Question: when did the euro became the european currency

Answer: 1 January 1999

This is a document about History of the euro
 History of the euro The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999, although it had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. After tough negotiations, particularly due to opposition from the United Kingdom, the Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating an economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (even though Denmark has a fixed exchange rate policy with the euro). In 1999 the currency was born virtually and in 2002 notes and coins began to circulate. It rapidly

This is a document about European Currency Unit
 opportunity for foreign diversification without reliance on the currency of a single country. The ECU was conceived on 13 March 1979 as an internal accounting unit. It had the ISO 4217 currency code XEU. On 1 January 1999, the euro (with the code EUR and symbol €) replaced the ECU, at the value €1 = 1 ECU. Unlike the ECU, the euro is a real currency, although not all member states participate (for details on euro membership see Eurozone). Two of the countries in the ECU basket of currencies, UK and Denmark, did not join the eurozone, and a third,

This is a document about Euro Currency Index
 Euro Currency Index The Euro Currency Index (EUR_I) represents the arithmetic ratio of four major currencies against the Euro: US-Dollar, British Pound, Japanese Yen and Swiss Franc. All currencies are expressed in units of currency per Euro. The index was launched in 2004 by the exchange portal Stooq.com. Underlying are 100 points on 4 January 1971. Before the introduction of the European single currency on 1 January 1999 an exchange rate of 1 Euro = 1.95583 Deutsche mark was calculated. Based on the progression, Euro Currency Index can show the strength or weakness of the Euro. A rising index indicates

This is a document about Euro Currency Index
 table shows the annual high, low and closing levels of the back-calculated Euro Currency Index from 1971 until 2012. ¹ 31. December 2012 Euro Currency Index The Euro Currency Index (EUR_I) represents the arithmetic ratio of four major currencies against the Euro: US-Dollar, British Pound, Japanese Yen and Swiss Franc. All currencies are expressed in units of currency per Euro. The index was launched in 2004 by the exchange portal Stooq.com. Underlying are 100 points on 4 January 1971. Before the introduction of the European single currency on 1 January 1999 an exchange rate of 1 Euro = 1.95583 Deutsche

This is a document about Euro
 cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently. Their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other. The euro thus became the successor to the European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new euro notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002. The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, until 28 February

This is a document about European integration
 euro currency union as the third stage of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Further, certain states outside the EU have adopted the euro as their currency, despite not belonging to the EMU. Thus, a total of 25 states, including 19 European Union states and six non-EU members, currently use the euro. The Eurozone came into existence with the official launch of the euro on 1 January 1999. Physical coins and banknotes were introduced on 1 January 2002. The original members were Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Greece adopted the euro

This is a document about Euro Currency Index
 points). The Euro Currency Index started on 4 January 1971 with 100 points. Before the introduction of the European single currency on 1 January 1999, an exchange rate of 1 Euro = 1.95583 Deutsche Mark was calculated. On April 19, 1971, the Euro Currency Index gained 99.67 points calculated with an all-time low. Until 3 December 1979, the index rose by 68.0 percent to 167.43 points. With the depreciation of the Deutsche Mark against the major currencies, the index fell to mid-1980s. On 3 May 1985, the Euro Currency Index was at level 122.26 points, up by 27.0 percent. The

This is a document about Reserve currency
 economy, the German Deutsche Mark gained the status of the second most important reserve currency after the US dollar. When the euro was introduced on 1 January 1999, replacing the Mark, French franc and ten other European currencies, it inherited the status of a major reserve currency from the Mark. Since then, its contribution to official reserves has risen continually as banks seek to diversify their reserves, and trade in the eurozone continues to expand. Former U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said in September 2007 that the euro could replace the U.S. dollar as the world's primary reserve currency.

This is a document about History of the euro
 midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently in that their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other, effectively making them mere non-decimal subdivisions of the euro. The euro thus became the successor to the European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002 (having been distributed in small amounts in the previous December). Beginning on 1 January 1999, all bonds and other forms of

This is a document about European Exchange Rate Mechanism
 European Exchange Rate Mechanism The European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) was a system introduced by the European Economic Community on 13 March 1979, as part of the European Monetary System (EMS), to reduce exchange rate variability and achieve monetary stability in Europe, in preparation for Economic and Monetary Union and the introduction of a single currency, the euro, which took place on 1 January 1999. After the adoption of the euro, policy changed to linking currencies of EU countries outside the eurozone to the euro (having the common currency as a central point). The goal was to improve the stability

This is a document about 100 euro note
 has a green colour scheme. The hundred euro notes depict bridges and arches/doorways in the Baroque and Rococo style (between the 17th and 18th century). The hundred euro note contains several complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink, holograms and microprinting that document its authenticity. The new banknotes of the Europa series 100 euro banknote will start circulating on 28 May 2019. The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy.

This is a document about 200 euro note
 yellow colour scheme. The two hundred euro banknotes depict bridges and arches/doorways in Art Nouveau style (19th and 20th centuries). The €200 note contains several complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink, holograms and microprinting that document its authenticity. The new banknotes of the Europa series 200 euro banknote will start circulating on 28 May 2019. The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until

This is a document about 10 euro note
 about 1.5 years before it is replaced due to wear. It is the second-smallest note measuring 127x67 mm with a pink colour scheme. The ten euro banknotes depict bridges and arches/doorways in Romanesque architecture (between the 11th and 12th centuries). The ten euro note contains several complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink, holograms and microprinting that document its authenticity. The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash

This is a document about Euro
 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743). Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002, making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members, and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.83 within two years (26 October 2000), it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.60 on 18 July 2008. In late 2009, the

This is a document about 500 euro note
 26 April 2019. “Authorities increasingly suspect that they (€500 notes) are being used for illegal purposes, an argument that we can no longer ignore,” according to a high-ranking bank official, Benoît Cœuré. The euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Luxembourgish franc. Slovenia joined the

This is a document about Irish property bubble
 euro on 1 January 1999, in accordance with the 1992 Maastricht Treaty and gave control of its monetary policy to the European Central Bank in Frankfurt, Germany, in accordance with the 1998 Treaty of Amsterdam. The euro contributed to the post-1998 investment rate in countries that previously had a weak currency through the integration of financial markets; however, there is little or no evidence that the introduction of the euro increased the efficiency of capital allocation. The introduction of the single currency, with European Central Bank interest rates being lower than what national interest rates would have been had Ireland

This is a document about Mark (currency)
 Germany was reunified in 1990. The German mark was replaced by the euro, first as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, at a conversion rate of 1.95583 marks per euro. Thereafter, the mark-denominated notes and coins represented the euro at that conversion rate, and remained legal tender until 1 January 2002, when they were replaced by euro notes and coins. Germany mints its own German euro coins, but all euro coins are legal tender throughout the Eurozone. The remaining Convertible mark of Bosnia-Herzegovina is a currency that officially replaced the German mark as de facto currency of the ruptured

This is a document about European Currency Unit
 European Currency Unit The European Currency Unit (₠ or ECU, ) was a basket of the currencies of the European Community member states, used as the unit of account of the European Community before being replaced by the euro on 1 January 1999, at parity. The ECU itself replaced the European Unit of Account, also at parity, on 13 March 1979. The European Exchange Rate Mechanism attempted to minimize fluctuations between member state currencies and the ECU. The ECU was also used in some international financial transactions, where its advantage was that securities denominated in ECUs provided investors with the

This is a document about 5 euro note
 founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Irish pound and the Austrian schilling. Slovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011 and Latvia on 1 January 2014. The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins

This is a document about Costa Brava
  With the creation of the single European currency, the euro has been in effect since 1 January 2002.

The euro became the European currency on 1 January 1999, but physical notes and coins were not introduced until 1 January 2002.


Question: when was the first indian head penny made

Answer: 1859

This is a document about Indian Head cent
 Indian Head cent The Indian Head cent, also known as an Indian Head penny, was a one-cent coin ($0.01) produced by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1859 to 1909. It was designed by James Barton Longacre, the Chief Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint. From 1793 to 1857, the cent was a copper coin about the size of a half dollar. The discovery of gold in California caused a large inflation in prices. As gold became more abundant, the price of copper rose. Cent and half-cent manufacture was one of the only profit centers for the Mint and

This is a document about Indian Head cent
  The Indian Head cent, also known as an Indian Head penny, was a one-cent coin ($0.01) produced by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1859 to 1909. It was designed by James Barton Longacre, the Chief Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint. From 1793 to 1857, the cent was a copper coin about the size of a half dollar. The discovery of gold in California caused a large inflation in prices. As gold became more abundant, the price of copper rose. Cent and half-cent manufacture was one of the only profit centers for the Mint and by 1850 it began looking for alternatives. In 1857, the Mint reduced the size of the cent and changed the composition to 12%

This is a document about 1913 Liberty Head nickel
  The Indian Head (Buffalo) nickel was introduced in February 1913, replacing the Liberty Head design. These were the first official strikings of nickels in 1913, since the United States Mint's official records list no Liberty Head nickels produced in that year. However, in 1920, the numismatic community learned of five Liberty Head nickels dated 1913, all owned by Samuel Brown, a numismatist who attended the American Numismatic Association's annual convention in 1920 and displayed the coins there. He had previously placed an advertisement in the December 1919 issue of The Numismatist soliciting information on these coins, offering to pay US $500 for each and ostensibly purchasing them as a result. However, Brown had been a Mint employee in 1913, and many numismatic historians

This is a document about Indian Head cent
  Production of the Indian Head cent for commerce began at the start of 1859. As issued for circulation, the pieces differ in some particulars from the pattern 1858 cent of similar design; Longacre sharpened some details. The pattern coin had the laurel leaves in the reverse wreath in bunches of five leaves; the issued 1859 cent has them in bunches of six. Cents dated 1858 with the adopted reverse (with six-leaf bunches) are known, were most likely struck in 1859, and are extremely rare. In 1860, the reverse of the cent was changed to feature an oak wreath and a narrow shield; such reverses are also known on 1859-dated pieces struck as patterns. According to Richard Snow in his

This is a document about Type set
  design. The Indian Head nickel (Buffalo) appeared in 1913 but the FIVE CENTS began wearing away. The coin was immediately changed to lower the buffalo mound. In 1837, the dime was minted without stars drawing outrage and the offending stars were immediately returned. The denomination "FIVE CENTS" was initially omitted on the V Nickel (the reverse carried a large V). Before the words could be added, enterprising tricksters gold-plated the coin and declared it a $5.00 gold piece. The Indian head cent has 3 varieties: (1) No shield (1859), (2) Copper and nickel (1860–1863) and (3) Bronze (1864–1909). A list

This is a document about Indian Head gold pieces
  American gold coinage, the obverse of the eagle had featured "Lady Liberty topped with a fanciful head covering designed to look like an Indian headdress". Until Saint-Gaudens' and Pratt's pieces were struck, only Mint Chief Engraver James Longacre had attempted to depict Indians on US circulating coinage (in the 1850s), with his Indian Head cent and Indian Princess designs for the gold dollar and three-dollar pieces. After Pratt, only James Earle Fraser's depiction of an Indian in 1913 on the Buffalo nickel would appear until the 2000 arrival of the Sacagawea dollar. Art historian Cornelius Vermeule in 1970 dismissed complaints made at the time of issuance that the Indian was too thin: "the Indian is far from emaciated, and

This is a document about Indian Head cent
  coins. No cents or five-cent nickels were minted after February 1885 until near the end of 1886. Production of undated dies into which the year of issue could be punched did continue, and during the hiatus in coin production, Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber modified the design, removing light outlines between the lettering on the obverse and the rest of the design, and making other changes. This led to two types for the 1886 Indian Head cent, which may be distinguished: on the Type I, the lowest feather on the obverse points between the I and the C in "AMERICA", while on the Type II it points between the C and the final A.

This is a document about Liberty Head nickel
  was approved, and went into production in 1883. For almost thirty years large quantities of coin of this design were produced to meet commercial demand, especially as coin-operated machines became increasingly popular. Beginning in 1911, the Mint began work to replace the Liberty head design, and a new design, which became known as the Buffalo nickel, went into production in February 1913. Although no 1913 Liberty head nickels were officially struck, five are known to exist. While it is uncertain how these pieces originated, they have come to be among the most expensive coins in the world, with one selling in 2018 for $4.5 million

This is a document about Numismatic history of the United States
  was confiscated from the general public. Silver certificates were exchangeable for silver coin up to June 1968. The design of the American One dollar bill has stayed almost the same since 1935, and the other denominations had a similar appearance until their redesign in the late 1990s. The Gold Eagle was re-designed in 1907 as the Indian Head eagle and the $2.50 and $5 pieces followed in 1908. The Liberty Head Double Eagle was replaced with the St. Gaudens Double Eagle in 1907. The wheat penny, with the head of Lincoln on the obverse, was introduced in 1909. The wheat penny was the first American coin that featured the face of an actual person (rather than

This is a document about Indian Head eagle
  The Indian Head eagle is a $10 gold piece or eagle that was struck by the United States Mint continuously from 1907 until 1916, and then irregularly until 1933. The obverse and reverse were designed by sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, originally commissioned for use on other denominations. He was suffering from cancer and did not survive to see the coins released. Beginning in 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt proposed new, more artistic designs on US coins, prompting the Mint to hire Saint-Gaudens to create them. Roosevelt and Saint-Gaudens at first considered a uniform design for the four denominations of coins which were struck in gold, but in 1907 Roosevelt decided to use a model for the obverse of the

This is a document about Hobo nickel
  When the Indian Head nickel, or Buffalo nickel, was introduced in 1913, it became popular among coin engravers. The big Native American head was a radical departure from previous designs and would not be seen on any subsequent coins. The large, thick profile gave the artists a larger template to work on and allowed for finer detail. On earlier coins, the head was much smaller in relation to the size of the coin. For example, on a Lincoln cent, the head covers about one-sixth of the area. On the Buffalo nickel, the Native American's head occupies about five-sixths of the area. Moreover, the nickel is a larger coin. Large heads also adorn the Morgan dollar and the Columbian half dollar commemoratives of 1892-93, but these coins were rarely altered due to their high value. Another factor contributing to the Buffalo nickel's popularity was the subject. Nearly all previous coins had depicted women (Liberty head nickels, Indian head cents, Barber and Morgan silver dollars). A male head has larger, coarser features (nose, chin, brow) that can be altered in many ways. Even the buffalo on the reverse could be changed into another animal or a man with a backpack.

This is a document about Buffalo nickel
  The Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel is a copper-nickel five-cent piece that was struck by the United States Mint from 1913 to 1938. It was designed by sculptor James Earle Fraser. As part of a drive to beautify the coinage, five denominations of US coins had received new designs between 1907 and 1909. In 1911, Taft administration officials decided to replace Charles E. Barber's Liberty Head design for the nickel, and commissioned Fraser to do the work. They were impressed by Fraser's designs showing a Native American and an American bison. The designs were approved in 1912, but were delayed several months because of objections from the Hobbs Manufacturing Company, which made

This is a document about Indian Head eagle
  mintmarks are consistently small. With the admission of New Mexico and Arizona as states in 1912, the number of stars on the edge was increased from 46 to 48. The coin was struck every year from 1907 to 1916. During World War I, with gold coins commanding a premium above face value and many gold pieces returning from Europe to pay for war materials, there was little need for new gold coins; coinage of eagles was discontinued after 1916. Subsequently, Indian Head eagles were struck only in 1920 (at San Francisco), 1926 (at Philadelphia), 1930 (at San Francisco), and final Philadelphia issues in 1932 and 1933.

This is a document about Indian Head cent
  and 88% copper (copper-nickel), issuing a new design, the Flying Eagle cent. The new pieces were identical in diameter to modern cents, though thicker. This was the first use of copper-nickel for United States coins. The copper-nickel made them look brighter and they began to be called "White cent" or "Nicks". In 1858, the Flying Eagle was replaced with the Indian head design. The Flying Eagle design caused production difficulties and the Mint soon looked to replace it. Mint Director James Ross Snowden selected the Indian Head design and chose a laurel wreath for the reverse, that was replaced in 1860 by an oak wreath with a shield. Cents were hoarded during the economic chaos of the American Civil War,

This is a document about Indian Head cent
  Mint evidently not realizing the absurd incongruity of placing this most masculine attribute of the warrior brave on the head of a woman". Longacre would not be the last to juxtapose the features of a White woman with an Indian headdress reserved for men; Augustus Saint-Gaudens, for the Indian Head eagle (1907), produced a similar design. Later issues depict more accurate Indians, including Bela Lyon Pratt's Indian Head gold pieces (1908), the Buffalo nickel (1913) by James Earle Fraser, who worked from Native American models, and the Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar (1926), designed by Fraser and his wife Laura. Art historian Cornelius Vermeule had mixed emotions about the Indian Head

This is a document about Lincoln cent
  of a Native American war bonnet, stating, "I don't see why we should not have a conventional head-dress of purely American type for the Liberty figure." In May 1907, Roosevelt instructed that the Indian design be developed for the eagles instead. Saint-Gaudens was by then in declining health; he died on August 3, 1907, without having submitted another design for the cent. With the redesign of the four gold denominations completed by 1908, Roosevelt turned his attention to the cent. The centennial of the birth of assassinated president Abraham Lincoln would occur in February 1909, and large numbers of privately manufactured

This is a document about Coin board
  in 1935, his first coin boards—one for Indian Head nickels and another for Lincoln cents—were priced at 25 cents retail, and these quickly proved successful. Sold at newsstands, stationery stores, variety stores, and similar retail outlets, coin boards were the point of entry for thousands of new coin collectors between 1935 and 1942, after which most publishers discontinued them in favor of the more convenient coin folders still used today. Post marketed his coin boards under the Kent Co. Coin Card brand. Later in 1935, Post sold his invention to Whitman Publishing of Racine, Wisconsin, which was already a leading producer of puzzles, games and other paper novelties. Whitman became the most prolific

This is a document about James B. Longacre
  James Barton Longacre (August 11, 1794 – January 1, 1869) was an American portraitist and engraver, and the fourth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint from 1844 until his death. Longacre is best known for designing the Indian Head cent, which entered commerce in 1859, and for the designs of the Shield nickel, Flying Eagle cent and other coins of the mid-19th century. Longacre was born in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, in 1794. He ran away to Philadelphia at age 12, where he became an apprentice in a bookstore. His artistic talent developed and he was released to apprentice in an engraving firm. He struck out on his own in 1819,

This is a document about History of the British penny (1714–1901)
  1797 industrialist Matthew Boulton gained a contract to produce official pennies at his Soho Mint in Birmingham; he struck millions of pennies over the next decade. After that, it was not until 1825 that pennies were struck again for circulation, and the copper penny continued to be issued until 1860. By the late 1850s, the state of the copper coinage was deemed unsatisfactory, with quantities of worn oversized pieces, some dating from Boulton's day, still circulating. They were replaced by lighter bronze coins beginning in 1860; the "Bun penny", named for the hairstyle of Queen Victoria on it, was issued from then until 1894. The final years of Victoria's reign saw the "Veiled head" or "Old head" pennies, which were coined from 1895 until her death in 1901.

The first Indian Head penny was made in 1859.


Question: when was the first world happiness report released

Answer: April 1 , 2012

This is a document about World Happiness Report
 inviting member countries to measure the happiness of their people and to use the data to help guide public policy. On April 2, 2012, this was followed by the first UN High Level Meeting called "Wellbeing and Happiness: Defining a New Economic Paradigm", which was chaired by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and Prime Minister Jigme Thinley of Bhutan, a nation that adopted gross national happiness instead of gross domestic product as their main development indicator. The first World Happiness Report was released on April 1, 2012 as a foundational text for the UN "High Level Meeting: Well-being and Happiness:

This is a document about Positive psychology
  specific states such as stress, affection, trust, and joy." In 2012, the first World Happiness Report was published. The World Happiness Report was initiated by the UN General Assembly in June 2011, which passed the Bhutanese Resolution. The Bhutanese Resolution called for nations across the world to "give more importance to happiness and well-being in determining how to achieve and measure social and economic development." The data for the World Happiness Reports is collected in partnership with the Gallup World Poll's life evaluations and annual happiness rankings. The World Happiness Report bases its national rankings on how happy constituents self-report and believe themselves to be. The first World Happiness Report, published in 2012, is a 170-page report that details the

This is a document about World Happiness Report
  In July 2011, the UN General Assembly adopted resolution 65/309 Happiness: Towards a Holistic Definition of Development inviting member countries to measure the happiness of their people and to use the data to help guide public policy. On April 2, 2012, this was followed by the first UN High Level Meeting called Wellbeing and Happiness: Defining a New Economic Paradigm, which was chaired by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and Prime Minister Jigmi Thinley of Bhutan, a nation that adopted gross national happiness instead of gross domestic product as their main development indicator. The first World Happiness Report was released on April 1, 2012 as a foundational text for the UN High Level Meeting: Well-being and Happiness: Defining a New Economic Paradigm, drawing international attention. The first report outlined the state of world happiness, causes of happiness and misery, and policy implications highlighted by case studies. In 2013, the second World Happiness Report was issued, and in 2015 the third. Since 2016, it has been issued on an annual basis on the 20th of March, to coincide with the UN's International Day of Happiness.

This is a document about Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe
  The World Happiness Report is a measure of happiness published by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network, with the figures provided being the 2013 edition for the 2010 to 2012 period.

This is a document about Quality of life
  The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey on the state of global happiness. It ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels, reflecting growing global interest in using happiness and substantial well-being as an indicator of the quality of human development. Its growing purpose has allowed governments, communities and organizations to use appropriate data to record happiness in order to enable policies to provide better lives. The reports review the state of happiness in the world today and show how the science of happiness explains personal and national variations in happiness. Developed again by the United Nations and published recently along with the HDI, this report combines both objective and subjective measures to rank countries by happiness, which is deemed as the ultimate outcome of a high quality of life. It uses surveys from Gallup, real GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, having someone to count on, perceived freedom to make life choices, freedom from corruption, and generosity to derive the final score. Happiness is already recognised as an important concept in global public policy. The World Happiness Report indicates that some regions have in recent years been experiencing progressive inequality of happiness.

This is a document about World Happiness Report
  The World Happiness Report is a publication of the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network. It contains articles and rankings of national happiness, based on respondent ratings of their own lives, which the report also correlates with various (quality of) life factors. As of March 2021, Finland had been ranked the happiest country in the world four times in a row. The report primarily uses data from the Gallup World Poll. Each annual report is available to the public to download on the World Happiness Report website. The Editors of the 2020 report are John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard, Jeffrey D. Sachs, and Jan-Emmanuel De Neve. Associate Editors are Lara Aknin, Shun Wang, and Haifang Huang.

This is a document about Positive psychology
  of world happiness, the causes of happiness and misery, policy implications from happiness reports, and three case studies of subjective well-being for 1) Bhutan and its Gross National Happiness index, 2) the U.K. Office for National Statistics Experience, and 3) happiness in the member countries within the OECD. The World Happiness Report published in 2020 is the 8th publication in the series of reports. It is the first World Happiness Report to include happiness rankings of cities across the world, in addition to rankings of 156 countries. The city of Helsinki, Finland was reported as the city with the highest subjective well-being ranking, and the country of Finland was reported as the country with the highest subjective well-being ranking for

This is a document about Happiness
  a World Happiness Report has been published. Happiness is evaluated, as in "How happy are you with your life as a whole?", and in emotional reports, as in "How happy are you now?," and people seem able to use happiness as appropriate in these verbal contexts. Using these measures, the report identifies the countries with the highest levels of happiness. In subjective well-being measures, the primary distinction is between cognitive life evaluations and emotional reports. The UK began to measure national well-being in 2012, following Bhutan, which had already been measuring gross national happiness. Happiness has been found to be quite stable over time.

This is a document about John F. Helliwell
  to provide a broader way of measuring human progress. Helliwell subsequently collaborated with other researchers in the emerging field, including Robert Putnam, Ed Diener, Daniel Kahneman, Richard Layard, and a wide variety of other researchers and practitioners. The World Happiness Report grew out of a conference in Thimphu chaired by past Bhutanese Prime Minister Thinley and Jeffrey Sachs, held pursuant to the United Nation's June 2011 General Assembly Resolution 65/309, Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development, introduced by Bhutan, and in preparation for, and support of, the subsequent High Level Meeting at the United Nation's headquarters in New York City called Happiness and Wellbeing: Defining a New Economic Paradigm held on April 2, 2012.

This is a document about World Happiness Report
  The 2018 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2015–2017. As per the 2018 Happiness Index, Finland is the happiest country in the world. Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Switzerland hold the next top positions. The report was published on 14 March 2018 by UN. The full report can be read at 2018 Report. The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of global happiness. The World Happiness Report 2018, which ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels, and 117 countries by the happiness of their immigrants, was released on March 14 at a launch event at the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in the Vatican.

This is a document about World Happiness Report
  The 2020 World Happiness Report, released on March 20, 2020, ranks 156 countries based on an average of three years of surveys between 2017 and 2019. The 2020 report especially focuses on the environment – social, urban, and natural, and includes links between happiness and sustainable development. Finland holds the rank of the happiest country in the world for the third consecutive year. It is followed by Denmark, Switzerland, Iceland and Norway. Afghanistan received the lowest score, with South Sudan and Zimbabwe just above it. In addition to country rankings, this is the first year that the World Happiness Report ranks cities. The happiest city in the world is Helsinki, the capital of Finland. The report shows that the happiness ranking of cities is almost identical to that of the countries they are in. In 2020, the editorial team expanded and Jan-Emmanuel De Neve became a Co-Editor, joining John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard, Jeffrey D. Sachs, and the Oxford Wellbeing Research Centre became a fourth research pillar for the Report. Associate Editors were Lara Aknin, Haifang Huang and Shun Wang, and Sharon Paculor was recognized as Production Editor. From 2020, Gallup became a full data partner.

This is a document about Med Jones
  countries, correlate happiness levels with differences in local policies to help identify best practices and major socioeconomic policy issues. The first Global Gross National Happiness Index Survey was launched in 2005. After the introduction of GNH index initiative in 2005, several initiatives were launched that adapted the gross national happiness index to their community. In a report (2012) prepared for the US Congressman Hansen Clarke, R, Researchers Ben, Beachy and Juston Zorn, at John F. Kennedy School of Government in Harvard University, recommended that "the Congress should prescribe the broad parameters of new, carefully designed supplemental national indicators; it should launch a bipartisan

This is a document about Gross National Well-being
  The GNW Index is also known as the first GNH Index or Gross National Happiness Index, not to be confused with Bhutan's GNH Index. Both econometric frameworks are different in authorship, creation dates, and geographic scope. The GNW / GNH index is a global development measurement framework published in 2005 by the International Institute of Management in the United States. The term "Gross National Happiness" was first coined by the 4th King of Bhutan, King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, in 1972 when he declared, "Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross Domestic Product." However, no GNH Index existed until 2005. The GNH philosophy suggested that the ideal purpose of governments is to promote happiness. The philosophy remained difficult to implement due to the subjective nature of happiness, the

This is a document about Happiness
  ; Positive Experience; the survey by Gallup asks if, the day before, people experienced enjoyment, laughing or smiling a lot, feeling well-rested, being treated with respect, learning or doing something interesting. 9 of the top 10 countries in 2018 were South American, led by Paraguay and Panama. Country scores range from 85 to 43. People have been trying to measure happiness for centuries. In 1780, the English utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham proposed that as happiness was the primary goal of humans it should be measured as a way of determining how well the government was performing. Several scales have been developed to measure happiness:  Since

This is a document about Satisfaction with Life Index
  The subjective well-being index represents the overall satisfaction level as one number. Analysed data to create the index comes from UNESCO, the CIA, the New Economics Foundation, the WHO, the Veenhoven Database, the Latinbarometer, the Afrobarometer, and the UNHDR. These sources are analysed to create a global projection of subjective well-being: the first world map of happiness. Whilst collecting data on subjective well-being is not an exact science, the measures used are very reliable in predicting health and welfare outcomes.

This is a document about Happiness economics
  OPHI promotes collection and analysis of data on five dimensions including Quality of work, Empowerment, Physical safety, Ability to go about without shame, Psychological wellbeing. 2011 – UN General Assembly Resolution 65/309, titled "Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development" 2011 – The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) launched "Better Life Index" (BLI). 2011 – The United Nations released its first edition of the now annual World Happiness Report. 2011 – Canadian Index of Wellbeing Network (CIW Network) released The Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW). 2011 – The Israeli newspaper Haaretz published an article suggesting that western GDP

This is a document about World Happiness Report
  The 2019 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2016–2018. As per the 2019 Happiness Index, Finland is the happiest country in the world. Denmark, Norway, Iceland and Netherlands hold the next top positions. The report was published on 20 March 2019 by UN. The full report can be read at 2019 Report. The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of global happiness.

This is a document about World Happiness Report
  World Happiness Reports were issued in 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016 (an update), 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. In addition to ranking countries happiness and well-being levels, each report has contributing authors and most focus on a particular theme. The data used to rank countries in each report is drawn from the Gallup World Poll, as well as other sources such as the World Values Survey, in some of the reports. The Gallup World Poll questionnaire measures 14 areas within its core questions: (1) business & economic, (2) citizen engagement, (3) communications & technology, (4) diversity (social issues), (5) education & families, (6) emotions (well-being), (7) environment & energy, (8) food & shelter, (9) government and politics, (10) law & order (safety), (11) health, (12) religion & ethics, (13) transportation, and (14) work.

This is a document about Happiness economics
  no explicit policy that requires the rulers to develop the physical and mental well-being of the citizens or hold the government agencies accountable for their performance against specific measures or metrics of well-being. Until 1972 there was no formal government policy, anywhere in the world, that placed happiness and well-being as a main criterion for public policy decision making. 1789 – France adopts the Declaration: It emphasizes happiness as a fundamental right and universal goal. The following is a chronological list of happiness economics and well-being indices: 1972 – Bhutan's former king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, introduced the Gross National Happiness

The first World Happiness Report was released on April 1, 2012.


Question: who won the gold medal in basketball 2016

Answer: United States

This is a document about Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics
 countries in both categories took all of the medals: United States (who took both gold medals), Serbia and Spain. Carioca Arena 1, the largest among the three Carioca Arenas, and Youth Arena, are the arenas that are being used for the basketball tournaments. The Ginásio do Maracanãzinho, site of the 1954 FIBA World Championship and the 1963 FIBA World Championship, hosted the indoor volleyball tournaments instead. Carioca Arena 1 hosted the entire men's tournament and the women's knockout stage, while Youth Arena hosted the women's preliminary round. The National Olympic Committees might enter up to one 12-player men's team and

This is a document about Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
 Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament The men's tournament in basketball at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro began on 6 August and ended on 21 August. The gold medal game in this discipline was the final competitive event before the Closing Ceremony. The United States won their fifteenth gold medal after defeating Serbia, 96–66, in the gold medal match, the largest margin of victory in a gold medal game since the 1992 Olympics. Spain won the bronze medal after an 89–88 win over Australia. The medals were presented by Patrick Baumann, Switzerland, Dr. Rene

This is a document about Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
 teams that won the Olympic Qualifying Tournaments (OQT), while the other pot had the name of the placeholders. "All times are local (UTC−3)." <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Source Rankings are determined by: Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament The men's tournament in basketball at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro began on 6 August and ended on 21 August. The gold medal game in this discipline was the final competitive event before the Closing Ceremony. The United States won their fifteenth gold medal after defeating Serbia, 96–66, in the gold medal match, the largest margin of victory in

This is a document about 2016 United States men's Olympic basketball team
 2016 United States men's Olympic basketball team The men's national basketball team of the United States won the gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. They automatically qualified for the Olympics by winning the FIBA Basketball World Cup in 2014. The team was coached by Mike Krzyzewski of Duke University, with assistant coaches Jim Boeheim (Syracuse), Tom Thibodeau (Minnesota Timberwolves), and Monty Williams (Oklahoma City Thunder). The 2016 team consisted of just two returning players from the 2012 Olympic gold-medal winning team, Kevin Durant and the new team captain, Carmelo Anthony. The following were also

This is a document about 2014 United States FIBA Basketball World Cup team
 2014 United States FIBA Basketball World Cup team The United States men's national basketball team won the gold medal at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup held in Spain. Prior to 2014, the event was known as the FIBA World Championship. The 24-team tournament was held from August 30 to September 14, and the victory automatically qualified the U.S. into the 2016 Olympics in Brazil. Kyrie Irving was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the tournament. The United States had automatically qualified for the World Cup by virtue of the gold medal won by their 2012 Olympic team. The

This is a document about Anthony Pérez (basketball)
 He played at the 2016 South American Championship, where he won a gold medal, and at the 2016 Olympic Games. Anthony Pérez (basketball) Anthony "Tony" Pérez-Cortesia (born September 29, 1993) is a Venezuelan professional basketball player, who represented Venezuela at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. Pérez played college basketball at Ole Miss, with the Ole Miss Rebels, in the United States, where his head coach, Andy Kennedy, called him one of the "greatest mysteries" he's ever coached. This was based on his ability to sharp shoot on certain nights. Pérez began his pro career in 2016, with

This is a document about Gesche Schünemann
 Basketball Championship in Toronto, where the German team was defeated by Canada in the final. The German team beat the Netherlands in the 2015 European Championships, to claim its tenth European title. At the 2016 Paralympic Games, it won silver after losing the final to the United States. Gesche Schünemann Gesche Schünemann (born 18 November 1982) is a German wheelchair basketball player and Paralympian who was part of the team that took the silver medal in the women's wheelchair basketball at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, and the gold medal winning team in wheelchair basketball at the 2012 Summer

This is a document about Stefan Birčević
 German club Baskets Bonn for the rest of 2018–19 season. Birčević won the gold medal with the Serbian university team at the 2011 Summer Universiade in Shenzhen. Birčević was a member of the Serbian national basketball team that won the silver medal at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup. Birčević also represented Serbia at the 2016 Summer Olympics where they won the silver medal, after losing to the United States in the final game with 96–66. Birčević also represented Serbia at the EuroBasket 2017 where they won the silver medal, after losing in the final game to Slovenia. Stefan Birčević

This is a document about Mareike Miller
 Mareike Miller Mareike Miller (born 3 August 1990) is a 4.5 point wheelchair basketball player, who played for the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater in the United States. She also plays for the German national team, with which she won two European titles, was runner-up at 2010 and 2014 World Championships, won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London and won a silver medal at the Rio 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro. President Joachim Gauck awarded the team Germany's highest sporting honour, the "Silbernes Lorbeerblatt" (Silver Laurel Leaf), twice (2012 and 2016). Mareike Miller was born on 3

This is a document about United States men's national basketball team
 United States men's national basketball team The USA Basketball Men's National Team, commonly known as the United States Men's National Basketball Team, is the most successful team in international competition, winning medals in all eighteen Olympic tournaments it had entered, coming away with fifteen golds. In the professional era, the team won the Olympic gold medal in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2012, and 2016. Two of its gold medal-winning teams were inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in August 2010 – the 1960 team, which featured six Hall of Famers (4 players, 2 coaches), and the 1992

This is a document about Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament
 Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament The women's tournament in basketball at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro began on 6 August and ended on 20 August 2016. The United States won their eighth total and sixth consecutive gold medal by defeating Spain 101–72 in the final. Serbia captured their first bronze medal after beating France 70–63. The medals were presented by Patrick Baumann, Switzerland, Sir Philip Craven, Great Britain, and Angela Ruggiero, United States of America, members of the International Olympic Committee and the gifts were presented by Horacio Muratore, Lena Wallin Kantzy and

This is a document about Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament
 5". These were the pot assignments: Group A was assigned with OQT 1, OQT 3 and OQT 5, while Group B had OQT 2 and OQT 4. "All times are local (UTC−3)." <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Points Rebounds Assists Blocks Steals Rankings are determined by: Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament The women's tournament in basketball at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro began on 6 August and ended on 20 August 2016. The United States won their eighth total and sixth consecutive gold medal by defeating Spain 101–72 in the final. Serbia captured their first bronze medal

This is a document about 1961 Maccabiah Games
 medal winner Yves Dreyfus of France won the gold medal in épée. Fencer Al Axelrod won a gold medal in foil. Larry Brown led the United States basketball team to a gold medal. Allen Rosenberg and Donald Spero of the US won gold medals in rowing. Gary Gubner of the US won the shot put with a 60-foot, 1-1/4 inch (18.32 meter) throw. American Dick Savitt won both the singles and doubles (with Mike Franks) men's tennis gold medals. Angelica Rozeanu of Israel, who in her career won 17 world titles, was the women's table tennis singles champion. First-time participants

This is a document about 2016 United States men's Olympic basketball team
 against 2004 Olympic champion Argentina. They will also face 2015 FIBA Asia gold medalist China, 2015 FIBA Americas champion Venezuela. The schedule concludes with 2015 FIBA Africa champion Nigeria in Houston. The United States Olympic Committee will be using Houston as a departure point for many Olympic teams, providing them with credentials and provisions on their way out to Brazil. 2016 United States men's Olympic basketball team The men's national basketball team of the United States won the gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. They automatically qualified for the Olympics by winning the FIBA

This is a document about Basketball at the 1972 Summer Olympics
 Basketball at the 1972 Summer Olympics Basketball contests at the 1972 Summer Olympics took place at Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle in Munich, Germany from August 27 to September 9. The Soviet Union won the gold medal, after a controversial gold medal game against the United States. This was the first time the USA did not win a gold medal since the sport's introduction into the Olympics in 1936. The bronze was won by Cuba, the only Olympic medal they have won in basketball. † – Medals refused by the team Automatic qualifications were granted to the host country and the first four places

This is a document about Maya Lindholm
 a home town crowd in Frankfurt. It claimed silver at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and beat the Netherlands in the 2015 European Championships, to claim its tenth European title. At the 2016 Paralympic Games, it won silver after losing the final to the United States. Maya Lindholm Maya Lindholm (born 20 December 1990) is a 2.5 point wheelchair basketball player, who played with the German national team that won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. It also won a European title in 2011 and was runner-up in 2013. President

This is a document about Mackenzie Soldan
 Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Besides sports, she plays the guitar and piano as a hobby. In 2007, she participated at the U.S. Under 19 Wheelchair Basketball Team and in 2011 won a gold medal in the U.S. Under 25 Team. The same year, Mackenzie was a member of Collegiate National Wheelchair Basketball Championship and represented University of Alabama there. In 2016, she graduated with a master's degree in marketing. Mackenzie Soldan Mackenzie Soldan (born May 14, 1992) is an American wheelchair basketball and wheelchair tennis player. She represented the United States at the 2011 Parapan American Games where she won two gold

This is a document about 1972 Summer Paralympics medal table
 Olympic Committee, four days before the opening ceremony, in response to African countries' protests against the Rhodesian regime. This medal table ranks the competing NPCs by the number of gold medals won by their athletes. Notable gold medallists included Canadian Eugene Reimer, who set a world record in discus with a throw of 29.91 metres and also won a gold medal in the pentathlon and silver in the 4×60 metres wheelchair relay. A crowd of 4,000 watched the United States defeat defending champions Israel 59–58 to take the gold medal in men's wheelchair basketball. Zipora Rubin-Rosenbaum of Israel won a

This is a document about 1968 United States men's Olympic basketball team
 Wingfoots, George Carter of the US Army, Joe Hamilton of Christian College of the Southwest (TX) Junior College, Dan Issel of the University of Kentucky, Rick Mount of Purdue University and Charles Paulk of Northeastern Oklahoma College. By obtaining a record 8-0, Team USA would earn its right to play in the Gold medal game. The team who won the game would receive the Gold medal and the team who lost the game would receive the silver medal. 1968 United States men's Olympic basketball team The 1968 United States men's Olympic basketball team represented the United States at the 1968

This is a document about 2019 United States FIBA Basketball World Cup team
 expected to be selected from the pool of 35 players that they named in April 2018. The list includes 11 members from their 2016 Olympic gold-medal team, and five players who have won nine of the last 10 NBA Most Valuable Player Awards. The U.S. held its first minicamp in July 2018, which 23 of the 35 players attended. In the past, USA Basketball managing director Jerry Colangelo had mandated that players attended camps or risk disqualification; however, rules were relaxed in recent years. 2019 United States FIBA Basketball World Cup team The United States men's national basketball team is

The United States won the gold medal in basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics. They defeated Serbia with a score of 96–66 in the final match.


Question: what came first mean machine or the longest yard

Answer: The Longest Yard

This is a document about The Longest Yard (1974 film)
 The Longest Yard (1974 film) The Longest Yard is a 1974 American sports comedy film directed by Robert Aldrich, written by Tracy Keenan Wynn and based on a story by producer Albert S. Ruddy. The film follows a former NFL player (Burt Reynolds) recruiting the group of prisoners and playing football against their guards. The film was remade three times, including for the 2001 British film "Mean Machine" (a shortened version of the title used for the original's UK release), starring Vinnie Jones, the 2005 film remake, "The Longest Yard" featured Reynolds as coach Nate Scarborough, and as the 2015

This is a document about Mean Machine (film)
 or perhaps that kind of football is inherently less cinematic than ours. It's certainly no less brutal." Mean Machine (film) Mean Machine is a 2001 British sports comedy film directed by Barry Skolnick. It stars former footballer Vinnie Jones. The film is an adaptation of the 1974 American film "The Longest Yard", featuring association football rather than American football. It also reunites most of the cast who have starred in the Guy Ritchie blockbusters "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels" and "Snatch". Danny "The Mean Machine" Meehan is a retired footballer and former captain of the England national football team,

This is a document about Mean Machine (film)
 F.C.. In addition, Nevin Saroya (prisoners' team) was once a Brentford F.C. youth team player. Ryan Giggs, then an active player with Manchester United F.C. and the Wales national football team, appears briefly (at minute 77:00) as a warden. Producer Matthew Vaughan , while looking for a film vehicle to highlight ex-soccer star Vinnie Jones, came across director Robert Aldrich's 1974 American football comedy "The Longest Yard". Jones, who was known for rough play and off-field rowdiness, seemed a natural for the lead role. "Mean Machine" was filmed from April to June 2001. Most of the prison scenes were filmed

This is a document about Mean Machine (film)
 Mean Machine (film) Mean Machine is a 2001 British sports comedy film directed by Barry Skolnick. It stars former footballer Vinnie Jones. The film is an adaptation of the 1974 American film "The Longest Yard", featuring association football rather than American football. It also reunites most of the cast who have starred in the Guy Ritchie blockbusters "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels" and "Snatch". Danny "The Mean Machine" Meehan is a retired footballer and former captain of the England national football team, who was banned from football for life for fixing a match they played against Germany. After a

This is a document about Albert S. Ruddy
 two motorcycle racers, and "Making It" (1971), about a sexually triumphant high school student who beds the gerontophobic wife of his gym teacher. In 1972, he produced "The Godfather" and won his first of two Oscars for Best Picture. In 1974, Ruddy produced "The Longest Yard", which has been described as "the first successful modern sports movie". The movie was very successful financially and was subsequently remade twice with Ruddy as executive producer (as "Mean Machine" (2001) and as "The Longest Yard" (2005)). The following year, Ruddy produced director and animator Ralph Bakshi's satirical film "Coonskin" (1975). The film was

This is a document about Vinnie Jones
 was a silent, tough brawler. He teamed up with director Dominic Sena again the following year for the thriller "Swordfish", where Jones played one of John Travolta's ruthless henchmen. Jones played Danny Meehan in "Mean Machine", a 2001 British remake of the Burt Reynolds film "The Longest Yard" (retitled "Mean Machine" for its UK release). He played a former captain of the England national football team, who is sent to prison and subsequently takes control of a team of inmates who play the guards. He played another football role as Mad Maynard, the leader of a Manchester United football hooligan

This is a document about Mean Machine (film)
 final soccer game is definitely the high point of the proceedings, if only because it lets the star do what he does best - play some very dirty football." While A.O. Scott of the New York Times wrote, "Reviewing <nowiki>"</nowiki>The Longest Yard<nowiki>"</nowiki> in The New York Times 28 years ago, Nora Sayre objected to its clumsiness and violence, but admitted to being entertained by the football sequences. Watching this remake, I had the opposite response: the story was moderately engaging and moved swiftly, but the long soccer match at the end bored me silly. Perhaps this is just American chauvinism,

This is a document about Ed Lauter
 in Alfred Hitchcock's final film, "Family Plot". Hitchcock was impressed by Lauter and asked him to play a major role in the romantic espionage thriller he planned as his next film; the director's failing health and eventual death in 1980 meant that "The Short Night" never went into production. Lauter appeared in many films, including half a dozen in 1972 alone. Among his most prominent film roles were "The Longest Yard" (a.k.a. "The Mean Machine") (1974), "King Kong" (1976), "Magic" (1978), "Death Hunt" (1981), "Timerider" (1982) "Death Wish 3" (1985), "My Blue Heaven" (1990), "The Rocketeer" (1991), "Seraphim Falls" (2006),

This is a document about Sharky's Machine
 a love affair with her. I picked up a viewfinder and looked at Rachel. I damn near fell over. "She's going to be a big star," said Reynolds. "She just jumps off the screen. She has the kind of sensious appeal that Ava Gardner had." Filming took place in Atlanta. "I liked the idea of working in Atlanta, where I've spent a lot of time," said Reynolds. "I made Deliverance,' Smokey,' The Longest Yard' and Gator,' my first film as a director, all in Georgia." At 220 feet, the stunt from Atlanta's Hyatt Regency Hotel (doubling for the Westin Peachtree

This is a document about Heather Parry
 "Twilight" taught Parry an important lesson. "Now, if there's something I believe in, I'll fall on my sword for it," she says. During this period, she worked with the rock band Rage Against the Machine and directed the band's video for its cover of Bruce Springsteen's ""The Ghost of Tom Joad"" in 1997 and "The Battle of Mexico City" in 2001. She co-produced two films at MTV Films in 2005, "The Longest Yard", starring Adam Sandler, and "Get Rich or Die Tryin’", starring rapper 50 Cent. Parry is increasingly invested in the tech space, cultivating early stage start-ups with her

This is a document about Nelly
 with Big Boy on 92.3, Nelly stated there may or may not be a new album following his new music. As of 2018, Nelly is currently signed to Columbia Records. Nelly's film debut came in 2001 in the independent film "Snipes" playing a famous rapper named Prolifik. His big movie role came in the 2005 remake of "The Longest Yard" starring Adam Sandler and Chris Rock. The movie's soundtrack includes his songs "Errtime" and "Fly Away". In June 2008, in an interview with "Kiwibox", Nelly revealed that he is reluctant to continue his acting career, noting that he does not

This is a document about Mean Machine (film)
  Producer Matthew Vaughan, while looking for a film vehicle to highlight ex-soccer star Vinnie Jones, came across director Robert Aldrich's 1974 American football comedy The Longest Yard. Jones, who was known for rough play and off-field rowdiness, seemed a natural for the lead role. Mean Machine was filmed from April to June 2001. Most of the prison scenes were filmed at HM Prison Oxford, and the match was filmed at The Warren, the former home ground of Yeading. The Warren is located in Hayes.

This is a document about Mean Machine (film)
  Mean Machine is a 2001 British sports comedy film directed by Barry Skolnick and starring former footballer Vinnie Jones. The film is an adaptation of the 1974 American film The Longest Yard, featuring association football rather than American football. It also reunites most of the cast from executive producer Guy Ritchie's prior blockbusters Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels and Snatch.

This is a document about Albert S. Ruddy
  1974, Ruddy produced The Longest Yard, which has been described as "the first successful modern sports movie". The movie was very successful financially and was subsequently remade twice with Ruddy as executive producer (as Mean Machine (2001) and as The Longest Yard (2005)). The following year, Ruddy produced director and animator Ralph Bakshi's satirical film Coonskin (1975). The film was extremely controversial and initially received negative reviews, but it would eventually earn critical acclaim and develop a cult following with cinema devotees around the globe. It remains one of director Quentin Tarantino's favorite movies, which he regularly screens. In 1976, he produced a television western called The Machans, which was

This is a document about The Death Match
  The Longest Yard is a 1974 American sports comedy film directed by Robert Aldrich, written by Tracy Keenan Wynn and based on a story by producer Albert S. Ruddy. The film follows a former NFL player (Burt Reynolds) recruiting the group of prisoners and playing football against their guards. The film has been remade three times, including for the 2001 British film Mean Machine, starring Vinnie Jones, the 2005 film remake, The Longest Yard starring Adam Sandler, and as the 2015 Egyptian film Captain Masr.

This is a document about The Longest Yard (1974 film)
  The Longest Yard is a 1974 American prison sports comedy film directed by Robert Aldrich, written by Tracy Keenan Wynn, based on a story by producer Albert S. Ruddy, and starring Burt Reynolds, Eddie Albert, Ed Lauter, and Mike Conrad. The film follows a former NFL player recruiting a group of prisoners and playing football against their guards. It features many real-life football players, including Green Bay Packers legend Ray Nitschke. The film has been remade three times: as the 2001 British film Mean Machine (a shortened version of the title used for the original's UK release), starring Vinnie Jones, the 2005 film remake, The Longest Yard featuring Adam Sandler and Reynolds as coach Nate Scarborough, and as the 2015 Egyptian film Captain Masr. In the two international remakes from 2001 and 2015, the sport was changed from gridiron football to association football.

This is a document about The Longest Yard (1974 film)
 Mean Machine (2001 film), starring Vinnie Jones, taking place in England and changing the sport from American Football to Association Football. ; The Longest Yard (2005), starring Adam Sandler as Crewe and featuring Burt Reynolds in a supporting role (that of retired player Nate Scarborough). ; Captain Masr, which translates to Egypt's Captain (2015 film), starring Mohamed Iman, taking place in Egypt and again changing the sport to soccer. The film has been remade three times:

This is a document about Mean Machine (sailing team)
  The Mean Machine team starts sailing in 1985 with the Mean Machine one-tonner. Peter de Ridder and an almost entirely amateur team sail into sixth place in the World Championships of the class in the Spanish Island of Mallorca. Since then, with 22 years of sailing history behind them, Mean Machine have notched up some of the most prestigious World and Continental titles, placing them near the top of the world rankings in the sport.

This is a document about Stockholm Mean Machines
  The Stockhom Mean Machines are a Swedish American football team based in Stockholm. Founded 1982 the Mean Machines are the oldest American football team of the country and the most successful with a total of 12 national titles.

The Longest Yard (1974 film) came before Mean Machine (2001 film). The Longest Yard was released in 1974, while Mean Machine was released in 2001.


Question: who was the original singer for killswitch engage

Answer: Jesse Leach

This is a document about Killswitch Engage
 has also been considered one of the earliest leading forces of the metalcore genre. Killswitch Engage formed following the disbandment of metalcore bands Overcast and Aftershock in 1999. After Overcast broke up in 1998, bassist Mike D'Antonio collaborated with Aftershock guitarist Adam Dutkiewicz. Dutkiewicz, now playing drums, recruited guitarist Joel Stroetzel from Aftershock and vocalist Jesse Leach of the band Nothing Stays Gold (who were signed to a record label owned by Dutkiewicz's brother Tobias, who was also the vocalist in Aftershock) to form a new band, Killswitch Engage. The band's name is derived from an episode of the television

This is a document about Killswitch Engage
 Killswitch Engage announced that vocalist Howard Jones would not be performing with Killswitch Engage during their winter tour with The Devil Wears Prada and Dark Tranquillity; during the time, All That Remains vocalist Philip Labonte was substituting for Jones until he could return. At least one source speculated that Jones' hiatus was due to back pain. On March 18, 2010, original vocalist Jesse Leach returned to the band for a series of songs. From then on, Leach and Labonte performed as substitute vocalists for the remainder of the tour. In 2010, the band contributed the track "My Obsession" to the

This is a document about Killswitch Engage
 and an international contract with Columbia/Sony. These labels will be releasing their eighth studio album in 2019. During an interview with the "Wall of Sound: Up Against The Wall" podcast in October 2018, Jesse Leach revealed more details about the song with former singer Howard Jones stating: "“He does a verse, I do a verse, we sing the chorus together it’s a real heavy shitkicker”" and that the song was inspired by Howard's new band name Light The Torch and their friendship Killswitch Engage is considered a metalcore band. Like some 2000s metalcore bands, Killswitch Engage vocally combine singing, screaming

This is a document about Killswitch Engage
 Killswitch Engage Killswitch Engage is an American metalcore band from Westfield, Massachusetts, formed in 1999 after the disbanding of Overcast and Aftershock. Killswitch Engage's current lineup consists of vocalist Jesse Leach, guitarists Joel Stroetzel and Adam Dutkiewicz, bassist Mike D'Antonio, and drummer Justin Foley. The band has released seven studio albums and two live performance albums. Their latest album, "Incarnate", was released on March 11, 2016. Killswitch Engage rose to fame with its 2004 release "The End of Heartache", which peaked at number 21 on the "Billboard" 200, and was certified gold by the RIAA in December 2007 for over

This is a document about Killswitch Engage
 Ablaze", that the lyrics contain "unity, positivity, [and] love." On the lyrical themes of "Killswitch Engage", Ultimate Guitar reviewer Amy Sciarretto notes: On Killswitch Engage's 2009 self-titled album, Howard Jones states the change in lyrical themes: Current Former Live Timeline Grammy Award Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards Boston Music Awards Loudwire Music Awards Killswitch Engage Killswitch Engage is an American metalcore band from Westfield, Massachusetts, formed in 1999 after the disbanding of Overcast and Aftershock. Killswitch Engage's current lineup consists of vocalist Jesse Leach, guitarists Joel Stroetzel and Adam Dutkiewicz, bassist Mike D'Antonio, and drummer Justin Foley. The band has

This is a document about Alive or Just Breathing
 dislike for the melodic "smooth parts" that he felt were too repetitious throughout "Alive or Just Breathing", however he praised the album's production and positive lyrics. Jesse Leach stated there was a small portion of Killswitch Engage fans who disliked his use of clean singing on the album. Alive or Just Breathing Alive or Just Breathing is the second studio album by American metalcore band Killswitch Engage. It was released on May 21, 2002, through Roadrunner Records. "Alive or Just Breathing" was Killswitch Engage's first album on Roadrunner and was recorded from October 2001 to February 2002. Produced by drummer

This is a document about The Hymn of a Broken Man
 The Hymn of a Broken Man The Hymn of a Broken Man is the debut album by American heavy metal band Times of Grace, released on January 18, 2011 through Roadrunner Records. When touring the UK with Killswitch Engage, guitarist Adam Dutkiewicz required emergency surgery on his back. While in the hospital recovering, he began writing new material which he later recorded and demoed at home. Dutkiewicz later contacted former Killswitch Engage bandmate and singer Jesse Leach about writing lyrics and recording vocals feeling that he "[doesn't] think [he is] the greatest vocalist and lyricist" and "wanted a little help

This is a document about Times of Grace
 Records. When touring the UK with Killswitch Engage, guitarist Adam Dutkiewicz required emergency surgery on his back. While in the hospital, he wrote new material which he later recorded and demoed at home. Dutkiewicz later contacted former Killswitch Engage band mate and singer Jesse Leach about writing lyrics and recording vocals feeling that he "[doesn't] think [he is] the greatest vocalist and lyricist so [he] wanted a little help in that department." Under the moniker Times of Grace, they began recording material in 2008 with Dutkiewicz stating on the group's Myspace that the songs were "an epic mix of Metal/Rock/Pop/Shoe

This is a document about Killswitch Engage
 lead vocals due to his previous history with the band, although Labonte quickly dispelled the rumor. Many vocalists were considered in the search for a new one for the band. The band's search for a new singer concluded in February with the announcement that original lead vocalist Jesse Leach would return to the band, as the band felt that Leach's energy, as well as his overall comfort and command of both the old and new material, made him the clear choice during auditions. Following Leach's return, the band continued to the process of recording their new album and touring. On

This is a document about Times of Grace
 Times of Grace Times of Grace is an American heavy metal band formed in Southampton, Massachusetts. The group consists of Adam Dutkiewicz (Killswitch Engage) and Jesse Leach (Killswitch Engage, The Empire Shall Fall, and Seemless) while guitarist Joel Stroetzel (Killswitch Engage), bassist Matt Bachand (rhythm guitarist in Shadows Fall), drummer Dan Gluszak (formerly of Envy on the Coast) complete the touring lineup. An album was planned for 2009. However, the group remained largely inactive until 2010, releasing the single "Strength in Numbers", with their debut album, titled "The Hymn of a Broken Man", released on January 18, 2011 through Roadrunner

This is a document about Jesse Leach
 as a free digital download for 72 hours for those who signed up for the band's mailing list. The song is now available for purchase on iTunes. The album was made with the support of Killswitch Engage. George Fisher told in "The Jasta Show", that Jesse Leach wrote the lyrics for George Fisher's new side project called Serpentine Dominion, also consisting Adam Dutkiewicz from Killswitch Engage and Shannon Lucas. He Explained: I originally was going to write stuff for the new band, and you know what? Writing lyrics has just never been my thing, and we were getting down to

This is a document about Killswitch Engage (2000 album)
 guitarist Pete Cortese and Adam Dutkiewicz on drums before switching on guitar for the next album. The song "Soilborn" was the first song the band ever wrote, which took shape during the band's first jam session together, also mentioned in "From the Bedroom to the Basement". The band wrote the entire album's music without a singer, until Jesse Leach of local band Nothing Stays Gold (who were signed to Dutkiewicz's brother Tobias' record label, Tobias also being the singer for Aftershock) joined the band shortly after its formation. Many of the songs were then recorded for a demo, which included

This is a document about Jesse Leach
 with the band while Leach has been gone. Killswitch Engage's sixth studio album Disarm the Descent was released on April 2, 2013. It was announced in December 2013 that "In Due Time" was nominated for "Best Metal Performance" at the 2014 Grammy Awards, bands first Grammy nomination for Killswitch Engage with Jesse Leach. In March 11, 2016, Killswitch Engage released their seventh album Incarnate. In 2003 Jesse joined a blues rock band called Seemless. Seemless toured the US many times with bands like Fu-Manchu, The Sword, Trivium, and In Flames. Seemless is known for explosive, emotive live shows and showcases

This is a document about Serpentine Dominion
 melodic elements in there — but it's much faster and more aggressive than Killswitch Engage is. And the drums are blazing, so Shannon is probably one of the only guys on the face of the earth who could pull this off." The band's lyrics for their debut album were written by Killswitch Engage vocalist Jesse Leach. Fisher stated in "The Jasta Show": "I originally was going to write stuff, and you know what? Writing lyrics has just never been my thing, and we were getting down to when I was supposed to go up there and lay down my vocals.

This is a document about Seemless
 the following bulletin on their official MySpace page: The show was a great success, and Seemless has now officially split up. Seemless Seemless was an American rock/metal supergroup formed by ex-Shadows Fall/Unearth drummer Derek Kerswill, Killswitch Engage vocalist Jesse Leach, and ex-Overcast/Killswitch Engage guitarist Pete Cortese. Formed in 2002 following Leach's departure from Killswitch Engage, Seemless was signed to Equal Vision Records, and released their first self-titled LP. They toured extensively over the next year, quickly making a mark on the rock/metal scene with their mixture of soul and blues elements. After the release of their last album, What Have

This is a document about Seemless
 Seemless Seemless was an American rock/metal supergroup formed by ex-Shadows Fall/Unearth drummer Derek Kerswill, Killswitch Engage vocalist Jesse Leach, and ex-Overcast/Killswitch Engage guitarist Pete Cortese. Formed in 2002 following Leach's departure from Killswitch Engage, Seemless was signed to Equal Vision Records, and released their first self-titled LP. They toured extensively over the next year, quickly making a mark on the rock/metal scene with their mixture of soul and blues elements. After the release of their last album, What Have We Become, the band has toured with Nonpoint, Trivium, In Flames, SOiL, Fu Manchu, Lacuna Coil, and several others. In late

This is a document about Philip Labonte
 Fall record with Labonte on vocals. In 1998, Labonte formed All That Remains as a side project. After leaving Shadows Fall, All That Remains became his main priority. Their debut record, "Behind Silence and Solitude", was released in 2002 through Prosthetic Records/Razor & Tie. A short time later, Labonte tried out for Killswitch Engage after the departure of their vocalist, Jesse Leach. Although he lost the audition to now former Killswitch Engage and former Blood Has Been Shed vocalist Howard Jones, the band told him he was a close second. In Killswitch Engage's DVD "(Set This) World Ablaze", Labonte states

This is a document about Alive or Just Breathing
 (which would later become "Fixation on the Darkness"), "Just Barely Breathing", and "Numbered Days". After giving the demo to Roadrunner, the label agreed to let Dutkiewicz produce "Alive or Just Breathing" because they were impressed with his production skills. As Killswitch Engage started writing for "Alive or Just Breathing", then-guitarist Pete Cortese, who co-wrote "Fixation on the Darkness", left the band to spend more with his family. The music for "Alive or Just Breathing" was all written by Dutkiewicz, D'Antonio, and guitarist Joel Stroetzel, while all of the lyrics were written by singer Jesse Leach. After completing the composition for

This is a document about Tom Gomes
 Tom Gomes Tom Gomes (born February 5, 1978) is a drummer for the metalcore band Aftershock, and formerly in Catchthirteen, and Killswitch Engage. He joined Killswitch Engage after the recording of their 2002 record "Alive or Just Breathing", and performed with the band during their "Road Rage" tour of the United Kingdom and their performance at Ozzfest, in 2002 and 2003 respectively. He then left the band and was replaced by Blood Has Been Shed drummer Justin Foley. Gomes was with the band during the departure of former vocalist Jesse Leach and the entry of his replacement, Howard Jones, and

The original singer for Killswitch Engage was Jesse Leach.


Question: when did the suffragettes get the right to vote

Answer: 1928

This is a document about Suffragette
 Act 1918 was passed, enfranchising all men over 21 years of age and women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications, gaining the right to vote for about 8.4 million women. In November 1918, the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918 was passed, allowing women to be elected into parliament. The Representation of the People Act 1928 extended the voting franchise to all women over the age of 21, granting women the vote on the same terms that men had gained ten years earlier. The 1918 general election, the first general election to be held after the

This is a document about Doris Stevens
 from its creation in 1928 until her ouster in 1938. By August, Stevens was back in Paris working on the report. She and other suffragists picketed the French president, Gaston Doumergue, in 1928 in an attempt to get the world peace delegates to support an equal rights treaty. They were dismissively described by a journalist who did cover the event as "militant suffragettes," and a Paris paper called the protest "an amusing incident." Though arrested, they were released upon providing proof of their identities. In 1929, Stevens returned to the United States and began to study law, taking classes at

This is a document about Women's suffrage in Wales
  Welsh politicians of the day. After Liberal success in the 1906 Election failed to materialise into political change, suffragettes and in particular members of the more militant Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), took a hard line stance towards their Members of Parliament, engaging in direct action against them. Militant action was not a hallmark of the movements in Wales and Welsh members, who more often identified themselves as suffragists, sought Parliamentary and public support through political and peaceful means. In 1918, across the United Kingdom, women over the age of 30 gained the right to vote, followed by the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 which saw women gain the same rights to vote as men.

This is a document about He and She (play)
  voting rights to white women. Despite the oversight in humanitarian ethics, they nonetheless pushed societal boundaries to a new extreme. The suffragettes were met with much resistance. They combated stereotypes in the media and popular culture. They often found themselves being criticized for “unladylike behavior” that challenged Victorian ideals about domesticity (Rampton 2015). Although some extreme forms of protests were seen during the movement, such as hunger strikes, and protests, most public displays by the suffragettes were quite tame. These included signing petitions, pamphlets, and pro-suffrage inspired art. Finally, after years of gender stigma, the 19th Amendment was passed in 1920, which granted white women the right to vote (Bisignani 2015).

This is a document about Suffragette
  Derby, made headlines around the world. The WSPU campaign had varying levels of support from within the suffragette movement; breakaway groups formed, and within the WSPU itself not all members supported the direct action. The suffragette campaign was suspended when World War I broke out in 1914. After the war, the Representation of the People Act 1918 gave the vote to women over the age of 30 who met certain property qualifications. Ten years later, women gained electoral equality with men when the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 gave all women the right to vote at age 21.

This is a document about Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
   Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom was a movement to fight for women's right to vote. It finally succeeded through laws in 1918 and 1928. It became a national movement in the Victorian era. Women were not explicitly banned from voting in Great Britain until the Reform Act 1832 and the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. In 1872 the fight for women's suffrage became a national movement with the formation of the National Society for Women's Suffrage and later the more influential National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). As well as in England, women's suffrage movements in Wales, Scotland and other parts of the United Kingdom gained momentum. The movements shifted sentiments in favour of woman suffrage by 1906. It was at this point that the militant campaign began with

This is a document about Women's suffrage in Australia
  Federation, which was held in Adelaide. Western Australia granted voting rights to women in 1899, in time for women in the colony state voting in the first federal election. In Victoria, one of the first known women to vote was London-born businesswoman Mrs Fanny Finch, on 22 January 1856 in the gold rush town of Castlemaine. The first group of women are included in Helen Harris’s “The Right to stand, the right to vote”. The Electoral Act 1863 enfranchised all ratepayers listed on local municipal rolls. Some women ratepayers in Victoria were able to vote at the 1864 colony election. However, the all-male legislature regarded this as a legislative mistake and promptly

This is a document about Women's suffrage
  before World War I, women in Norway also won the right to vote. During WWI, Denmark, Canada, Russia, Germany, and Poland also recognized women's right to vote. The Representation of the People Act 1918 saw British women over 30 gain the vote. Dutch women won the vote in 1919, and American women on August 26, 1920, with the passage of the 19th Amendment (the Voting Rights Act of 1965 secured voting rights for racial minorities). Irish women won the same voting rights as men in the Irish Free State constitution, 1922. In 1928, British women won suffrage on the same terms as men, that is, for ages 21 and older. The suffrage of Turkish women was introduced in 1930 for local

This is a document about Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
  right to vote in local elections. ; 1883: Conservative Primrose League formed. ; 1884: Third Reform Act – Male electorate doubled to 5 million ; 1889: Women's Franchise League established. ; 1894: Local Government Act (women could vote in local elections, become District Councillors [though not their Chairmen], Poor Law Guardians, act on School Boards) ; 1894: The publication of C.C. Stopes's British Freewomen, staple reading for the suffrage movement for decades. ; 1897: National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies NUWSS formed (led by Millicent Fawcett). ; 1903: Women's Social and Political Union WSPU is formed (led by Emmeline Pankhurst)

This is a document about Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States
  Art in the women's suffrage movement of the United States played a critical role. This movement was social so propaganda was crucial to its success. The women's suffrage movement began in America in the 1840s with the purpose to gain full voting rights for women. Suffragists in the United States succeeded in their effort to receive voting rights on August 26, 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified by state legislatures. This amendment stated that voting rights could not be restricted or denied due to the gender of the citizen. There were men and women on both sides of the Women's Suffrage Movement, and opposition by other women was an issue the suffragettes faced throughout their campaign.

This is a document about Women's suffrage in Scotland
  Women's suffrage was the seeking of the right of women to vote in elections. It was carried out by both men and women, it was a very elongated and gruelling campaign that went on for 86 years before the Representation of the People Act 1918 was introduced on 6 February 1918, which provided a few women with the right to vote. One of the first three UK societies supporting women's rights to vote was established in 1867, in Scotland's capital, the Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage.

This is a document about Universal suffrage
  taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses; violence and terrorism were used to intimidate some would-be voters. Southern blacks did not effectively receive the right to vote until the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In 1893 the self-governing colony New Zealand became the first country in the world (except for the short-lived 18th-century Corsican Republic) to grant active universal suffrage by giving women the right to vote. It did not grant universal full suffrage (the right to both vote and be a candidate, or both active and passive suffrage) until 1919. In 1902 the Commonwealth of Australia become the first country to grant full suffrage for women,

This is a document about Women's suffrage
  Despite initial apprehension against enfranchising women for the right to vote for the upcoming Constituent Assembly election, the League for Women's Equality and other suffragists rallied throughout the year of 1917 for the right to vote. After much pressure (including a 40,000-strong march on the Tauride Palace), on July 20, 1917, the Provisional Government enfranchised women with the right to vote.

This is a document about Suffragette
  1906, a reporter writing in the Daily Mail coined the term suffragette for the WSPU, derived from suffragist (any person advocating for voting rights), in order to belittle the women advocating women's suffrage. The militants embraced the new name, even adopting it for use as the title of the newspaper published by the WSPU.  Women had won the right to vote in several countries by the end of the 19th century; in 1893, New Zealand became the first self-governing country to grant the vote to all women over the age of 21. When by 1903 women in Britain had not been enfranchised,

This is a document about Feminism
  by Australia granting female suffrage in 1902. In Britain, the suffragettes and suffragists campaigned for the women's vote, and in 1918 the Representation of the People Act was passed granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who owned property. In 1928, this was extended to all women over 21. Emmeline Pankhurst was the most notable activist in England. Time named her one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, stating: "she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back." In the US,

This is a document about Women's suffrage in Australia
  A movement for women's suffrage gathered pace during the 19th century. The experience and organizations involved in the suffrage movement varied across the colonies. Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections (but not parliamentary elections) in 1861. The Parliament of South Australia endorsed the right to vote and stand for parliament in 1894 and the law received royal assent in 1895. The law applied equally in the Northern Territory, which was then a part of South Australia. Whilst the law was being debated, opponents struck a clause prohibiting women from sitting in parliament, thinking that it would scupper the bill. Instead, it had the

This is a document about Feminism
  Wales in 1889; the remaining Australian colonies passed similar legislation between 1890 and 1897. With the turn of the 19th century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of women's suffrage, though some feminists were active in campaigning for women's sexual, reproductive, and economic rights too. Women's suffrage (the right to vote and stand for parliamentary office) began in Britain's Australasian colonies at the close of the 19th century, with the self-governing colonies of New Zealand granting women the right to vote in 1893; South Australia followed suit with the Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894 in 1894. This was

This is a document about Politics of New Zealand
   Women's suffrage was granted after about two decades of campaigning by women such as Kate Sheppard and Mary Ann Müller and organisations such as the New Zealand branch of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. On 19 September 1893 the governor, Lord Glasgow, signed a new Electoral Act into law. As a result, New Zealand became the first self-governing nation in the world in which all women had the right to vote in parliamentary elections. Women first voted in the 1893 election, with a high 85% turnout (compared to 70% of men). Women were not eligible to be elected to the

This is a document about Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period
  see women granted full emancipation, including the right to vote, on 1 October 1931 with women going to the polls only twice: on 2 November 1933 and again in 1936. The right to vote came after the passing of a constitution after elections in June 1931. Both sides of the suffrage movement had women representing their causes in one of the greatest duels between Spanish parliamentarians. Clara Campoamor Rodríguez represented those seeking full emancipation for women, while the left-leaning Victoria Kent Siano represented conservative and Republican views seeking to prevent women's right to vote. Campoamor claimed that women's access to

This is a document about Women's suffrage
   Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the mid-19th century, aside from the work being done by women for broad-based economic and political equality and for social reforms, women sought to change voting laws to allow them to vote. National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts towards that objective, especially the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (founded in 1904 in Berlin, Germany), as well as for equal civil rights for women. Many instances occurred in recent centuries where women were selectively given, then stripped of, the right to vote. The first place in the world to award and maintain women's suffrage was New Jersey in 1776 (though in

The suffragettes gained the right to vote in the United Kingdom in 1928 with the passing of the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act.