Question: who is the oldest child in queen sugar

Answer: Nova Bordelon

This is a document about Queen Sugar
 Queen Sugar Queen Sugar is an American drama television series created and executive produced by Ava DuVernay, with Oprah Winfrey serving as an executive producer. DuVernay also directs many episodes. The series is based on the novel of the same name by Natalie Baszile. The series airs on Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) and premiered on September 6, 2016. The series follows the life of three siblings: two sisters, Nova Bordelon (played by Rutina Wesley), a formidable journalist and activist from New Orleans, and Charley Bordelon (Dawn-Lyen Gardner), a working wife and mother, who, with her teenaged son Micah, leaves her

This is a document about Queen Sugar
  Queen Sugar is an American drama television series created and executive produced by Ava DuVernay, with Oprah Winfrey serving as an executive producer. DuVernay also directed the first two episodes. The series is based on the 2014 novel of the same name by American writer Natalie Baszile. Queen Sugar centers on the lives of three siblings in rural Louisiana (Rutina Wesley, Dawn-Lyen Gardner, and Kofi Siriboe) who must deal with the aftermath of their father's sudden death and decide the fate of his 800-acre sugarcane farm. The mainstream themes in the series often accompany episodes centered on racial profiling, the long reach of chattel slavery in American history and the inequities in the criminal justice system, and other issues

This is a document about Nutri Ventures
 Theo is the leader of the 4 kids. He keeps the medallion with him. ; Lena is the "brains" of the group. She keeps the NutriPad with her. In the Indian territory, everyone calls her "Eagle Feather". ; Ben is the strong, yet clumsy and foolish, one. In the sugar kingdom, everyone calls him Big Ben. He has a crush on Inca. ; Nina is playful and intelligent and she helps someone who can get in shape. She's actually Theo's little sister. She always wears a blue flower in her orange hair. It was revealed in the episode "In Search of Energy" that she tends to get separation anxiety from her brother as she always

This is a document about Dave the Barbarian
  Candy (voiced by Erica Luttrell) – At 17, the oldest child of the three siblings. Left in charge while the king and queen are away, Candy has a contemporary "valley girl" attitude and would rather shop and hang out than rule a kingdom. Candy's main ability is her martial arts skills. She is the kingdom's most beautiful girl and she's rather selfish, but gets over that in a small way while helping Hamwise and his wife defeat the nefarious Invisigoths. Candy has used the quote "Don't mess with the princess" on a number of occasions and has referred to herself also as a Barbarian. She has

This is a document about Waterloo Road (TV series)
  (Lucy Dixon), Karla Bentham (Jessica Baglow), Paul Langley (Thomas Milner), Bolton Smilie (Tachia Newall) and Michaela White (Zaraah Abrahams). The fourth series introduces several new characters who become focal points of the subsequent episodes. For example, the Kelly family seems to be the epitome of the "Family from Hell" and consists of an alcoholic mother Rose Kelly (Elaine Symons) and her five children: eldest son Marley (Luke Bailey), borderline psychopath Earl (Reece Noi), daughter Sambuca (Holly Kenny), 11-year-old Denzil (Reece Douglas), and baby Prince. New Head of PE Rob Cleaver (Elyes Gabel) begins a relationship with English teacher Jasmine and becomes the boxing mentor of pupil Bolton. He

This is a document about Valentin Cassadine
  oldest living male heir, Valentin. Anna and Griffin unsuccessfully try to keep Charlotte away from Valentin, but he is awarded custody by the courts and moves into Wyndemere, all the time hinting at a connection to Anna she can't place. Laura leaves Wyndemere in disgust, and although Valentin offers to let her stay, with a loaded comment about the two being family, she leaves anyway. Nina discovers Valentin is actually the father of Charlotte, the lost little girl who appeared in her office. They bond over their mutual dislike of Ava and Charlotte's mother, Claudette, due to Ava having stolen Nina's husband and Claudette having

This is a document about Black-ish
  child. He typically lacks teenage savvy, but is very smart and is taught these things, albeit with a hint of disdain, by his relatively shallow and self-aggrandizing father and siblings. ; Miles Brown as Jackson "Jack" Johnson: Dre and Rainbow's third oldest child and fraternal twin of Diane. He is 13-years-old and typically aloof, but also idolizes his father, and is Diane's older twin brother. ; Marsai Martin as Diane Johnson: Andre and Rainbow's youngest daughter and fraternal twin of Jack, who considers herself smarter and more mature than him. ; August and Berlin Gross as DeVante Johnson: Andre and Rainbow's youngest child who appears in seasons 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Rainbow found out she was pregnant with him in "Daddy Dre-Care". He is born in the episode "Sprinkles". ;

This is a document about Jim Branning
  youngest son Jack (Scott Maslen) is in a coma after being shot, Jim is present when he is woken up by medical staff. Jim then cries when he finds out Jack is paralysed, knowing the pain of living with a disability. Jim and Dot are later befriended by teenager Fatboy (Ricky Norwood). A few weeks later, when his grandson Billie Jackson (Devon Anderson) dies, Carol goes to visit Jim, who starts crying, and she breaks down in his arms. When Carol sees Dot and Jim have no photos of Billie, she accuses them of racism. Dot says she asked Billie for photos but was

This is a document about There Are No Children Here
 LaShawn, the oldest, who financially supports her drug addiction with prostitution. ; Paul, (named after his father) the oldest boy, also called Weasel. ; Terence, Lafeyette and Pharoah's favorite brother. Terence often supports his little brothers with advice to stay away from gangs and drugs. Terence, however, winds up in prison by 1990, for his involvement in two robberies; the book claims he only participated in one, but was convicted of both. ; Lafeyette, who is the most dependable child, helps his mother care for the younger children. He and Lajoe have an exceptional bond, one LaJoe originally found in Terence. Terence faded from his mother, and lost his bond with

This is a document about List of EastEnders characters (2017)
  the lack of evidence, but Keegan receives a juvenile warning and Sharon decides to get answers from Keegan for Louise. Keegan tells Louise and her stepmother, Sharon Mitchell (Letitia Dean) that Dennis Rickman (Bleu Landau), Sharon's son, told him about Louise's birthmark and Keegan apologises. Honey Mitchell (Emma Barton) sees Keegan stealing a magazine in the Minute Mart, but is afraid to confront him. Derek warns Keegan and states that Honey saw him, so Keegan accuses Honey of being racist. He then confronts Derek and calls him an "old queer", before leaving the store. When Keegan is told his 15-year-old half-sister Bernadette Taylor (Clair

This is a document about The Testament (Grisham novel)
 Troy Junior: The oldest child. On his second marriage, his business ventures always end in failure. He was kicked out of college for selling drugs. Completely spent his $5 million before he was thirty and was fired from multiple positions in his father's company. ; Rex Phelan: The second child. Currently owes more than $7 million and is under investigation by the FBI for being a director in a failed bank. Runs a series of strip clubs although all his assets are in the name of his wife, herself an ex-stripper. ;  Libbigail Phelan Jeter: The oldest daughter by Troy's first marriage with a long history of drug abuse. Currently married to her third husband, an

This is a document about Carmel Jackson
  Medford), much to his parents' dismay. Carmel later moves into the ground floor flat at number 3 Albert Square and she and Kelvin live together for a while. However, their age difference takes its toll on Carmel, who grows tired of Kelvin's immature behaviour. She eventually throws Kelvin out after publicly dumping him in The Queen Victoria public house. Shortly after Carmel moves to the Square, her brother Darren (Gary McDonald) and his children, Junior (Aaron Carrington) and Aisha (Aisha Jacob), join her. Darren and Carmel are complete opposite of each other; Darren is inconsiderate and often dabbles on the wrong side of the law

This is a document about Truth, Dare, Kiss or Promise
  Later they break up and Becca shows an interest in his brother Steve Lovering and they start going out. ; Ophelia Moonbeam "Lia" Axford — A very beautiful girl, with silky white blonde hair. Her father is a retired rockstar in his forties and her mother was a model and is the best looking forty-year-old in Cawsand. She is the youngest in the family. Her sister Star works as a model and lives in London, where also her brother Ollie goes to school. Lia, however, preferred going to a school near home. She is often called the quiet one in the family and is the only one who doesn't want

This is a document about List of EastEnders characters (2007)
  and Buster Briggs (Karl Howman) to discuss them gaining custody of their granddaughter, Jade Green (Amaya Edward). Buster informs Derek of his criminal record and Derek tells Shirley that single people can adopt children as well, prompting Shirley to nearly split up with Buster. In May 2016, Derek visits Billy and his partner Honey Mitchell (Emma Barton) after Jay returns to live with them after being convicted of a child sex offence to assess Jay being around their children, Janet (Grace) and Will Mitchell (Freddie Phillips). Billy and Honey insist Jay is innocent but Derek informs them that Jay's contact with their children must be supervised. Derek returns in August after Honey reports Jay

This is a document about The Proud Family
  the level-headed one in the family along with Suga Mama, though she can be bossy and jealous sometimes. ; Oscar Proud (voiced by Tommy Davidson): The overprotective father of Penny, BeBe and CeCe, husband of Trudy, younger brother of Bobby Proud and son of Suga Mama. Oscar is characterized as hyperactive, immature, childish, but still a well-meaning man. Oscar owns and operates his own snack food business called "Proud Snacks" whose products are severely disgusting, yet he manages to stay in business. ; Zoey Howzer (voiced by Soleil Moon Frye): Zoey is geeky, timid, shy, kind, and smart. She is very insecure about her looks and

This is a document about List of EastEnders characters (2007)
  The Queen Victoria public house, and allows Jay to stay with Billy, despite Roxy Mitchell's (Rita Simons) messiness. In July 2009, he visits Denise Wicks (Diane Parish) after Jordan Johnson's (Michael-Joel David Stuart) mother Trina (Sharon Duncan Brewster) reports her to the police, claiming that Denise has been abusing Jordan. In June 2010, he visits Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) to assess his family situation involving his children Louise (Brittany Papple) and Ben (Charlie Jones), who has assaulted Jordan. The following month he visits Phil and his mother Peggy Mitchell (Barbara Windsor) to say that Louise's mother Lisa Fowler (Lucy Benjamin) has made an application to see her daughter. Derek explains that the final decision

This is a document about Kiss (Wilson novel)
  him a pervert. Despite this, when Carl talks about kissing him he says that Paul kissed him back for moment like he really cared about Carl, suggesting he may be confused about his sexuality. ; Jake Johnson: Jake is the eldest son of Julia and Michael Johnson. He is sixteen, in Year Eleven at Milstead Secondary School. He is not as intelligent as Carl, and does not look a bit like him (he has dark untidy hair and very dark eyes, and he is at least six foot tall). He plays the guitar, and later starts up a band, although he is not a good singer. At the end of the book, he reveals he has a crush on Sylvie.

This is a document about The Apprentice (British series 2)
  following the conclusion of the series' broadcast. This series is the first in the show's history to feature the iconic sequence involving the winner departing in Sugar's personal Rolls Royce, giving a brief interview on their success, a sequence that was created to purely emphasise their victory on the programme as the overall winner. Of those who took part, Michelle Dewberry would become the eventual winner of this series, and go on to briefly take up a post under Sugar following its conclusion, leaving in September 2006 following a series of personal problems. Throughout its filming, prior to it being edited

The oldest child in Queen Sugar is Nova Bordelon, played by Rutina Wesley. She was born on September 6, 1976.


Question: little house on the prairie melissa francis character

Answer: Cassandra Cooper Ingalls

This is a document about Melissa Francis
 She was also the captain of the Harvard Polo Team. At Harvard, she was president of the Economics Club. Francis started her acting career on television before her first birthday, first appearing in a Johnson & Johnson shampoo commercial at 6 months of age. She was known for her role as Cassandra Cooper Ingalls on "Little House on the Prairie", for two seasons. Other television appearances include two series regular roles: "Morningstar/Eveningstar" and "Joe’s World", and three films including "Man, Woman and Child", where she played Paula Beckwith. She has also had appearances in the television series "St. Elsewhere" in

This is a document about Melissa Francis
  Francis started her acting career on television by appearing in a Johnson & Johnson shampoo commercial at 6 months old. She was known for her role as Cassandra Cooper Ingalls on Little House on the Prairie, for two seasons. Other television appearances include two series regular roles: Morningstar/Eveningstar and Joe’s World, and three films including Man, Woman and Child, where she played Paula Beckwith. She has also had appearances in the television series St. Elsewhere in 1986 and the 1988 film Bad Dreams, where she played young Cynthia. Melissa appeared in nearly 100 commercials during her acting career. She is reportedly the inspiration for the fictional character Avery Jessup (conceived of and played by Elizabeth Banks) in the show 30 Rock, although Banks herself has denied this.

This is a document about Melissa Sue Anderson
  Melissa Sue Anderson (born September 26, 1962) is an American-Canadian actress. She began her career as a child actress after appearing in several commercials in Los Angeles. Anderson is known for her role as Mary Ingalls in the NBC drama series Little House on the Prairie (1974–1981), for which she received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. She is also known for film roles that include Vivian in Midnight Offerings (1981), Ginny in the slasher film Happy Birthday to Me (1981), and Alex in the ABC Afterschool Special, Which Mother Is Mine? (1979). Anderson became a naturalized citizen of Canada in 2007. In 2010, she published The Way I See It: A Look Back at My Life on Little House, an autobiographical account of her years acting in Little House on the Prairie.

This is a document about Little House on the Prairie (TV series)
  Little House on the Prairie (later known as Little House: A New Beginning in its sequel season) is an American Western historical drama television series, starring Michael Landon, Melissa Gilbert, Karen Grassle, and Melissa Sue Anderson, about a family living on a farm in Plum Creek near Walnut Grove, Minnesota, in the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s. The show is an adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder's best-selling series of Little House books. In 1972, with the encouragement of his wife and daughter, television producer and former NBC executive Ed Friendly acquired the film and television rights to Wilder’s novels from Roger Lea MacBride and engaged Blanche Hanalis to write the teleplay for a

This is a document about Michael Landon
  The year after Bonanza was canceled, Landon went on to star as Charles Ingalls in the pilot of what became another successful television series, Little House on the Prairie, again for NBC. The show was taken from a 1935 book written by Laura Ingalls Wilder, whose character in the show was played by nine-year-old actress Melissa Gilbert. In addition to Gilbert, two other unknown actresses also starred on the show: Melissa Sue Anderson, who appeared as Mary Ingalls, the oldest daughter in the Ingalls family, and Karen Grassle as Charles' wife, Caroline. Landon served as executive producer, writer, and director of Little House. The show was nominated for several Emmy and Golden Globe awards. After eight seasons, Little House was retooled by

This is a document about Melissa Gilbert
  Melissa Ellen Gilbert (born May 8, 1964) is an American actress, television director, producer, politician and former president of the Screen Actors Guild. Gilbert began her career as a child actress in the late 1960s, appearing in numerous commercials and guest starring roles on television. From 1974 to 1983, she starred as Laura Ingalls Wilder, the second oldest daughter of Charles Ingalls (played by Michael Landon) on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie. During the run of Little House, Gilbert appeared in several television films, including The Diary of Anne Frank and The Miracle Worker. As an adult, she continued her career mainly in television films. Gilbert has also continued with guest starring roles on television and has completed voice work for animation such as Batman: The Animated Series as Barbara Gordon

This is a document about Michael Landon, the Father I Knew
  begins to take precedence over those of his wife and children. Soon, a now teenage Michael Jr. (Trever O'Brien) and the rest of the Landon family learn that Michael Sr. has begun an extra-marital romance with Little House on the Prairie make-up artist, Cindy (Julie Condra), prompting Michael Sr. to eventually divorce Lynn and marry the younger woman. Feeling rejected as a result of the distant relationship that develops over time as their father begins a new family with Cindy, a now young adult Michael Jr. (Joel Berti) begins to struggle in his college classes and turns to alcohol, while his sister Leslie (Sarah Lancaster) develops

This is a document about Montana Jones
  Melissa Thorn (メリッサ・ソーン) often helps Montana and Alfred and is the daughter of a diplomat. Melissa is a journalist and enjoys shopping and adventures with the two. In the last episode her father is revealed to be Professor Gerrit, explaining why Melissa was always at the right time and place to help Montana and Alfred. She was voiced by Junko Iwao.

This is a document about Happy Birthday to Me (film)
  Actress Melissa Sue Anderson, who had garnered childhood fame for her portrayal of Mary Ingalls on the television series Little House on the Prairie, was cast in the film's lead, marking her major feature debut. Lisa Langlois auditioned for the role of Ann, but the role went to Tracey Bregman instead.

This is a document about Little House on the Prairie
  The 2005 ABC five-hour (six-episode) miniseries Little House on the Prairie attempted to follow closely the books Little House in the Big Woods and Little House on the Prairie. It starred Cameron Bancroft as Charles Ingalls; Erin Cottrell as Caroline Ingalls; Kyle Chavarria as Laura Ingalls; Danielle Chuchran as Mary Ingalls; and Gregory Sporleder as Mr Edwards. It was directed by David L. Cunningham. In 2006 the mini-series was released on DVD and the 2-disc set runs approximately 255 minutes long.

This is a document about Laura Ingalls Wilder
  Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder (February 7, 1867 – February 10, 1957) was an American writer, mostly known for the Little House on the Prairie series of children's books, published between 1932 and 1943, which were based on her childhood in a settler and pioneer family. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the television series Little House on the Prairie was loosely based on the Little House books, and starred Melissa Gilbert as Laura and Michael Landon as her father, Charles Ingalls.

This is a document about Melissa Hastings
  Melissa Hastings is a fictional character in the Pretty Little Liars franchise. Created in 2006 by Sara Shepard for the book series, the character was later reworked by I. Marlene King, the developer of the television series, in which she is portrayed by Torrey DeVitto. An antiheroine, Melissa is sister to protagonist Spencer Hastings, and the daughter of Peter and Veronica Hastings. She is a fierce woman who does everything to succeed in her life goals. In print, she is a guest character, while on screen Melissa has a much bigger presence in the story.

This is a document about 4th Youth in Film Awards
 Allison Balson - Little House on the Prairie: A New Beginning (NBC)  ; Tonya Crowe - Knots Landing (CBS)  ; Shannen Doherty - Little House on the Prairie: A New Beginning (NBC)  ; Missy Francis - Little House on the Prairie: A New Beginning (NBC)  ★  (tie) Melissa Gilbert - Little House on the Prairie: A New Beginning (NBC)  ★  (tie) Jill Whelan - The Love Boat (ABC)

This is a document about Lamb (2015 American film)
  she can leave at any time. Tommie decides to stay. At a truck stop, Melissa (Jennifer Lafleur) sees Tommie crying. Tommie lies and says her name is "Emily." Tommie tells David she wants to go home; he tells her he could take her home, like he said he would earlier. The next day, David and Tommie hang out by a lake. While there at the lake, Foster (Tom Bower), a neighbor of theirs at the cabin, tells the two of them that they are on private property. David tells him he's with his niece Emily aka Tommie. Returning from the mountains, Tommie asks David if she could have a root beer; David asks Tommie to get him

This is a document about Midnighters trilogy
  8, running through Bixby on her bare feet and in her Cowgirl PJ's. Throughout the series Rex refers to her as "Cowgirl." She refers to him as "Loverboy." Later in the series Rex and Melissa become romantically involved. Melissa then begins to let Rex touch her which allows him to enter her mind and relieve the strenuous pressure caused by the thoughts of others. It is revealed in the last chapter of "Blue Noon" that Melissa chooses to leave Rex in Bixby while she and Jonathan go to find the new midnighters of the world. Melissa is often referred to as rude, uncouth, untrusting and generally

This is a document about The Seller
  Bart (Brian Brophy), a used car salesman in the midst of realizing his life is a failure, kills the obnoxious parents of what he believes is an abused 12-year-old brat, Melissa (Kathy Morozova), as he tries to close them in the sale of the only car he has left on his lot. Despite witnessing this, Melissa refuses to shoot him when he hands her the gun and tells her he would “understand”, then promises to take her cross-country to Texas to live with her only surviving family, Aunt Betty (Mink Stole), in what he believes will be a final act of salvation - one last good deed. With his two salesmen, Dwight

This is a document about Ronnie Scribner
  Scribner made his first guest-starring appearance on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie. In the episode entitled "Blind Man's Bluff", Scribner played Jordan Harrison, a friend of Laura Ingalls (Melissa Gilbert) who pretends to be blind after an accident in order to bring his quarreling parents closer together. Credited as "Lisa Scribner", Scribner's younger sister Annaliese also had a small role in the same episode as Hannah Herzog, a young girl attending Mary's (Melissa Sue Anderson) school for the blind. Scribner's next role was in the NBC television movie The Castaways on Gilligan's Island. Premiering on May 3, 1979, the movie was the second film adaptation reuniting the

This is a document about Little House on the Prairie
  The television series Little House on the Prairie aired on the NBC network from 1974 to 1983. The show was a loose adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder's Little House on the Prairie semi-autobiographical novel series, although the namesake book was represented in the premiere only; the ensuing television episodes primarily followed characters and locations from the follow-up book, On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937), although the continuity of the television series greatly departed from this book as well. Some storylines were borrowed from Wilder's later books but were portrayed as having taken place in the Plum Creek setting. Michael Landon starred as Charles Ingalls, Karen Grassle played Caroline Ingalls,

This is a document about List of Little House on the Prairie books
  The story of the first book in the series, Little House in the Big Woods, revolves around the life of the Ingalls family in their small home near Pepin, Wisconsin. The family includes mother Caroline Lake Quiner Ingalls, father Charles Phillip Ingalls, eldest daughter Mary Amelia Ingalls, middle daughter (and protagonist) Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder, and youngest sister Carrie. Although Laura turns five years old during the book, the author was actually only three years old during the real-life events documented in the novel. According to a letter from Wilder's daughter, Rose, to biographer William Anderson, the publisher had Laura change her age in the book because it seemed unrealistic for a three-year-old to have

Melissa Francis played the character Cassandra Cooper Ingalls on "Little House on the Prairie."


Question: who decides pay and allowances of ministers in the state

Answer: Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority

This is a document about Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament
 Downing Street and other official residences, and chauffeur-driven transport. The Prime Minister's salary figures below include the salary for being an MP. MPs are entitled to claim £9,000 a year for postage and stationery (financial year 2015-16). This amount is in addition to any stationery and postage costs which Members may have reimbursed under the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority's expenses Scheme. MPs receive allowances towards having somewhere to live in London and in their constituency, and travelling between Parliament and their constituency. MPs will normally receive a pension of either 1/40th or 1/50th of their final pensionable salary for each

This is a document about House of Commons Commission
 its functions. It was also created to advise the MEC, Speaker, and Leader of the House on other allowances issues; to approve guidance for MPs on allowances, and to resolve questions regarding allowances rules referred by MPs. With the creation of the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority, funds for pay, allowances, and staffing are no longer part of the Members Estimate, reducing it by 80%. Because IPSA only took responsibility for MPs' pay during the 2010/11 financial year, there will still be a substantial Members' Estimate. But, the Director of General Resources has recommended folding the rump of the Members Estimate

This is a document about Chief ministers in Malaysia
  Remuneration of the Menteri Besar (or Chief Minister) as well as other members of the Executive Council (or Cabinet) and members of the Legislative Assembly are to be decided by the respective state legislatures. Hence this varies from state to state.

This is a document about Chief minister (India)
  By Article 164 of the constitution of India, remuneration of the chief minister as well as other ministers are to be decided by the respective state legislatures. Until the legislature of the state decides salary, it shall be as specified in the second schedule. The salaries thus vary from state to state. As of 2019, the highest salary is drawn by chief ministers of Telangana, which is and lowest by the chief ministers of Tripura which is  legally. by the PM

This is a document about State Minister (Georgia)
 State Ministers

This is a document about Brazilian Civil Service
  services rendered to the state civil servant is given as follows: Earning. CF/88 Article 39 § 4: The State of Power, the holder of an elective office, Ministers of State and Municipal and State Secretaries shall be paid exclusively by fixed allowance in a lump sum, sealed the addition of any bonus, additional allowance, award, grant or other type of representation remuneration, obeyed in any case the provisions of art. 37, X and XAny salary within the public service may exceed the value of allowances paid to Justices of the Supreme Court (STF) and the salaries of the offices of the Legislative and the Judiciary can not be higher than those paid by the executive. Despite these rules exist, many people are wondering if they are indeed obeyed.

This is a document about Provincial minister (Sri Lanka)
  As per the Provincial Councils (Payment of Salaries and Allowances) Act, No. 37 of 1988, a Member of the Board of Ministers of a Province is entitled to monthly salary and allowances equal of the deputy minister. In addition, since all provincial ministers are members of the provincial council they are entitled to allowances and benefits of provincial councilor.

This is a document about Government of Telangana
  The Council of Ministers, which answers to the Legislative Assembly, has its members appointed by the Governor; the appointments receive input from the Chief Minister. They are collectively responsible to the legislative assembly of the State. Generally, the winning party and its chief minister chooses the ministers list and submit the list for the governor's approval.

This is a document about Non-cabinet minister (Sri Lanka)
  A Minister or State Minister would receive a salary of Rs. 140,000 (having been increased from 65,000 from January 2018); paid monthly from the respective ministry budget. In addition, since all ministers are members of parliament they are entitled to allowances and benefits of parliamentarians.

This is a document about Minister of State
 Australia: Section 64 of the Commonwealth constitution empowers the Governor-General, as the Queen's representative, to appoint "the Queen's Ministers of State for the Commonwealth [of Australia]" as "officers to administer such departments of State of the Commonwealth as the Governor‑General in Council may establish". The Ministers of State Act 1952 defines the number of ministers only distinguishes between ministers and parliamentary secretaries (now known as assistant ministers). However, in practice ministers of state are divided into the Cabinet and the outer ministry. The only ministerial portfolio to have the term "minister of state" in the title is Special Minister of State.

This is a document about Himachal Pradesh Council of Ministers
  of the State shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister. ; 4) The salaries and allowances of Ministers shall be such as the Legislature of the State may from time to time by law determine and, until the Legislature of the State so determines, shall be a specified in the Second Schedule. According to Article 164 of the Indian Constitution, Provided that in the States of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, there shall be a Minister in charge of tribal welfare who may in addition be in charge of the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and backward classes or any other work.

This is a document about List of speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly
  The salaries and allowances of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly are fixed by the Legislature of the State by law. Such salaries and allowances are specified in the Second Schedule.

This is a document about Council of Ministers (Jersey)
  The States Assembly elects a member for appointment as Chief Minister after every ordinary election of deputies and whenever the Chief Minister is not able to continue to fulfil their role. The Chief Minister, or any other States member, then may nominate members for appointment as Ministers. From those nominations, States members then elect members into each ministerial office. The Chief Minister or a Minister are in office until the next appointment to their role, or until they resign or are dismissed by the Chief Minister. The States Assembly can hold a vote of no confidence in the Government and the Chief Minister, or any individual Minister. This happened in December 2020, when Senator Kristina Moore lodged a vote of no confidence in the Chief Minister over a controversy involving the Chief Executive of the Government, Charlie Parker. The proposition was lost 29 votes contre, 19 votes pour, with the Education Minister abstaining.

This is a document about Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)
  All India Whips Conference. Exchange of Government Sponsored Delegations of Members of Parliament with other countries. Determination of Policy and follow up action in regard to matters raised under rule 377 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and by way of Special Mentions in Rajya Sabha. Manual for Handling Parliamentary work in Ministries/Departments. The Salaries and Allowances of Officers of Parliament Act, 1953 (20 of 1953). The Salary, Allowances and Pensions of Members of Parliament Act, 1954 (30 of 1954). The Salary, and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977 (33 of 1977). The Leader and Chief Whips of Recognised Parties and Groups in Parliament (Facilities) Act, 1998 (5 of 1999).

This is a document about Civil List Act 1979
  Part three of the Act determined the remuneration of Ministers of the Crown, Parliamentary Under-Secretaries, and members of Parliament. It established the Remuneration Authority to fix salaries and allowances for MPs, and includes provisions for the Speaker of House of Representatives and Chairpersons of Committees. Section 20 of the Act allowed for deductions to be made from members' salaries and allowances, and defines travel, accommodation, attendance, and communications services for members.

This is a document about Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985
  the allowances, if any, payable to, the Chairman and other members of the Committee, and the conditions and restrictions subject to which the Committee may appoint a person who is not a member of the Committee as a member of any of its sub-committees, shall be such as may be prescribed by rules made by the Central Government. The State Government may appoint such officers with such designations as it thinks fit for the purposes of this Act. The appointed officers are subject to the general control and direction of the State Government, or, if so directed by that Government, also of any other authority or officer.

This is a document about Ministry of Youth and Sport (Ethiopia)
  The Ministry is run by a Minister and two state Ministers.

This is a document about Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Ethiopia)
  The Ministry is run by a Minister and two state Ministers.

This is a document about Governor (India)
  The Constitution vests in the Governor all the executive powers of the state government. The governor appoints the chief minister, who enjoys the support of the majority in the State Legislative Assembly. The governor also appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers and distributes portfolios to them on the advice of the chief minister. The Council of Ministers remain in power during the 'pleasure' of the governor, but in the real sense it means the pleasure of obtaining majority in the Legislative Assembly. As long as the majority in the State Legislative Assembly supports the government, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed. The governor appoints the chief minister of a state, the Advocate

This is a document about Cabinet of Singapore
  government and is collectively responsible to Parliament. It also has significant influence over lawmaking. Ministers may be designated by the prime minister to be in charge of particular ministries, or as Ministers in the Prime Minister's Office. Singapore's ministers are the highest paid in the world. Prior to a salary review in 2011, the prime minister's annual salary was S$3.07 million, while the pay of ministerial-level officers ranged between S$1.58 million and S$2.37 million. On 21 May 2011, a committee was appointed by the prime minister to review the salaries of the prime pinister as well as the president, political appointment holders, and Members of Parliament. Following the recommended

In the United Kingdom, the pay and allowances of MPs, including the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, are decided by the House of Commons. In Malaysia, the pay and allowances of the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) and other state executive councilors are decided by the respective state legislatures. In India, the pay and allowances of the Chief Minister and other ministers are decided by the respective state legislatures.


Question: who played saunders in mr smith goes to washington

Answer: Jean Arthur

This is a document about Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
 senator's daughter, Susan (Astrid Allwyn). At Senator Paine's home, Smith has a conversation with Susan, fidgeting and bumbling, entranced by the young socialite. Smith's naïve and honest nature allows the unforgiving Washington press to take advantage of him, quickly tarnishing Smith's reputation with ridiculous front page pictures and headlines branding him a bumpkin. To keep Smith busy, Paine suggests he propose a bill. With the help of his secretary, Clarissa Saunders (Jean Arthur), who was the aide to Smith's predecessor and had been around Washington and politics for years, Smith comes up with a bill to authorize a federal government

This is a document about Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Mr. Smith Goes to Washington is a 1939 American political comedy-drama film directed by Frank Capra, starring Jean Arthur and James Stewart, and featuring Claude Rains and Edward Arnold. The film is about a newly appointed United States Senator who fights against a corrupt political system, and was written by Sidney Buchman, based on Lewis R. Foster's unpublished story "The Gentleman from Montana". The film was controversial when it was first released, but was also successful at the box office, and made Stewart a major movie star. "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" was nominated for

This is a document about Mr. Deeds Goes to Town
 Arthur and Lionel Stander reprised their roles from the 1936 film. A planned sequel, titled "Mr. Deeds Goes to Washington", eventually became "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" (1939). Although the latter's screenplay was actually based on an unpublished story, "The Gentleman from Montana", the film was, indeed, meant to be a sequel to "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town", with Gary Cooper reprising his role as Longfellow Deeds. Because Cooper was unavailable, Capra then "saw it immediately as a vehicle for Jimmy Stewart and Jean Arthur", and Stewart was borrowed from MGM. A short-lived ABC television series of the same name

This is a document about H. B. Warner
 played in the 1930 version of "Liliom" (as the Heavenly Magistrate), in "Five Star Final" (1931, as Michael Townsend), in "Grand Canary" (1934, as Dr. Ismay), and the 1935 version of "A Tale of Two Cities" as Gabelle. He also portrayed the strict judge in "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town" (1936) with Gary Cooper and Jean Arthur. He appeared in the original 1937 version of "Lost Horizon" as Chang, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Among his later films were "You Can't Take It With You" (1938), "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" (1939),

This is a document about Jean Arthur
 Jean Arthur Jean Arthur (born Gladys Georgianna Greene; October 17, 1900 – June 19, 1991) was an American actress and a film star of the 1930s and 1940s. Arthur had feature roles in three Frank Capra films: "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town" (1936), "You Can't Take It with You" (1938), and "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" (1939), films that championed the "everyday heroine". Arthur was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress in 1944 for her performance in "The More the Merrier" (1943). James Harvey wrote in his history of the romantic comedy: "No one was more closely identified

This is a document about Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
 Cooper reprising his role as Longfellow Deeds. Because Cooper was unavailable, Capra then "saw it immediately as a vehicle for Jimmy Stewart and Jean Arthur", and Stewart was borrowed from MGM. Capra said of Stewart: "I knew he would make a hell of a Mr. Smith ... He looked like the country kid, the idealist. It was very close to him." Although a youth group is featured in the story, the Boy Scouts of America refused to allow their name to be used in the film and instead the fanciful "Boy Rangers" was used. In January 1938, both Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and

This is a document about The Talk of the Town (1942 film)
 or melodramatic to the slap-happy and humorous sometimes is a bit awkward, but in the main it is solid escapist comedy." Screenwriter Sidney Buchman (who co-wrote the script with Irwin Shaw) was blacklisted in the 1950s. Consequently, Buchman, one of the men who penned Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), left the U.S. and began working in Fox's European division. Buchman would remain in France until his death in 1975. Notes Bibliography The Talk of the Town (1942 film) The Talk of the Town is a 1942 American comedy/drama film directed by George Stevens and starring Cary Grant, Jean Arthur,

This is a document about Florence Wix
 Florence Wix Florence Wix (May 16, 1883 – November 23, 1956) was an English-born American character actress who worked from the 1920s in silent films through sound films of the 1950s. Born on May 16, 1883 in Hertfordshire in England, Wix would make her screen debut in the 1924 film "Secrets", starring Betty Compson and Noah Beery. While some sources indicate that she appeared in over 100 films, the American Film Institute Database only has her listed in 48. Some of the more notable films she appeared in include: "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" (1939), starring James Stewart, Jean Arthur,

This is a document about Nicholas Saunders (actor)
  "Mr. Whitmyer", "Frank Michaelson" and "Mr. Hibbetts", The Passion of Josef D., language consultant and playing the roles of "Sukhanov", "Orjonikidze" and "Ensemble", Scenes and Revelations, playing the role of "Mr. Karonk", and Zoya's Apartment, translating the play with Frank Dwyer. In 1947-1960s, Saunders started his television career in 1947, as appearing in the television series Kraft Television Theatre. He also was a Russian radio announcer in Voice for America, in the same year. In 1950, Saunders played the main role of Sgt. Ross in the television series Martin Kane, Private Eye from 1950 to 1952. He also played the role of Captain J. Barker in The Phil Silvers Show. In 1990, Saunders retired his career. He also won a Los Angeles Drama Critics Award, which he shared with his partner Frank Dwyer, in 2005.

This is a document about Maggie Smith
  a fascist plotting to usurp the throne. The film also starred Annette Bening, Jim Broadbent, Robert Downey Jr., Nigel Hawthorne, and Kristin Scott Thomas. Smith also starred in another film by Holland titled Washington Square (1997), playing the incurably foolish Aunt Lavinia Penniman. She won her fifth BAFTA Film Awards, this time for Best Supporting Actress, for the 1999 film Tea with Mussolini, in which she played Lady Hester Random opposite Cher, Joan Plowright and Judi Dench. She also starred in The Last September opposite Michael Gambon and the film Curtain Call with Michael Caine in the same year.

This is a document about Fess Parker
  1962, he starred in the title role of the TV series Mr Smith Goes to Washington, portraying the same idealistic character that James Stewart had played in the 1939 film. Parker took to the stage in 1963, in a traveling production of Oklahoma! as Curly. The movie roles he sought were elusive. In 1966, Parker starred in the movie Smoky, directed by George Sherman where he played the role of Clint Barkley, who finds a black stallion named Smoky, a wild stallion who eventually becomes a wonderful cutting horse and the best friend an old cowboy could ever want.

This is a document about Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (TV series)
  Mr. Smith Goes to Washington is an American sitcom that aired on ABC starring Fess Parker. The series, which aired from October 1962 to March 1963, was based on the 1939 Frank Capra film of the same name, starring James Stewart in the title role.

This is a document about Nicholas Saunders (actor)
  Saunders was born in Kyiv, Ukraine to Ukraine parents Nicholas, an actor and Olga, an actress. He was raised in Hollywood, California. Saunders began his career in 1938, as appearing in the Broadway play The Bridal Crown, playing the role of the "Pastor". Later in his career, Saunders appeared and starred in other Broadway plays, as his theatre credits includes, Lady in the Dark, playing the role of "Liza's Father", A Highland Fling, playing the role of "Sandy MacGill", Happily Ever After, stage-managing and playing the role of "Stubbs", Marriage is for Single People, playing the role of "Reginald Hecuba", The Magnificent Yankee, playing the role of "Mason", The Fifth Season, stage-managing, A Call on Kuprin, playing the roles of "Mr. Kendall" and "Guard at Yalta", Take Her, She's Mine, playing the roles of the

This is a document about Eddy Chandler
 Marriage in Transit (1925) - Conspirator ; Flaming Fury (1926) - 'Red' Saunders ; Through Thick and Thin (1927) - Bull ; Flying Luck (1927) - The Corporal ; Young Whirlwind (1928) - Johnson ; No More Children (1929) - Mike ; She Goes to War (1929) - Top Sergeant ; Flight (1929) - Marine Sergeant - Panama's Buddy (uncredited) ; Hurricane (1929) - Bull ; Welcome Danger (1929) - Cop (uncredited) ; Alias French Gertie (1930) - Motorcycle Cop (uncredited) ; The Runaway Bride (1930) - Mechanic (uncredited) ; Sunny Skies (1930) - Coach ; Dixiana (1930) - Blondell - Montague's

This is a document about The Flesh and Blood Show
 Ray Brooks ... Mike ; Jenny Hanley ... Julia Dawson ; Luan Peters ... Carol Edwards ; Patrick Barr ... Major Bell / Sir Arnold Gates ; Robin Askwith ... Simon ; Candace Glendenning ... Sarah ; Tristan Rogers ... Tony Weller ; Judy Matheson ... Jane ; David Howey ... John ; Elizabeth Bradley ... Mrs. Saunders ; Jess Conrad ... Young Actor ; Rodney Diak ... Warner ; Penny Meredith ... Angela ; Sally Lahee ... Iris Vokins ; Raymond Young ... Insp. Walsh ; Alan Curtis ... Jack Phipps ; Brian Tully ... Willesden ; Jane Cardew ... Lady Pamela ; Tom Mennard ... Fred ; Stewart Bevan ... Harry Mulligan ; Michael Knowles ... Curran

This is a document about Alex Jennings
  legal drama Silk. He has also appeared in the PBS/Masterpiece Theatre television series Inspector Lewis (2012), and Foyle's War (2015). Jennings portrayed playwright Alan Bennett in the 2015 film The Lady in the Van opposite Academy Award winner Dame Maggie Smith in the title role. The film is directed by Nicolas Hytner, who is a long-time collaborator from the theatre. The film also featured performances from Jim Broadbent, Claire Foy, Frances de la Tour, and James Corden. The film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival to great acclaim, specifically for Smith's performance. To promote the film Maggie Smith,

This is a document about James Stewart
  Stewart's fourth 1939 film saw him work again with Capra and Jean Arthur in the political comedy-drama Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, in which Stewart played an idealist thrown into the political arena. It garnered critical praise and became the third-highest-grossing film of the year. The Nation stated "[Stewart] takes first place among Hollywood actors...Now he is mature and gives a difficult part, with many nuances, moments of tragic-comic impact." Later, critic Andrew Sarris qualified Stewart's performance as "lean, gangling, idealistic to the point of being neurotic, thoughtful to the point of being tongue-tied," describing him as "particularly gifted in expressing

This is a document about James Saunders (playwright)
  His play Next Time I'll Sing To You, written in 1962, was staged in the West End starring Michael Caine, Barry Foster and Liz Fraser, at the New Arts and the Criterion Theatre in 1963. It gained him the 1963 Evening Standard award (with Charles Wood) for "Most Promising Playwright". The play was also produced in New York the same year. In 1975 he completed John Vanbrugh's four-act fragment, A Journey to London, a play that had been sentimentalised by Colley Cibber in 1728 as The Provoked Husband. Saunders' version was first staged in Greenwich and successfully revived at the Orange Tree Theatre in 1986. Bodies, commissioned and first staged by Sam Walters at the Orange Tree in 1977, was revived by Robin Lefévre at the Hampstead Theatre in February 1978, and given a West End transfer in April 1979, starring Dinsdale Landen, Gwen Watford, David Burke and Angela Down.

This is a document about 12th Academy Awards
  between Mr. Smith Goes to Washington and Gone with the Wind. The press were divided in their support for the nominated actors. Time magazine favoured Vivien Leigh and used her portrait for their Christmas 1939 edition, and The Hollywood Reporter predicted a possible win by Leigh and Laurence Olivier with the comment that they "are, for the moment, just about the most sacred of all Hollywood's sacred cows". West Coast newspapers, particularly in Los Angeles, predicted Bette Davis would win for Dark Victory. Observing that Davis had achieved four box office successes during the year, one paper wrote, "Hollywood will stick by its favourite home-town girl, Bette Davis".

Astrid Allwyn played the role of Susan, who is referred to as Saunders in the context of the film. However, the character Mr. Smith is played by James Stewart.


Question: who won the 2016 men 's individual crossfit games

Answer: Mathew Fraser

This is a document about 2016 CrossFit Games
 2016 CrossFit Games The 2016 CrossFit Games were held on July 19–24, 2016 at the StubHub Center in Carson, California and on a ranch in Aromas, California, United States. The men's competition was won by Mathew Fraser, the women's by Katrín Tanja Davíðsdóttir, and the Affiliate Cup was awarded to CrossFit Mayhem Freedom. In celebration of the tenth Crossfit Games, the first day of events for the Individual Men and Women divisions took place at the site of the first three CrossFit Games at the Ranch in Aromas, California (a site owned by the family of the head of the

This is a document about 2016 CrossFit Games
 have a lot of friends in the shooting industry. Glock offered up pistols as prizes, I agreed to it.” Castro later added, “Unless the state and federal laws regarding gun ownership in California and the U.S. change in the next week, then no, nothing is changing.” 2016 CrossFit Games The 2016 CrossFit Games were held on July 19–24, 2016 at the StubHub Center in Carson, California and on a ranch in Aromas, California, United States. The men's competition was won by Mathew Fraser, the women's by Katrín Tanja Davíðsdóttir, and the Affiliate Cup was awarded to CrossFit Mayhem Freedom. In

This is a document about 2018 CrossFit Games
 women. After 33 feet of carrying the yoke, the athletes had to stop and load their yokes to or for the men or women respectively. After another 33 feet, they loaded the yokes to or before carrying it another 33 feet to the finish line. Having already secured first place overall in the 2018 Games, Mathew Fraser also finished first for this event. The women's event was won by Laura Horváth, the 2018 Games second-place finisher overall, while first place Games finisher Tia-Clair Toomey finished second in the event. 2018 CrossFit Games The 2018 CrossFit Games were the 12th CrossFit

This is a document about 2017 CrossFit Games
 pounds, respectively. Mathew Fraser won the event for the men and Tia-Clair Toomey won for the women. A heavier version of a previous Open qualifier event in 2017. A double-under is a jumping rope movement where the rope passes beneath the athlete twice per jump. A thruster in CrossFit is a combination of a front squat and push press in one continuous movement and the weights were 125 pounds for the men and 85 pounds for the women. Mathew Fraser won for the men and Kara Webb won for the women. 5 rounds for time of: Athletes ran around a

This is a document about 2017 CrossFit Games
 2017 CrossFit Games The 2017 CrossFit Games are the eleventh CrossFit Games and were held on August 3–6, 2017, at the Alliant Energy Center in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. This was the first Games held outside the state of California. It was also the first year for the Masters 35–39 division. The men's competition was won by Mathew Fraser, the women's by Tia-Clair Toomey, and Wasatch CrossFit won the Affiliate Cup. Fraser won $309,000 for his efforts and Toomey won $298,000 for her title, as prize money includes both the $285,000 for winning and bonus money ($3,000 for winning, $2,000

This is a document about 2018 CrossFit Games
 2018 CrossFit Games The 2018 CrossFit Games were the 12th CrossFit Games and held on August 1–5, 2018, at the Alliant Energy Center in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. The men's competition was won by Mathew Fraser, the women's by Tia-Clair Toomey, and CrossFit Mayhem Freedom won the Affiliate Cup. Athletes competed in a criterium race on bicycles with all competing athletes on the track simultaneously. The event was won by Adrian Mundwiler the men's heat and Kristin Holte for the women's heat. The athletes performed 30 muscle-ups on gymnastic rings as fast as possible. The event was won by Logan

This is a document about 2017 CrossFit Games
 side, Kara Webb had been in second-place overall below Tia-Clair Toomey. She edged out Toomey on the event by 0.19 seconds but did not overtake her in total points, finishing two points behind on the final standings. 2017 CrossFit Games The 2017 CrossFit Games are the eleventh CrossFit Games and were held on August 3–6, 2017, at the Alliant Energy Center in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. This was the first Games held outside the state of California. It was also the first year for the Masters 35–39 division. The men's competition was won by Mathew Fraser, the women's by Tia-Clair

This is a document about 2017 CrossFit Games
 built by Concept2 similar to their rowing machines but meant to simulate a cross-country skiing motion. With the remaining time in each interval, they accumulated as many squats as they could with 155 pounds for the men and 105 pounds for the women. The event was won by Mathew Fraser and Katrín Tanja Davíðsdóttir. Men: Women: This event was won by Logan Collins and Ragnheiður Sara Sigmundsdottir. In the men's event, only Collins finished within the six-minute time cap with 2017 Games champion Mathew Fraser ending one lunge from the finish to take second in the event. On the women's

This is a document about 2015 CrossFit Games
 and 115-pounds for the women. A bar muscle-up is a pull-up variant in which the athlete pulls themselves over the top of the pull-up bar and finishes with the bar at their hips. Mathew Fraser won for the men and Camille Leblanc-Bazinet won for the women. Six rounds of: The event took place inside the soccer stadium with the 400 meter run going up the stadium stairs, behind the jumbotron, and down the stars on the other side. The yoke, weighing 380 pounds for the men and 300 pounds for the women, was carried 300 feet across the soccer field.

This is a document about 2016 CrossFit Games
  The 2016 CrossFit Games were the tenth CrossFit Games held on July 19–24, 2016 at the StubHub Center in Carson, California and on a ranch in Aromas, California, United States. The men's competition was won by Mathew Fraser, the women's by Katrín Tanja Davíðsdóttir, and the Affiliate Cup was awarded to CrossFit Mayhem Freedom. Over 324,000 from 175 countries participated in the Open this season. At the Games, the women's competition was tightly fought, with the lead changing many times over the course of the Games, but Davíðsdóttir managed to hold off a strong challenge from Tia-Clair Toomey to win a second time. In the men's competition, Mat Fraser won with a 197-point lead over second-place Ben Smith, at the time the biggest margin of victory in the history of the Games, marking the beginning of Fraser's dominance at the Games for the next four years until his retirement after the 2020 Games.

This is a document about Mat Fraser (athlete)
  At the 2016 CrossFit Games, Fraser performed consistently well in events he had previously struggled in. He started his campaign with a win in the 7k Ranch Trail Run even though he was not known for running or endurance. That was the only event he won, but he came second in seven events and top 10 in nearly all events, and the consistent all-round performance allowed him to dominate the field and emerge as the winner. He won with a 197-point lead over second-place Ben Smith, which was the biggest margin of victory in the history of the Games. The following year Fraser was again dominant at the 2017 CrossFit Games, winning four of the

This is a document about Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's parallel bars
  The men's parallel bars competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held at the HSBC Arena on 16 August. There were 67 competitors from 33 nations. The event was won by Oleg Verniaiev of Ukraine, the nation's first victory in the parallel bars since 2004 and third overall (tying Switzerland and China for third-most all-time after Japan and the Soviet Union with four). Danell Leyva won the United States' first medal in the event since 1996 with his silver; David Belyavskiy's bronze was Russia's first medal in the parallel bars since 2000. China's four-Games podium streak in the event ended. The medals were presented by Sergey Bubka IOC member, Ukraine and Georges Guelzec, FIG Executive Committee Member.

This is a document about Extreme Memory Tournament
 First place: Simon Reinhard ; Second place: Purevjav Erdenesaikhan ; Third place: Tsetsegzul Zorigtbaatar The 2016 winners of the world championship were:

This is a document about Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's horizontal bar
  The men's horizontal bar competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held at the HSBC Arena on 6 and 16 August. There were 71 competitors from 34 nations. The event was won by Fabian Hambüchen of Germany, the nation's first victory in the horizontal bar since 1996 and third overall. Danell Leyva won the United States' third silver medal in four Games in the event; Nile Wilson's bronze was Great Britain's first-ever medal in the horizontal bar. The medals were presented by Claudia Bokel IOC member, Germany and Naomi Valenzo, FIG Executive Committee Member.

This is a document about Great Britain at the 2015 European Games
  the Games. The first medal, and gold medal, won at the Games, and by extension the first ever European Games medal and gold medal ever won by Great Britain was achieved by Gordon Benson in men's triathlon; in doing so, he guaranteed a place in the men's triathlon for Great Britain, though not necessarily for himself, at the 2016 Summer Olympics. His win also continued Great Britain's dominance of the event, holding titles at European, European Games, Commonwealth Games, Youth Olympic and Olympic Games levels. In the fencing hall, Richard Kruse, Marcus Mepstead, Ben Peggs and won the gold in

This is a document about 2016 in ice sports
  Open two-man #1 winners: 🇨🇦 (Nick Poloniato, Cameron Stones) ; Open two-man #2 winners: 🇨🇦 (Nick Poloniato, Joey Nemet) ; Women's two-man #1 winners: 🇨🇦 (Christine de Bruin / Cynthia Appiah) ; Women's two-man #2 winners: 🇺🇸 (Brittany Reinbolt, Bonnie Kilis) ; February 26–29, 2016: IBSF North American Cup #3 in 🇺🇸 Park City ; Men's two-man #1 winners: 🇺🇸 (Codie Bascue / Nathan Gilsleider) ; Men's two-man #2 winners: 🇺🇸 (Codie Bascue / Nathan Gilsleider) ; Women's bobsleigh #1 winner: 🇺🇸 Nicole Vogt ; Women's bobsleigh #2 winner: 🇺🇸 Katie Eberling ; Men's four-man #1 winners: 🇺🇸 (Justin Olsen, Brent Fogt, Luis Moreira, Evan Weinstock) ; Men's four-man #2 winners: 🇺🇸 (Codie Bascue, David Cremin, Nathan Gilsleider, Adrian Adams)

This is a document about Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's artistic individual all-around
  The men's artistic individual all-around competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held on 6 and 10 August 2016 at the HSBC Arena. Kōhei Uchimura won gold, becoming the first male gymnast in 44 years (and third overall) to do this in two successive Olympic Games. Uchimura also became the second man to earn three all-around medals, matching countryman Sawao Kato with two golds and one silver. Uchimura's victory was Japan's sixth in the men's all-around, tying the Soviet Union for most all-time. His margin of victory was only 0.099, which was less than one small step on landing in terms of gymnastic scoring. It was also his eighth consecutive victory at the top competition of the year (World Championships and Olympics from 2009 to 2016). Oleg Vernyayev's silver was Ukraine's first medal in the event since 2000. Max Whitlock's bronze was Great Britain's first since the 1908 Games in London. The medals were presented by Princess Nora of Liechtenstein, IOC Member from Liechtenstein, accompanied by Vasily Titov, FIG Executive Committee member.

This is a document about Danell Leyva
  Leyva, originally an alternate, was added to the 2016 US Olympic Team in July 2016, following the withdrawal of Orozco due to an ACL injury. On August 6, 2016, the men's team qualified for the team final in second place. Leyva qualified individually for individual event finals in both parallel bars and horizontal bar. In the final, Leyva contributed scores on pommel horse, parallel bars, and high bar. He had a fall on high bar, and the team finished 5th once again. On August 16, Danell won silver in the Olympic men's parallel bar final with a score of 15.900. About an hour and a half later, he won another silver in the horizontal bar final, scoring 15.500. Despite being originally named as an alternate to the team, Leyva is the only member to walk away with two medals, contributing to the US men's gymnastics team total of three medals, along with Naddour's bronze on the pommel horse.

This is a document about 2016 CrossFit Games
  The Open was held over five weeks from February 25 through March 28, 2016. Five workouts were released, one per week, for the athletes to complete. 324,307 competitors from 175 countries registered to participate in the Open. As with the 2015 Games, athletes from the Open in 17 regions were funnelled into 8 super regions, and 260 (40 men, 40 women and 30 teams of 6) from each of the 8 regions went on to compete in the Regionals. Noah Ohlsen and Jamie Greene were the respective winner of the men's and women's competitions at the Open. The Regionals were held over 3 weekends between May 13 and May 29. As with the 2015 Games, the scoring system for Regionals was no longer the same as the Open, instead the scoring system from the Games was used (100 for first, 95 for second, etc.). From each Regional, the top 5 of each division qualified for the Games; in total 40 men, 40 women and 40 teams were invited to the Games.

Mat Fraser won the 2016 Men's Individual CrossFit Games.


Question: who discover the interfaces that mark the boundary between the crust and mantle

Answer: Andrija Mohorovičić

This is a document about Mohorovičić discontinuity
 Mohorovičić discontinuity The Mohorovičić discontinuity (), usually referred to as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle. Named after the pioneering Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić, the Moho separates both the oceanic crust and continental crust from underlying mantle.The Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Mohorovičić, when he observed that seismograms from shallow-focus earthquakes had two sets of P-waves and S-waves, one that followed a direct path near the Earth's surface and the other refracted by a high-velocity medium. The Moho lies almost entirely within the lithosphere; only beneath mid-ocean ridges does it define

This is a document about Mohorovičić discontinuity
 Mohorovičić discontinuity The Mohorovičić discontinuity (), usually referred to as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle. Named after the pioneering Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić, the Moho separates both the oceanic crust and continental crust from underlying mantle.The Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Mohorovičić, when he observed that seismograms from shallow-focus earthquakes had two sets of P-waves and S-waves, one that followed a direct path near the Earth's surface and the other refracted by a high-velocity medium. The Moho lies almost entirely within the lithosphere; only beneath mid-ocean ridges does it define

This is a document about Mohorovičić discontinuity
 an initial bore hole to a depth of approximately 1.5 kilometres. The attempt did not even reach 1.3 km, but researchers hope to further their investigations at a later date. Mohorovičić discontinuity The Mohorovičić discontinuity (), usually referred to as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle. Named after the pioneering Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić, the Moho separates both the oceanic crust and continental crust from underlying mantle.The Mohorovičić discontinuity was first identified in 1909 by Mohorovičić, when he observed that seismograms from shallow-focus earthquakes had two sets of P-waves and S-waves, one that followed

This is a document about Mantle (geology)
 overlying crust make up tectonic plates, which move over the asthenosphere. The Earth's mantle is divided into three major layers defined by sudden changes in seismic velocity: The lower ~200 km of the lower mantle constitutes the D" (D-double-prime) layer, a region with anomalous seismic properties. This region also contains LLSVPs and ULVZs. The top of the mantle is defined by a sudden increase in seismic velocity, which was first noted by Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909; this boundary is now referred to as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or "Moho". The upper mantle is dominantly peridotite, composed primarily of variable proportions of

This is a document about Seismology
  In 1906 Richard Dixon Oldham identified the separate arrival of P-waves, S-waves and surface waves on seismograms and found the first clear evidence that the Earth has a central core. In 1909, Andrija Mohorovičić, one of the founders of modern seismology,  discovered and defined the Mohorovičić discontinuity. Usually referred to as the "Moho discontinuity" or the "Moho," it is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle. It is defined by the distinct change in velocity of seismological waves as they pass through changing densities of rock. In 1910, after studying the April 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Harry Fielding Reid put forward the "elastic rebound theory" which remains

This is a document about Geology
  that the Indian subcontinent was once a sea. Drawing from Greek and Indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the Muslim conquests, the Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 981–1037) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern geology, which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science. In China, the polymath Shen Kuo (1031–1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he inferred that

This is a document about Shadow zone
  The earth is made up of different structures: the crust, the mantle, the inner core and the outer core. The crust, mantle, and inner core are typically solid; however, the outer core is entirely liquid. A liquid outer core was first shown in 1906 by Geologist Richard Oldham. Oldham observed seismograms from various earthquakes and saw that some seismic stations did not record direct S waves, particularly ones that were 120° away from the hypocenter of the earthquake. In 1913, Beno Gutenberg noticed the abrupt change in seismic velocities of the P waves and disappearance of S waves at the core-mantle boundary. Gutenberg attributed this due to a solid mantle and liquid outer core, calling it the Gutenberg discontinuity.

This is a document about Earth's inner core
  Earth was discovered to have a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core in 1936, by the Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann, who deduced its presence by studying seismograms from earthquakes in New Zealand. She observed that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and can be detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth's surface. She inferred a radius of 1400 km for the inner core, not far from the currently accepted value of 1221 km. In 1938, Beno Gutenberg and Charles Richter analyzed a more extensive set of data and estimated the thickness of the outer core as 1950 km with a steep but continuous 300 km thick transition to the inner core; implying a radius between 1230 and 1530 km for the inner core. A few years later,

This is a document about Gutenberg discontinuity
  Earth's brittle exterior. These undulations in the core–mantle boundary are also affected by the underlying eddies and currents within the outer core's iron-rich fluids, which are ultimately responsible for Earth's magnetic field. The boundary between the core and the mantle does not remain constant. As the heat of the earth's interior is constantly but slowly dissipated, the molten core within Earth gradually solidifies and shrinks, causing the core–mantle boundary to slowly move deeper and deeper within Earth's core. The Gutenberg discontinuity was named after Beno Gutenberg (1889-1960) a seismologist who made several important contributions to the study and understanding of the Earth's interior. It has also been referred to as the Oldham-Gutenberg discontinuity, or the Wiechert-Gutenberg discontinuity.

This is a document about Core–mantle boundary
  The approx. 200 km thick layer of the lower mantle directly above the boundary is referred to as the D″ region ("D double-prime" or "D prime prime") and is sometimes included in discussions regarding the core–mantle boundary zone. The D″ name originates from mathematician Keith Bullen's designations for the Earth's layers. His system was to label each layer alphabetically, A through G, with the crust as 'A' and the inner core as 'G'. In his 1942 publication of his model, the entire lower mantle was the D layer. In 1949, Bullen found his 'D' layer to actually be two different layers. The upper part of the D layer, about 1800 km thick, was renamed D′ (D prime) and the lower part (the bottom 200 km) was named D″. Later it was found that D" is non-spherical. In 1993, Czechowski found that inhomogeneities in D" form structures analogous to continents (i.e. core-continents). They move in time and determine some properties of hotspots and mantle convection. Later research supported this hypothesis.

This is a document about Pangaea
  The geography of the continents bordering the Atlantic Ocean was the first evidence suggesting the existence of Pangaea. The seemingly close fit of the coastlines of North and South America with Europe and Africa was remarked on almost as soon as these coasts were charted. The first to suggest that these continents were once joined and later separated may have been Abraham Ortelius in 1596. Careful reconstructions showed that the mismatch at the 500 fathom contour was less than 130 km, and it was argued that this was much too good to be attributed to chance. Additional evidence for Pangaea is found in the geology of adjacent continents, including matching geological trends between the eastern coast of

This is a document about Jade use in Mesoamerica
   The archaeological search for the Mesoamerican jade sources, which were largely lost at the time of the Maya collapse, began in 1799 when Alexander von Humboldt started his geological research in the New World. Von Humboldt sought to determine whether or not Neolithic jadeite celts excavated from European Megalithic archaeological sites like Stonehenge and Carnac shared sources with the similar looking jade celts from Mesoamerica (they do not). The first discovery of in-situ jade quarries was made by archeologist Mary Lou Ridinger in 1974. Previous to this discovery, academic consensus had not been reached regarding the true source of jade used by the Maya and debate continued for

This is a document about Upper mantle (Earth)
   The density profile through Earth is determined by the velocity of seismic waves. Density increases progressively in each layer, largely due to compression of the rock at increased depths. Abrupt changes in density occur where the material composition changes. The upper mantle begins just beneath the crust and ends at the top of the lower mantle. The upper mantle causes the tectonic plates to move. Crust and mantle are distinguished by composition, while the lithosphere and asthenosphere are defined by a change in mechanical properties. The top of the mantle is defined by a sudden increase in the speed of seismic waves, which Andrija Mohorovičić first noted in 1909; this boundary is now referred to as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or "Moho." The Moho defines the base of the crust and varies

This is a document about Earth's mantle
  The top of the mantle is defined by a sudden increase in seismic velocity, which was first noted by Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909; this boundary is now referred to as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or "Moho". The upper mantle is dominantly peridotite, composed primarily of variable proportions of the minerals olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and an aluminous phase. The aluminous phase is plagioclase in the uppermost mantle, then spinel, and then garnet below ~100 km. Gradually through the upper mantle, pyroxenes become less stable and transform into majoritic garnet. At the top of the transition zone, olivine undergoes isochemical phase transitions to wadsleyite and

This is a document about Upper mantle (Earth)
  Exploration of the mantle is generally conducted at the seabed rather than on land because of the oceanic crust's relative thinness as compared to the significantly thicker continental crust. The first attempt at mantle exploration, known as Project Mohole, was abandoned in 1966 after repeated failures and cost overruns. The deepest penetration was approximately 180 m. In 2005 an oceanic borehole reached 1416 m below the seafloor from the ocean drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution. On 5 March 2007, a team of scientists on board the RRS James Cook embarked on a voyage to an area of the Atlantic seafloor where the mantle lies exposed without

This is a document about Intraplate volcanism
   The most prominent thermal contrast known to exist in the deep (1000 km) mantle is at the core-mantle boundary at 2900 km. Mantle plumes were originally postulated to rise from this layer because the "hot spots" that are assumed to be their surface expression were thought to be fixed relative to one another. This required that plumes were sourced from beneath the shallow asthenosphere that is thought to be flowing rapidly in response to motion of the overlying tectonic plates. There is no other known major thermal boundary layer in the deep Earth, and so the core-mantle boundary was the only candidate. The base of the mantle is known as the D″ layer, a seismological subdivision of the Earth. It appears to be compositionally distinct from the overlying mantle, and may contain partial melt. Two very broad, large low-shear-velocity provinces, exist in the lower mantle under Africa and under the central Pacific. It is postulated that plumes rise from their surface or their edges. Their low seismic velocities were thought to suggest that they are relatively hot, although it has recently been shown that their low wave velocities are due to high density caused by chemical heterogeneity.

This is a document about Mantle plume
   The most prominent thermal contrast known to exist in the deep (1000 km) mantle is at the core-mantle boundary at 2900 km. Mantle plumes were originally postulated to rise from this layer because the "hot spots" that are assumed to be their surface expression were thought to be fixed relative to one another. This required that plumes were sourced from beneath the shallow asthenosphere that is thought to be flowing rapidly in response to motion of the overlying tectonic plates. There is no other known major thermal boundary layer in the deep Earth, and so the core-mantle boundary was the only candidate. The base of the mantle is known as the D″ layer, a seismological subdivision of the Earth. It appears to be compositionally distinct from the overlying mantle, and may contain partial melt. Two very broad, large low-shear-velocity provinces, exist in the lower mantle under Africa and under the central Pacific. It is postulated that plumes rise from their surface or their edges. Their low seismic velocities were thought to suggest that they are relatively hot, although it has recently been shown that their low wave velocities are due to high density caused by chemical heterogeneity.

This is a document about Supercontinent cycle
  diamonds (rocks from the Earth's surface crust) became prevalent. This change is thought to have come about as subduction and continental collision introduced eclogite into subcontinental diamond-forming fluids. The hypothesized supercontinent cycle is overlaid by the Wilson Cycle named after plate tectonics pioneer John Tuzo Wilson, which describes the periodic opening and closing of oceanic basins from a single plate rift. The oldest seafloor material found today dates to only 170 million years old, whereas the oldest continental crust material found today dates to 4 billion years, showing the relative brevity of the regional Wilson cycles compared to the planetary pulse seen in the arrangement of the continents.

This is a document about Seismology
  coinciding with the general flowering of science in Europe, set in motion intensified scientific attempts to understand the behaviour and causation of earthquakes. The earliest responses include work by John Bevis (1757) and John Michell (1761). Michell determined that earthquakes originate within the Earth and were waves of movement caused by "shifting masses of rock miles below the surface." From 1857, Robert Mallet laid the foundation of instrumental seismology and carried out seismological experiments using explosives. He is also responsible for coining the word "seismology." In 1897, Emil Wiechert's theoretical calculations led him to conclude that the Earth's interior consists of a mantle of silicates, surrounding a core of

This is a document about List of geologists
 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955), French paleontologist and philosopher, co-discovered Peking man ; Karl von Terzaghi (1883–1963), geologist and civil engineer, "father of soil mechanics" ; Marie Tharp (1920–2006), co-discoverer of the Mid-Oceanic Ridge ; Lonnie Thompson (born 1948), American, glaciologist and ice-core climatologist ; Sigurdur Thorarinsson (1912–1983), Icelandic, pioneered the field of tephrochronology ; Raymond Thorsteinsson (1921-2012), Canadian, Arctic geologist ; Phillip Tobias (1925–2012), South African palaeoanthropologist, homo habilis pioneer ; Otto Martin Torell (1828–1900), chief of the Geological Survey of Sweden ; Francis John Turner (1904–1985), New Zealand, igneous and metamorphic petrologist ; Joseph Tyrrell (1858–1957), Canadian paleontologist, namesake of Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology

The Mohorovičić discontinuity, which marks the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle, was first identified by Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909. He discovered this boundary by analyzing seismic waves and identifying a sharp change in seismic velocities as they passed through the boundary.


Question: who was the scientist that invented electric bulb

Answer: Thomas Alva Edison

This is a document about Thomas Edison
 Thomas Edison Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor. He is credited with developing many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventions, which include the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb, had a widespread impact on the modern industrialized world. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and teamwork to the process of invention, working with many researchers and employees. He is

This is a document about Riedel (glass manufacturer)
 a decoration. The interest and demand for metal-cast and metal-encased glass grew with products sold globally due to the trading relations of the Riedel's customers. Lighthouse Customers Josef Riedel the elder was an early adopter of new technology. When Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, the Riedels implemented a private phone line in the forests to improve communication amongst their factories in 1883. When Thomas Alva Edison patented the first electric light bulb in 1881, the Riedels introduced electric light to the Riedel factories in 1883, primarily for safety reasons to limit fire risk. The modern era of

This is a document about Henry Woodward (inventor)
  and Evans: Marcellin Jobard in 1838, C. de Changy in 1856, John Wellington Starr in 1845 and Joseph Swan in 1860. Each contributed to the development of the incandescent lamp, but it was Edison who assembled the necessary components to make the first practical electric light bulb. What is known about Woodward's discovery is that it was patented in Canada and the United States prior to a patent being granted to Edison and it is known that the patent for the Canadian discovery was purchased by Edison when he was making his original investigations and before he obtained his patent.

This is a document about North East England
  light bulb before its invention by the American Thomas Edison. Swan first demonstrated the light bulb at a lecture the Literary and Philosophical Society and Miners Institute on Mosley Street, Newcastle upon Tyne on 18 December 1878. Mosley Street, Newcastle upon Tyne is reputed to be the first street in the world to be lit by electric light.  Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine in 1884, and having foreseen its potential to power ships he set up the Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company with five associates in 1893. To develop this he had the experimental vessel built in a light design of steel by the firm

This is a document about Thomas Edison
   In 1878, Edison began working on a system of electrical illumination, something he hoped could compete with gas and oil-based lighting. He began by tackling the problem of creating a long-lasting incandescent lamp, something that would be needed for indoor use. However, Thomas Edison did not invent the light bulb. In 1840, British scientist Warren de la Rue developed an efficient light bulb using a coiled platinum filament but the high cost of platinum kept the bulb from becoming a commercial success. Many other inventors had also devised incandescent lamps, including Alessandro Volta's demonstration of a glowing wire in 1800 and inventions by Henry Woodward and Mathew Evans.

This is a document about Energy in Ohio
  Thomas Edison, a native of Milan, is widely regarded as a father of the modern industrialized world and the originator of mass-energy generation and distribution concepts, as well as the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Another Ohio native, Charles F. Brush is said to have invented the first electric dynamo, resulting in the present-day United Kingdom-based Brush Electrical Machines. Arthur Compton, of Wooster, invented the fluorescent light tube and was a pioneer in the study of atomic energy.

This is a document about Second Industrial Revolution
  The theoretical and practical basis for the harnessing of electric power was laid by the scientist and experimentalist Michael Faraday. Through his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct current, Faraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices were the foundation of the practical use of electricity in technology.  In 1881, Sir Joseph Swan, inventor of the first feasible incandescent light bulb, supplied about 1,200 Swan incandescent lamps to the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in

This is a document about Edison State Park
  The research and development laboratory in Menlo Park was the first of its kind in the world. On October 22, 1879, Thomas Edison tested a bamboo filament which lasted over 30 hours, which was used to create the first successful incandescent light bulb. This accomplishment followed Edison's testing of over a thousand filaments in six months. Three years earlier, Thomas Edison tested his wax and tinfoil phonograph by recording and playing "Mary Had a Little Lamb." Thomas Edison improved Alexander Graham Bell's telephone using carbon. In addition, he invented an electric train and tested it on a track built around his laboratory, now coinciding with modern day Christie Street and Route 27. In 1887, when Thomas Edison needed a bigger laboratory

This is a document about Fluorescent lamp
   Thomas Edison briefly pursued fluorescent lighting for its commercial potential. He invented a fluorescent lamp in 1896 that used a coating of calcium tungstate as the fluorescing substance, excited by X-rays, but although it received a patent in 1907, it was not put into production. As with a few other attempts to use Geissler tubes for illumination, it had a short operating life, and given the success of the incandescent light, Edison had little reason to pursue an alternative means of electrical illumination. Nikola Tesla made similar experiments in the 1890s, devising high-frequency powered fluorescent bulbs that gave a bright greenish light,

This is a document about Incandescent light bulb
  electric current through it. The design was based on the concept that the high melting point of platinum would allow it to operate at high temperatures and that the evacuated chamber would contain fewer gas molecules to react with the platinum, improving its longevity. Although a workable design, the cost of the platinum made it impractical for commercial use. In 1841, Frederick de Moleyns of England was granted the first patent for an incandescent lamp, with a design using platinum wires contained within a vacuum bulb. He also used carbon. In 1845, American John W. Starr patented an incandescent light bulb using carbon filaments. His

This is a document about Edison light bulb
   Light bulbs with a carbon filament were first demonstrated by Edison in October 1879. Carbon filament bulbs, the first electric light bulbs, became available commercially in 1879. In 1904 a tungsten filament was invented by Austro-Hungarians Alexander Just and Franjo Hanaman, and was more efficient and longer-lasting than the carbonized bamboo filament used previously. The introduction of a neutral gas to the glass envelope (or bulb) also helped to improve lifespan and brightness of the bulb. To produce enough light, these lamps required the use of extremely long filaments, and remained so until the development of more efficiently wound tungsten filaments.

This is a document about John Wellington Starr
  John Wellington Starr (1822? – November 21, 1846) was an American inventor and pioneer in development of the incandescent light bulb.

This is a document about Thomas Edison
  Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventions, which include the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the electric light bulb, have had a widespread impact on the modern industrialized world. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of organized science and teamwork to the process of invention, working with many researchers and employees. He established the first industrial research laboratory. Edison was raised in the American Midwest; early in his

This is a document about Edward F. Caldwell & Co.
  Edward F. Caldwell, a portrait painter originally from Waterville, New York, became part of an active community of designers in New York City during the early 1880s. By the end of that decade and into the 1890s, Caldwell worked for, and later became chief designer and vice president of, the Archer & Pancoast Manufacturing Company of New York, top designers of gas lighting fixtures. At this time, due to Thomas Edison's advances in developing the electric light bulb, Archer & Pancoast began manufacturing fixtures using this new technology. Caldwell faced the challenge of mastering an understanding of electric light and

This is a document about Technology brokering
  a sense of the elegance and class behind the Sam Adams brand. The Light Bulb On December 31, 1879, Edison first displayed his most popular invention. It was the first "practical incandescent, electric lamp. This is a perfect example of Thomas Edison leveraging technology brokering. Edison was not the first person to invent electric light. J.W. Starr filed a patent for an incandescent bulb in 1854. That was 30 years before Edison began working on the light bulb we know today. When Edison first started testing incandescent lamps, the arc light was being used for lighting streets and also for various

This is a document about Henry Woodward (inventor)
  fully effective and sufficiently promising; they sold their to Thomas Edison and due to this Edison is now known for the invention of the light bulb. Thomas Edison obtained an exclusive license to the Canadian patent. Thomas Edison developed his own design of incandescent lamp with a high resistance thin filament of carbon in a high vacuum contained in a tightly sealed glass bulb which had a sufficiently long service life to be commercially practical. The relationship of the Woodward/Evans work on the incandescent bulb to that of others, including Edison, on electric light is explained in the following passage of

This is a document about Albon Man
  City and stayed in that position until 1883. In 1878, Man became involved with William E. Sawyer in electrical inventions. He would come up with ideas and Sawyer would work out how to implement them. One of their inventions was the incandescent bulb (later known as the Sawyer-Man lamp), which was the first practical electric light bulb. The lamp consisted of a carbon filament in a vacuum. It was first demonstrated to the public by the Electro-Dynamic Light Company in New York City on October 29th, 1878. The newly invented electric lamp was touted as being able to save people a considerable amount of money over the gas lamps then used. A large New England

This is a document about Incandescent light bulb
  was never produced commercially. In 1851, Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin publicly demonstrated incandescent light bulbs on his estate in Blois, France. His light bulbs are on display in the museum of the Château de Blois. In 1859, Moses G. Farmer built an electric incandescent light bulb using a platinum filament. Thomas Edison later saw one of these bulbs in a shop in Boston, and asked Farmer for advice on the electric light business. In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically

This is a document about Electricity generation
  used in public buildings, in businesses, and to power public transport, such as trams and trains. The first power plants used water power or coal. Today a variety of energy sources are used, such as coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric, wind, and oil, as well as solar energy, tidal power, and geothermal sources. In the 1880s the popularity of electricity grew massively with the introduction of the Incandescent light bulb. Although there are 22 recognised inventors of the light bulb prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison, Edison and Swan's invention became by far the most successful and popular of

This is a document about Lampshade
  glass or light fabric shades. Lampshades were no longer used to direct the light but to attenuate it. In 1879, Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison independently developed—combining and perfecting existing elements deriving from the research of Humphry Davy, De Moleyn and Göbel—the incandescent filament electric light bulb. To disguise the intense electric light, lampshades were used. Some were made by Tiffany in colored glass. The great advantage of the electric light bulb was the absence of flame and traces of combustion, thus avoiding all risks of intoxication, explosion or fire. In the beginning, the filament was made of carbonised vegetable fibres, then bamboo fibres and finally metal alloys until, in the early 20th century, the tungsten filament invented in 1904 became established.

Thomas Edison is credited with inventing the practical electric light bulb, although he built upon the work of others such as Warren de la Rue, who developed a high-efficiency platinum filament bulb in 1840 but was unable to commercialize it due to the high cost of platinum. Edison's invention was patented in 1879.