiment
  Albert was about one years old at the end of the experiment, and he reportedly left the hospital shortly thereafter. Though Watson had discussed what might be done to remove Albert's conditioned fears, he had no time to attempt such desensitization with Albert, and it is thought likely that the infant's fear of furry things continued post-experimentally. Watson later gave a series of weekend lectures describing the Little Albert study. One of these lectures was attended by Mary Cover Jones, which sparked her interest in pursuing graduate work in psychology. Jones conducted an experiment to figure out how to eliminate fear responses in children and studied a boy named Peter, who was two years old. Peter shared similar fears of white rabbits and furry objects to Little Albert. Jones was able to increase Peter's tolerance of white rabbits by exposing him to the animal, known as direct conditioning, and having Peter interact with children who were not afraid of the rabbit. Mary Cover Jones was the first psychologist to desensitize or uncondition a fear response and become known as the "Mother of Behavior Therapy".

This is a document about Conditioned emotional response
  In 1920 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated such fear conditioning in the Little Albert experiment. They started with a 9-month boy called "Albert", who was unemotional but was made to cry by the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) of a hammer striking a steel bar. Albert initially showed no fear of a white rat (neutral stimulus), but after the sight of the rat had been accompanied five times by the loud noise, he cried and tried to escape the rat, showing that the rat had become a conditioned stimulus for fear. Although the Watson and Rayner work with Little Albert clearly falls under the

This is a document about John B. Watson
  One might consider the experiment Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner carried out in 1920 to be one of the most controversial in psychology. It has become immortalized in introductory psychology textbooks as the Little Albert experiment. The goal of the experiment was to show how principles of, at the time recently discovered, classical conditioning could be applied to condition fear of a white rat into "Little Albert", a 9-month-old boy. Watson and Rayner conditioned "Little Albert" by clanging an iron rod when a white rat was presented. First, they presented to the boy a white rat and observed that he was not afraid of it. Second, they presented him with a white rat and then clanged an iron rod.

This is a document about Generalization (learning)
  2010, p. 21). One of the earliest studies about fear generalization in humans was conducted by Watson and Raynor (1920): the Little Albert experiment. In their study, an infant known as Little Albert was exposed to various kinds of animals, none of which elicited a fear response from Little Albert. However, after 7 pairings of a white rat and the sound of a hammer clanging against a steel bar (which did elicit a fear response), the 11-month old child began to cry and try to get away from the white rat even without the loud noise. Months later, additional trials showed that Little Albert had

This is a document about Rosalie Rayner
  During her time at Johns Hopkins University, Rayner conducted research on alcohol in the body alongside her behaviorist research with Watson. She and Watson aimed to make family life reflect an empirical environment, based on the belief that behaviors were not hardwired at birth, but instead were acquired through conditioning. Rayner and Watson claimed to have studied over 500 children, with the Little Albert experiment being their only attempt at a psychological experiment (it would not be categorised as an experiment today). The basis of their study was conditioning a 9-month old baby, referred to as "Albert", to fear a white rat, which had previously been a neutral stimulus. Textbooks often claim that the fear was generalized to other white, furry stimuli, such as fur coats, rabbits, and a Santa Claus mask, but the rabbit was brown and the strength and duration of the fear do not seem impressive in retrospect (and to careful viewers of the film that Watson made). The results of the study were published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology. Despite its prominence, the "Little Albert" study would be deemed highly unethical by modern standards.

This is a document about Psychology
  coined the term behaviorism for this school of thought. Watson's famous Little Albert experiment in 1920 was at first thought to demonstrate that repeated use of upsetting loud noises could instill phobias (aversions to other stimuli) in an infant human, although such a conclusion was likely an exaggeration. Karl Lashley, a close collaborator with Watson, examined biological manifestations of learning in the brain. Clark L. Hull, Edwin Guthrie, and others did much to help behaviorism become a widely used paradigm. A new method of "instrumental" or "operant" conditioning added the concepts of reinforcement and punishment to the model of behavior change. Radical behaviorists avoided discussing the inner

This is a document about Behaviorism
  B. F. Skinner proposed radical behaviorism as the conceptual underpinning of the experimental analysis of behavior. This viewpoint differs from other approaches to behavioral research in various ways, but, most notably here, it contrasts with methodological behaviorism in accepting feelings, states of mind and introspection as behaviors also subject to scientific investigation. Like methodological behaviorism, it rejects the reflex as a model of all behavior, and it defends the science of behavior as complementary to but independent of physiology. Radical behaviorism overlaps considerably with other western philosophical positions, such as American pragmatism. Although John B. Watson mainly emphasized his position of methodological behaviorism throughout his career, Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted the renowned Little Albert experiment (1920), a study in which Ivan Pavlov's theory to respondent conditioning was first applied to eliciting a fearful reflex of crying in a

This is a document about Behavioural sciences
  Behavioral Science began being studied predominately in the early 1900s. One of the pioneers of the study is John B Watson. He began teaching as a professor of psychology at Johns Hopkins University in 1908. In 1915 he served as the president of the American Psychological Association (APA). Some of his methods in studying behavioral science have been controversial. One of these instances was the "Little Albert" experiment. This experiment was to condition a child to fear a white rat. The fear also translated to other furry white things. This was done by associating the objects with a loud clanging noise. A point that drew controversy is that the child was never de-conditioned. In 1957 he received the APA's Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions. In 2009, behavioral scientists conducted a report on loss aversion (Gächter et al., 2009). The research concluded that the pain of losing is psychologically twice as powerful as the pleasure of gaining. Behavioral scientists use loss aversion now in studying human behavior. It has helped show why in some instances penalty frames are more effective than reward frames in motivating human behavior.

This is a document about Fear
  Animals and humans innovate specific fears as a result of learning. This has been studied in psychology as fear conditioning, beginning with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment in 1920, which was inspired after observing a child with an irrational fear of dogs. In this study, an 11-month-old boy was conditioned to fear a white rat in the laboratory. The fear became generalized to include other white, furry objects, such as a rabbit, dog, and even a ball of cotton. Fear can be learned by experiencing or watching a frightening traumatic accident. For example, if a child falls into a

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted the Little Albert study on conditioned fear.