Question: when did the first digital camera come out

Answer: 1975

This is a document about Digital camera
 information about the astronauts' position. As with Texas Instruments employee Willis Adcock's filmless camera (US patent 4,057,830) in 1972, the technology had yet to catch up with the concept. The Cromemco Cyclops was an all-digital camera introduced as a commercial product in 1975. Its design was published as a hobbyist construction project in the February 1975 issue of "Popular Electronics" magazine, and it used a 32×32 Metal Oxide Semiconductor sensor. Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak, invented and built the first self-contained electronic camera that used a charge-coupled device image sensor in 1975. Early uses were mainly military and

This is a document about Cromemco Cyclops
 ubiquitous. A high-resolution digital camera sensor today may contain 20 million sensor elements (20 megapixels) which is 20,000 times more than the 0.001 megapixel sensor of the Cyclops. But the Cyclops was a beginning, and a harbinger of digital cameras today. Cromemco Cyclops The Cromemco Cyclops, introduced in 1975 by Cromemco, was the first commercial all-digital camera using a digital MOS area image sensor. It was also the first digital camera to be interfaced to a microcomputer. The digital sensor for the camera was a modified 1K memory chip that offered a resolution of 32 × 32 pixels (0.001 megapixels).

This is a document about Cromemco Cyclops
 Cromemco Cyclops The Cromemco Cyclops, introduced in 1975 by Cromemco, was the first commercial all-digital camera using a digital MOS area image sensor. It was also the first digital camera to be interfaced to a microcomputer. The digital sensor for the camera was a modified 1K memory chip that offered a resolution of 32 × 32 pixels (0.001 megapixels). The Cyclops Camera was developed by Terry Walker, Harry Garland, and Roger Melen, and introduced as a hobbyist construction project in the February 1975 issue of "Popular Electronics" magazine. One month earlier the MITS Altair 8800 microcomputer had been introduced in

This is a document about Digital single-lens reflex camera
 rapid development of digital photography. For their contribution to digital photography Boyle and Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009. In 1975 Kodak engineer Steven Sasson invented the first digital still camera, which used a Fairchild 100×100 pixel CCD. On August 25, 1981 Sony unveiled a prototype of the Sony Mavica. This camera was an analog electronic camera that featured interchangeable lenses and a SLR viewfinder. In 1986, the Kodak Microelectronics Technology Division developed a 1.3 MP CCD image sensor, the first with more than 1 million pixels. In 1987, this sensor was integrated with a Canon

This is a document about History of the camera
 Adcock designed a filmless camera that was not digital and applied for a patent in 1972, but it is not known whether it was ever built. The Cromemco CYCLOPS introduced as a hobbyist construction project in 1975 was the first digital camera to be interfaced to a microcomputer. The first recorded attempt at building a self-contained digital camera was in 1975 by Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak. It used the then-new solid-state CCD image sensor chips developed by Fairchild Semiconductor in 1973. The camera weighed 8 pounds (3.6 kg), recorded black and white images to a compact cassette

This is a document about Kodak DCS
 Kodak DCS The Kodak Digital Camera System is a series of digital single-lens reflex cameras and digital camera backs that were released by Kodak in the 1990s and 2000s, and discontinued in 2005. They are all based on existing 35mm film SLRs from Nikon, Canon and Sigma. The range includes the original Kodak DCS, the very first commercially available digital SLR. In 1975 Kodak engineer Steven Sasson invented the first digital still camera, which uses a Fairchild 100 x 100 pixel CCD. By 1986 Kodak had developed a sensor with 1.4 million pixels. A number of other inventions were made

This is a document about Steven Sasson
 the first camera that produced digital images, but was the first hand-held digital camera. Earlier examples of digital cameras included some cameras used for satellite photography, experimental devices by Michael Francis Tompsett "et al.", and the commercial product and hobbyist camera called the Cromemco Cyclops. Sasson was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Ragnhild Tomine (Endresen) and John Vincent Sasson. His mother was Norwegian. His invention began in 1975 with a broad assignment from his supervisor at Eastman Kodak Company, Gareth A. Lloyd: to attempt to build an electronic camera using a charge coupled device (CCD). The resulting

This is a document about Camera
 the exposure of the photographic medium and instantly returns after the exposure. No SLR camera before 1954 had this feature, although the mirror on some early SLR cameras was entirely operated by the force exerted on the shutter release and only returned when the finger pressure was released. The Asahiflex II, released by Japanese company Asahi (Pentax) in 1954, was the world's first SLR camera with an instant return mirror. The first camera using digital electronics to capture and store images was developed by Kodak engineer Steven Sasson in 1975. He used a charge-coupled device (CCD) provided by Fairchild Semiconductor,

This is a document about Digital photography
  While digital photography has only relatively recently become mainstream, the late 20th century saw many small developments leading to its creation. The history of digital photography as we know it began in the 1950s. In 1951, the first digital signals were saved to magnetic tape via the first video tape recorder. Six years later, in 1957, the first digital image was produced through a computer by Russell Kirsch. It was an image of his son. The metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) process, invented by engineers Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, led to the development of digital semiconductor image sensors, including

This is a document about Digital photography
  kg), recorded black and white images to a cassette tape, had a resolution of 0.01 megapixels (10,000 pixels), and took 23 seconds to capture its first image in December 1975. The prototype camera was a technical exercise, not intended for production. While it was not until 1981 that the first consumer camera was produced by Sony, Inc., the groundwork for digital imaging and photography had been laid. The first digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera was the Nikon SVC prototype demonstrated in 1986, followed by the commercial Nikon QV-1000C released in 1988. The first widely commercially available digital camera was the 1990

This is a document about Photographic film
  Film remained the dominant form of photography until the early 21st century, when advances in digital photography drew consumers to digital formats. The first consumer electronic camera, the Sony Mavica was released in 1981, the first digital camera, the Fuji DS-X released in 1989, coupled with advances in software such as Adobe Photoshop which was released in 1989, improvements in consumer level digital color printers and increasingly widespread computers in households during the late 20th century facilitated uptake of digital photography by consumers. The initial take up of digital cameras in the 1990s was slow due to their high cost and relatively low resolution of the images

This is a document about Digital single-lens reflex camera
   In 1969, Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith invented the first successful imaging technology using a digital sensor, a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device). CCD would allow the rapid development of digital photography. For their contribution to digital photography Boyle and Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009. In 1975 Kodak engineer Steven Sasson invented the first digital still camera, which used a Fairchild 100×100 pixel CCD. On August 25, 1981, Sony unveiled a prototype of the Sony Mavica. This camera was an analogue electronic camera that featured interchangeable lenses and an SLR viewfinder. At Photokina in 1986, Japanese

This is a document about Timeline of photography technology
  – Photo CD created by Kodak. ; 1993–95 – The Jet Propulsion Laboratory develops devices using CMOS or active pixel sensors. ; 1994 – Nikon introduces the first optical-stabilized lens. ; 1995 – "Kodak DC40 and the Apple QuickTake 100 become the first digital cameras marketed for consumers." ; 1996 – Eastman Kodak, FujiFilm, AgfaPhoto, and Konica introduce the Advanced Photo System (APS). ; 1997 – first known publicly shared picture via a cell phone, by Philippe Kahn. ; 2000 – J-SH04 introduced by J-Phone, the first commercially available mobile phone with a camera that can take and share still pictures. ; 2005

This is a document about Photography
  In 1981, Sony unveiled the first consumer camera to use a charge-coupled device for imaging, eliminating the need for film: the Sony Mavica. While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital. The first digital camera to both record and save images in a digital format was the Fujix DS-1P created by Fujfilm in 1988. In 1991, Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first commercially available digital single lens reflex camera. Although its high cost precluded uses other than photojournalism and professional photography, commercial digital photography was born. Digital imaging uses an electronic image sensor to record the image as a set of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. An important difference between digital and chemical photography is that chemical photography resists photo manipulation because it involves film and photographic paper, while digital imaging is a highly manipulative medium. This difference allows for a degree of image post-processing that is comparatively difficult in film-based photography and permits different communicative potentials and applications. Digital photography dominates the 21st century. More than 99% of photographs taken around the world are through digital cameras, increasingly through smartphones.

This is a document about History of the camera
   By the late 1980s, the technology required to produce truly commercial digital cameras existed. The first true portable digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was likely the Fuji DS-1P of 1988, which recorded to a 2 MB SRAM (static RAM) memory card that used a battery to keep the data in memory. This camera was never marketed to the public. The first digital camera of any kind ever sold commercially was possibly the MegaVision Tessera in 1987 though there is not extensive documentation of its sale known. The first portable digital camera that was actually marketed commercially was sold in December 1989 in Japan, the DS-X byFuji The first commercially available portable digital camera in the United States was the Dycam Model 1, first shipped in November 1990. It was originally a commercial failure because it was black-and-white, low in resolution, and cost nearly $1,000. It later saw modest success when it was re-sold as the Logitech Fotoman in 1992. It used a CCD image sensor, stored pictures digitally, and connected directly to a computer for download.

This is a document about Camera
  and store and delete images from memory. Most digital cameras can also record moving videos with sound. Some digital cameras can crop and stitch pictures and perform other elementary image editing. Consumers adopted digital cameras in the 1990s. Professional video cameras transitioned to digital around the 2000s–2010s. Finally, movie cameras transitioned to digital in the 2010s. The first camera using digital electronics to capture and store images was developed by Kodak engineer Steven Sasson in 1975. He used a charge-coupled device (CCD) provided by Fairchild Semiconductor, which provided only 0.01 megapixels to capture images. Sasson combined the CCD device with movie camera parts to create a digital camera that saved black and white images onto a cassette

This is a document about Apple QuickTake
  Kodak had been developing CCD-based digital cameras since the mid-1970s, when Steve Sasson built a toaster-sized experimental model that recorded data to a cassette tape; the first digital photograph was captured at a resolution of 100 pixels square in December 1975. However, the first electronic still cameras to be marketed were shown early as 1981, when Sony demonstrated the prototype Pro Mavica. These early filmless cameras recorded still video frames instead of creating digital files; the Pro Mavica recorded its still frames on a proprietary floppy disk. By the late 1980s, the technologies were beginning to converge and mature; Fuji showed the DS-1P, a still video camera that stored its images

This is a document about Analog-to-digital timeline
  recording of Colonel Bogey's March. ; 1954, digital voltmeter replaces analog galvanometer. ; 1970, Watch: Pulsar (watch) helped Hamilton Watch Company make real the prototype for the digital watch that Hamilton Watch Co. designed for the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey. The watch was completed in 1972 and sold for US$2,100.Watch ; 1973, Telephone service: The first digital phone message was relayed over the ARPANET system. ; December 1975, Still image: Kodak engineer Steven Sasson creates the first digital camera, weighing eight pounds and saving images to a cassette tape. Exposure time was 23 seconds. Digital camera ; 1979 (?), Compact Disc ; 1982, Video recording: The first digital video technology was made available. ; March

This is a document about Digital camera
  The basis for digital camera image sensors is metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology, which originates from the invention of the MOSFET (MOS field-effect transistor) by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. This led to the development of digital semiconductor image sensors, including the charge-coupled device (CCD) and later the CMOS sensor. The first semiconductor image sensor was the charge-coupled dlol, invented by Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith at Bell Labs in 1969, based on MOS capacitor technology. The NMOS active-pixel sensor was later invented by Tsutomu Nakamura's team at Olympus in 1985, which led to

This is a document about History of the camera
  ever built. The Cromemco Cyclops, introduced as a hobbyist construction project in 1975, was the first digital camera to be interfaced to a microcomputer. Its image sensor was a modified metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) dynamic RAM (DRAM) memory chip. The first recorded attempt at building a self-contained digital camera was in 1975 by Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak. It used the then-new solid-state CCD image sensor chips developed by Fairchild Semiconductor in 1973. The camera weighed 8 pounds (3.6 kg), recorded black-and-white images to a compact cassette tape, had a resolution of 0.01 megapixels (10,000 pixels), and took 23 seconds to capture its first image in December 1975. The prototype camera was a technical exercise, not intended for production.

The first digital camera was developed by Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak in 1975. However, the first commercially available digital camera was the Cromemco Cyclops, which was introduced in 1975 as well.


Question: who sang vocals on saturday in the park

Answer: Robert Lamm

This is a document about Saturday in the Park (song)
 Saturday in the Park (song) "Saturday in the Park" is a song written by Robert Lamm and recorded by the group Chicago for their 1972 album "Chicago V". "Saturday in the Park" was very successful upon release, reaching on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming the band's highest-charting single at the time, helping lift the album to . "Billboard" ranked it as the No. 76 song for 1972. The single was certified Gold by the RIAA, selling over 1,000,000 units in the U.S. alone. According to fellow Chicago member Walter Parazaider, Lamm was inspired to write the song during the recording

This is a document about A Roller Skating Jam Named "Saturdays"
  as well as a prominent sample of "Saturday in the Park" originally recorded by American rock band Chicago. Posdnuos and Dave of the group rap verses on the track, and other musical contributions are made by rapper Q-Tip, who raps the first verse of the track and vocalist Vinia Mojica, who sings between verses. The intro of the song features Def Jam co-founder Russell Simmons - in non-musical capacity - as a DJ from fictional radio station "WRMS". The song is considered a collaboration from the Native Tongues posse, as De La Soul, Q-Tip and Mojica are all members. The themes of the song's lyrics revolve around roller skating

This is a document about Saturday in the Park (song)
  "Saturday in the Park" is a song written by Robert Lamm and recorded by the group Chicago for their 1972 album Chicago V.

This is a document about Saturday in the Park (music festival)
  Saturday in the Park is one of the premier festivals in the upper Midwest and is best known for its eclectic mixture of musical traditions. Live music acts are offered throughout the day at one of several stages located within the park. Saturday in the Park features both local and nationally known music talent from a variety of different music genres, with a special emphasis on American roots music such as blues, zydeco, and Cajun, along with other genres such as Ska. Notable performers have included Sublime With Rome, The Dirty Heads, Carlos Santana, Steve Winwood, Michael Franti, the Neville Brothers, B.B. King, Ziggy Marley, Dickey Betts and Great

This is a document about Saturday in the Park (song)
  "Saturday in the Park" was very successful upon release, reaching on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band's highest-charting single at the time, helping lift the album to. Billboard ranked it as the No. 76 song for 1972. The single was certified Gold by the RIAA, selling over 1,000,000 units in the U.S. alone. According to fellow Chicago member Walter Parazaider, Lamm was inspired to write the song during the recording of Chicago III in New York City on Saturday, July 4, 1970: "Robert came back to the hotel from Central Park very excited after seeing the steel drum players, singers, dancers, and jugglers. I said, 'Man, it's time to put music to

This is a document about Saturday in the Park (song)
  the activities we observe and the feelings we get from feeling a part of a day like that." In the studio version of the song, the line "singing Italian songs" is followed by "Eh Cumpari" (the title of a song made famous by Julius La Rosa in 1953), and then Italian-sounding nonsense words, rendered in the printed lyrics as "?". Piano, guitar, and vocal sheet music arrangements have often read "improvised Italian lyrics" in parentheses after this line. However, in a film of Chicago performing "Saturday in the Park" at the Arie Crown Theater in Chicago in 1972, Robert Lamm clearly sings, "Eh Cumpari, ci vo sunari," the first line of "Eh, Cumpari!".

This is a document about Van Dyke Parks
  Van Dyke Parks (born January 3, 1943) is an American musician, songwriter, arranger, and record producer who has composed various film and television soundtracks. He is best known for his 1967 album Song Cycle and for his collaborations with Brian Wilson and the Beach Boys (particularly their unfinished album Smile). In addition to producing or arranging albums by Randy Newman, Harry Nilsson, Phil Ochs, Little Feat, Happy End, Ry Cooder and Joanna Newsom, Parks has worked with performers such as Syd Straw, Ringo Starr, U2, Grizzly Bear, Inara George, Kimbra, Suzy Williams and Silverchair. Born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Parks spent his childhood studying clarinet, piano, and singing at the American Boychoir School in Princeton, New Jersey. He started his professional career as a

This is a document about Chicago V
  the last album not to have any compositions from Peter Cetera during his tenure in the band. Recorded just before Chicago at Carnegie Hall was released in late 1971, Chicago V was cut in just over a week and held over for release until the following summer. Released shortly before the album, the single "Saturday in the Park" was the band's biggest hit to that point, reaching No. 3 in the US. Chicago V was critically acclaimed and became Chicago's first No.1 album, spending nine weeks atop the charts in the US. In the UK, the release managed to reach No. 24. The follow-up single

This is a document about Gold Diggers of 1933
  The film contains four song and dance sequences designed, staged and choreographed by Busby Berkeley. All the songs were written by Harry Warren and Al Dubin. (In the film, when producer Barney Hopkins hears Brad's music he picks up the phone and says: "Cancel my contract with Warren and Dubin!") "We're in the Money" is sung by Ginger Rogers accompanied by scantily-clad showgirls dancing with giant coins. Rogers sings one verse in Pig Latin. During filming, Berkeley overheard Rogers speaking in Pig Latin, and immediately decided to add a Pig Latin verse to the song. "Pettin' in the Park" is sung by Ruby Keeler and Dick Powell. It includes a tap dance

This is a document about Stevie Wonder Live
 Stevie Wonder - vocals; clavinet on "Shoo-Be-Doo-Bee-Doo-Da-Day"; Italian vocals on "A Place in the Sun"; drum solo on "Ca' Purange" ; Scott Regen - M.C.

This is a document about The Pleasure Fair
 The Pleasure Fair - Robb Royer - Michele Cochrane - Tim Hallinan - Steve Cohn ; Producer, Arranger and Conductor - David Gates ; Engineer - Allan Todd ; Original Cover Photography - Fred Seligo ; Original Cover Design - Bernard Yeszin Graphics The Pleasure Fair - Uni Records, 1967 1. "Stay Around For The Good Times" (R. Royer - T. Hallinan - S. Cohn) 2. "Turnaway" (R. Royer - T. Hallinan - S. Cohn) 3. "Come To The Sunshine" (Van Dyke Parks) 4. "Nursery Rhyme" (R. Royer - T. Hallinan - S. Cohn) 5. "Remember Who I Am" (R. Royer - T. Hallinan - S. Cohn) 6. "Barefoot In The Park" (Johnny Mercer - Neal Hefti) 7. "Morning Glory Days" (R. Royer - T. Hallinan - S. Cohn) 8. "Fade In Fade Out" (R. Royer - T. Hallinan - S. Cohn) 9. "East West" (Graham Gouldman) 10. "The Things We Said Today" (John Lennon - Paul McCartney) 11. "Talk" (D. Gere - S. Cohn) 12. "Put It Out Of Your Mind" (R. Royer - T. Hallinan - S. Cohn)

This is a document about Wild Wild Life
 vocals on "People Like Us (Movie Version)" by John Goodman

This is a document about Song Cycle (album)
 Van Dyke Parks – main performer, vocals ; Additional musicians and production staff Lenny Waronker – producer ; Ron Elliott, Dick Rosmini – guitar ; Misha Goodatieff – violin ; Virginia Majewski – viola ; Carl Fortina – accordion ; Nicolai Bolin, Vasil Crlenica, William Nadel, Allan Reuss, Leon Stewart, Tommy Tedesco – balalaika ; Don Bagley, Gregory Bemko, Chuck Berghofer, Harry Bluestone, Samuel Boghossian, Dennis Budimir, Joseph Ditullio, Jesse Ehrlich, Nathan Gershman, Philip Goldberg, Armand Kaproff, William Kurasch, Leonard Malarsky, Jerome Reisler, Red Rhodes, Trefoni Rizzi, Lyle Ritz, Joseph Saxon, Ralph Schaffer, Leonard Selic, Frederick Seykora, Darrel Terwilliger, Bob West – strings ; Gayle Levant – harp ; Norman Benno, Arthur Briegleb, Vincent DeRosa, George Fields, William Green, Jim Horn, Dick Hyde, Jay Migliori, Tommy Morgan, Ted Nash, Richard Perissi, Thomas Scott, Thomas Shepard – woodwind ; Billie J. Barnum, Gerri Engeman, Karen Gunderson, James and Vanessa Hendricks, Durrie and Gaile Parks, Julia E. Rinker, Paul Jay Robbins, Nik Woods – choir ; Hal Blaine, Gary Coleman, Jim Gordon, Earl Palmer – percussion ; Steve Young – folk ("Vine Street" introduction tape)

This is a document about Ed Summerlin
  about Curious George (Caedmon, TC 1420; 1973) – read by Julie Harris; background music composed and conducted by Ed Summerlin. ; 'Curious George Reads the Alphabet,' and other stories about Curious George (Caedmon, TC 1421; 1973) – read by Julie Harris; music composed and conducted by Ed Summerlin. ; Whoever heard of a Fird? (Caedmon, TC 1735; 1984) – Othello Bach story performed by Joel Grey; arranged and conducted by Ed Summerlin. Saturday in the Park and Other Songs Made Famous by Chicago (RCA Camden, 1973) With Freddie Hubbard With Steve Kuhn and Toshiko Akiyoshi With Caedmon Records With The Rock Generation

This is a document about The Smile Sessions
 Brian Wilson's lead vocals for "I'm in Great Shape" and "Barnyard" are taken from his and Van Dyke Parks' piano demo of "Heroes and Villains" (which includes the other two songs), recorded on November 4, 1966 for KHJ Radio and featured in full as track 36 on Disc Two in the 5-CD box set edition. The vocals were stripped from the demo and laid on the existing backing tracks, comprising instrumentation, backing vocals and animal noises by the band. ; "The Elements: Fire" contains wordless vocals that were recorded for "Fall Breaks and Back to Winter" on June 29, 1967. ;

This is a document about Barry Mann
  Broadway" – The Drifters, George Benson (written with Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller) ; "Once Upon a Time in New York City" – (written with Howard Ashman for Oliver and Company) ; "Only in America" – Jay and the Americans ; "Proud" – Johnny Crawford ; "Rock and Roll Lullaby" – B. J. Thomas ; "Saturday Night at the Movies" – The Drifters ; "Shades of Gray" and "Love is Only Sleeping" – The Monkees ; "Shape of Things to Come" – Max Frost and the Troopers ; "She's Over Me" – Teddy Pendergrass ; "Something Better" – Marianne Faithfull (written with Gerry Goffin) ; "Somewhere Out There" – Linda

This is a document about Johnny Mathis Sings
 1) "Saturday Sunshine" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) – 2:36 ; 2) "Lovers in New York" (Jay Livingston, Ray Evans, Henry Mancini) – 3:03 ; 3) "Eleanor Rigby" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 2:55 ; 4) "Sunny" (Bobby Hebb) – 4:19 ; 5) "Who Can I Turn To?" from The Roar of the Greasepaint—the Smell of the Crowd (Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley) – 2:40 ; 6) "Strangers in the Night" (Bert Kaempfert, Charles Singleton, Eddie Snyder) – 3:30

This is a document about Halcyon Days (Bruce Hornsby album)
  vocals (3) Peter Harris – orchestra arrangements (3, 7) ; John "J. T." Thomas – orchestra arrangements (11) ; Kurt Muroki and Satosh Okamoto – double bass ; Elizabeth Dyson, Jeanne LeBlanc, Elieen Moon and Sarah Seiver – cello ; David Creswell, Karen Dreyfus, Dawn Hannay, Vivek Kamath, Sue Prey and Robert Reinhart – viola ; Duoming Ba, Maryia Borozina, Jeanne Ingraham, Lisa Kim, Myung-Hi Kim, Sarah Kim, Soohyun Kwon, Matt Lehmann, Ayano Ninomiya, Suzanne Ornstein, Sandra Park, Dan Reed, Michael Roth, Laura Seaton, Fiona Simon, Paul Woodiel, Sharon Yamada and Jung Sun Yoo – violin  Orchestra (on "Dreamland", "Hooray for Tom" and "Lost in the Snow")

This is a document about No Pier Pressure
  keyboards on “Runaway Dancer” ; Al Jardine – lead vocals, background vocals ; Blondie Chaplin – lead vocals, background vocals ; Zooey Deschanel – lead vocals, background vocals on “On The Island” ; Peter Hollens – lead vocals and background vocals on “Our Special Love” ; Kacey Musgraves – lead vocals, background vocals on “Guess You Had To Be There” ; Nate Ruess – lead vocals and background vocals on “Saturday Night” ; M. Ward – acoustic guitar ; David Marks – electric guitar ; Mark Isham – flugelhorn and trumpet on “This Beautiful Day” and “Half Moon Bay” From the album's liner notes. The Brian Wilson Band Guests Additional musicians • Thom Griffin – background vocals

This is a document about The Very Best of Chicago: Only the Beginning
 1) "25 or 6 to 4" (Lamm) – 4:50 ; 2) "Saturday in the Park" (Lamm) – 3:56 ; 3) "Questions 67 and 68" (Lamm) – 4:52 ; 4) * Same edit as American issue ; 5) "I'm a Man" (Miller, Winwood) – 5:44 ; 6) * Same edit as American issue ; 7) "Stay the Night" (Cetera, Foster) – 3:50 ; 8) "Only You" (Foster, Pankow) – 3:54 ; 9) * Originally issued on Chicago 17 ; 10) "Dialogue (Part I & II)" (Lamm) – 5:00 ; 11) * Single version ; 12) "Old Days" (Pankow) – 3:31 ; 13) "Beginnings" (Lamm) – 6:26 ; 14) * Same edit as American issue ; 15) "Lowdown" (Cetera, Seraphine) – 3:34 ; 16) "Another

The original version of "Saturday in the Park" by Chicago was sung by Robert Lamm. In the rap version by Posdnuos and Q-Tip of De La Soul, they provide the vocals.


Question: where did the us build a canal in latin america

Answer: Panama

This is a document about Latin America–United States relations
 building of the Panama Canal absorbed American attention from 1903. The US facilitated a revolt that made Panama independent and set up the Panama Canal Zone as an American owned and operated district that was finally returned to Panama in 1979. The Canal opened in 1914 and proved a major factor in world trade. The United States paid special attention to protection of the military approaches to the Panama Canal, including threats by Germany. Repeatedly it seized temporary control of the finances of several countries, especially Haiti and Nicaragua. The Mexican Revolution started in 1911; it alarmed American business interests

This is a document about Panama during World War II
 assistance, but in return for the rights to build military infrastructure within Panamanian territory, the United States undertook large-scale public works projects, which did much to modernize the country and boost the economy. According to Thomas M. Leonard's "Latin America during World War II", the war had a major impact on the Panamanian economy. Commercial transit through the canal dropped more than a third between 1940 and 1945, resulting in a two-thirds decrease in toll revenues. In contrast, Panama's domestic production rose, due to an increased demand caused by the war. Production of sugar, milk, and slaughtered cattle nearly doubled

This is a document about Latin America during World War II
 the Panama Canal, combat Axis influence, and optimize the production of goods for the war effort, the United States through Lend-Lease and similar programs greatly expanded its interests in Latin America, resulting in large-scale modernization and a major economic boost for the countries that participated. Strategically, Panama was the most important Latin American nation for the Allies because of the Panama Canal, which provided a link between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans that was vital to both commerce and defense. Brazil was also of great importance because of its having the closest point in the Americas to Africa where the

This is a document about Otto Reich
 in the US Army in the Panama Canal Zone. He was awarded the US Army's Commendation Medal. After receiving an M.A. in Latin American Studies from Georgetown University in 1973, Reich worked as a staff assistant in the U.S. House of Representatives, an international representative for the Florida Department of Commerce, Community Development Coordinator for the City of Miami, and later Washington Director of the Council of the Americas. From 1981 to 1983, Reich was Assistant Administrator of the US Agency for International Development (USAID) in charge of US economic assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean. In 1991 and

This is a document about Henry Flagler
 Gilded Age. By 1905, Flagler decided that his Florida East Coast Railway should be extended from Biscayne Bay to Key West, a point past the end of the Florida peninsula. At the time, Key West was Florida's most populous city, with a population of 20,000, and it was also the United States' deep water port closest to the canal that the U.S. government proposed to build in Panama. Flagler wanted to take advantage of additional trade with Cuba and Latin America as well as the increased trade with the west that the Panama Canal would bring. In 1912, the Florida

This is a document about Latin America
 the Central American region. The port city of Veracruz, Mexico and France's desire to construct a new canal were of particular interest. Bridging both New World and East Asian trade routes to the Atlantic were key to Napoleon III's economic goals to the mining of precious rocks and the expansion of France's textile industry. Napoleon's fear of the United States' economic influence over the Pacific trade region, and in turn all New World economic activity, pushed France to intervene in Mexico under the pretense of collecting on Mexico's debt. Eventually France began plans to build the Panama Canal in 1881

This is a document about Panama Canal
 was abandoned in April 1700. Numerous canals were built in other countries in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The success of the Erie Canal in the United States in the 1820s and the collapse of the Spanish Empire in Latin America led to a surge of American interest in building an inter-oceanic canal. Beginning in 1826, US officials began negotiations with Gran Colombia (present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama), hoping to gain a concession for the building of a canal. Jealous of their newly obtained independence and fearing that they would be dominated by an American presence, the

This is a document about Panama Canal Zone
 of the Erie Canal in the United States and the collapse of the Spanish Empire in Latin America led to a surge of American interest in building an interoceanic canal. Beginning in 1826, US officials began negotiations with Gran Colombia (present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama), hoping to gain a concession for the building of a canal. Jealous of their newly obtained independence and fearing that they would be dominated by an American presence, the president Simón Bolívar and New Granadan officials declined American offers. The new nation was politically unstable, and Panama rebelled several times during the 19th century.

This is a document about Western Caribbean Zone
 who were of a wide variety of origins, pushed into British Honduras and Honduras. In the case of British Honduras they came to form a significant portion of the population, and many were employed in the logging and other industries. Several attempts to build a Panama Canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific side of Central America failed before US interests acquired the French project and lands in 1902. In constructing the canal, the US builders employed thousands of workers from the British Caribbean, especially Jamaica and Barbados. As a result of this immigration, an English-speaking community grew up in

This is a document about Culebra Cut
 of the canal to shipping, and in particular the strategic interests of the United States of America. "Culebra" is the name for the mountain ridge it cuts through and was also originally applied to the cut itself. From 1915 to 2000 the cut was named "Gaillard Cut" after US Major David du Bose Gaillard, who had led the excavation. After the canal handover to Panama in 2000, the name was changed back to "Culebra". The excavation of the Culebra Cut was begun by a French venture, led by Ferdinand de Lesseps, which was attempting to build a sea-level canal between

This is a document about Afro-Latin Americans
 Nicaragua, are of Garífuna, Afro-Caribbean and/or Mestizo heritage, as well as of Miskito heritage. Those of Costa Rica and Panama are mostly of Afro-Caribbean heritage. Many Afro-Caribbean islanders arrived in Panama to help build the Panama Canal and to Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica to work in the banana and sugar-cane plantations. "Note: Common definitions of Latin America do not include Belize" Belizean culture is a mix of African, European, and Mayan but only 21% of the population is considered to be of African descent. The main community of African descent are the Creoles and Garifuna concentrated from the

This is a document about Banana Wars
 interventions as almost exclusively the preservation of petty U.S. commercial interests in the region. Most prominently, the US was advancing its economic, political, and military interests to maintain its sphere of influence and securing the Panama Canal (opened in 1914) which it had recently built to promote global trade and to project its own naval power. US companies such as the United Fruit Company also had financial stakes in the production of bananas, tobacco, sugar cane, and other commodities throughout the Caribbean, Central America and northern South America. Other Latin American nations were influenced or dominated by American economic policies

This is a document about Coco Solo
 the civilian employees of the Panama Canal as a residential area. The nearby Galeta Island U.S. Navy communications facility continued in operation as well. After the turnover of the Panama Canal to Panamanians in 1999, US military activity ceased at both Coco Solo and Galeta Island. Coco Solo is now the site of two container terminals: Colon Container Terminal and Manzanillo International Terminal, which is the busiest container port in Latin America. Coco Solo Coco Solo was a United States Navy submarine base and naval air station, active from 1918 to the 1960s. It was established May 6, 1918. The

This is a document about William Borah
 and stated he would not support confirmation of the first commissioners. The Clayton Antitrust Act, Borah opined, was merely a means by which Congress could appear to be dealing with the trusts without actually doing so. In 1913 and early 1914, Borah clashed with Wilson and his Secretary of State, Bryan, over Latin American policy. Borah believed that there was an ongoing temptation for the U.S. to expand into Latin America, which the construction of the Panama Canal had made worse. If the U.S. did so, the local population would have to be subjugated or incorporated into the American political

This is a document about History of Latin America
 Cuba and the United States signed the Platt Amendment in 1902, which authorized the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs when the United States deemed necessary. In Colombia, United States sought the concession of a territory in Panama to build a much anticipated canal across the isthmus. The Colombian government opposed this, but a Panamanian insurrection provided the United States with an opportunity. The United States backed Panamanian independence and the new nation granted the concession. These were not the only interventions carried out in the region by the United States. In the first decades of the twentieth century,

This is a document about Mark Falcoff
 the University of Illinois and the University of Oregon and lectured at several universities. The focus of Falcoff's work is Latin America and related US policies. He has authored numerous publication on subjects ranging from the causes of the Juan Perón period of Argentine politics to the controversial US handover of the Panama Canal to Panama. Many of his books are published in conjunction with AEI; the latest of these is "Cuba the Morning After: Confronting Castro's Legacy", which attempts to challenge common assumptions pertaining to Cuba-United States relations and the impact on Cuba of Fidel Castro's eventual demise. In

This is a document about Howard Air Force Base
 of the Panama Canal Zone watershed, although Panama City could be reached by crossing the nearby Bridge of the Americas. For over 50 years, Howard Air Force Base was the bastion of US air power in Central and South America. In its heyday, it was the center for counter-drug operations, military and humanitarian airlift, contingencies, joint-nation exercises, and search and rescue. It was the hub of Air Force operations in Latin America, boasting fighters, cargo planes, tankers, airborne warning and control system aircraft, operational support airlift "executive" jets, and search and rescue helicopters. It was also home to a host

This is a document about Operation Condor
 in Condor "[kept] in touch with one another through a U.S. communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone which cover[ed] all of Latin America". Davalos reportedly said that the installation was "employed to co-ordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries". White feared that the US connection to Condor might be publicly revealed at a time when the assassination in the U.S.A. of Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier and his American assistant Ronni Moffitt was being investigated. White cabled Vance that "it would seem advisable to review this arrangement to insure that its continuation is in US interest." J. Patrice

This is a document about Robert White (ambassador)
 chiefs involved in Condor ""keep in touch with one another through a U.S. communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone which covers all of Latin America"". This installation was "employed to co-ordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries". White, whose message was sent to Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, was concerned that the US connection to Condor might be revealed during the then ongoing investigation into the deaths of Orlando Letelier and his American colleague, Ronni Moffitt. "It would seem advisable", he suggests, "to review this arrangement to ensure that its continuation is in US interest". In 1980–81, he

The United States built a canal in Panama.


Question: who was president when we walked on the moon

Answer: Richard Nixon

This is a document about Apollo 11
 had to do on the Moon the one I wanted to go the smoothest was the flag raising." But the astronauts struggled with the telescoping rod and could only jam the pole a couple of inches (5 cm) into the hard lunar surface. Aldrin was afraid it might topple in front of TV viewers. But he gave "a crisp West Point salute". Before Aldrin could take a photo of Armstrong with the flag, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House." Nixon originally had

This is a document about Stolen and missing Moon rocks
 Rock was given to Irish President Erskine Childers who later died in office. When the widow of President Childers, Rita Dudley Childers, requested the rock as a keepsake of her late husband, the former first lady’s request was denied, as the Irish Government reasoned the Irish Goodwill Moon Rock belonged to the people of Ireland and not just to one individual. AP reporter Ken Ritter wrote that the Nicaragua Apollo 11 Moon Rock "given by then-President Richard Nixon to former Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Garcia would have been pilfered by a Costa Rican mercenary soldier-turned Contra rebel, traded to a

This is a document about List of Scottish Americans
  aviator and astronaut, first man to walk on the moon in 1969 on Apollo 11. First mission into space was Gemini 8 in 1966. ; Chester A. Arthur, American president ; John S. Barbour Jr. ; Maryanne Trump Barry, Judge ; Alan Bean, astronaut and fourth person to walk on the moon in 1969 on Apollo 12 ; James B. Beck ; Austin Blair ; Sherrod Brown, Democratic Senator of Ohio ; Jim Bowie, frontiersman and a defender of the Alamo ; Omar N. Bradley, general ; John Breathitt ; George A. Bruce ; Albert Bryant Jr. ; Bay Buchanan ;

This is a document about List of fictional United States presidencies of historical figures (K–L)
  In the alternate history novel Voyage by Stephen Baxter, John Kennedy was the victim of an assassination attempt in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. While Kennedy survived, his wife Jacqueline Kennedy was killed and he was left crippled and incapacitated. His condition forced him to resign and Lyndon B. Johnson became the 36th President. Richard Nixon was elected in 1968 and, on July 20, 1969, he conducted a widely broadcast phone call with the Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Joe Muldoon, the first men to set foot on the Moon. During the phone call, former President Kennedy committed the United

This is a document about Apollo 13
  In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy challenged his nation to land an astronaut on the Moon by the end of the decade, with a safe return to Earth. NASA worked towards this goal incrementally, sending astronauts into space during Project Mercury and Project Gemini, leading up to the Apollo program. The goal was achieved with Apollo 11, which landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the lunar surface while Michael Collins orbited the Moon in Command Module Columbia. The mission returned to Earth on July 24, 1969, fulfilling Kennedy's challenge. NASA had contracted for fifteen Saturn V rockets to achieve the goal; at the time no one knew how

This is a document about Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins
   In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy challenged his nation to land an astronaut on the Moon by the end of the decade, with a safe return to Earth. The U.S. space agency, NASA, worked towards this goal incrementally, sending astronauts into space during Project Mercury and Project Gemini, leading up to the Apollo program. NASA achieved its goal with Apollo 11, which landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the lunar surface while Michael Collins orbited the Moon. The mission returned to Earth on July 24, 1969, fulfilling Kennedy's challenge. About an hour and a half after Armstrong first set foot on the lunar surface, Aldrin performed the Boot Print Soil Mechanics Experiment. He photographed an undisturbed area of the surface, then made two bootprints and photographed

This is a document about Jim Gray (sportscaster)
  Clinton, G.W. Bush, Obama, Trump, and Biden. He has also interviewed other world figures such as South African President Nelson Mandela, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, U.S. Secretaries of State Madeleine Albright, Condoleezza Rice, Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, and the first man to walk on the moon, Neil Armstrong, and the last man on the moon, Gene Cernan, and the first American in outer space, John Glenn. Gray started his career as a video tape editor and sports reporter in Denver at KBTV (now KUSA) the ABC affiliate (at the time), from 1977 to 1981. In 1981 Gray moved to Philadelphia working for

This is a document about Lunar plaque
 Apollo 11 plaque inscription: "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind" in capital letters. The statement "We came in peace for all mankind" is derived from the 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Act's declaration of policy and purpose: ; "The Congress hereby declares that it is the policy of the United States that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind." (Signatures: Neil A. Armstrong; Michael Collins; Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.; Richard Nixon, President, United States of America) Apollo 12 plaque inscription: Apollo 12 November 1969 (Signatures: Charles

This is a document about International Lunar Resources Exploration Concept
  On July 20, 1989, the 20th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing, George H. W. Bush — then President of the United States — announced plans for what came to be known as the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI). In a speech on the steps of the National Air and Space Museum he described plans calling for constructing Space Station Freedom, sending humans back to the Moon "to stay" and ultimately sending astronauts to explore Mars. He proposed not a 10-year Apollo-style plan, but a long-range continuing commitment based on the three above elements, ending with "a journey into tomorrow – a journey to another planet – a manned mission to Mars." The President noted it was humanity's destiny to explore, and America's destiny to lead. He

This is a document about Voyage (novel)
  The book tells the story in flashbacks during the actual Mars mission of the chronicalised history until the mission's beginning. The point of divergence for this alternate timeline happens on 22 November 1963, where John F. Kennedy survived the assassination (Jacqueline Kennedy was killed, hence the renaming of the Kennedy Space Center as the Jacqueline B. Kennedy Space Center), but was crippled and thus incapacitated, as Lyndon B. Johnson is still sworn in. On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Joe Muldoon walk on the Moon, and Nixon's "most historic phone call" is joined by a call from former President Kennedy, committing

This is a document about Moon landing conspiracy theories in popular culture
 Former President Bill Clinton in his 2004 autobiography, My Life, states: "Just a month before, Apollo 11 astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong had left their colleague, Michael Collins, aboard spaceship Columbia and walked on the moon...The old carpenter asked me if I really believed it happened. I said sure, I saw it on television. He disagreed; he said that he didn't believe it for a minute, that 'them television fellers' could make things look real that weren't. Back then, I thought he was a crank. During my eight years in Washington, I saw some things on TV that made me wonder if he wasn't ahead of his time." ; Norman Mailer in 1969 wrote: "Besides - the event [Apollo 11

This is a document about Presidency of Richard Nixon
   After a nearly decade-long national effort, the United States won the race to land astronauts on the moon on July 20, 1969, with the flight of Apollo 11. Nixon spoke with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin during their moonwalk, calling the conversation "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House". Nixon, however, was unwilling to keep funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the high level seen through the 1960s, and rejected NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine's ambitious plans for the establishment of a permanent base on the moon by the end of the 1970s and the launch of a crewed expedition to Mars in the 1980s. On May 24, 1972, Nixon approved a five-year cooperative program between NASA and the Soviet space program, culminating in the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint mission of an American Apollo and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft in 1975.

This is a document about Moon
  Moon in 1969 is seen by many as the culmination of the Space Race.  Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon as the commander of the American mission Apollo 11 by first setting foot on the Moon at 02:56 UTC on 21 July 1969. An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched the transmission by the Apollo TV camera, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time. The Apollo missions 11 to 17 (except Apollo 13, which aborted its planned lunar landing) removed 837.87 lb of lunar rock and soil in 2,196 separate samples. The American Moon landing and return was enabled by considerable technological advances in the early 1960s, in domains such as ablation

This is a document about List of crewed spacecraft
 United States three person lunar-capable spacecraft. 15 flights; including nine lunar missions (with six lunar landings). It was the Apollo spacecraft that enabled America to win the Space Race. In December 1968, Apollo 8 was the first crewed spacecraft to orbit the Moon. On 21 July 1969, Neil Armstrong, the Commander of Apollo 11, and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon. The Apollo Spacecraft comprised: ; The Apollo command and service module (1968–1975), three person Earth and lunar orbital craft ; The Apollo Lunar Module (1969–1972), two person lunar lander

This is a document about Buzz Aldrin
  words after he set foot on the Moon were "Beautiful view", to which Armstrong asked "Isn't that something? Magnificent sight out here." Aldrin answered, "Magnificent desolation." Aldrin and Armstrong had trouble erecting the Lunar Flag Assembly, but with some effort secured it into the surface. Aldrin saluted the flag and Armstrong took an iconic photo of the scene. Aldrin positioned himself in front of the video camera and began experimenting with different locomotion methods to move about the lunar surface to aid future moonwalkers. During these experiments, President Nixon called the duo to congratulate them on the successful landing. Nixon closed with, "Thank

This is a document about NASA
  The first person to walk on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who was followed 19 minutes later by Buzz Aldrin, while Michael Collins orbited above. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. Throughout these six Apollo spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon. These missions returned a wealth of scientific data and 381.7 kg of lunar samples. Topics covered by experiments performed included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismology, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind. The Moon landing marked the end of the space race; and as a gesture, Armstrong mentioned mankind when he stepped down on the Moon. Apollo set major milestones in

This is a document about Apollo program
  In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense. Up to the election of 1960, Kennedy had been speaking out against the "missile gap" that he and many other senators felt had developed between the Soviet Union and the United States due to the inaction of President Eisenhower. Beyond military power, Kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of national prestige, pledging to make the US not "first but, first and, first if, but first period". Despite Kennedy's rhetoric, he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the Apollo program once he became president. He knew little

This is a document about Neil Armstrong
   When Pete Conrad of Apollo 12 became the third man to walk on the Moon, on November 19, 1969, his first words referenced Armstrong. The shorter of the two, when Conrad stepped from the LM onto the surface he proclaimed "Whoopie! Man, that may have been a small one for Neil, but that's a long one for me." Armstrong received many honors and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom (with distinction) from President Nixon, the Cullum Geographical Medal from the American Geographical Society, and the Collier Trophy from the National Aeronautic Association (1969); the NASA Distinguished Service Medal and

This is a document about Space policy of the United States
  frontier with American leadership, courage, and values. The signing of this new directive is yet another promise kept by President Trump." Among other dignitaries on hand for the signing, were NASA astronauts Sen. Harrison "Jack" Schmitt, Buzz Aldrin, Peggy Whitson, and Christina Koch. Schmitt landed on the Moon 45 years to the minute that the policy directive was signed as part of NASA's Apollo 17 mission, and is the most recent living person to have set foot on our lunar neighbor. Aldrin was the second person to walk on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission. Whitson spoke to the president

This is a document about Neil Armstrong
  Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer, and the first human being to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. Armstrong was born and raised in Wapakoneta, Ohio. A graduate of Purdue University, he studied aeronautical engineering; his college tuition was paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949 and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier USS Essex (CV-9). In September 1951, while making a low bombing run, Armstrong's

President Richard Nixon was the president when the United States landed on the moon on July 20, 1969.


Question: the lowest point a stream will erode is known as

Answer: Downcutting

This is a document about Downcutting
 the widening of a stream channel or valley. When a stream is high above its base level, downcutting will take place faster than lateral erosion; but as the level of the stream approaches its base level, the rate of lateral erosion increases. This is why streams in mountainous areas tend to be narrow and swift, forming V-shaped valleys, while streams in lowland areas tend to be wide and slow-moving, with valleys that are correspondingly wide and flat-bottomed. The term "gradient" refers to the elevation of a stream relative to its base level. The steeper the gradient, the faster the stream

This is a document about Downcutting
 Downcutting Downcutting, also called erosional downcutting, downward erosion or vertical erosion is a geological process by hydraulic action that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor. The speed of downcutting depends on the stream's "base level", the lowest point to which the stream can erode. Sea level is the ultimate base level, but many streams have a higher "temporary" base level because they empty into another body of water that is above sea level or encounter bedrock that resists erosion. A concurrent process called lateral erosion refers to

This is a document about Fluvial terrace
 or river was flowing at a higher elevation before its channel downcut to create a new floodplain at a lower elevation. Changes in elevation can be due to changes in the base level (elevation of the lowest point in the fluvial system, usually the drainage basin) of the fluvial system, which leads to headward erosion along the length of either a stream or river, gradually lowering its elevation. For example, downcutting by a river can lead to increased velocity of a tributary, causing that tributary to erode toward its headwaters. Terraces can also be left behind when the volume of

This is a document about Downcutting
   Downcutting, also called erosional downcutting, downward erosion or vertical erosion is a geological process by hydraulic action that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor. The speed of downcutting depends on the stream's base level, the lowest point to which the stream can erode. Sea level is the ultimate base level, but many streams have a higher "temporary" base level because they empty into another body of water that is above sea level or encounter bedrock that resists erosion. A concurrent process called lateral erosion refers to the widening of a stream channel or valley. When a stream is high above its base level, downcutting will take place faster than lateral

This is a document about Stream
  The gradient of a stream is a critical factor in determining its character and is entirely determined by its base level of erosion. The base level of erosion is the point at which the stream either enters the ocean, a lake or pond, or enters a stretch in which it has a much lower gradient, and may be specifically applied to any particular stretch of a stream. In geological terms, the stream will erode down through its bed to achieve the base level of erosion throughout its course. If this base level is low, then the stream will rapidly cut through underlying strata and have a steep gradient, and if the base level is relatively high, then the stream will form a flood plain and meander.

This is a document about Stream
  bottom of a stream. ; Stream corridor: Stream, its floodplains, and the transitional upland fringe ; Streamflow: The water moving through a stream channel. ; Thalweg: The river's longitudinal section, or the line joining the deepest point in the channel at each stage from source to mouth. ; Waterfall or cascade: The fall of water where the stream goes over a sudden drop called a knickpoint; some knickpoints are formed by erosion when water flows over an especially resistant stratum, followed by one less so. The stream expends kinetic energy in "trying" to eliminate the knickpoint. ; Wetted perimeter: The line on which the stream's surface meets the channel walls.

This is a document about Stream gradient
  A stream that flows upon a uniformly erodible substrate will tend to have a steep gradient near its source, and a low gradient nearing zero as it reaches its base level. Of course, a uniform substrate would be rare in nature; hard layers of rock along the way may establish a temporary base level, followed by a high gradient, or even a waterfall, as softer materials are encountered below the hard layer. Human dams, glaciation, changes in sea level, and many other factors can also change the "normal" or natural gradient pattern.

This is a document about Suspended load
  The point at which the sediment is transported within a stream

This is a document about River bank failure
  Hydraulic processes at or below the surface of the water may entrain sediment and directly cause erosion. Non-cohesive banks are particularly vulnerable to this type of failure, due to bank undercutting, bed degradation, and basal clean-out. Hydraulic toe erosion occurs when flow is in the direction of a bank at the bend of the river and the highest velocity is at the outer edge and in the center depth of the water. Centrifugal forces raise the water elevation so that it is highest on the outside bend, and as gravity pulls the water downward, a rolling, helical spiral happens, with downward velocities against the bank (erosive force). It will be highest in tight bends. The worst erosion will be immediately downstream from the point of maximum curvature. In cases with noncohesive layers, currents remove the material and create a cantilever overhang of cohesive material. Shear exceeds the critical shear at the toe of the bank, and particles are eroded. This then causes an overhang eventually resulting in bank retreat and failure.

This is a document about Degradation (geology)
  In geology, degradation refers to the lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes. Degradation is the opposite of aggradation. Degradation is characteristic of channel networks in which either bedrock erosion is taking place, or in systems that are sediment-starved and are therefore entraining more material than they are depositing. When a stream degrades, it leaves behind a fluvial terrace. This can be further classified as a strath terrace—a bedrock terrace that may have a thin mantle of alluvium—if the river is incising through bedrock. These terraces may be dated with methods such as cosmogenic radionuclide dating, OSL dating, and paleomagnetic dating (using reversals in the Earth's magnetic field to constrain the timing of events) to find when a river was at a particular level and how quickly it is downcutting.

This is a document about Cut bank
  erosion. Typically, cut banks are steep and may be nearly vertical. Often, particularly during periods of high rainfall and higher-than average water levels, trees and poorly placed buildings can fall into the stream due to mass wasting events. Given enough time, the combination of erosion along cut banks and deposition along point bars can lead to the formation of an oxbow lake. Not only are cut banks steep and unstable, they are also the area of a stream where the water is flowing the fastest and often deeper. In geology, this is known as an area of high-energy. Material eroded here is deposited downstream in point bars.

This is a document about Pothole (landform)
  In Earth science, a pothole is a smooth, bowl-shaped or cylindrical hollow, generally deeper than wide, found carved into the rocky bed of a watercourse. Other names used for riverine potholes are pot, (stream) kettle, giant's kettle, evorsion, hollow, rock mill, churn hole, eddy mill, and kolk. Although somewhat related to a pothole in origin, a plunge pool (or plunge basin or waterfall lake) is the deep depression in a stream bed at the base of a waterfall. it is created by the erosional forces of turbulence generated by water falling on rocks at a waterfall's base where the water impacts. Potholes are also sometimes referred to as swirlholes. This word was created to avoid confusion with an English term for a vertical or steeply inclined karstic shaft in limestone. However, given widespread

This is a document about Bank erosion
  vs. sand), soil-water content, and vegetation. These two erosion processes are linked as fluvial erosion of the bottom of the bank creates a steeper bank angle or overhanging soil blocks which are more unstable and likely to collapse. Other erosion processes include cycles of wetting and drying or freezing and thawing which weakens the bank soil and makes it more susceptible to erosion. An additional form of erosion is termed seepage erosion. This occurs when groundwater flows out of a stream bank with enough force to erode the bank material. If concentrated, seepage erosion can be called piping because a “pipe” of soil is eroded.

This is a document about Flood stage
   Flood stage is the water level, as read by a stream gauge or tide gauge, for a body of water at a particular location, measured from the level at which a body of water threatens lives, property, commerce, or travel. The term "at flood stage" is commonly used to describe the point at which this occurs. "Gauge height" (also referred to as "stream stage", "stage of the [body of water]", or simply "stage") is the level of the water surface above an established zero datum at a given location. The zero level can be arbitrary, but it is usually close to the bottom of

This is a document about Soil mechanics
  When the seepage velocity is great enough, erosion can occur because of the frictional drag exerted on the soil particles. Vertically upwards seepage is a source of danger on the downstream side of sheet piling and beneath the toe of a dam or levee. Erosion of the soil, known as "soil piping", can lead to failure of the structure and to sinkhole formation. Seeping water removes soil, starting from the exit point of the seepage, and erosion advances upgradient. The term "sand boil" is used to describe the appearance of the discharging end of an active soil pipe.

This is a document about Cut bank
  A cut bank, also known as a river cliff or river-cut cliff, is the outside bank of a curve or meander in a water channel (stream), which is continually undergoing erosion. Cut banks are found in abundance along mature or meandering streams, they are located on the outside of a stream bend, known as a meander, opposite the slip-off slope on the inside of the bend. They are shaped much like a small cliff, and are formed by the erosion of soil as the stream collides with the river bank. As opposed to a point bar, which is an area of deposition, a cut bank is an area

This is a document about Soil erosion
  most erosion occurs during times of flood, when more and faster-moving water is available to carry a larger sediment load. In such processes, it is not the water alone that erodes: suspended abrasive particles, pebbles and boulders can also act erosively as they traverse a surface, in a process known as traction. Bank erosion is the wearing away of the banks of a stream or river. This is distinguished from changes on the bed of the watercourse, which is referred to as scour. Erosion and changes in the form of river banks may be measured by inserting metal rods into the bank and marking the position of the bank surface along the rods at

This is a document about Fluvial terrace
  new floodplain at a lower elevation. Changes in elevation can be due to changes in the base level (elevation of the lowest point in the fluvial system, usually the drainage basin) of the fluvial system, which leads to headward erosion along the length of either a stream or river, gradually lowering its elevation. For example, downcutting by a river can lead to increased velocity of a tributary, causing that tributary to erode toward its headwaters. Terraces can also be left behind when the volume of the fluvial flow declines due to changes in climate, typical of areas which were covered by ice during periods of glaciation, and their adjacent drainage basins.

This is a document about Base level
 1) Sea level change ; 2) Tectonic movement ; 3) River capture ; 4) Extensive sedimentation  In geology and geomorphology a base level is the lower limit for an erosion process. The modern term was introduced by John Wesley Powell in 1875. The term was subsequently appropriated by William Morris Davis who used it in his cycle of erosion theory. The "ultimate base level" is the plane that results from projection of the sea level under landmasses. It is to this base level that topography tends to approach due to erosion, eventually forming a peneplain close to the end of a cycle of erosion. There are also lesser structural base levels where erosion is delayed by

This is a document about Waterfall
  The caprock model of waterfall formation states that the river courses over resistant bedrock, erosion happens slowly and is dominated by impacts of water-borne sediment on the rock, while downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly. As the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it may pluck material from the riverbed, if the bed is fractured or otherwise more erodible. Hydraulic jets and hydraulic jumps at the toe of a falls can generate large forces to erode the bed, especially when forces are amplified by water-borne sediment. Horseshoe-shaped falls focus the erosion to a central point, also enhancing riverbed change below a waterfalls. A process known as "potholing" involves local

The lowest point a stream will erode is its base level.


Question: who has held the office of chief minister of the longest time

Answer: Pawan Chamling

This is a document about Pawan Kumar Chamling
 Pawan Chamling. Now the ruling front has 28 out of 32 assembly seats in the state. On 18 January 2016 Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi made a two-day visit to the state to declare Sikkim as the first and the only "organic state" in the country, as it has fully implemented organic farming statewide. Pawan Kumar Chamling Pawan Kumar Chamling (born 22 September 1950) is an Indian politician of Sikkimese descent and the fifth and incumbent Chief minister of the Indian state of Sikkim. Chamling is the founder president of the Sikkim Democratic Front, which has governed the state

This is a document about List of chief ministers of Sikkim
  The Chief Minister of Sikkim, an Indian state, is the head of the Government of Sikkim. As per the Constitution of India, the Governor of Sikkim is the state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Sikkim Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits. Since 1974, Sikkim has had five chief ministers. The first was Kazi Lhendup Dorjee of the Indian National Congress. Pawan Kumar Chamling of the Sikkim Democratic Front was the longest serving Chief Minister of Sikkim from 1994-2019. He occupied the office longer than all his predecessors put together and currently holds the record for longest serving CM in India. The 24 year old rule of Pawan Kumar Chamling ended in 2019 Vidhan Sabha elections where Sikkim Krantikari Morcha emerged victorious. Prem Singh Tamang became Chief Minister on 27 May 2019.

This is a document about List of longest-serving Indian chief ministers
 Key ; Incumbent Chief Minister ; Died in office ; Indicates the Chief Minister was associated with multiple political party This list details chief ministers of Indian states and union territories who have served for the longest years consecutively or otherwise. This list includes chief ministers who have served for more than 10 years in office.

This is a document about List of chief ministers of Haryana
  Chief Minister of Haryana. The first was B. D. Sharma of the Indian National Congress party. Bhajan Lal Bishnoi is Haryana's longest-serving chief minister; he held office for 11 years 10 Months (4317 Days), Bansi Lal held office for 4268 Days. Devi Lal the fifth Chief Minister of Haryana, went on to twice serve as Deputy Prime Minister of India under prime ministers V. P. Singh and Chandra Shekhar. Om Prakash Chautala has served the most discontinuous stints as Chief Minister (four), as a member of three parties. The incumbent chief minister is Manohar Lal Khattar, the first officeholder from the BJP, who was sworn in on 26 October 2014.

This is a document about List of chief ministers of Karnataka
  been  Chief Minister of Mysore (as the state was known before 1 November 1973) or Karnataka. A majority of them belonged to the Indian National Congress party, including inaugural office-holder K. Chengalaraya Reddy. The longest-served chief minister, D. Devaraj Urs, held the office for over seven years in the 1970s. While Congress's Veerendra Patil had the largest gap between two terms (over eighteen years). One chief minister, H. D. Deve Gowda, went on to become the eleventh Prime Minister of India, while another, B. D. Jatti, served as the country's fifth Vice President. B. S. Yediyurappa who was the first chief minister from BJP served as the Chief Minister of the

This is a document about List of female chief ministers in India
  on 2 October 1963 as chief minister of Uttar Pradesh. The longest-serving female chief minister was Sheila Dikshit, who served as the chief minister of the National Capital Territory of Delhi from Indian National Congress held the office for over fifteen years. J. Jayalalithaa, who served as chief minister of Tamil Nadu from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam has the second-longest tenure, she held the office until her death in 2016 and became the first female chief minister to die in the office, While V. N. Janaki Ramachandran of the same state and party has the shortest tenure (only 23 days). In India, out of 28 states and 8 union territories only 12 states and 1 union territory had a female chief ministers. Mamata Banerjee of West Bengal is the only incumbent female chief minister in India.

This is a document about List of chief ministers of Delhi
  had 7 chief ministers, starting with the Indian National Congress party's Chaudhary Brahm Prakash. Shortly after his term ended, the office of chief minister of the National Capital Territory of Delhi was abolished for 37 years until 2 December 1993, when the Bharatiya Janata Party's Madan Lal Khurana was sworn in. The longest-serving chief minister, Sheila Dikshit from the Indian National Congress party held the office for over fifteen years. On 28 December 2013, Arvind Kejriwal of Aam Aadmi Party sworn in as first state party chief minister of the national capital territory. There have been one instance of president's rule in National Capital Territory of Delhi, most recently in 2015. Arvind Kejriwal of Aam Aadmi Party is the incumbent chief minister of Delhi since 14 February 2015.

This is a document about Mohan Lal Sukhadia
  Vyas, Congress High command directed him to seek Vote of Confidence of Congress legislative members. Veteran Jai Narayan Vyas was directly pitched against the 38-year-old Revenue Minister of his own cabinet, Shri Mohan Lal Sukhadia. First time in history of Democratic India, two people were openly contesting for post of Chief Minister. Sukhadia defeated him by 8 votes to become youngest Chief Minister of India. He continued on this post for record making 17 years(13 Nov 1954 – 8 July 1971). His record of longest-serving Chief Minister in Indian political history was untouched until Jyoti Basu surpassed it in 1994.

This is a document about List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh
  The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh is the chief executive of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. In accordance with the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits. Since 1953, Andhra Pradesh has had 19 chief ministers, A majority of them belonged to the Indian National Congress party. The longest-serving chief minister, N.

This is a document about List of chief ministers of Puducherry
  The Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Puducherry is the Chief Minister of the Indian union territory of Puducherry. He is elected by the people of the union territory, appointed by the President of India and sworn-in by the Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry. The longest serving chief minister and current incumbent of Puducherry is N. Rangasamy of over 12 years period from 2001 to 2008 (Indian National Congress) and from 2011 to 2016 (All India N.R. Congress) and from 2021 The Pondicherry Representative Assembly was converted into the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry on 1 July 1963 as per Section 54(3) of The Union Territories Act, 1963 and its members (who got elected in 1959) were deemed to have been elected to the Legislative Assembly. The elections for the Puducherry Vidhan Sabha held since 1964.

This is a document about List of chief ministers of Maharashtra
  Indian National Congress and held the office until the 1962 Assembly elections. Marotrao Kannanwar succeeded him and was the only CM to die while in office. Vasantrao Naik, who was in office from December 1963 to February 1975 for more than 11 years, has by far been the longest serving CM. He also was the first and only CM to complete his full term of five years (1967-1972) till Devendra Fadnavis matched it (2014-2019). With the exceptions of Manohar Joshi (SS), Narayan Rane (SS), Devendra Fadnavis (BJP) and Uddhav Thackeray (SS), all other CMs have been from the Congress or its breakaway parties. So far, President's rule has been imposed thrice in the state: first from February to June 1980 and again from September to October 2014. It was again imposed on 12 November 2019 The current incumbent is Uddhav Thackeray of the Shiv Sena since 28 November 2019.

This is a document about List of current Indian chief ministers
  there are no limits to the number of terms they can serve. , the office of the chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir is vacant. Of the thirty incumbents, one is a woman—Mamata Banerjee in West Bengal. Serving since 5 March 2000 (for 22 years, 76 days), Odisha's Naveen Patnaik has the longest incumbency. Zoramthanga (b. 13 July 1944) of Mizoram is the oldest serving Chief Minister, while Arunachal Pradesh's Pema Khandu (b. 21 August 1979) is the youngest Chief Minister. Nitish Kumar of Bihar has served for the most terms (7). Twelve incumbents belong to the Bharatiya Janata Party and three to the Indian National Congress; no other party has more than one chief minister in office.

This is a document about List of chief ministers of Gujarat
  The Chief Minister of Gujarat is the chief executive of the government of the Indian state of Gujarat. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. The chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits, given that he has the confidence of the assembly. The state of Gujarat was created on 1 May 1960, composed of the Gujarati-speaking districts of Bombay State following the Mahagujarat Movement. Jivraj Narayan Mehta of the INC was the inaugural chief minister. Narendra Modi of the BJP is the longest serving chief minister for twelve and a half years from 2001 to 2014. He resigned in 2014 to become the 14th Prime Minister of India. He was succeeded by Anandiben Patel who became the state's first woman chief minister. The current Chief Minister is Bhupendrabhai Patel of the BJP. He was elected for the post following the resignation of then incumbent Vijay Rupani, who was in the office since 7 August 2016.

This is a document about List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party
  Lal Khattar in Haryana, Jai Ram Thakur in Himachal Pradesh, Basavaraj Bommai in Karnataka, Shivraj Singh Chouhan in Madhya Pradesh, N. Biren Singh in Manipur, Biplab Kumar Deb in Tripura, Pushkar Singh Dhami in Uttarakhand, and Yogi Adityanath in Uttar Pradesh. Four of the BJP chief ministers have been women — Sushma Swaraj in Delhi, Uma Bharti in Madhya Pradesh, Anandiben Patel in Gujarat and Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan. Raman Singh, who was chief minister of Chhattisgarh for 15 years and 9 days between December 2003 and December 2018 has been the longest-serving chief minister from the BJP. Devendra Fadnavis's second tenure as the chief minister of Maharashtra lasted for only three days, which is the

This is a document about Jyoti Basu
  In the year 1996 he was elected as Chief Minister five times consecutively in the 1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. Basu seemed all set to be the consensus leader of the United Front for the post of Prime Minister of India. This was the last time of Basu as the Chief Minister after he resigned in the year 2000 and made a legacy of being the longest serving Chief Minister of any Indian state after Pawan Kumar Chamling beat him in the race.

This is a document about List of chief ministers of Mizoram
  The Chief Minister of Mizoram is the chief executive of the Indian state of Mizoram. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Mizoram Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits. Since 1972, five people from four parties have served as Chief Minister of Mizoram; the inaugural officeholder was C. Chhunga. Lal Thanhawla of the Indian National Congress has the longest incumbency of over 21 years in 5 terms. The current incumbent is Zoramthanga of the Mizo National Front who assumed office on 15 December 2018.

This is a document about List of chief ministers of Bihar
  The Chief Minister of Bihar is the chief executive of the Indian state of Bihar. As per the Constitution of India, the Governor of Bihar is the state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Bihar Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits. From 1946, 23 people have been Chief Minister of Bihar. The inaugural holder was Sri Krishna Sinha of the Indian National Congress, he also has the longest incumbency. The current incumbent is Nitish Kumar who is having incumbency since 22 February 2015.

This is a document about List of chief ministers of Kerala
 List of Chief Ministers by length of term

This is a document about List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu
  ministers, 12 including V. R. Nedunchezhiyan who twice acted in the role. A majority of them belonged to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party. The longest-serving chief minister, M. Karunanidhi from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam held the office for over eighteen years in multiple tenure, while he was the one who had the largest gap between two terms (nearly thirteen years). The All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam's J. Jayalalithaa has the second-longest tenure and the party's founder M. G. Ramachandran, the first actor to become the chief minister in India has the third-longest tenure, while his wife V. N. Janaki Ramachandran has the shortest tenure (only 23 days). One chief minister, K. Kamaraj,

This is a document about Andhra Pradesh
  the long-time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC. The 1989 elections ended the rule of Rao, with the INC returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990, who was replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy in 1992. In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and Rao became the Chief Minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, Rao's son-in-law, came to power in 1995 with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. Thus Naidu held the record for the longest-serving Chief Minister (1995 to 2004). In 2004,

Pawan Kumar Chamling of Sikkim has held the office of chief minister for the longest time in India, with a tenure of 24 years and 19 days.