Question: who is the actor that plays tobias on ncis

Answer: Joseph Peter Spano

This is a document about Joe Spano
 wife Joan Zerrien, a therapist, were married in 1980. They have two adopted daughters. Ovation Awards Joe Spano Joseph Peter Spano (born July 7, 1946) is an American actor who was originally best known for his role as Lt. Henry Goldblume on "Hill Street Blues". Spano is now best known for his work on "NCIS" as FBI Special Agent Tobias C. Fornell. Joe Spano was a member of the San Francisco improv group The Wing, and in college debuted as Paris in a production of "Romeo and Juliet" in 1967. In 1968, he helped found the Berkeley Repertory Theatre, appearing

This is a document about Joe Spano
 Joe Spano Joseph Peter Spano (born July 7, 1946) is an American actor who was originally best known for his role as Lt. Henry Goldblume on "Hill Street Blues". Spano is now best known for his work on "NCIS" as FBI Special Agent Tobias C. Fornell. Joe Spano was a member of the San Francisco improv group The Wing, and in college debuted as Paris in a production of "Romeo and Juliet" in 1967. In 1968, he helped found the Berkeley Repertory Theatre, appearing in its first production, and stayed with the company for 10 years. He moved to Hollywood

This is a document about List of The Young and the Restless characters (2014)
  on November 3, having begun filming on October 24. Tobias is a lab tech in Jabot, working for Ashley, but quickly appears to be a spy hired by Victor Newman (Eric Braeden) to divulge details to him about Ashley's developing fragrance. Ashley realizes that Tobias is a spy for Victor, and feeds him misinformation about the scent. After showing up at an event at the Genoa City Athletic Club intoxicated, Tobias leaves and is involved in a fatal car crash. Before succumbing to his injuries, he manages to mention the name Austin. Evidence implicating him in the murders of both Austin and Courtney is then found in his hotel room by Kevin Fisher and Mariah Copeland. His final airdate is May 27, 2015.

This is a document about NCIS (season 16)
 Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, Private Detective and former FBI Senior Special Agent ; Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., father of former NCIS Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo ; Scott William Winters as Westley Clark, CIA Agent ; Margo Harshman as Delilah Fielding-McGee, DoD Intelligence Analyst and McGee's wife ; Laura San Giacomo as Dr. Grace Confalone, psychotherapist ; Don Lake as Phillip Brooks, Navy Captain ; Larry Miller as Ed Slater, Jimmy Palmer's father-in-law ; Melinda McGraw as Diane Sterling, deceased IRS Special Agent and Gibbs' and Fornell's ex-wife ; Pej Vahdat as Nigel Hakim, British Humanitarian and terrorist ; Mitch Pileggi as Wynn Crawford, U.S. Secretary of Defense ; Kent Shocknek as Guy Ross, ZNN news anchor ; Mike Farrell as Judge Miles Deakin ; Elayn J. Taylor as Odette Malone, owner of Ziva's private office ; Juliette Angelo as Emily Fornell, Tobias Fornell’s daughter ; Naomi Grace as Kayla Vance, Leon Vance's daughter ; Dionne Gipson as Mallory Madden, CIA Agent and Leon Vance's ex-girlfriend ; Kate Hamilton as Faith Tolliver, Jack Sloane's biological daughter

This is a document about Joe Spano
  Spano has been a recurring character in NCIS since its premiere episode, "Yankee White", playing FBI Special Agent Tobias Fornell, the FBI counterpart to NCIS Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs, portrayed by Mark Harmon. In Season 15, Fornell is no longer with the FBI, but is a private investigator. Two episodes have used Fornell's personal life as the main crux of an NCIS episode: one where Fornell's daughter is imperiled and another where Fornell's career is imperiled. In each episode, it is the friendship between Gibbs and Fornell which is invoked in order to involve NCIS in the resolution.

This is a document about NCIS (season 8)
 Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent ; Muse Watson as Mike Franks, retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS and Gibbs' former boss ; David Dayan Fisher as Trent Kort, CIA Agent ; Michael Nouri as Eli David, Mossad Director and Ziva's father ; Ralph Waite as Jackson Gibbs, Gibbs' father ; Jude Ciccolella as Phillip Davenport, departing Secretary of the Navy ; Arnold Vosloo as Amit Hadar, Mossad Agent ; Bruce Boxleitner as Vice Admiral C. Clifford Chase ; Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., Tony's father ; Diane Neal as Abigail Borin, CGIS Special Agent in Charge ; TJ Ramini as Malachi Ben-Gidon, Mossad Agent ; Marco Sanchez as

This is a document about List of NCIS: Los Angeles characters
  Eric Bartholomew Beale III (portrayed by Barrett Foa) is an NCIS technical operator and intelligence analyst stationed in Los Angeles with the Office of Special Projects. He often takes calls from Director Leon Vance (Rocky Carroll) at NCIS Headquarters in Washington, D.C. He is a geek and, like Detective Marty Deeks (Eric Christian Olsen), enjoys surfing (twice standing his surfboard too closely to Hetty's car) and internet social networks. He, like Nate, often fails at attempts at humor. Hetty also disapproves of his attire (typically Bermuda shorts and flip-flops and, on occasion, pajamas) but tolerates it because of his skills. In the episode "Absolution", he is revealed to

This is a document about Joe Spano
  Joseph Peter Spano (born July 7, 1946) is an American actor best known for his roles as Lt. Henry Goldblume on Hill Street Blues and FBI Special Agent Tobias C. Fornell on NCIS.

This is a document about Max Martini
  Martini's television credits include a lead role in the Sci-fi Channel's Emmy nominated mini-series Taken and appearances as Agent Steve Goodrich on the second season of 24. He was also cast in X-Files creator Chris Carter's Harsh Realm, and had a recurring role in the Canadian series Da Vinci's Inquest. He also appeared in Lie to Me. After memorable guest-star turns in popular series, including Numb3rs, Walker Texas Ranger, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and CSI: Miami, Martini landed a lead role in The Unit, a series about a tier-1 US Army special operations team created by David Mamet and produced by Shawn Ryan of The Shield. Martini remains active in the theater, having co-founded the Theatre North Collaborative in New York City, a company of American and Canadian actors dedicated solely to producing new works from both sides of the border. In 2011, he appeared in an episode of Criminal Minds, in which he played a Navy SEAL named Luke Dolan. In 2015, Martini starred as the title character in Amazon Studios' Western series Edge, written and directed by Shane Black. In April 2018, Martini was cast in the Netflix horror-drama series The Order.

This is a document about NCIS (season 18)
 Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, Private Detective ; Margo Harshman as Delilah Fielding-McGee, DoD Intelligence Analyst and McGee's wife ; Pam Dawber as Marcie Warren, investigative journalist ; Laura San Giacomo as Dr. Grace Confalone, psychotherapist ; Nick Boraine as Merriweather, NCIS target ; Adam Campbell as Young Ducky ; Sean Harmon as Young Gibbs ; Hugo Armstrong as Eugene Coyle, from the NCIS Inspector General's office ; Juliette Angelo as Emily Fornell, Tobias Fornell's daughter ; Elayn J. Taylor as Odette Malone, owner of Ziva's private office and former CIA Operative ; Victoria Gabrielle Platt as Veronica Tyler, NCIS Special Agent ; Jack Fisher as Phineas, Gibbs' former neighbor ; Karri Turner as Micki Kaydar, Phineas' aunt

This is a document about NCIS (season 4)
 Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent ; Jessica Steen as Paula Cassidy, NCIS Senior Special Agent ; Brian Dietzen as Jimmy Palmer, Assistant Medical Examiner for NCIS ; Troian Bellisario as Sarah McGee, Tim McGee's sister ; Mary Mouser as Kelly Gibbs, Gibbs' deceased daughter ; Stephanie Mello as Cynthia Summer, NCIS Secretary to Director Shepard ; Muse Watson as Mike Franks, retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS and Gibbs' former boss ; Don Franklin as Ron Sacks, FBI Special Agent ; Scottie Thompson as Jeanne Benoit, Tony's girlfriend while undercover ; Armand Assante as René Benoit, NCIS target ; Susanna Thompson as Hollis Mann, Gibbs' girlfriend and Army CID Agent ; Liza Lapira as Michelle Lee, NCIS Special Agent ; David Dayan Fisher as Trent Kort, CIA Agent ; Sandra Hess as Regine Smidt, associate of René Benoit ; Corey Stoll as Martin Quinn, associate of René Benoit ; Enzo Cilenti as Mamoun Sharif, NCIS target ; Payton Spencer as Emily Fornell, Tobias Fornell's daughter

This is a document about NCIS (season 10)
 Alan Dale as Thomas Morrow, Homeland Security Section Chief and former NCIS Director ; Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent ; Joel Gretsch as Stan Burley, NCIS Special Agent Afloat on the USS Borealis and former member of Gibbs' team ; Michael Nouri as Eli David, Mossad Director and Ziva's father ; Ralph Waite as Jackson Gibbs, Gibbs' father ; Paula Newsome as Jackie Vance, Leon Vance's wife ; Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., Tony's father ; Diane Neal as Abigail Borin, CGIS Special Agent in Charge ; Matt Craven as Clayton Jarvis, Secretary of the Navy ; Akinsola Aribo as Jared Vance, Leon

This is a document about Twilight (NCIS)
  producers wanted to mark the departure of Alexander with a bang. "That didn't just happen" was the response they wanted from the viewers. Bellisario remarked, "In reality, things like that happen in NCIS. People die, and I wanted to make this death really impactful when it happened." Four characters are recurring in this episode. Brian Dietzen as Medical Assistant Jimmy Palmer, Joe Spano as Senior FBI Agent Tobias Fornell, Alan Dale as NCIS Director Thomas Morrow, and Rudolf Martin as rogue agent Ari Haswari. Haswari was previously seen in the season one episodes "Bête Noire" (as an unnamed intruder) and "Reveille".

This is a document about James Badge Dale
  His most notable works to date are Simon in the 1990 film adaptation of Lord of the Flies and the role of Chase Edmunds in the third season of the Fox TV series 24 (which he later reprised in the video game of the same title). He also appeared in CSI: Miami and CSI: NY as serial killer Henry Darius. The storyline originally began in the CSI: Miami Season 4 episode "Felony" and ended in the CSI: NY Season 2 episode "Manhattan Manhunt", resulting in a crossover between the two shows. In 2006, he was cast in the pivotal supporting role of Trooper Barrigan in The Departed. He then was cast as the lead in AMC's political thriller Rubicon which revolves around

This is a document about NCIS (season 6)
 Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent ; Muse Watson as Mike Franks, retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS and Gibbs' former boss ; Liza Lapira as Michelle Lee, NCIS Special Agent ; David Dayan Fisher as Trent Kort, CIA Agent ; Jonathan LaPaglia as Brent Langer, former member of Gibbs' team, former FBI Special Agent, and re-recruited to NCIS ; Aviva Baumann as young Shannon Gibbs, Gibbs' deceased wife ; Michael Nouri as Eli David, Ziva's father and Mossad Director ; Ralph Waite as Jackson Gibbs, Gibbs' father ; Paula Newsome as Jackie Vance, Leon Vance's wife ; Khamani Griffin as Jared Vance, Leon Vance's son ; China Anne McClain as Kayla Vance, Leon Vance's daughter ; Kent Shocknek as Guy Ross, ZNN news anchor ; Jude Ciccolella as Phillip Davenport, Secretary of the Navy ; Merik Tadros as Michael Rivkin, Mossad Agent ; Arnold Vosloo as Amit Hadar, Mossad Agent ; Omid Abtahi as Saleem Ulman, NCIS target ; Peter Jason as Robert King, Biological Weapons Specialist

This is a document about Naoya Uchida
  Mayr (Ulrich Thomsen)) ; Mesrine (Jacques Mesrine (Vincent Cassel)) ; Miss Sloane (Rodolfo Schmidt (Mark Strong)) ; Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2008 NTV edition) (Eddie (Vince Vaughn)) ; National Security (Detective Frank McDuff (Colm Feore)) ; NCIS: New Orleans (Dwayne Cassius "King" Pride (Scott Bakula)) ; Next (Mr. Smith (Thomas Kretschmann)) ; One Hour Photo (Bill Owens (Gary Cole)) ; Painkiller Jane (Andre McBride (Rob Stewart)) ; Pan (Blackbeard (Hugh Jackman)) ; Patrick Melrose (David Melrose (Hugo Weaving)) ; Pearl Harbor (Mr. Walker (William Fichtner)) ; Phone Booth (Stuart "Stu" Shepard (Colin Farrell)) ; Platoon (2003 TV Tokyo edition) (Sergeant O'Neill (John C.

This is a document about NCIS (season 15)
 Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, former FBI Senior Special Agent ; Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., father of former NCIS Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo ; Jack Conley as Danny Sportelli, Metro P.D. Detective Sergeant ; Margo Harshman as Delilah Fielding-McGee, DoD Intelligence Analyst and McGee's wife ; Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts, JAG Captain from Falls Church ; French Stewart as Paul Triff, incarcerated serial killer ; Laura San Giacomo as Dr. Grace Confalone, psychotherapist ; Marco Sanchez as Alejandro Rivera, incarcerated former official in the Mexican Justice Department and enemy of Gibbs ; Pej Vahdat as Nigel Hakim, British Humanitarian ; Kent Shocknek as Guy Ross, ZNN News Anchor ; Sumalee Montano as Nicole Taggart, NCIS Special Agent ; Diona Reasonover as Kasie Hines, Forensic Specialist for NCIS and temporary replacement for Abby after she resigns ; Naomi Grace as Kayla Vance, Leon Vance's daughter ; Hilary Ward as Jessica Shaeffer, Defense Attorney ; Don Lake as Phillip Brooks, Navy Captain ; Peter Jason as Robert King, Biological Weapons Specialist

This is a document about NCIS (season 11)
 Alan Dale as Thomas Morrow, Homeland Security Section Chief and former NCIS Director ; Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent ; Colin Hanks as Richard Parsons, DoD Inspector ; Marina Sirtis as Orli Elbaz, Mossad Director ; Damon Dayoub as Adam Eshel, Ziva's contact ; Gabi Coccio as young Ziva David ; Hugo Armstrong as Eugene Coyle, from the NCIS Inspector General's office ; Salli Richardson-Whitfield as Carrie Clark, former FBI Special Agent, turned criminal attorney ; Meredith Eaton as Carol Wilson, immunologist and friend of Abby ; Susanna Thompson as Hollis Mann, DoD Special Agent, Gibbs' former girlfriend and former Army CID agent ; Wendy Makkena as Dr. Rachel Cranston, a psychiatrist and Caitlin Todd's sister ; Ralph Waite as Jackson Gibbs,

This is a document about Barrett Foa
  Barrett Conrad Foa (born September 18, 1977) is an American bari-tenor singer, dancer, and actor, with over a decade in Broadway theatre shows. He has played many leading characters in off-Broadway and regional theatre productions. He has appeared in multiple Broadway shows, including Mamma Mia! and as Princeton and Rod in Avenue Q. From 2009 to 2021, he portrayed Eric Beale on the military police procedural NCIS: Los Angeles.

Joe Spano plays the role of Tobias Fornell on NCIS.


Question: who are the heirs to the british throne

Answer: Charles , Prince of Wales

This is a document about Succession to the British throne
 Catholics are eligible. Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign, and her heir apparent is her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Next in line after him is Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Wales's elder son. Third in line is Prince George, the eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge, followed by his sister, Princess Charlotte and younger brother, Prince Louis. Sixth in line is Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, the younger son of the Prince of Wales. Under the Perth Agreement, which came into effect in 2015, only the first six in line of succession require the

This is a document about History of the English and British line of succession
 1) Charles, Prince of Wales (b. 1948), eldest son of Elizabeth II ; 2) Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (b. 1982), elder son of the Prince of Wales ; 3) Prince George of Cambridge (b. 2013), eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge ; 4) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (b. 2015), second child of the Duke of Cambridge ; 5) Prince Louis of Cambridge (b. 2018), third child of the Duke of Cambridge ; 6) Prince Henry, Duke of Sussex (b. 1984), younger son of the Prince of Wales ; 7) Archie Mountbatten-Windsor (b. 2019), elder child of the Duke of Sussex ; 8) Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor (b. 2021), younger child of the Duke of Sussex ; 9) Prince Andrew, Duke of York (b. 1960), second son of Elizabeth II ; 10) Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi (b. 1988), elder daughter of the Duke of York Currently, the line of succession to the British throne is:

This is a document about Succession to the British throne
   Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, sex, legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover who are in "communion with the Church of England". Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible. Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign, and her heir apparent is her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Next in line after him is Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Wales's elder son. Third in

This is a document about Monarchy of Belize
   The heir apparent is Elizabeth II's eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Upon the demise of the Crown, the Executive Council of Belize is expected to proclaim him King of Belize upon his accession to the throne. Succession to the throne is by absolute primogeniture, and governed by the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, as well as the Act of Settlement and the English Bill of Rights. The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the natural (i.e. biological), legitimate descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover (1630–1714), a granddaughter of James I, and lays out the rules that the monarch cannot be a Roman Catholic, nor married to one, and must be in communion with

This is a document about Monarchy of Canada
  As in the other Commonwealth realms, the current heir apparent to the throne is Prince Charles, who is followed in the line of succession by his elder son, Prince William, and William's eldest child, Prince George. Upon a demise of the Crown (the death or abdication of a sovereign), the late sovereign's heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony; hence arises the phrase "The King is dead. Long live the King". It is customary for the accession of the new monarch to be publicly proclaimed by the governor general on behalf of the Privy Council, which meets at Rideau

This is a document about List of heirs apparent
  This is the list of the heirs apparent to the thrones of the world as of.

This is a document about Succession to the Australian throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Antiguan and Barbudan throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Jamaican throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Saint Kitts and Nevis throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Tuvaluan throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Saint Lucian throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Solomon Islands throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines throne
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The current heir to the British throne is Prince Charles, Prince of Wales. The next in line are his eldest son, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and his eldest son, Prince George of Cambridge. The line of succession continues with Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and his children, Archie Mountbatten-Windsor and Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor. The eldest son of the eldest son of the eldest son is the next in line, so the next heir after Prince George is Prince William's younger brother, Prince Harry. The line of success


Question: which type of wave requires a medium for transmission

Answer: mechanical waves

This is a document about Transmission medium
 concrete. Sound is, by definition, the vibration of matter, so it requires a physical medium for transmission, as do other kinds of mechanical waves and heat energy. Historically, science incorporated various aether theories to explain the transmission medium. However, it is now known that electromagnetic waves do not require a physical transmission medium, and so can travel through the "vacuum" of free space. Regions of the insulative vacuum can become conductive for electrical conduction through the presence of free electrons, holes, or ions. A physical medium in data communications is the transmission path over which a signal propagates. Many transmission

This is a document about Mechanical wave
 Mechanical wave A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium. While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of transmission—the material—is limited. Therefore, the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position. Mechanical waves transport energy. This energy propagates in the same direction as the wave. Any kind of wave (mechanical or electromagnetic) has a certain energy. Mechanical waves can be produced only in media which possess elasticity and inertia. A mechanical wave requires an initial energy input. Once this initial energy

This is a document about Multilateration
 For trilateration or multilateration, calculation is done based on distances, which requires the frequency and the wave count of a received transmission. For triangulation or multiangulation, calculation is done based on angles, which requires the phases of received transmission plus the wave count. For lateration compared to angulation, the numerical problems compare, but the technical problem is more challenging with angular measurements, as angles require two measures per position when using optical or electronic means for measuring phase differences instead of counting wave cycles. Trilateration in general is calculating with triangles of known distances/sizes, mathematically a very sound system. In

This is a document about Michelson–Morley experiment
 the 10 level. Together with the Ives–Stilwell and Kennedy–Thorndike experiments, Michelson–Morley type experiments form one of the fundamental tests of special relativity theory. Physics theories of the late 19th century assumed that just as surface water waves must have a supporting substance, i.e. a "medium", to move across (in this case water), and audible sound requires a medium to transmit its wave motions (such as air or water), so light must also require a medium, the "luminiferous aether", to transmit its wave motions. Because light can travel through a vacuum, it was assumed that even a vacuum must be filled

This is a document about Tuner (radio)
 second AM broadcast band is used for longwave broadcasting, tuners may be fitted with both the standard medium wave and the additional longwave band. However, radios with only medium wave are also common, especially in countries where there are no longwave broadcasters. Rarely, radios are sold with only FM and longwave, but no medium wave band. Some tuners may also be equipped with one or more short wave bands. A "television tuner" converts a radio frequency analog television or digital television transmission into audio and video signals which can be further processed to produce sound and a picture. Different tuners

This is a document about Content format
 via a single channel (e.g. wire, carrier wave) of a transmission medium. With multimedia, multiple tracks containing multiple content formats are presented simultaneously. Content formats may either be recorded in secondary signal processing methods such as a software container format (e.g. digital audio, digital video) or recorded in the primary format (e.g. spectrogram, pictogram). Observable data is often known as raw data, or raw content. A primary raw content format may be directly observable (e.g. image, sound, motion, smell, sensation) or physical data which only requires hardware to display it, such as a phonographic needle and diaphragm or a projector

This is a document about Ultrasound energy
 field of prostate cancer. Ultrasound energy Ultrasound energy, simply known as ultrasound, is a type of mechanical energy called sound characterized by vibrating or moving particles within a medium. Ultrasound is distinguished by vibrations with a frequency greater than 20,000 Hz, compared to audible sounds that humans typically hear with frequencies between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Ultrasound energy requires matter or a medium with particles to vibrate to conduct or propagate its energy. The energy generally travels through most mediums in the form of a wave in which particles are deformed or displaced by the energy then reestablished after the

This is a document about Ultrasound energy
 Ultrasound energy Ultrasound energy, simply known as ultrasound, is a type of mechanical energy called sound characterized by vibrating or moving particles within a medium. Ultrasound is distinguished by vibrations with a frequency greater than 20,000 Hz, compared to audible sounds that humans typically hear with frequencies between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Ultrasound energy requires matter or a medium with particles to vibrate to conduct or propagate its energy. The energy generally travels through most mediums in the form of a wave in which particles are deformed or displaced by the energy then reestablished after the energy passes. Types of

This is a document about Longitudinal wave
 can be calculated as the relation between a wave's speed and ordinary frequency. For sound waves, the amplitude of the wave is the difference between the pressure of the undisturbed air and the maximum pressure caused by the wave. Sound's propagation speed depends on the type, temperature, and composition of the medium through which it propagates. In an elastic medium with rigidity, a harmonic pressure wave oscillation has the form, where: The restoring force, which acts to return the medium to its original position, is provided by the medium's bulk modulus. Maxwell's equations lead to the prediction of electromagnetic waves

This is a document about Mechanical wave
 a surface wave having horizontal waves that are shear or transverse to the direction of propagation. They usually travel slightly faster than Rayleigh waves, at about 90% of the body wave velocity, and have the largest amplitude. Mechanical wave A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium. While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of transmission—the material—is limited. Therefore, the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position. Mechanical waves transport energy. This energy propagates in the same direction as the

This is a document about Shock wave
 Shock wave In physics, a shock wave (also spelled shockwave), or shock, is a type of propagating disturbance that moves faster than the local speed of sound in the medium. Like an ordinary wave, a shock wave carries energy and can propagate through a medium but is characterized by an abrupt, nearly discontinuous, change in pressure, temperature, and density of the medium. For the purpose of comparison, in supersonic flows, additional increased expansion may be achieved through an expansion fan, also known as a Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. The accompanying expansion wave may approach and eventually collide and recombine with the

This is a document about Shock wave
 times heating increase at vehicle surface, (5)interacting with other structures, such as boundary layers, to produce new flow structures such as flow separation, transition, etc. Shock wave In physics, a shock wave (also spelled shockwave), or shock, is a type of propagating disturbance that moves faster than the local speed of sound in the medium. Like an ordinary wave, a shock wave carries energy and can propagate through a medium but is characterized by an abrupt, nearly discontinuous, change in pressure, temperature, and density of the medium. For the purpose of comparison, in supersonic flows, additional increased expansion may be

This is a document about Amplitude modulation
 reduced-carrier transmission or DSB-RC) to use in the demodulation process. Even with the carrier totally eliminated in double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission, carrier regeneration is possible using a Costas phase-locked loop. This doesn't work however for single-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (SSB-SC), leading to the characteristic "Donald Duck" sound from such receivers when slightly detuned. Single sideband is nevertheless used widely in amateur radio and other voice communications both due to its power efficiency and bandwidth efficiency (cutting the RF bandwidth in half compared to standard AM). On the other hand, in medium wave and short wave broadcasting, standard AM with the full carrier

This is a document about Transmission medium
  is used as transmission media. Electromagnetic radiation can be transmitted through an optical medium, such as optical fiber, or through twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, or dielectric-slab waveguides. It may also pass through any physical material that is transparent to the specific wavelength, such as water, air, glass, or concrete. Sound is, by definition, the vibration of matter, so it requires a physical medium for transmission, as do other kinds of mechanical waves and heat energy. Historically, science incorporated various aether theories to explain the transmission medium. However, it is now known that electromagnetic waves do not require a physical transmission medium, and so can travel through the "vacuum" of free space. Regions of the insulative vacuum can become conductive for electrical conduction through the presence of free electrons, holes, or ions.

This is a document about Transmission medium
  A transmission medium is a system or substance that can mediate the propagation of signals for the purposes of telecommunication. Signals are typically imposed on a wave of some kind suitable for the chosen medium. For example, data can modulate sound, and a transmission medium for sounds may be air, but solids and liquids may also act as the transmission medium. Vacuum or air constitutes a good transmission medium for electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves. While material substance is not required for electromagnetic waves to propagate, such waves are usually affected by the transmission media they pass through, for instance, by absorption or reflection or refraction at the interfaces between media. Technical devices can therefore be employed to transmit or guide waves. Thus, an optical fiber or a copper

This is a document about List of telecommunications terminology
 Transmission medium ; Transmitter

This is a document about Telecommunications engineering
  Transmission medium over which the signal is transmitted. For example, the transmission medium for sounds is usually air, but solids and liquids may also act as transmission media for sound. Many transmission media are used as communications channel. One of the most common physical medias used in networking is copper wire. Copper wire is used to carry signals to long distances using relatively low amounts of power. Another example of a physical medium is optical fiber, which has emerged as the most commonly used transmission medium for long-distance communications. Optical fiber is a thin strand of glass that guides light along its length. The absence of a material medium in vacuum may also constitute a transmission medium for electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves.

This is a document about Transmission medium
 linear, if different waves at any particular point in the medium can be superposed; ; bounded, if it is finite in extent, otherwise unbounded; ; uniform or homogeneous, if its physical properties are unchanged at different points; ; isotropic, if its physical properties are the same in different directions. guided media—waves are guided along a solid medium such as a transmission line; ; unguided media—transmission and reception are achieved by means of an antenna. In general, a transmission medium can be classified as There are two main types of transmission media: One of the most common physical medias used in networking is copper wire. Copper wire to carry signals to long distances using relatively low amounts of power. The unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is eight strands of copper wire, organized into four pairs.

This is a document about Michelson–Morley experiment
  Physics theories of the 19th century assumed that just as surface water waves must have a supporting substance, i.e., a "medium", to move across (in this case water), and audible sound requires a medium to transmit its wave motions (such as air or water), so light must also require a medium, the "luminiferous aether", to transmit its wave motions. Because light can travel through a vacuum, it was assumed that even a vacuum must be filled with aether. Because the speed of light is so great, and because material bodies pass through the aether without obvious friction or drag, it was assumed to have a highly unusual combination of properties.

Mechanical waves require a medium for transmission.


Question: land conversion through burning of biomass releases which gas

Answer: traces of methane

This is a document about Biomass
 synthesis, methanol production, olefins (ethylene and propylene), and similar chemical or fuel feedstocks. In most cases, the first step involves gasification, which step generally is the most expensive and involves the greatest technical risk. Biomass is more difficult to feed into a pressure vessel than coal or any liquid. Therefore, biomass gasification is frequently done at atmospheric pressure and causes combustion of biomass to produce a combustible gas consisting of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and traces of methane. This gas mixture, called a producer gas, can provide fuel for various vital processes, such as internal combustion engines, as well as substitute

This is a document about Mercury regulation in the United States
 as natural gas, biomass, coal and oil to produce heat or electricity; CISWIs burn solid waste. The Boiler MACT rules create emission limits for mercury, particulate matter and carbon monoxide for all new coal-fired boilers with heat input greater than 10 million Btu per hour and particulate matter emission limits for new biomass and oil-fired boilers. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act establishes emergency release, inventory, and release reporting requirements. The requirement includes the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), which requires facilities in the manufacturing sector (SIC codes 20-39) to report releases to air, water, and land for all listed chemicals,

This is a document about Synthetic fuel
 a large synthetic fuel establishment. The numerous processes that can be used to produce synthetic fuels broadly fall into three categories: Indirect, Direct, and Biofuel processes. Indirect conversion has the widest deployment worldwide, with global production totaling around , and many additional projects under active development. Indirect conversion broadly refers to a process in which biomass, coal, or natural gas is converted to a mix of hydrogen and carbon monoxide known as syngas either through gasification or steam methane reforming, and that syngas is processed into a liquid transportation fuel using one of a number of different conversion techniques depending

This is a document about Ethanol fuel
 California Berkeley study, after analyzing six separate studies, concluded that producing ethanol from corn uses much less petroleum than producing gasoline. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is emitted during fermentation and combustion. This is canceled out by the greater uptake of carbon dioxide by the plants as they grow to produce the biomass. When compared to gasoline, depending on the production method, ethanol releases less greenhouse gases. Compared with conventional unleaded gasoline, ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source that combusts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water and aldehydes. The Clean Air Act requires the addition of

This is a document about Fossil fuel phase-out
 many of the biofuels that are currently being supplied have been criticised for their adverse impacts on the natural environment, food security, and land use. Biomass is biological material from living, or recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials. As a renewable energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or indirectly once or converted into another type of energy product such as biofuel. Biomass can be converted to energy in three ways: "thermal conversion", "chemical conversion", and "biochemical conversion". Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,

This is a document about Electricity sector in India
 for cooking and general heating needs. These traditional fuels are burnt in cook stoves, known as "chulah" or "chulha" in some parts of India. Traditional fuel is inefficient source of energy, its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter, NOX, SOX, PAHs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and other air pollutants. Some reports, including one by the World Health Organisation, claim 300,000 to 400,000 people in India die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of biomass burning and use of chullahs. Traditional fuel burning in conventional cook stoves releases unnecessarily large amounts of pollutants,

This is a document about Hydrothermal carbonization
 so that so-called synthesis gas, a gas mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is formed: formula_2 This synthesis gas could be used to produce gasoline via the Fischer-Tropsch process. Alternatively, the liquid intermediates that are formed during the incomplete conversion of the biomass could be used for fuel and plastic production. In addition, the resulting carbon mud can be briquetted and marketed as an environmentally friendly carbon dioxide-neutral "natural carbon" - Compared with the starting biomass, this can be dried by means of deposition or filtering or pressing with a lower energy consumption and, due to its higher energy content

This is a document about Synthetic fuel
 and biomass feedstocks, creating hybrid-feedstock synthetic fuels known as Coal and Biomass To Liquids (CBTL). Indirect conversion process technologies can also be used to produce hydrogen, potentially for use in fuel cell vehicles, either as slipstream co-product, or as a primary output. Direct conversion refers to processes in which coal or biomass feedstocks are converted directly into intermediate or final products, avoiding the conversion to syngas via gasification. Direct conversion processes can be broadly broken up into two different methods: Pyrolysis and carbonization, and hydrogenation. One of the main methods of direct conversion of coal to liquids by hydrogenation process

This is a document about Synthetic fuel
 Synthetic fuel Synthetic fuel or synfuel is a liquid fuel, or sometimes gaseous fuel, obtained from syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, in which the syngas was derived from gasification of solid feedstocks such as coal or biomass or by reforming of natural gas. Common methods for manufacturing synthetic fuels include the Fischer Tropsch conversion, methanol to gasoline conversion, or direct coal liquefaction. As of July 2009, worldwide commercial synthetic fuels production capacity was over , with numerous new projects in construction or development. The term 'synthetic fuel' or 'synfuel' has several different meanings and it may include

This is a document about Air pollution in India
 300,000 to 400,000 people die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning in India because of biomass burning and use of chullahs. The air pollution is also the main cause of the Asian brown cloud which is delaying the start of the monsoon. Burning of biomass and firewood will not stop unless electricity or clean burning fuel and combustion technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India. India is the world's largest consumer of fuelwood, agricultural waste and biomass for energy purposes. From the most recent available nationwide study, India used 148.7 million tonnes coal

This is a document about Chemosynthesis
 Chemosynthesis In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis. Chemoautotrophs, organisms that obtain carbon through chemosynthesis, are phylogenetically diverse, but also groups that include conspicuous or biogeochemically-important taxa include the sulfur-oxidizing gamma and epsilon proteobacteria, the Aquificae, the methanogenic archaea and the neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria. Many microorganisms in dark regions of the oceans use chemosynthesis to produce biomass from single carbon

This is a document about Project Gaia
 and deaths each year. Kerosene releases carcinogenic emissions and is often poorly refined or adulterated by the time it is acquired for domestic use. Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) burns cleanly but is expensive and cannot be produced locally. Charcoal, a processed biomass fuel, burns with less smoke, but emits carbon monoxide. Meanwhile, coal produces all of the dangerous emissions of traditional biomass fuels and depending on its quality, also produces sulfur oxides and toxic elements such as arsenic, lead, fluorine, and mercury. Aid initiatives and emergency response projects rarely provide energy for cooking, focusing instead on food rations and necessary

This is a document about Syngas
 avoid the dilution effect, producing gas of much higher calorific value. When used as an intermediate in the large-scale, industrial synthesis of hydrogen (principally used in the production of ammonia), it is also produced from natural gas (via the steam reforming reaction) as follows: In order to produce more hydrogen from this mixture, more steam is added and the water gas shift reaction is carried out: The hydrogen must be separated from the to be able to use it. This is primarily done by pressure swing adsorption (PSA), amine scrubbing, and membrane reactors. Conversion of biomass to syngas is typically

This is a document about Power-to-gas
 reaction, or biological methanation resulting in an extra energy conversion loss of 8%. The methane /SNG may then be fed into the natural gas grid or further converted in to LPG by synthesising SNG with partial reverse hydrogenation at high pressure and low temperature. LPG in turn can be converted into alkylate which is a premium gasoline blending stock because it has exceptional antiknock properties and gives clean burning. The third method uses the output gas of a wood gas generator or a biogas plant, after the biogas upgrader is mixed with the produced hydrogen from the electrolyzer, to upgrade

This is a document about Biofuel
 of biogas, is produced in landfills through naturally occurring anaerobic digestion. If it escapes into the atmosphere, it is a potential greenhouse gas. Farmers can produce biogas from manure from their cattle by using anaerobic digesters. Syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other hydrocarbons, is produced by partial combustion of biomass, that is, combustion with an amount of oxygen that is not sufficient to convert the biomass completely to carbon dioxide and water. Before partial combustion, the biomass is dried, and sometimes pyrolysed. The resulting gas mixture, syngas, is more efficient than direct combustion of the original biofuel;

This is a document about Climate change and agriculture
 CO2 releases linked to deforestation ; Methane releases from rice cultivation ; Methane releases from enteric fermentation in cattle ; Nitrous oxide releases from fertilizer application Agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas increases through land use in four main ways: Together, these agricultural processes comprise 54% of methane emissions, roughly 80% of nitrous oxide emissions, and virtually all carbon dioxide emissions tied to land use. The planet's major changes to land cover since 1750 have resulted from deforestation in temperate regions: when forests and woodlands are cleared to make room for fields and pastures, the albedo of the affected area increases, which can result in either warming or cooling effects, depending on local conditions. Deforestation also affects regional carbon reuptake, which can result in increased concentrations of CO2, the dominant greenhouse gas. Land-clearing methods such as slash and burn compound these effects by burning biomatter, which directly releases greenhouse gases and particulate matter such as soot into the air.

This is a document about 2010 Southeast Asian haze
  methods practiced by smallholders, many species of animals and plants are unable to withstand the high temperatures of heat and fail to escape the fires or successfully migrate to a new home. Additionally, fire land clearing practices contributes a significant release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Such release of greenhouse gases from peatland fires aids in the exacerbation of global warming and has the ability to affect a change on the region's climate and weather. It is known that Indonesia is ranked as one of the world's higher carbon emitters with approximately 900 million tons of carbon emitted into the atmosphere in 2010.

This is a document about Sustainable energy
  soil unsuitable for food production. If the biomass source is agricultural or municipal waste, burning it or converting it into biogas provides a way to dispose of this waste. Carbon capture and storage technology can be used to capture emissions from bioenergy power plants. This process is known as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and can result in net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. However, BECCS can also result in net positive emissions depending on how the biomass material is grown, harvested, and transported. Deployment of BECCS at scales described in some climate change mitigation pathways would require converting large amounts of cropland.

This is a document about Biofuel in Sweden
  The unsustainable extraction of forest resources, such as wood fuel, may lead to forest degradation and permanent loss of biodiversity. Plantations can have both positive and negative impacts on biodiversity, depending on the change in land use. Further, even when traditional biomass is harvested sustainably, wood fuel use may not be carbon neutral due to incomplete combustion – the idealized fuel cycle in which all carbon is converted to carbon dioxide is unrealistic. Also, poorly conducted wood fuel harvesting can have significant effects on water quality and quantity, leading to increased soil erosion and run-off. However, while combustion of biogas, like natural gas, produces carbon dioxide (CO2), a

The burning of biomass for land conversion releases carbon dioxide (CO2).


Question: the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all particles in the system is called the

Answer: internal energy

This is a document about Internal energy
 density called "specific internal energy" which is internal energy per unit of mass (kilogram) of the system in question. The SI unit of specific internal energy is J/kg. If the specific internal energy is expressed relative to units of amount of substance (mol), then it is referred to as "molar internal energy" and the unit is J/mol. From the standpoint of statistical mechanics, the internal energy is equal to the ensemble average of the sum of the microscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system. The internal energy, , expresses the thermodynamics of a system in the "energy-language", or in

This is a document about Molecular modelling
 space or in internal coordinates, and can also be assigned velocities in dynamical simulations. The atomic velocities are related to the temperature of the system, a macroscopic quantity. The collective mathematical expression is termed a potential function and is related to the system internal energy (U), a thermodynamic quantity equal to the sum of potential and kinetic energies. Methods which minimize the potential energy are termed energy minimization methods (e.g., steepest descent and conjugate gradient), while methods that model the behaviour of the system with propagation of time are termed molecular dynamics. This function, referred to as a potential function,

This is a document about Energy
 or lose energy in association with matter transfer (both of these process are illustrated by fueling an auto, a system which gains in energy thereby, without addition of either work or heat). Denoting this energy by formula_16, one may write Internal energy is the sum of all microscopic forms of energy of a system. It is the energy needed to create the system. It is related to the potential energy, e.g., molecular structure, crystal structure, and other geometric aspects, as well as the motion of the particles, in form of kinetic energy. Thermodynamics is chiefly concerned with changes in internal

This is a document about Thermodynamic temperature
 the thermodynamic temperature to a very high degree of accuracy. Roughly, the temperature of a body at rest is a measure of the mean of the energy of the translational, vibrational and rotational motions of matter's particle constituents, such as molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles. The full variety of these kinetic motions, along with potential energies of particles, and also occasionally certain other types of particle energy in equilibrium with these, make up the total internal energy of a substance. Internal energy is loosely called the heat energy or thermal energy in conditions when no work is done upon the

This is a document about Kinetic energy
 gas, the molecules are moving in all directions. The kinetic energy of the system is the sum of the kinetic energies of the bodies it contains. A macroscopic body that is stationary (i.e. a reference frame has been chosen to correspond to the body's center of momentum) may have various kinds of internal energy at the molecular or atomic level, which may be regarded as kinetic energy, due to molecular translation, rotation, and vibration, electron translation and spin, and nuclear spin. These all contribute to the body's mass, as provided by the special theory of relativity. When discussing movements of

This is a document about Internal energy
 distributed between microscopic kinetic and microscopic potential energies. In general, thermodynamics does not trace this distribution. In an ideal gas all of the extra energy results in a temperature increase, as it is stored solely as microscopic kinetic energy; such heating is said to be "sensible". A second mechanism of change of internal energy of a closed system is the doing of work on the system, either in mechanical form by changing pressure or volume, or by other perturbations, such as directing an electric current through the system. If the system is not closed, the third mechanism that can increase

This is a document about Thermodynamic temperature
 energy of the translational, vibrational and rotational motions of matter's particle constituents (molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles). The full variety of these kinetic motions, along with potential energies of particles, and also occasionally certain other types of particle energy in equilibrium with these, contribute the total internal energy (loosely, the thermal energy) of a substance. Thus, internal energy may be stored in a number of ways (degrees of freedom) within a substance. When the degrees of freedom are in the classical regime ("unfrozen") the temperature is very simply related to the average energy of those degrees of freedom at equilibrium.

This is a document about Bernoulli's principle
 a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy remains constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid – implying an increase in its kinetic energy (dynamic pressure) – occurs with a simultaneous decrease in (the sum of) its potential energy (including the static pressure) and internal energy. If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir, the sum of all forms of energy is the same on all streamlines because in a reservoir the energy per unit volume (the

This is a document about Internal energy
 bonds, and the physical force fields within the system, such as due to internal induced electric or magnetic dipole moment, as well as the energy of deformation of solids (stress-strain). Usually, the split into microscopic kinetic and potential energies is outside the scope of macroscopic thermodynamics. Internal energy does not include the energy due to motion or location of a system as a whole. That is to say, it excludes any kinetic or potential energy the body may have because of its motion or location in external gravitational, electrostatic, or electromagnetic fields. It does, however, include the contribution of such

This is a document about Brownian motion
 linear and angular momenta remain null over time. It is important also to note that the kinetic energies of the molecular Brownian motions, together with those of molecular rotations and vibrations sum up to the caloric component of a fluid's internal energy. This motion is named after the botanist Robert Brown, who was the most eminent microscopist of his time. In 1827, while looking through a microscope at pollen of the plant "Clarkia pulchella" immersed in water, the triangular shaped pollen burst at the corners, emitting particles which he noted jiggled around in the water in random fashion. He was

This is a document about Thermal energy
 a system. In an ideal gas, the internal energy is the sum total of the gas particles' kinetic energy, and it is this kinetic motion that is the source and the effect of the transfer of heat across a system's boundary. For this reason, the term "thermal energy" is sometimes used synonymously with internal energy. (Heat and work depend on the way in which an energy transfer occurred, whereas internal energy is a property of the state of a system and can thus be understood even without knowing how the energy got there.) The term "thermal energy" is also applied

This is a document about Thermal conduction
 conduction by microscopic diffusion and collisions of material particles and phonons. But the distinction is often not easily observed, unless the material is semi-transparent. In the engineering sciences, heat transfer includes the processes of thermal radiation, convection, and sometimes mass transfer. Usually, more than one of these processes occurs in a given situation. The conventional symbol for thermal conductivity is "k". On a microscopic scale, conduction occurs within a body considered as being stationary; this means that the kinetic and potential energies of the bulk motion of the body are separately accounted for. Internal energy diffuses as rapidly moving or

This is a document about Thomas–Fermi model
  The total energy of the electrons is the sum of their kinetic and potential energies,

This is a document about König's theorem (kinetics)
  The second part expresses the kinetic energy of a system of particles in terms of the velocities of the individual particles and the centre of mass. Specifically, it states that the kinetic energy of a system of particles is the sum of the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the center of mass and the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the particles relative to the center of mass.

This is a document about Generalized coordinates
  The total kinetic energy of the system is the energy of the system's motion, defined as

This is a document about König's theorem (kinetics)
  The total kinetic energy of the system is:

This is a document about Energy
   The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified into potential energy, kinetic energy, or combinations of the two in various ways. Kinetic energy is determined by the movement of an object – or the composite motion of the components of an object – and potential energy reflects the potential of an object to have motion, and generally is a function of the position of an object within a field or may be stored in the field itself. While these two categories are sufficient to describe all forms of energy, it is often convenient to refer to particular combinations of potential and kinetic energy as its own form. For example, the sum of translational and rotational kinetic and potential energy within a system is referred to as mechanical energy, whereas nuclear energy refers to the combined potentials within an atomic nucleus from either the nuclear force or the weak force, among other examples.

This is a document about Molecular Hamiltonian
  Electrons and nuclei are, to a very good approximation, point charges and point masses. The molecular Hamiltonian is a sum of several terms: its major terms are the kinetic energies of the electrons and the Coulomb (electrostatic) interactions between the two kinds of charged particles. The Hamiltonian that contains only the kinetic energies of electrons and nuclei, and the Coulomb interactions between them, is known as the Coulomb Hamiltonian. From it are missing a number of small terms, most of which are due to electronic and nuclear spin. Although it is generally assumed that the solution of the time-independent Schrödinger equation associated with the Coulomb Hamiltonian will predict most properties of

This is a document about Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
  The Hamiltonian of a system is the sum of the kinetic energies of all the particles, plus the potential energy of the particles associated with the system. The Hamiltonian takes different forms and can be simplified in some cases by taking into account the concrete characteristics of the system under analysis, such as single or several particles in the system, interaction between particles, kind of potential energy, time varying potential or time independent one.

The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all particles in a system is called the internal energy of the system.


Question: who used the springfield rifle in the civil war

Answer: United States

This is a document about Springfield Model 1861
 Springfield Model 1861 The Springfield Model 1861 was a Minié-type rifled musket shoulder-arm used by the United States Army and Marine Corps during the American Civil War. Commonly referred to as the "Springfield" (after its original place of production, Springfield, Massachusetts), it was the most widely used U.S. Army weapon during the Civil War, favored for its range, accuracy, and reliability. The barrel was forty inches (102 cm) long, firing a .58 caliber Minié ball, and the total weight was approximately nine pounds (4,9 kg). The Springfield had a general effective range of 200 to 300 yards (183–274 m) but

This is a document about Springfield rifle
 used during the American Civil War may also be referred to as "Springfield rifles". Springfield rifle The term Springfield rifle may refer to any one of several types of small arms produced by the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, for the United States armed forces. In modern usage, the term "Springfield rifle" most commonly refers to the Springfield Model 1903 for its use in both world wars. Rifled musket: Single-shot rifle: Repeating rifle: Autoloading rifle: There were also numerous limited production, experimental, marksmanship, and sporting rifles produced by the Springfield Armory which are referred to as "Springfield rifles". Some examples

This is a document about Lorenz rifle
 the British Enfield or the American Springfield rifle-muskets whenever these were available. A fair number of Lorenz rifles had also been used in the 1859 conflict with France and were worn and not in pristine condition when they reached the United States. Lorenz rifles in the Civil War were generally used with .54 caliber cartridges designed for the Model 1841 "Mississippi" rifle. These differed from the cartridges manufactured in Austria and may have contributed to the unreliability of the weapons. Many of the rifles were bored out to .58 caliber to accommodate standard Springfield rifle ammunition, which also created problems

This is a document about M1903 Springfield
 M1903 Springfield The M1903 Springfield, formally the United States Rifle, Caliber .30-06, Model 1903, is an American five-round magazine fed, bolt-action service repeating rifle, used primarily during the first half of the 20th century. It was officially adopted as a United States military bolt-action rifle on June 19, 1903, and saw service in World War I. It was officially replaced as the standard infantry rifle by the faster-firing semi-automatic eight-round M1 Garand starting in 1936. However, the M1903 Springfield remained in service as a standard issue infantry rifle during World War II, since the U.S. entered the war without sufficient

This is a document about Single-shot
 the United States standardized on the .50-70 cartridge, chambered in trapdoor conversions of rifled muskets that had been used in the American Civil War. The trapdoor mechanism continued with the adoption of the Springfield 1873 rifle, chambered in the new .45-70 cartridge. The Springfield stayed in service until 1893, when it was replaced by the Krag–Jørgensen bolt-action rifle. Another muzzleloader conversion similar in concept to the Allin action was the British Snider–Enfield, also introduced in 1866, which hinged to the side rather than forward. Unlike the US Army, which kept its trapdoors for decades, the British soon moved beyond the

This is a document about 78th Illinois Infantry Regiment
 Corps. The regiment received the blue United States uniform, typical of the civil war. Initially, the regiment was armed with .69 caliber rifled muskets, altered to use a percussion cap. In 1863, the regiment saw more modern arms provisioned to the soldiers; a mixture of the Enfield rifle and Springfield Rifle Muskets were carried. In 1864, all troops were armed with the Springfield Rifle Muskets. Operations In North Georgia and North Alabama against Forest and Hood (September 29 — November 3, 1864) When the regiment mustered in on September 1, 1862, it included 862 enlisted men. The regiment suffered 9

This is a document about M1903 Springfield
 sights, to take all his big game, including lions, on his first African safari in 1933. That safari is the subject of "Green Hills of Africa", published in 1935. M1903 Springfield The M1903 Springfield, formally the United States Rifle, Caliber .30-06, Model 1903, is an American five-round magazine fed, bolt-action service repeating rifle, used primarily during the first half of the 20th century. It was officially adopted as a United States military bolt-action rifle on June 19, 1903, and saw service in World War I. It was officially replaced as the standard infantry rifle by the faster-firing semi-automatic eight-round M1

This is a document about .30-06 Springfield
 a different lead alloy, and weighed instead of . This 1938 pattern cartridge, the cartridge, caliber .30, ball, M2, achieved a muzzle velocity of and muzzle energy of . The round weighed and its maximum range was approximately . In military service, the 30-06 was used in the bolt-action M1903 Springfield rifle, the bolt-action M1917 Enfield rifle, the semi-automatic M1 Garand rifle, the semi-automatic M1941 Johnson rifle, the Famage Mauser, the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), and numerous machine guns, including the M1917 and M1919 series. It served the United States in both World Wars and in the Korean War, its

This is a document about Springfield musket
 the original percussion lock. The model 1863 featured only minor improvements to the Model 1861, and is often considered to be a variant of that model. After the U.S. Civil War, many Model 1861/1863 muskets were converted to breech-loading weapons, creating the Model 1865 rifle. After the change from muzzle-loading to breech-loading, these weapons were no longer referred to as rifled muskets and instead were simply referred to as rifles. Springfield musket Springfield musket may refer to any one of several types of small arms produced by the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, for the United States armed forces. In

This is a document about Springfield model 1873
 was at a major disadvantage against Spanish forces armed with the 7 mm Spanish M93 Mauser bolt action rifle. There are reports of the surplus trapdoor Springfields being issued to civilians living in coastal areas during World War I to provide for an armed militia in the event of a German invasion. Springfield model 1873 The model 1873 "Trapdoor" Springfield was the first standard-issue breech-loading rifle adopted by the United States Army (although the model 1866 trapdoor had seen limited issue to troops along the Bozeman Trail in 1867). The gun, in both full-length and carbine versions, was widely used

This is a document about Springfield model 1873
 a major improvement, and brass became the primary material used in United States military cartridges from then to the present. After the Little Big Horn disaster, troops were required to perform target practice twice a week. The black powder Model 1873 continued to be the main service rifle of the U.S. military until it was gradually replaced by the Springfield model 1892 bolt-action rifle, essentially a copy of the Norwegian Krag-Jørgensen action. Replacement began in 1892, and despite its obsolescence, the Model 1873 was still used by secondary units during the Spanish–American War in Cuba and the Philippines, where it

This is a document about Springfield model 1870 Remington—Navy
 Springfield model 1870 Remington—Navy The Springfield rolling-block U.S. Navy rifle was a shipboard small arm for use by the United States Navy, employing the Remington Arms Company rolling-block design, and manufactured under a royalty agreement with Remington. During the U.S. Civil War, Joseph Rider experimented with several breech loading weapon designs. In 1865, he was issued the first patent for what would evolve into the Remington rolling block action. The Remingtons continued to invest in Rider's work, and met with Ordnance Department officials in the hope of interesting them in this new design. The U.S. Navy Ordnance Department became interested

This is a document about Springfield model 1870 Remington—Navy
 just a minor improvement to the model 1870 and included changes such as the correction of the location of the rear sight. Springfield model 1870 Remington—Navy The Springfield rolling-block U.S. Navy rifle was a shipboard small arm for use by the United States Navy, employing the Remington Arms Company rolling-block design, and manufactured under a royalty agreement with Remington. During the U.S. Civil War, Joseph Rider experimented with several breech loading weapon designs. In 1865, he was issued the first patent for what would evolve into the Remington rolling block action. The Remingtons continued to invest in Rider's work, and

This is a document about Springfield Model 1842
 Model 1855 and Springfield Model 1861. Both the original smoothbore version and the modified rifled version of the Model 1842 were used in the American Civil War. The smoothbore version was produced without sights (except for a cast one on the barrel band). When Model 1842 muskets were modified to have rifled barrels, sights were usually added at the same time as the rifling. The 1842 musket was effectively used during the American Civil War. Springfield Model 1842 The US Model 1842 Musket was a .69 caliber musket manufactured and used in the United States during the 19th Century. It

This is a document about Lever action
 US Civil War. Henry Lever Action firearms were used in the US until the Winchester Model 1866 rifle replaced it. The Spencer repeating rifle was also used in the US Civil War. Additionally, rifles using the lever-action design were used extensively during the 1930s by irregular forces in the Spanish Civil War. Typically, these were Winchesters or Winchester copies of Spanish manufacture. At least 9,000 Model 1895 rifles are known to have been provided by the Soviet Union in 1936 to the Spanish Republicans for use in the Spanish Civil War. Both the Russian Empire and the United States adopted

This is a document about Armies in the American Civil War
 by the United States was designed by Claude Minié, a French Army officer. Whereas earlier rifles fired a round nonexpanding ball, the Minié system used a hollow‑based cylindro‑conoidal projectile slightly smaller than the bore that dropped easily into the barrel. When the powder charge was ignited by a fulminate of mercury percussion cap, the released powder gases expanded the base of the bullet into the rifled grooves, giving the projectile a ballistic spin. The model 1855 Springfield rifle musket was the first regulation arm to use the hollow‑base .58‑caliber minie bullet. The slightly modified model 1861 was the principal infantry

This is a document about Springfield Model 1861
 Indian Wars and all U.S. military actions until the end of the 19th century. The Springfield Model 1861 is very popular today among Civil War reenactors and collectors alike for its accuracy, reliability and historical background. Original antique Springfields are expensive, so companies such as Davide Pedersoli & C., Armi Sport and Euro Arms make modern reproductions at much more affordable prices. Springfield Model 1861 The Springfield Model 1861 was a Minié-type rifled musket shoulder-arm used by the United States Army and Marine Corps during the American Civil War. Commonly referred to as the "Springfield" (after its original place of

This is a document about Springfield Armory
 experimental magazine rifle which they believed to be an improvement over the Krag. They fashioned a clip loading magazine rifle in which the cartridges were contained within the stock, preventing damage to an otherwise exposed magazine. It was approved for production in as the Model 1903. Mauser later sued for patent infringement and won royalties from Springfield. By the time that the United States entered World War I, approximately 843,239 standard service Model 1903 rifles had been manufactured. However, this was insufficient to arm U.S. troops for an undertaking of the magnitude of World War I. During the war Springfield

This is a document about Springfield rifle
 Springfield rifle The term Springfield rifle may refer to any one of several types of small arms produced by the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, for the United States armed forces. In modern usage, the term "Springfield rifle" most commonly refers to the Springfield Model 1903 for its use in both world wars. Rifled musket: Single-shot rifle: Repeating rifle: Autoloading rifle: There were also numerous limited production, experimental, marksmanship, and sporting rifles produced by the Springfield Armory which are referred to as "Springfield rifles". Some examples of the smoothbore Springfield Model 1842 musket that were later modified with rifling and

The Springfield rifle used in the American Civil War was the Springfield Model 1861, which was used by both the Union and Confederate armies.


Question: who is the chair person of rajya sabha

Answer: Venkaiah Naidu )

This is a document about Rajya Sabha
 sittings of the Houses of Parliament of India are rare, and in the history of the Republic, only three such joint-sessions have been held; the latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act. The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the "ex-officio" Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952. The salary and other benefits

This is a document about Rajya Sabha
  a greater influence because of its larger membership. The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952. The Rajya Sabha meets in the eponymous chamber in Parliament House in New Delhi. Since 18 July 2018, the Rajya Sabha has facility for simultaneous interpretation in all the 22 scheduled languages of India.

This is a document about Rajya Sabha
  of the Rajya Sabha and its Committees. In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat. Present secretary-general is Desh Deepak Verma, IAS. In winter 2019 session, uniforms of Rajya Sabha marshals were restyled from traditional Indian attire comprising turbans to dark navy blue and olive green military-style outfits with caps.

This is a document about Elections in India
  The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of India's Parliament. Candidates are not elected directly by the citizens, but by the Members of Legislative Assemblies and up to 12  can be nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha get a tenure of six years, with one-third of the body facing re-election every two years. Rajya Sabha acts as a second-level review body before a bill becomes an act. The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Legislative proposals

This is a document about Rahul Gandhi
  Rahul Gandhi (born 19 June 1970) is an Indian politician and a member of the Indian Parliament, representing the constituency of Wayanad, Kerala in the 17th Lok Sabha. A member of the Indian National Congress, he served as the president of the Indian National Congress from 16 December 2017 to 3 July 2019. Gandhi is the chairperson of the Indian Youth Congress, the National Students Union of India also a trustee of Rajiv Gandhi Foundation and Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust. Born in New Delhi, Gandhi spent his early childhood between Delhi and Dehradun and stayed away from the public sphere for much of his childhood and early youth. He attained primary education in New Delhi and Dehradun but was later homeschooled because of security

This is a document about Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha
  The following individuals have held the office of the Leader of the House in the Rajya Sabha:

This is a document about Lok Sabha
  the day-to-day proceedings of the Lok Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Lok Sabha and its Committees, among other things. In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat. Since November 2020, the Secretary-General of Lok Sabha is Utpal Kumar Singh, IAS.

This is a document about Speaker of the Lok Sabha
  the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States) is its Chairperson; the Vice-President of India is the ex-officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. On the order of precedence, the Speaker of Lok Sabha ranks sixth, along with the Chief Justice of India. The Speaker is answerable to the House. Both the Speaker and Deputy Speaker may be removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members. Lok Sabha Speaker can be elected by President on a nomination basis. All bill passed requires his or her signature to go to the Rajya Sabha for its consideration. He/ She is the highest official of the Lok Sabha. The Speaker also has a casting vote in the event of a tie. It is customary for the Presiding Officer to exercise the casting vote in such a manner as to maintain the status quo.

This is a document about Rajya Sabha
  The Rajya Sabha, constitutionally the Council of States (informally known as the House of Elders) is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. it has a maximum membership of 245, of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using single transferable votes through Open Ballot while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. The potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 250 (238 elected, 12 appointed), according to article 80 of the Indian Constitution. Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with

This is a document about Reactions to the 2008 Mumbai attacks
  Rajya Sabha and Vice President of India Mohammad Hamid Ansari and Speaker of the Lok Sabha Somnath Chatterjee: "We learned with grief about the tragedy in Mumbai, and about hundreds of killed and injured innocent people. I express my deepest condolences on behalf of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia and personally on my behalf to you, members of the Parliament, families of those killed and wish speedy recovery to the injured. We always condemned and condemn the terrorism. We are sure that the organisers and executors of this unprecedented crime will get their condign punishment". ; – Prime

This is a document about Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha
  The Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha (IAST: Rājya Sabhā ke Sadana Netā) is the leader and parliamentary chairperson of the majority party in the Rajya Sabha and is normally either a cabinet minister or another nominated minister. The Leader of the House is responsible for organizing government meetings and business in the House. This office is not enshrined in the constitution and provided under the Rules of Rajya Sabha.

This is a document about List of current members of the Rajya Sabha
  The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the Upper House of the Parliament of India. Membership is limited to 250 members, and the present Rajya Sabha has 245 members. 233 members are elected by the Vidhan Sabha members and 12 are nominated by the President for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sits for six years term, with one-third of the members retiring every two years.

This is a document about Rakesh Sinha
  Sinha is a nominated member of Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Parliament of India, since July 2018. Sinha was also ICSSR Nominee to CSDS, Delhi. In March 2020, Rakesh Sinha has also given a notice, seeking the chairman's (of Rajya Sabha) permission to move the resolution to drop the word "socialist" during the time allotted for Private Members' Bill in March 2020. Recently, Sinha has also criticised Romila Thapar, stating that historians like her have "undervalued and consciously rejected many of the achievements of ancient India". He further stated that she was guided by Marxism and had a Eurocentric view.

This is a document about 2017 in India
 Pranab Mukherjee Portrait.jpg, 13th President of India.]]President of India: Pranab Mukherjee (until July 24), Ram Nath Kovind (since July 25) ; Vice-President of India: Mohammad Hamid Ansari (until August 10), Venkaiah Naidu (since August 11) ; Prime Minister of India: Narendra Modi ; Chief Justice of India: T. S. Thakur (until January 3), Jagdish Singh Khehar (January 5 to August 27), Dipak Misra (since August 28) ; Speaker of the Lok Sabha: Sumitra Mahajan

This is a document about Standing Committee on Finance
  of Lok Sabha by the Lok Sabha Speaker and from amongst the members of Rajya Sabha by the Rajya Sabha Chairman. Efforts are made as far as possible to allocate seats in proportion to party strength in respective houses. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee. If a member after his election to the committee becomes a Minister, he ceases to be a member from the date of such appointment. The committee currently is headed by Veerappa Moily, succeeding Yashwant Sinha from the 15th Lok Sabha.

This is a document about Estimates Committee
  all elected from Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. The members are elected every year from amongst its members of the Lok Sabha, according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee. In case a member after his election to the committee becomes a minister, he or she ceases to be a member from the date of such appointment. There are no members from Rajya Sabha Currently the committee is headed by Girish Bapat from the Bharatiya Janata Party.

This is a document about Ranjan Gogoi
  Former Chief Justice of India (CJI) Ranjan Gogoi was nominated to the Rajya Sabha by President Ram Nath Kovind. On 19 March 2020, he took oath of office as a Member of Parliament in Rajya Sabha in presence of Chairman of Rajya Sabha.

This is a document about Yogendra Narain
  Narain was appointed as the Secretary-General of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament by the Vice President of India and ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha,   he assumed the office of 1 September 2002 and demitted it on 14 September 2007.

This is a document about Hemant Batra
  Sabha as a Guest Anchor and Guide for a fresh series of Sansad TV called `75 Years: Laws That Shaped India'   The other Guest Anchors engaged by the Parliament for Sansad TV being Bibek Debroy, Dr Karan Singh, Amitabh Kant, Shashi Tharoor, Maroof Raza and Sanjeev Sanyal. The global TV channel Sansad TV was launched by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi, Vice President of India Venkaiah Naidu and Speaker of Lok Sabha Om Birla on 15 September 2021. Hemant Batra withdrew from all active roles in Kaden Boriss law firm in 2015 and formally quit the law firm in 2016. He now independently

The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.


Question: where is the university of northern iowa located

Answer: Cedar Falls , Iowa

This is a document about University of Northern Iowa
 ranked #11 by the AP Poll, the highest ranking in school history, and #9 by USA Today. There are many traditions at UNI. Since its founding, the University has had eleven presidents. University of Northern Iowa The University of Northern Iowa (UNI) is a public university in Cedar Falls, Iowa. UNI offers more than 90 majors across the colleges of Business Administration, Education, Humanities, Arts, and Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences and graduate college. The fall 2018 enrollment is 11,212. More than 88 percent of its students are from the state of Iowa. The University of Northern Iowa was founded

This is a document about Northern Iowa Panthers women's basketball
 Northern Iowa Panthers women's basketball The Northern Iowa Panthers women's basketball team represents the University of Northern Iowa, located in Cedar Falls, Iowa, in NCAA Division I basketball competition. UNI is currently a member of the Missouri Valley Conference. On March 4, 2017, Tanya Warren became the all-time wins leader in Northern Iowa women's basketball history. She reached her 184th career win with a victory over Missouri State. The school has several statewide and national rivalries. In Iowa, typically UNI plays two, if not three of its Iowa neighbors each season. The university plays the University of Iowa, Iowa State

This is a document about Northern Iowa Panthers women's basketball
 University, and Drake University. Additionally, other UNI basketball rivals include, but are not limited to, Creighton University, Indiana State, Southern Illinois, and Wichita State. Northern Iowa Panthers women's basketball The Northern Iowa Panthers women's basketball team represents the University of Northern Iowa, located in Cedar Falls, Iowa, in NCAA Division I basketball competition. UNI is currently a member of the Missouri Valley Conference. On March 4, 2017, Tanya Warren became the all-time wins leader in Northern Iowa women's basketball history. She reached her 184th career win with a victory over Missouri State. The school has several statewide and national rivalries.

This is a document about Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball
 but are not limited to, Creighton University, Indiana State, Southern Illinois, and Wichita State. Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball The Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball team represents the University of Northern Iowa, located in Cedar Falls, Iowa, in NCAA Division I basketball competition. UNI is currently a member of the Missouri Valley Conference. Jacobson's biggest coaching accomplishment to date was in the 2009–10 season, when the Panthers made a run into the Sweet Sixteen of the NCAA Tournament highlighted by an upset of top national seed Kansas. ESPN.com columnist Pat Forde called the Panthers' win "the biggest tourney upset in

This is a document about Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball
 Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball The Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball team represents the University of Northern Iowa, located in Cedar Falls, Iowa, in NCAA Division I basketball competition. UNI is currently a member of the Missouri Valley Conference. Jacobson's biggest coaching accomplishment to date was in the 2009–10 season, when the Panthers made a run into the Sweet Sixteen of the NCAA Tournament highlighted by an upset of top national seed Kansas. ESPN.com columnist Pat Forde called the Panthers' win "the biggest tourney upset in years," and called the clinching shot by Panthers guard Ali Farokhmanesh "the greatest early-round

This is a document about University of Northern Iowa
 University of Northern Iowa The University of Northern Iowa (UNI) is a public university in Cedar Falls, Iowa. UNI offers more than 90 majors across the colleges of Business Administration, Education, Humanities, Arts, and Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences and graduate college. The fall 2018 enrollment is 11,212. More than 88 percent of its students are from the state of Iowa. The University of Northern Iowa was founded as a result of two influential forces of the nineteenth century. First, Iowa wanted to care for orphans of its Civil War veterans, and secondly, Iowa needed a public teacher training institution.

This is a document about Annabeth Gish
 starting in January 2018. Gish was born Anne Elizabeth Gish in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the daughter of Judy and Robert Gish. When she was two, her family moved to Cedar Falls, Iowa, where she grew up with her brother Tim and her sister Robin. Her father was an English professor at the University of Northern Iowa; her mother was an elementary school teacher. Gish went to Northern University High School in Cedar Falls, Iowa, where she graduated in 1989. She attended Duke University, where she was a member of the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority and focused her energies on the

This is a document about University of Northern Iowa
 Teaching and Research Greenhouse is a greenhouse complex incorporating botanical gardens for research and education. It is located on the campus of the University of Northern Iowa in Cedar Falls, Iowa. The greenhouse contains plants from many ecotypes, including 250 tropical plants, an extensive collection of arid climate plants, and the Aquatic Learning Center. From 2014 through 2018 the UNI hosted the "Midwest Summer Institute: Inclusion and Communication for All", a two-day conference on Facilitated communication sponsored by the Inclusion Connection and Syracuse University's Institute on Communication and Inclusion. In 2018, just before the fifth annual conference held on June

This is a document about 2017 Northern Iowa Panthers football team
 2017 Northern Iowa Panthers football team The 2017 Northern Iowa Panthers football team represented the University of Northern Iowa in the 2017 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The team was coached by Mark Farley in his 17th season and played their home games in the UNI-Dome in Cedar Falls, Iowa as members of the Missouri Valley Football Conference. They finished the season 8–5, 6–2 in MVFC play to finish in a tie for second place. The Panthers received an at-large bid to the FCS Playoffs where they defeated Monmouth in the first round before losing in the second round

This is a document about 2018 Northern Iowa Panthers football team
 2018 Northern Iowa Panthers football team The 2018 Northern Iowa Panthers football team represented the University of Northern Iowa in the 2018 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The team was led by Mark Farley in his 18th season and played their home games in the UNI-Dome in Cedar Falls, Iowa as a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference. They finished the season 7–6, 5–3 in MVFC play to finish in a tie for third place. They received an at-large bid to the FCS Playoffs, where they defeated Lamar in the first round before losing to UC Davis in

This is a document about Cedar Falls High School
 state tournament. Cassy was joined by another female wrestler in 2011 as the only female wrestlers to qualify for the state tournament since its inception by the Iowa High School Athletic Association in 1926. Cedar Falls High School Cedar Falls High School is a high school located in Cedar Falls, Iowa. It is a part of Cedar Falls Community Schools. The school principal is Jason Wedgebury. He is a University of Northern Iowa graduate. He replaced Rich Powers July 2014. The school serves 1,125 students, and 90 teachers. In 1846, Mrs. Jackson Taylor opened the first school in her home

This is a document about Bill Stewart (musician)
 of Iowa. The largely self-taught drummer began playing at the age of seven. While in high school, he played in a Top 40 cover band and the school orchestra, and went to a summer music camp at Stanford Jazz Workshop, where he met jazz legend Dizzy Gillespie. After high school graduation, Stewart attended the University of Northern Iowa in Cedar Falls, Iowa, playing in the jazz and marching bands as well as the orchestra. He then transferred to William Paterson University (then William Paterson College), where he played in ensembles directed by Rufus Reid, studied drums with Eliot Zigmund and

This is a document about Music of Iowa
 Wedding, Keith Tkachuk and the Flying Mongooses, and 3sp. Music institutions and venues Iowa is also home to the Des Moines Symphony Orchestra, Des Moines Metro Opera, Quad City Symphony Orchestra, Dubuque Symphony Orchestra, Cedar Rapids Opera, Orchestra Iowa (Cedar Rapids), Sioux City Symphony Orchestra, Waterloo/Cedar Falls Symphony Orchestra, Southeast Iowa Symphony Orchestra, and the Northwest Iowa Symphony Orchestra. The three major university music institutions in Iowa include the Iowa State University School of Music in Ames, University of Iowa School of Music in Iowa City, and The University of Northern Iowa School of Music in Cedar Falls, Iowa. Other

This is a document about Outline of Iowa
 Northern Iowa

This is a document about University of Northern Iowa
   The University of Northern Iowa (UNI) is a public university in Cedar Falls, Iowa. UNI offers more than 90 majors across the colleges of Business Administration, Education, Humanities, Arts, and Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences and graduate college. The fall 2019 enrollment was 10,497. More than 88 percent of its students are from the state of Iowa.

This is a document about University of Northern Iowa Gallery of Art
  The University of Northern Iowa Gallery of Art is an art gallery at the University of Northern Iowa in Cedar Falls, housed in the Kamerick Art Building on West 27th Street.

This is a document about University of Northern Iowa
  The University of Northern Iowa Teaching and Research Greenhouse is a greenhouse complex incorporating botanical gardens for research and education. It is located on the campus of the University of Northern Iowa in Cedar Falls, Iowa. The greenhouse contains plants from many ecotypes, including 250 tropical plants, an extensive collection of arid climate plants, and the 1200 sqft Aquatic Learning Center.

This is a document about Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball
  The Northern Iowa Panthers men's basketball team represents the University of Northern Iowa, located in Cedar Falls, Iowa, in NCAA Division I basketball competition. UNI is currently a member of the Missouri Valley Conference.

This is a document about Northern Iowa Panthers women's basketball
  The Northern Iowa Panthers women's basketball team represents the University of Northern Iowa, located in Cedar Falls, Iowa, in NCAA Division I basketball competition. UNI is currently a member of the Missouri Valley Conference.

The University of Northern Iowa is located in Cedar Falls, Iowa.