Question: who was the scarecrow in wizard of oz

Answer: Raymond Wallace Bolger

This is a document about Ray Bolger
 Ray Bolger Raymond Wallace Bolger (January 10, 1904 – January 15, 1987) was an American film and television actor, vaudevillian, TV presenter, singer, dancer (particularly of tap) and stage performer (particularly musical theatre) who started in the silent film era. He was a major Broadway performer in the 1930s and beyond (see below). He is best known for his role as the Scarecrow and his Kansas counterpart farm worker "Hunk" in MGM's classic "The Wizard of Oz" (1939) and the villainous Barnaby in Walt Disney's musical fantasy "Babes in Toyland". He was also the host of his eponymous television show,

This is a document about List of Oz characters (created by Baum)
  The Scarecrow first appears in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, when he joins Dorothy to go to the Wizard in search of brains. When the Wizard leaves Oz, he makes the Scarecrow ruler, a position he holds until the middle of the second book. Later, he moves to a corn-shaped house in the Winkie Country. The Scarecrow appears in many of the later books, including The Scarecrow of Oz (where he is the title character) and The Royal Book of Oz (where he researches his ancestry). He was played by Ray Bolger in the 1939 movie. That actor also played the Scarecrow's Kansan counterpart, Hunk, who was one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry's three farmworkers.

This is a document about List of The Lego Movie characters
  Scarecrow is a main character from The Wizard of Oz who dreams of having a brain. In the film, Emmet and Rex encounter him, Dorothy, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion in Harmony Town. He was in The LEGO Movie 2 minifigure series. He was also a character in Lego Dimensions (not in his Lego Movie 2 version, but in his original version) who was kidnapped by Lord Vortech. Before being kidnapped he was mistaken by Batman for the DC Comics character of the same name.

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
  The Scarecrow is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum and illustrator W.W. Denslow. In his first appearance, the Scarecrow reveals that he lacks a brain and desires above all else to have one. In reality, he is only two days old and merely naïve. Throughout the course of the novel, he proves to have the brains he seeks and is later recognized as "the wisest man in all of Oz," although he continues to credit the Wizard for them. He is, however, wise enough to know his own limitations and all too happy to hand the rulership of Oz, passed to him by the Wizard, to Princess Ozma, and become one of her trusted advisors, though he typically spends more time having fun than advising.

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
  to be the rightful ruler of Oz, having been exiled to Kansas as a baby. In the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the Scarecrow was played by Ray Bolger in what is arguably the actor's most famous role. He was originally cast as the Tin Woodsman, but Bolger had always wanted to play the Scarecrow, he was so upset about it since he wanted to switch roles with Buddy Ebsen, who was originally going to play the Scarecrow. Ebsen didn't mind the swap, so Bolger and Ebsen swapped roles. While Ray was pleased with his role as the Scarecrow, the

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
  Oz. ; The Scarecrow appears in the 2012 film Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Ari Zigaris. He appears on Earth in the form of a man named Allen Denslow who works as the illustrator of Dorothy Gale's books. ; The Scarecrow appeared in the animated film Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (which is based on Dorothy of Oz), voiced by Dan Aykroyd. ; Scarecrow appears in The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part. Alongside Dorothy and the rest of her friends, Scarecrow is somehow transported from the Land of Oz to Harmony Town in the Systar System.

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
  a wagon. Unlike Zeke, Hickory and Hunk lose their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggle to open the cellar when the tornado approaches their farm. He closes and locks the cellar with Zeke when Dorothy arrives at the farmhouse. Hunk reunites with Dorothy when she awakens from being unconscious. He is seen with Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, Zeke, Hickory, and Professor Marvel (The Wizard's alter ego). ; In the animated film Journey Back to Oz (produced in 1964 but not released until the 1970s), the Scarecrow was voiced by Mickey Rooney. ; Justin Case, an English bicycle acrobat, appeared briefly

This is a document about List of Wicked characters
  The Scarecrow is one of Dorothy's companions along the Yellow Brick Road. This character has a more substantial role in Son of a Witch than the Tin Man or the Cowardly Lion. He searches out Liir after having seen the Wizard to warn him that Dirt Boulevard, the slum he is living in, is about to be 'cleaned up' by the authorities, and helps him escape from the purge. He brings Elphaba's broom to Liir, which Palace officials were going to throw out. Before he and Liir part ways, he tells Liir that he is not planning to remain in the Emerald City, explaining: "One day you're a celebrity, the next day you're hauled off to jail." The Scarecrow that later appears at Glinda's induction into the Order of the Right, is, according to Liir, "an obvious impostor." This impostor has an "unfortunate accident involving a beaker of lighter fluid", which leads to Shell becoming the Emperor Apostle.

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
 The Scarecrow has appeared in nearly every early Oz film, portrayed by different actors each time, including Frank Burns in The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908); Robert Z. Leonard in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910); Herbert Glennon in The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914); Frank Moore in His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914); and Donald Henderson in The Land of Oz (1932). ; In the 1925 film, Wizard of Oz, the Scarecrow and the Tin Man were actually human farmhands, who were blown to Oz by the tornado along with Dorothy. Dorothy, in another major departure from the novel, turns

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
  the preface that it was a "modernized" fairy tale as well. Those who interpret The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a political allegory often see the Scarecrow, a central figure, as a reflection of the popular image of the American farmer— although he has been persuaded that he is only a stupid hick, he possesses common sense, logic and a quick-wit that needs only to be reinforced by self-confidence. The blackface minstrel star, Fred Stone, was the first to play the Scarecrow on stage, and he brought his minstrel style of performance to the role of the Scarecrow. Baum was delighted with Stone's performance, and he wrote subsequent Oz books with Stone's minstrel-style in mind.

This is a document about The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)
  The credits to the film list Hobart Bosworth, Eugenie Besserer, Robert Leonard, Bebe Daniels, Winifred Greenwood, Lillian Leighton and Olive Cox as the performers, and Otis Turner as director. The cast list does not indicate which characters each credited actor portrayed. In his book Oz Before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz  Stage and Screen to 1939, Oz scholar Mark Evan Swartz concludes that Daniels, who was eight or nine years old at the time of filming, played Dorothy, and that Bosworth and Leonard likely played the Scarecrow and Tin Woodman, respectively. He takes no position on the rest of the cast assignments. Michael Patrick Hearn has found ample evidence that both Turner and Daniels were

This is a document about Wizard of Oz (character)
 The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908): Sam 'Smiling' Jones ; The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910): Hobart Bosworth ; The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914): Todd Wright ; His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914): J. Charles Haydon ; Wizard of Oz (1925): Charles Murray The Wizard has appeared in nearly every silent Oz film, portrayed by different actors each time.

This is a document about The Scarecrow of Oz
  The Scarecrow of Oz is the ninth book set in the Land of Oz written by L. Frank Baum. Published on July 16, 1915, it was Baum's personal favorite of the Oz books and tells of Cap'n Bill and Trot journeying to Oz and, with the help of the Scarecrow, overthrowing the cruel King Krewl of Jinxland. Cap'n Bill and Trot (Mayre Griffiths) had previously appeared in two other novels by Baum, The Sea Fairies and Sky Island.

This is a document about The Marvelous Land of Oz
  the Scarecrow, Gil Lamb as the Tin Woodman, and Mel Blanc as the voice of the Saw-Horse. Although the adaptation was faithful overall, much of the plot had to be sacrificed to fit the story into a one-hour time slot, and Dr. Nikidik was added to the storyline and refashioned into a lord (played by Jonathan Winters). The Wizard of Oz screenwriter Noel Langley registered an unproduced script with the U.S. Copyright Office which framed the story as the dream of an orphaned girl named "Tippie". A new stage production of The Marvelous Land of Oz was mounted in Minneapolis in 1981, with music composed by Richard Dworsky, a book by

This is a document about His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz
  Oz (1900), the Scarecrow's barge-pole gets stuck in the river bed and leaves him stranded, until he is rescued by a bird. At one point in this sequence, the Scarecrow slides down the pole into the river, resulting a brief "underwater" sequence featuring puppet fish and a mermaid; throughout, the Scarecrow makes asides to the camera, mostly without intertitles. (At another point, the frozen Gloria even makes a malevolent stare directly into the camera.) The party encounters the Wizard (J. Charles Haydon), who tricks Mombi by letting the group hide in the Red Wagon, pulled by the sawhorse; when Mombi attempts to follow them,

This is a document about List of recurring characters in The Suite Life on Deck
  The Wizard of Oz, Moose is portrayed as the Scarecrow and when the group comes to a crossroad, Zack, a flying monkey servant to the Wicked Witch of the West and Woody, the Cowardly Lion (although he thinks he is Chewbacca from Star Wars) outnumber Cody, the Tin Man, on where they should go. Cody tells the group that Bailey hasn't made up her mind and, like in "Mulch to Do About Nothing", convinces Bailey to follow her heart. Bailey wakes up from the dream and tells Moose that he is a great guy, but her heart still belongs to Cody.

This is a document about List of Oz characters (created by Baum)
  King Krewl is an evil dictator who appears in The Scarecrow of Oz. He previously ruled over Jinxland in the Quadling Country before being deposed. In the 1914 film His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz, he was played by Raymond Russell. In the 1925 film The Wizard of Oz, he was played by Josef Swickard.

This is a document about Scarecrow
  Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz, by Ray Bolger in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, by Justin Case in the 1985 film Return to Oz, and by Michael Jackson in the 1978 musical film adaptation The Wiz. Worzel Gummidge, a scarecrow who came to life in a friendly form, first appeared in series of novels by Barbara Euphan Todd in the 1930s and later in a popular television adaptation. The Scarecrow is the alter ego of the Reverend Doctor Christopher Syn, the smuggler hero in a series of novels written by Russell Thorndike. The story was made into the movie Doctor Syn in 1937, and again in 1962 as Captain Clegg. It was taken up

This is a document about Buddy Ebsen
  Ebsen turned down Louis B. Mayer's offer of an exclusive MGM contract, and Mayer warned him that he would never work in Hollywood again. Nonetheless, MGM cast him as the Scarecrow in its 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. Ebsen then swapped roles with actor Ray Bolger, who was originally cast as the Tin Man. Bolger wanted to play the Scarecrow, and Ebsen did not object to the change. Ebsen had recorded all of his songs as the Tin Man, attended all the rehearsals, and begun filming. However, he soon began experiencing body aches, muscle cramps, and shortness of breath, eventually leading to a lengthy hospitalization. Doctors

This is a document about My Way Home (Scrubs)
 Mr. Fleming is the first patient mentioned; Victor Fleming directed the original movie. ; One patient is Mr. Baum; the book "The Wizard of Oz" was written by L. Frank Baum. ; Another patient is Mr. Langley. Noel Langley wrote the screenplay for the movie. ; The potential heart donor's name is Ray Bolger, which is based on the actor with the same name who played the Scarecrow in The Wizard of Oz. ; The psychologist who killed himself was Dr. Burke; Billie Burke played Glinda. Dr. Cox's nickname for J.D. is "Dorothy" ; J.D. listening to the song Africa

Ray Bolger played the role of the Scarecrow in the 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz."


Question: nilgiri himalayan and arabian are species of which animal

Answer: Asian artiodactyl ungulates

This is a document about Tahr
 Tahr Tahrs are species of large Asian artiodactyl ungulates related to the wild goat. Until recently the three species were believed to be closely related and were placed in a single genus, "Hemitragus". Genetic studies have proven that the three tahrs are not as closely related as previously thought. Now they are considered as members of three separate monotypic genera; "Hemitragus" is now reserved for the Himalayan Tahr; "Nilgiritragus" for the Nilgiri Tahr; and "Arabitragus" for the Arabian Tahr. While the Arabian Tahr of Oman and the Nilgiri Tahr of South India both have small ranges and are considered endangered,

This is a document about Nilgiri Mountains
  The Nilgiri hills are one of the most biodiverse places in the Western Ghats. Native fauna includes over 100 species of mammals, 370 species of birds, 80 species of reptiles, about 39 species of fish, 31 amphibians and 316 species of butterflies. It is home to mammals like the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, Indian leopard, chital deer, gaur, sambar deer, dhole, golden jackal, Indian boar, Nilgiri tahr, Indian spotted chevrotain, black buck, Asian palm civet, sloth bear, four-horned antelope, Nilgiri marten, Indian crested porcupine, Malabar giant squirrel, honey badger, Indian grey mongoose, Indian pangolin, Indian fox, smooth coated otter, and painted bat. The Indian python, king cobra, common krait, Indian cobra, Malabar pit viper, Nilgiri keelback, Oriental garden lizard and Eryx whitakeri are reptiles found here. Primates such as the lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, gray langur and bonnet macaque. The birds found here are Indian peacock, Nilgiri laughing thrush, Nilgiri flycatcher, grey junglefowl, Malabar pied hornbill, Malabar parakeet, great hornbill, Nilgiri wood pigeon, Indian vulture, black-hooded oriole, grey-headed bulbul and Malabar grey hornbill. Amphibians on the list are the purple frog, Silent valley brush frog, Malabar gliding frog, Beddomixalus and many more.

This is a document about Nilgiri tahr
  The Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) is an ungulate that is endemic to the Nilgiri Hills and the southern portion of the Western and Eastern Ghats in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in southern India. It is the state animal of Tamil Nadu. Despite its local name, it is more closely related to the sheep of the genus Ovis than the ibex and wild goats of the genus Capra.

This is a document about Nilgiri tahr
  Its closest relatives are sheep (genus Ovis). Until 2005, it was placed with the Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) and the Arabian tahr (Arabitragus jayakari) in the genus Hemitragus. However, it has recently been transferred to a new genus Nilgiritragus because it is genetically more similar to members of the genus Ovis, than to other tahrs.

This is a document about Nilgiri pipit
  The Nilgiri pipit (Anthus nilghiriensis) is a distinctive species of pipit that is endemic to the high altitude hills of southern India. Richer brown in colour than other pipits in the region, it is distinctive in having the streaking on the breast continuing along the flanks. It is non-migratory and has a tendency to fly into low trees when disturbed and is closely related to the tree pipits Anthus hodgsoni and Anthus trivialis.

This is a document about Arabian leopard
  The Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) is a leopard subspecies native to the Arabian Peninsula. It has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1996 as fewer than 200 wild individuals were estimated to be alive in 2006. The population is severely fragmented. Subpopulations are isolated and not larger than 50 mature individuals. The population is thought to decline continuously. The Arabian leopard is the smallest leopard subspecies. It was tentatively affirmed as a distinct subspecies by genetic analysis of a single wild leopard from South Arabia, which appeared most closely related to the African leopard.

This is a document about Wildlife of India
  Nilgiri tahr, as well as the kiang and Indian wild ass can be found. Wild sheep include blue sheep and argali. Gaur, wild water buffalo, wild yak, zebu, and gayal are also found. Small mammals include Indian boar, pygmy hog, Nilgiri marten, palm civet, red panda, binturong, and hog badger. Reptiles include king cobra, Indian cobra, bamboo pit viper, Sri Lankan green vine snake, Indian rock python, Burmese python, reticulated python, mugger crocodile, gharial, saltwater crocodile and Indian golden gecko. Birds include Indian peacock, great Indian hornbill, great Indian bustard, ruddy shelduck, Himalayan monal, Himalayan quail, painted stork, greater and lesser flamingo, and Eurasian spoonbill.

This is a document about Arabian tahr
  The Arabian tahr (Arabitragus jayakari) is a species of tahr native to eastern Arabia. Until recently, it was placed in the genus Hemitragus, but genetic evidence supports its removal to a separate monotypic genus. The Arabian tahr is the smallest species of tahr. The animal is of stocky build with backward-arching horns in both sexes. Males are much more robust than females. Their coats consist of a long, reddish-brown hair, with a dark stripe running down the back. Males possess the most impressive manes which extend right down the back and grow longer, based on the age. In the oldest males the muzzle darkens to black and the eye stripes also darken. As with most mountain goats and sheep, they have rubber-like hooves to provide balance and traction on the steep, rocky slopes.

This is a document about Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
  Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and adjacent areas host the largest Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population in India, estimated at about 5,750 individuals by 2007. Herds move in 562 – large home ranges and congregate at perennial watersources during the dry season. Fauna includes over 100 species of mammals, 370 species of birds, 80 species of reptiles, about 39 species of fish, 31 amphibians and 316 species of butterflies. It is home to mammals like the Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, chital deer, gaur, sambar deer, dhole, golden jackal, Indian boar, Nilgiri tahr, Indian spotted chevrotain, black buck, Asian palm civet, sloth bear, four-horned antelope, Nilgiri marten, Indian crested porcupine, Malabar giant squirrel, honey badger, Indian grey mongoose, Indian pangolin, Indian fox, smooth coated otter, and painted bat. Primates such as the lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, gray langur and bonnet macaque. The birds found here are Indian peacock, Nilgiri flycatcher, grey junglefowl, Malabar pied hornbill, Malabar parakeet, great hornbill, Nilgiri wood pigeon, Indian vulture, black-hooded oriole, grey-headed bulbul and Malabar grey hornbill. Amphibians are purple frog, Silent valley brush frog, Malabar gliding frog, Beddomixalus.

This is a document about Nilgiri langur
  The Nilgiri langur (Semnopithecus johnii) is a langur (a type of Old World monkey) found in the Nilgiri Hills of the Western Ghats in South India. Its range also includes Kodagu in Karnataka, Kodayar Hills in Tamil Nadu, and many other hilly areas in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. This primate has glossy black fur on its body and golden brown fur on its head. It is similar in size and long-tailed like the gray langurs. Females have a white patch of fur on the inner thigh. It typically lives in troops of nine to ten monkeys. Its diet consists of fruits, shoots and leaves. The species is classified as vulnerable due to habitat destruction and poaching for its fur and flesh, the latter believed to have aphrodisiac properties.

This is a document about Nilgiri sheep
  Nilgiri sheep is a breed of sheep found only in Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu State in India. It is bred in the hilly parts of Nilgiri and known for its fine wool. A national plan has been implemented to save the Nilgiri sheep from extinction by the National Bureau of Animal Genetic Conservation.

This is a document about Karian Shola National Park
  and Palni Hills. The flora of Karian Shola National Park includes a number of plants valued for their use in traditional medicine. The Anamalai hills are an important area for the conservation of the endemic Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius), and is home to about 560 to 680 species of animal. This is an important area for the Asian elephant, and among the numerous mammals are various deer, wild boar, tiger, leopard and smaller carnivores. There are several primates, sloth bears, mongooses, otters, squirrels, rats, hares, shrews, porcupines and pangolins. Besides these there are numerous species of bird, reptile and amphibian as well as butterflies, moths, beetles, mantises, ants, termites and spiders.

This is a document about Nilgiris district
  1500 metres' elevation, the evergreen forests begin to give way to stunted forests, locally called sholas, which are interspersed with open grassland The high grasslands are home to the endangered Nilgiri tahr, which resembles a stocky goat with curved horns. The Nilgiri tahrs are found only in the montane grasslands of the Southwestern Ghats, and number barely 2000 individuals. Three national parks protect portions of the Nilgiris. Mudumalai National Park lies in the northern part of the range where Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu meet, and covers an area of 321 km2. Mukurthi National Park lies in the southwest of the range, in Kerala, and covers an area of 78.5 km2, which includes intact shola-grassland mosaic, a habitat for the Nilgiri tahr.

This is a document about List of endangered mammals
  Species • Arabian tahr • Banteng • Wild water buffalo • Lowland anoa • Mountain anoa • West Caucasian tur • Walia ibex • Jentink's duiker • Abbott's duiker • Rhim gazelle • Speke's gazelle • Nile lechwe • Nilgiri tahr • Przewalski's gazelle • Mountain nyala Subspecies • Lelwel hartebeest • Swayne's hartebeest • Rwenzori red duiker • Western klipspringer • Dwarf blue sheep • Western mountain reedbuck • Saiga tatarica mongolica

This is a document about Eravikulam National Park
  Twenty six species of mammals have been recorded in the park including the largest surviving population of Nilgiri tahr, estimated at 750 individuals. The other ungulates are lion-tailed macaques, gaur, Indian muntjac and sambar deer. Golden jackal, jungle cat, wild dog, dhole, leopard and tiger are the main predators. Some little-known animals such as Nilgiri langur, stripe-necked mongoose, Indian porcupine, Nilgiri marten, small clawed otter, ruddy mongoose, and dusky palm squirrel are also found. Elephants make seasonal visits. 132 species of birds have been recorded which include endemics like black-and-orange flycatcher, Nilgiri pipit, Nilgiri wood pigeon, white bellied shortwing, Nilgiri flycatcher and Kerala laughingthrush. Endemic butterflies confined to the shola-grass land ecosystem like the red disk bushbrown and Palni fourring are among the 101 species in the park. Other montane species include Colias nilagiriensis, and the endemic Telinga davisoni. 19 species of amphibians have been recorded in the park.

This is a document about Nilgiri tahr
  The Nilgiri tahr is a stocky goat with short, coarse fur and a bristly mane. Males are larger than females and of darker colour when mature. Both sexes have curved horns, reaching up to 40 cm for males and 30 cm for females. Adult males weigh 80 to 100 kg and stand about 100 cm tall at the shoulder. Adult males develop a light grey area on their backs, thus are called "saddlebacks".

This is a document about Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna
  The ecoregion is home to the critically-endangered Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr). Other mammals include the caracal (Caracal caracal), Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs), hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), long-tailed jird (Meriones crassus), Cape hare (Lepus capensis), and Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica). Several species of birds are endemic to the mountains of southwestern Arabia. They include Philby's partridge (Alectoris philbyi), Yemen warbler (Curruca buryi), Yemen thrush (Turdus menachensis), Arabian accentor (Prunella fagani), Arabian waxbill (Estrilda rufibarba), Yemen serin (Crithagra menachensis), and Yemen linnet (Linaria yemenensis). Other native bird species with a wider range include the Arabian partridge (Alectoris melanocephala), Arabian woodpecker (Dendrocopos dorae), Arabian wheatear (Oenanthe lugentoides), Arabian golden sparrow (Passer euchlorus), Arabian warbler (Curruca leucomelaena), Arabian serin (Crithagra rothschildi), and Arabian golden-winged grosbeak (Rhynchostruthus percivali). Scortecci's toad (Bufo scorteccii) is an endemic species known only from one location – Wadi al Khalili on a high plateau near Mafhaq (1,550 meters elevation) in northern Yemen.

This is a document about Arabian partridge
  The Arabian partridge (Alectoris melanocephala) is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae, native to the southern Arabian peninsula. Two subspecies are recognised, A. m. melanocephala and A. m. guichardi. It sometimes hybridises with Philby's partridge (Alectoris philbyi) and with the rock partridge (Alectoris graeca).

This is a document about Nilgai
  The nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) (, literally meaning "blue cow") is the largest Asian antelope and is ubiquitous across the northern Indian subcontinent. It is the sole member of the genus Boselaphus and was described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1766. The nilgai stands 1-1.5 m at the shoulder; males weigh 109-288 kg, and the lighter females 100-213 kg. A sturdy thin-legged antelope, the nilgai is characterised by a sloping back, a deep neck with a white patch on the throat, a short crest of hair along the neck terminating in a tuft, and white facial spots. A column of pendant coarse hair hangs from the dewlap ridge below the white patch. Sexual dimorphism is

Nilgiri and Himalayan are species of tahr. Arabian tahr is now considered a separate species, Hemitragus jemlahicus, and is not closely related to Nilgiri and Himalayan tahr.


Question: where do you go for phase 1 training

Answer: Army Foundation College

This is a document about Selection and Training in the British Army
 course (28 weeks for the Parachute Regiment, or any of the five foot guards regiments) at the Infantry Training Centre at Catterick Garrison, as opposed to being divided into Phase 1 and Phase 2 training. The ITC is divided into four battalions; these are divided into companies, each of which are responsible for one of the infantry's administrative divisions: Further infantry training, as well as Phase 2 training for new infantry officers, is undertaken at the Infantry Battle School and the Specialist Weapons School. For Army Reserve soldiers, recruit training is in two phases: Phase 1, also known as the

This is a document about Selection and Training in the British Army
 Common Military Syllabus (Reserve) (CMS(R)) Course, and Phase 2, special-to-arm training. Phase 1 In Phase 1, recruits cover the Common Military Syllabus 14 (CMS14). Part 'a' is a series of four training weekends at Army Training Units (ATUs), formerly known as Regional Training Centres (RTCs). At some ATUs the Phase 1a is also run as a consolidated course. For all Army Reserve soldiers, Phase 1 concludes with a two-week training course (Phase 1b) normally held at an Army Training Regiment; infantry recruits then undertake their Phase 2 training at Catterick. Recruits to the 4th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment and the

This is a document about Army Reserve (United Kingdom)
 Army Training Units (ATUs), or the recruit could attend a consolidated Phase 1 A week long course. Phase 1 training concludes with a two-week Phase 1 B training course normally held at the Army Training Centre, Pirbright or the Army Training Regiment, Winchester, or Grantham. Recruits to the 4th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment and the Honourable Artillery Company complete their equivalent of CMS(R) within their own units. Phase 2 Phase 1 is followed by Phase 2, a further period of specialist training specific to the type of unit the recruit is joining. This is normally conducted by the Arm or

This is a document about Royal Military Police
 agreement, the RMP has jurisdiction and primacy over British service personnel, their families, MoD contractors, and NAAFI staff. The German civil police only normally become involved where the interests of a German national are concerned. Royal Military Police personnel undertaking general police duties are equipped with extendable batons, Hiatt speedcuffs and Airwave personal radios. The RMP also uses the Home Office Large Major Enquiry System, known as HOLMES. RMP commissioned officers attend the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, as do all other British Army officers. Other ranks recruits undertake their phase 1, Common Military Syllabus (Recruits) training at the Army Training

This is a document about Infantry Training Centre (British Army)
 Course (CIC). Whereas initial training for other army roles is delivered in two stages - Phase 1 (basic training) and Phase 2 (trade-specific training) - the Combat Infantryman's Course combines both into a single course for Standard Entrants aged 17.5 years and above. (Junior Entrants enlisted from age 16 and destined for the infantry receive their Phase 1 basic training separately at the Army Foundation College in Harrogate before joining ITC for their Phase 2 training.) The basic CIC lasts 26 weeks, in which the basics of infantry soldiering are taught: Both the Foot Guards and Parachute Regiment have extended

This is a document about Infantry of the British Army
 Course" (CIC), lasts 26 weeks as standard and teaches recruits both the basics of soldiering (Phase 1 training) and the specifics of soldiering in the infantry (Phase 2 training). On completion of the CIC, the newly qualified infantry soldier will then be posted to his battalion. For some infantry units, the CIC is longer, due to specific additional requirements for individual regiments: New officers conduct their Phase 1 training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Phase 2 training for officers, which is encompassed by the Platoon Commander's Battle Course, is run at the Infantry Battle School at Brecon in Wales.

This is a document about University of Gedo
  First phase programs are:

This is a document about Critical skills operator
  Phase 1 trains and evaluates students in the basic skill sets required of all special operators. Physical fitness, swimming and hand-to-hand combat are stressed in a PT program designed around endurance, functional fitness and amphibious training. This program continues throughout the course and was designed to prepare students for the unique demands of Special Operations. Field skills including navigation, patrolling, Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE), Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC), mission planning, fire support training and communications round out Phase 1.

This is a document about Marine Raider Regiment
  Phase 1 trains and evaluates students in the basic skill sets required of all Marine Raiders. Physical fitness, swimming and hand-to-hand combat are stressed in a PT program designed around endurance, functional fitness and amphibious training. This physical training program will continue throughout the course and has been designed to prepare the student for the unique demands of special operations. Field skills including: navigation; patrolling; Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE); and Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC). Mission planning, fire support training, and extensive communications round out the first phase.

This is a document about Airtrooper
  All Army Air Corps groundcrew are trained to be soldiers first during their basic, or phase 1 training. Initially recruits attend basic training which is called phase 1 training either as junior entry soldiers at the Army Foundation College in Harrogate, or Army Training Regiment at Winchester, or as standard entry soldiers at the Army Training Centre Pirbright.

This is a document about Ranger School
  combatives in class 06–12. ; A 12-mile forced, individual ruck march with full gear on roads and trails surrounding Camp Rogers. This is the last test during RAP and is a pass/fail event. If the Ranger student fails to finish the march in under 3 hours, he or she is dropped from the course. (12 miles is approximately 20,000 metres.) The first phase of Ranger School is conducted at Camp Rogers and Camp Darby at Fort Benning, Georgia and is conducted by the 4th Ranger Training Battalion. The "Benning Phase" is the "crawl" phase of Ranger School, where students learn the fundamentals of squad-level mission planning. It is "designed to assess

This is a document about British Army
   Candidates for the Army undergo common training, beginning with initial military training, to bring all personnel to a similar standard in basic military skills, which is known as Phase 1 training. They then undertake further specialist trade-training for their specific Regiment or Corps, known as Phase 2 training. After completing Phase 1 training a soldier is counted against the Army's trained strength, and upon completion of Phase 2 are counted against the Army's fully trained trade strength. Soldiers under the age of 17 and 6 months will complete Phase 1 training at the Army Foundation College. Infantry Soldiers will complete combined Phase 1 & 2 training at the Infantry Training Centre, Catterick, whilst all other Soldiers will attend Phase 1 training at the Army Training Centre Pirbright or Army Training Regiment, Winchester, and then complete Phase 2 training at different locations depending on their specialism. Officers conduct their initial training, which lasts 44 weeks, at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS), before also completing their Phase 2 training at multiple different locations.

This is a document about Selection and training in the British Army
  doctors, lawyers or chaplains) undergo a shorter, ten-week course. The Late Entry Officers Course is a four-week course for already serving soldiers that have been chosen for commissioning as officers. There are five training establishments for Phase 1 training in the Regular Army: Phase 1 training is intended to bring all recruits to a base level of military competency, capable of operating in the field, providing force protection, operational security and displaying the other characteristics of a member of the British Army. For officers, this also includes the professional competencies required for command. During this period, recruits pass in and receive their regimental berets; they then pass out and continue to phase 2 to undergo job training. The training embeds the core values:

This is a document about Selection and training in the British Army
  For Army Reserve soldiers, recruit training is in two phases: Phase 1, also known as the Common Military Syllabus (Reserve) (CMS(R)) Course, and Phase 2, special-to-arm training. Phase 1 In Phase 1, recruits cover the Common Military Syllabus 14 (CMS14). Part 'a' is a series of four training weekends at Army Training Units (ATUs), formerly known as Regional Training Centres (RTCs). At some ATUs the Phase 1a is also run as a consolidated course. For all Army Reserve soldiers, Phase 1 concludes with a fifteen-day training course (Phase 1b) normally held at an Army Training Regiment; infantry recruits then undertake their Phase 2 training

This is a document about Picture Exchange Communication System
  phases: Phase 1 - how to communicate: During phase I, the focus is on teaching the student to initiate social communication by exchanging a picture of a desired item. This exchange is taught presenting one picture, selected by the trainer based on the student's observed preferences. Within Phase I, two trainers are utilized. One trainer acts as the student's communicative partner, and the other trainer acts as the physical prompter, who prompts the student after he makes an initiation towards the desired item. The student is taught to pick up the picture and reach towards the communicative partner with the picture, in exchange for the requested item. Phase 2 -

This is a document about United States Marine Corps Recruit Training
  tests assess which recruits need more attention, and those who consistently fail to meet the minimum are in danger of being sent to the PCP. Recruits will conduct pugil stick bouts and are introduced to various courses, including, obstacle, combat and circuit. There is also training on combat care, to address how to care for individuals who become injured. The final week of first phase includes an inspection from the senior drill instructor and the initial drill competition against other platoons. By the end of the first phase, recruits can march, respond to orders, and keep up in physical fitness.

This is a document about Marv Wolfman
 Phase #1 (1971)

This is a document about Gerak Khas (Malaysian Army unit)
 Phase 1 - Camp Phase (5 weeks) ; Organized in five weeks, this phase is actually the most important level to test and develop individual physical & mental resistance. Physical endurance, weapon handling, explosives handling, tactics & stratagem implementation (muslihat), field medical, rappelling / abseiling and map reading skills are among the exercises conducted. The trainees are also required to undergo several series of long range march with full combat load. Range is increased from 4.8 km, 8 km, 11.2 km, 14 km to 16 km respectively. Usually, some of the trainees fail to arrive at the designated checkpoint within the stipulated time and they will be sent back to their original unit or other

This is a document about Initial Training Group
  Initial Training Group delivers Phase 1 training for Regular Soldier entry, known as the Common Military Syllabus, over a 14-week training course in the Army Training Centre Pirbright and Army Training Regiment Winchester. The Army Foundation College, Harrogate is the only Junior Entry Phase 1 training establishment in the British Army and trains recruits ages 16 to 17 1⁄2 years old. It offers a mix of military training, personal development and education. Reserve training is delivered at the Regional Army Training Units, the Army Training Regiment, Grantham and at the Army Training Centre Pirbright. All Reserve training locations teach everything an Army Reserve recruits needs to know to become and effective soldier and fulfil their role in the Army Reserve. All courses are designed to develop the individual and team skills in a progressive manner, preparing recruits for their Initial Trade Training, where they learn the specific skills for their chosen Army trade.

For Phase 1 training in the British Army, recruits attend a Phase 1 training centre, such as the Infantry Training Centre at Catterick Garrison or the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. The specific location depends on the type of military unit they will be joining.


Question: what type of reaction is the decay of carbon-14

Answer: beta decay

This is a document about Carbon-14
 Earth; carbon-13, which makes up 1%; and carbon-14, which occurs in trace amounts, making up about 1 or 1.5 atoms per 10 atoms of carbon in the atmosphere. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are both stable, while carbon-14 is unstable and has a half-life of 5,730±40 years. Carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 through beta decay. A gram of carbon containing 1 atom of carbon-14 per 10 atoms will emit ~0.2 beta particles per second. The primary natural source of carbon-14 on Earth is cosmic ray action on nitrogen in the atmosphere, and it is therefore a cosmogenic nuclide. However, open-air nuclear testing between

This is a document about Nuclear transmutation
 reaction, and each fusion reaction that produces elements heavier than iron is endothermic in nature, and stars are incapable of carrying this out. One type of natural transmutation observable in the present occurs when certain radioactive elements present in nature spontaneously decay by a process that causes transmutation, such as alpha or beta decay. An example is the natural decay of potassium-40 to argon-40, which forms most of the argon in the air. Also on Earth, natural transmutations from the different mechanisms of "natural nuclear reactions" occur, due to cosmic ray bombardment of elements (for example, to form carbon-14), and

This is a document about Mass number
 result is an atom of thorium-234 and an alpha particle (): On the other hand, carbon-14 naturally decays by radioactive beta decay, whereby one neutron is transmuted into a proton with the emission of an electron and an anti-neutrino. Thus the atomic number increases by 1 ("Z": 6→7) and the mass number remains the same ("A" = 14), while the number of neutrons decreases by 1 ("N": 8→7). The resulting atom is nitrogen-14, with seven protons and seven neutrons: Another type of radioactive decay without change in mass number is emission of a gamma ray from a nuclear isomer or

This is a document about Carbon-14
 1955–1980 contributed to this pool. The different isotopes of carbon do not differ appreciably in their chemical properties. This resemblance is used in chemical and biological research, in a technique called carbon labeling: carbon-14 atoms can be used to replace nonradioactive carbon, in order to trace chemical and biochemical reactions involving carbon atoms from any given organic compound. Carbon-14 goes through radioactive beta decay: By emitting an electron and an electron antineutrino, one of the neutrons in the carbon-14 atom decays to a proton and the carbon-14 (half-life of 5700 ± 40 years) decays into the stable (non-radioactive) isotope nitrogen-14.

This is a document about Positron emission
 of carbon-11. The short-lived positron emitting isotopes C, N, O and F used for positron emission tomography are typically produced by proton irradiation of natural or enriched targets. Positron emission Positron emission or beta plus decay (β decay) is a subtype of radioactive decay called beta decay, in which a proton inside a radionuclide nucleus is converted into a neutron while releasing a positron and an electron neutrino ("ν"). Positron emission is mediated by the weak force. The positron is a type of beta particle (β), the other beta particle being the electron (β) emitted from the β decay of

This is a document about Curie
 isotope). For example, the LD-50 for ingested polonium-210 is 240 μCi, about 5.5 nanograms. The typical human body contains roughly 0.1 μCi (14 mg) of naturally occurring potassium-40. A human body containing 16 kg of carbon (see "Composition of the human body") would also have about 24 nanograms or 0.1 μCi of carbon-14. Together, these would result in a total of approximately 0.2 μCi or 7400 decays per second inside the person's body (mostly from beta decay but some from gamma decay). Units of activity (the curie and the becquerel) also refer to a quantity of radioactive atoms. Because the

This is a document about Neutron
 allowed quantum state is available for the proton resulting from the decay. One example of this decay is carbon-14 (6 protons, 8 neutrons) that decays to nitrogen-14 (7 protons, 7 neutrons) with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Inside a nucleus, a proton can transform into a neutron via inverse beta decay, if an energetically allowed quantum state is available for the neutron. This transformation occurs by emission of a positron and an electron neutrino: The transformation of a proton to a neutron inside of a nucleus is also possible through electron capture: Positron capture by neutrons in nuclei that

This is a document about Valley of stability
 a half-life greater than 10 years, and there are many combinations of protons and neutrons that form nuclides that are unstable. A common example of an unstable nuclide is carbon-14 that decays by beta decay into nitrogen-14 with a half-life of about 5,730 years In this form of decay, the original element becomes a new chemical element in a process known as nuclear transmutation and a beta particle and an electron antineutrino are emitted. An essential property of this and all nuclide decays is that the total energy of the decay product is less than that of the original nuclide.

This is a document about Diamond battery
 the carbon-14. In initial prototypes, nickel-63 has been used as the radioactive source for the diamond. The source of these values is unclear. Researchers are trying to improve the efficiency and are focusing on use of radioactive C-14, which is a minor contributor to the radioactivity of nuclear waste. C-14 undergoes beta decay, in which it emits a low-energy beta particle to become Nitrogen-14, which is stable (not radioactive). These beta particles, having an average energy of 50 keV, undergo inelastic collisions with other carbon atoms, thus creating electron-hole pairs which then contribute to an electric current. This can be

This is a document about Beryllium-10
 C in the carbon dioxide in air, and is one of the historical indicators of past activity at nuclear test sites. Beryllium-10 Beryllium-10 (Be) is a radioactive isotope of beryllium. It is formed in the Earth's atmosphere mainly by cosmic ray spallation of nitrogen and oxygen. Beryllium-10 has a half-life of 1.39 × 10 years, and decays by beta decay to stable boron-10 with a maximum energy of 556.2 keV. It decays through the reaction Be→B+e. Light elements in the atmosphere react with high energy galactic cosmic ray particles. The spallation of the reaction products is the source of Be

This is a document about Neutron
 reaction sources (that involve two materials) powered by radioisotopes use an alpha decay source plus a beryllium target, or else a source of high-energy gamma radiation from a source that undergoes beta decay followed by gamma decay, which produces photoneutrons on interaction of the high-energy gamma ray with ordinary stable beryllium, or else with the deuterium in heavy water. A popular source of the latter type is radioactive antimony-124 plus beryllium, a system with a half-life of 60.9 days, which can be constructed from natural antimony (which is 42.8% stable antimony-123) by activating it with neutrons in a nuclear reactor,

This is a document about Weak interaction
 phenomena involving the weak interaction include beta decay, and the fusion of hydrogen into helium that powers the Sun's thermonuclear process. Most fermions will decay by a weak interaction over time. Such decay makes radiocarbon dating possible, as carbon-14 decays through the weak interaction to nitrogen-14. It can also create radioluminescence, commonly used in tritium illumination, and in the related field of betavoltaics. During the quark epoch of the early universe, the electroweak force separated into the electromagnetic and weak forces. In 1933, Enrico Fermi proposed the first theory of the weak interaction, known as Fermi's interaction. He suggested that

This is a document about Carbon-14
  both stable, while carbon-14 is unstable and has a half-life of 5,730 ± 40 years. Carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 through beta decay. A gram of carbon containing 1 atom of carbon-14 per 1012 atoms will emit ~0.2 beta particles per second. The primary natural source of carbon-14 on Earth is cosmic ray action on nitrogen in the atmosphere, and it is therefore a cosmogenic nuclide. However, open-air nuclear testing between 1955 and 1980 contributed to this pool. The different isotopes of carbon do not differ appreciably in their chemical properties. This resemblance is used in chemical and biological research, in a technique called carbon labeling: carbon-14 atoms can be used to replace nonradioactive carbon, in order to trace chemical and biochemical reactions involving carbon atoms from any given organic compound.

This is a document about Carbon-14
  Carbon-14 can also be produced by other neutron reactions, including in particular 13C(n,γ)14C and 17O(n,α)14C with thermal neutrons, and 15N(n,d)14C and 16O(n,3He)14C with fast neutrons. The most notable routes for 14C production by thermal neutron irradiation of targets (e.g., in a nuclear reactor) are summarized in the table. Carbon-14 may also be radiogenic (cluster decay of 223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra). However, this origin is extremely rare.

This is a document about Carbon-14
 → +  +  + 156.5 keV Carbon-14 goes through radioactive beta decay:  By emitting an electron and an electron antineutrino, one of the neutrons in the carbon-14 atom decays to a proton and the carbon-14 (half-life of 5,730 ± 40 years ) decays into the stable (non-radioactive) isotope nitrogen-14. As usual with beta decay, almost all the decay energy is carried away by the beta particle and the neutrino. The emitted beta particles have a maximum energy of about 156 keV, while their weighted mean energy is 49 keV. These are relatively low energies; the maximum distance traveled is estimated to be 22 cm in air and 0.27 mm in body tissue. The fraction of the radiation transmitted through the dead skin layer is estimated to be 0.11. Small amounts of carbon-14 are not easily detected by typical Geiger–Müller (G-M) detectors; it is estimated that G-M detectors will not normally detect contamination of less than about 100,000 disintegrations per minute (0.05 µCi). Liquid scintillation counting is the preferred method. The G-M counting efficiency is estimated to be 3%. The half-distance layer in water is 0.05 mm.

This is a document about Radiometric dating
  Radiocarbon dating is also simply called carbon-14 dating. Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon, with a half-life of 5,730 years (which is very short compared with the above isotopes), and decays into nitrogen. In other radiometric dating methods, the heavy parent isotopes were produced by nucleosynthesis in supernovas, meaning that any parent isotope with a short half-life should be extinct by now. Carbon-14, though, is continuously created through collisions of neutrons generated by cosmic rays with nitrogen in the upper atmosphere and thus remains at a near-constant level on Earth. The carbon-14 ends up as a trace component in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). A carbon-based life

This is a document about Solar phenomena
  The production of carbon-14 (radiocarbon: 14 C) is related to solar activity. Carbon-14 is produced in the upper atmosphere when cosmic ray bombardment of atmospheric nitrogen (14 N) induces the nitrogen to undergo β+ decay, thus transforming into an unusual isotope of carbon with an atomic weight of 14 rather than the more common 12. Because galactic cosmic rays are partially excluded from the Solar System by the outward sweep of magnetic fields in the solar wind, increased solar activity reduces 14 C production. Atmospheric 14 C concentration is lower during solar maxima and

This is a document about Timeline of natural history
  of the planet's geological record. The theory is very complicated but, in essence, the radioactive elements within an object decay to form isotopes of each chemical element. Isotopes are atoms of the element that differ in mass but share the same general properties. Geologists are most interested in the decay of isotopes carbon-14 (into nitrogen-14) and potassium-40 (into argon-40). Carbon-14 aka radiocarbon dating works for organic materials that are less than about 50,000 years old. For older periods, the potassium-argon dating process is more accurate. Radiocarbon dating is carried out by measuring how much of the carbon-14 and nitrogen-14 isotopes are found in

This is a document about Cosmic ray
 n + 14N → p + 14C Reaction products of primary cosmic rays, radioisotope half-lifetime, and production reaction Cosmic rays ionize nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the atmosphere, which leads to a number of chemical reactions. Cosmic rays are also responsible for the continuous production of a number of unstable isotopes, such as carbon-14, in the Earth's atmosphere through the reaction:  Cosmic rays kept the level of carbon-14 in the atmosphere roughly constant (70 tons) for at least the past 100,000 years, until the beginning of above-ground nuclear weapons testing in the early 1950s. This fact is used in radiocarbon dating.  • Tritium (12.3 years): 14N(n, 3H)12C (spallation) • Beryllium-7 (53.3 days) • Beryllium-10 (1.39 million years): 14N(n,p α)10Be (spallation) • Carbon-14 (5730 years): 14N(n, p)14C (neutron activation) • Sodium-22 (2.6 years) • Sodium-24 (15 hours) • Magnesium-28 (20.9 hours) • Silicon-31 (2.6 hours) • Silicon-32 (101 years) • Phosphorus-32 (14.3 days) • Sulfur-35 (87.5 days) • Sulfur-38 (2.84 hours) • Chlorine-34 m (32 minutes) • Chlorine-36 (300,000 years) • Chlorine-38 (37.2 minutes) • Chlorine-39 (56 minutes) • Argon-39 (269 years) • Krypton-85 (10.7 years)

The decay of carbon-14 is a radioactive decay process, specifically a beta decay, where a neutron is converted into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino. This results in the formation of nitrogen-14, which has one less proton and one more neutron than carbon-14.


Question: what does the red circle on the japanese flag mean

Answer: the sun

This is a document about Flag of Japan
 Flag of Japan The national flag of Japan is a rectangular white banner bearing a crimson-red disc at its center. This flag is officially called , but is more commonly known in Japan as . It embodies the country's sobriquet: Land of the Rising Sun. The "Nisshōki" flag is designated as the national flag in the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem, which was promulgated and became effective on August 13, 1999. Although no earlier legislation had specified a national flag, the sun-disc flag had already become the "de facto" national flag of Japan. Two proclamations issued in

This is a document about Rising Sun Flag
 period (1603 CE). It has been used in many ukiyo-e prints through history. For example the "Lucky Gods' visit to Enoshima", ukiyo-e print by Utagawa Yoshiiku in 1869 and "One Hundred Views of Osaka, Three Great Bridges", ukiyo-e print by Utagawa Kunikazu in 1854. The Fujiyama Tea Co. used it as a wooden box label of Japanese tea (green tea) for export in the Meiji period / Taisho period (1880s). The design is similar to the flag of Japan, which has a red circle in the center signifying the sun. The difference compared to the flag of Japan is that

This is a document about Flag of Bangladesh
 Flag of Bangladesh The national flag of Bangladesh ( ) was adopted officially on 17 January 1972. It consists of a red disc on top of a green field, offset slightly toward the hoist so that it appears centred when the flag is flying. The red disc represents the sun rising over Bengal, and also the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh. The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh. The flag is similar to the Japanese flag, with the difference being the Japanese flag depicting the red disc centered on a

This is a document about Flag of Karachay-Cherkessia
 Flag of Karachay-Cherkessia The flag of Karachay–Cherkessia, a federal subject and republic in the Russian Federation, was adopted on 26 July 1996. The flag consists of three equally sized bars, from top to bottom in the colours light blue, green, and red. Blue symbolizes peace, kind motives and quiet. Green represents nature, fertility and wealth. Red is for the warmth and unity of the people of Karachay–Cherkessia. In the center of the green bar is a white circle containing the sun rising from behind a mountain, representing the landscape of the republic. A similar symbol is found in the Flag

This is a document about Flag of Karachay-Cherkessia
 of Kabardino-Balkaria. Flag of Karachay-Cherkessia The flag of Karachay–Cherkessia, a federal subject and republic in the Russian Federation, was adopted on 26 July 1996. The flag consists of three equally sized bars, from top to bottom in the colours light blue, green, and red. Blue symbolizes peace, kind motives and quiet. Green represents nature, fertility and wealth. Red is for the warmth and unity of the people of Karachay–Cherkessia. In the center of the green bar is a white circle containing the sun rising from behind a mountain, representing the landscape of the republic. A similar symbol is found in

This is a document about Kyushin-ryū
  of the star actually formed a point. Each branch of the star has a curved appearance, reminiscent of the cherry blossom flower (or Sakura), revered in Japan. The red circle in the middle depicts the red sun which is representative of Japan - the land of the rising sun. The red colour of the star symbolises the reference to the "blood sport" of fights to the death, and the black outline reveres the "master level" belt attainable by Kyushin Ryu practitioners. The shōguns were regarded amongst the highest levels of Japanese society during their time, and was reflected in the choice of a star as the prominent feature of the badge.

This is a document about Central Readiness Force
 Globe – CRF's mandate to operate anywhere around the world. Cherry Blossoms – CRF's commanding officer. Red Circle – Japan.     The patch symbolizes the CRF's mandate to operate in foreign territory as a representative of Japan in Peacekeeping missions.

This is a document about Flag of Japan
  The national flag of Japan is a rectangular white banner bearing a crimson-red circle at its center. This flag is officially called the Nisshōki (日章旗), but is more commonly known in Japan as the Hinomaru (日の丸). It embodies the country's sobriquet: the Land of the Rising Sun. The Nisshōki flag is designated as the national flag in the Act on National Flag and Anthem, which was promulgated and became effective on August 13, 1999. Although no earlier legislation had specified a national flag, the sun-disc flag had already become the de facto national flag of Japan. Two proclamations issued in 1870 by the Daijō-kan, the governmental body of the early Meiji

This is a document about Rising Sun Flag
  which has a red circle in the center signifying the Sun. The difference compared to the flag of Japan is that the Rising Sun Flag has extra sun rays (16 for the ensign) exemplifying the name of Japan as "The Land of the Rising Sun". The Imperial Japanese Army first adopted the Rising Sun Flag in 1870. The Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy both had a version of the flag; the naval ensign was off-set, with the red sun closer to the lanyard side, while the army's version (which was part of the regimental colors) was centered. The flags were used until Japan's surrender in

This is a document about Flag of Japan
  disc stayed the same. The background of the flag is white and the center is red circle (紅色), but the exact color shades were not defined in the 1999 law. The only hint given about the red color is that it is a "deep" shade. Issued by the Japan Defense Agency (now the Ministry of Defense) in 1973 (Showa 48), specifications list the red color of the flag as 5R 4/12 and the white as N9 in the Munsell color chart. The document was changed on March 21, 2008 (Heisei 20) to match the flag's construction with current legislation and updated the Munsell colors. The

This is a document about Rising Sun Flag
  The Rising Sun Flag (旭日旗) is a Japanese flag that consists of a red disc and sixteen red rays emanating from the disc. Like the Japanese national flag, the Rising Sun Flag symbolizes the sun. The flag was originally used by feudal warlords in Japan during the Edo period (1603–1868 CE). On May 15, 1870, as a policy of the Meiji government, it was adopted as the war flag of the Imperial Japanese Army, and on October 7, 1889, it was adopted as the naval ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy. At present, the flag is flown by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, and an eight-ray version is flown by the Japan Self-Defense Forces and the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. The rising sun design is also seen in numerous scenes in daily life in Japan, such as in fishermen's banners hoisted to signify large catches of fish, flags to celebrate childbirth, and in flags for seasonal festivities. The flag is controversial in parts of East Asia, especially South Korea and China, where it is associated with Japanese militarism.

This is a document about Red
  of red's association with blood. The flags of Japan and Bangladesh both have a red circle in the middle of different colored backgrounds. The flag of the Philippines has a red trapezoid on the bottom signifying blood, courage, and valor (also, if the flag is inverted so that the red trapezoid is on top and the blue at the bottom, it indicates a state of war). The flag of Singapore has a red rectangle on the top. The field of the flag of Portugal is green and red. The Ottoman Empire adopted several different red flags during the six centuries of its rule, with the successor Republic of Turkey continuing the 1844 Ottoman Flag.

This is a document about Rising Sun Flag
  'Nihon' or 'Nippon', and literally means "the origin of the sun". The character nichi (日) means "sun" or "day"; hon (本) means "base" or "origin". The compound therefore means "origin of the sun" and is the source of the popular Western epithet "Land of the Rising Sun". The red disc symbolizes the Sun and the red lines are light rays shining from the rising sun. The design of the Rising Sun Flag (Asahi) has been widely used since ancient times, and a part of it was called "Hiashi" (日足/ひあし) and used as the samurai's crest ("Hiashimon" (日足紋)). The flag was especially used by samurai in the Kyushu region.

This is a document about Flag of Japan
  they used the red flag, which is the color of their flag (Taira clan), calling themselves a government army, while Genji (Minamoto clan), in opposition to it, fought the Genpei war with the white flag. Since ancient times, the sun has been a symbol of national unity because of the close relationship between national rule and the sun. When Taira was destroyed and the samurai government was established by Genji, successive shōguns claimed to be descendants of Genji, and it was said that the Hinomaru of "Shirachikamaru" (白地赤丸, red circle on white background) had been inherited as a symbol of those who achieved the

This is a document about Chitō-ryū
 The outline of the crest represents Yata no Kagami (八咫鏡), the sacred mirror of Japan which stands for wisdom and honesty. ; The disc in the center of the crest is the Hinomaru (日の丸). The sun is the cultural symbol of Japan, and the national symbol seen on the flag of Japan. ; The Japanese characters seen on the crest are 千唐流 空手道. These are read as Chitō-ryū karate-dō. Sometimes the characters may indicate a region such as "All U.S." (全米国) or "All Japan" (全日本). ; The fourth element is no longer used on the crest of the Japan Karatedo Federation.

This is a document about List of Japanese map symbols
  Official symbols according to the conventions of the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan appear with a circle below.

This is a document about Sangnoksu Unit
  The background of the flag is red meaning military engineer and the castle and sword means a badge of military engineer. On the upper left side of the flag is the UN symbol, the other side is South Korea.

This is a document about Flag of Japan
    In addition to the flags used by the military, several other flag designs were inspired by the national flag. The former Japan Post flag consisted of the Hinomaru with a red horizontal bar placed in the center of the flag. There was also a thin white ring around the red sun. It was later replaced by a flag that consisted of the 〒 postal mark in red on a white background. Two recently designed national flags resemble the Japanese flag. In 1971, Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan, and it adopted a national flag that had a green background, charged with an off-centered red disc that contained a golden map of Bangladesh. The current flag,

This is a document about Act on National Flag and Anthem
   The drawing and construction details of the flag are given in the first appendix. The overall ratio of the flag is two-units length to three-units width (2:3). The red disc is at the exact center of the flag and its diameter is three-fifths of the flag's height. However, the 1999 law allowed the continued use and manufacture of flags with the proportions set down in the Prime Minister's Proclamation No. 57 of 1870, which stipulated that the flag have a seven-to-ten (7:10) ratio, with the red disc off-center by one-hundredth of the flag's length toward the side of the hoist. The background of the flag is white, and the disc red, but the exact color shades were not defined in the 1999 law. Further explanations from the government merely stated that the red color is a deep shade. Specifications published by the Ministry of Defense in 2008 defined the shades of red for the flag. During deliberations in the Diet about this bill, there was a suggestion to either use a bright red (赤色 (aka iro)) shade or choose from the color pool of the Japanese Industrial Standards.

This is a document about Japanese nationalism
 Flag of Japan ; Rising Sun Flag ; Good Luck Flag (signed war banner) ; Five-point star badge (Imperial Japanese Army symbol) ; Cherry blossom badge (with or without anchor) (Imperial Japanese Navy symbol) ; Hachimaki headband ; Senninbari ("One-thousand stitch belt") ; Kimigayo (His Imperial Majesty's Reign) ; Yasukuni Shrine

The red circle on the Japanese flag represents the sun.


Question: who won the most currie cups in south africa

Answer: Western Province

This is a document about Currie Cup
 in the early 1990s, the Currie Cup has become much more competitive with no team able to carve out an era of dominance like that of WP in the early years or in the 1970s and 1980s. All five of the so-called 'big unions' have won the Currie Cup on at least one occasion in the last 20 years; the Golden Lions (formerly Transvaal) have won the trophy 3 times in 1999, 2011 and 2015; Western Province have won the trophy on six occasions in 1997, 2000, 2001, 2012, 2014, and 2017; the Blue Bulls (formerly Northern Transvaal) have wom

This is a document about Steven Kitshoff
 match series against a touring team. Steven Kitshoff Steven Kitshoff (born ) is a South African rugby union rugby player. His playing position is loosehead prop. He represents the South Africa national team, the in Super Rugby and in the Currie Cup, having previously played for in the French Top 14 and Western Province in the Currie Cup. Kitshoff was a member of the South Africa Under 20 team that won the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship. In addition, Kitshoff was part of the Western Province team that won the 2012 Currie Cup. Kitshoff attended Hendrik Louw Primary School and

This is a document about Steven Kitshoff
 Steven Kitshoff Steven Kitshoff (born ) is a South African rugby union rugby player. His playing position is loosehead prop. He represents the South Africa national team, the in Super Rugby and in the Currie Cup, having previously played for in the French Top 14 and Western Province in the Currie Cup. Kitshoff was a member of the South Africa Under 20 team that won the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship. In addition, Kitshoff was part of the Western Province team that won the 2012 Currie Cup. Kitshoff attended Hendrik Louw Primary School and Paul Roos Gymnasium. Kitshoff first broke

This is a document about Rob Louw
 Rob Louw Robert James Louw (born 26 March 1955) is a South African rugby footballer who represented South Africa 19 times in international test rugby union. He also played in the Western Province sides that won the Currie Cup five consecutive times. South African rugby chief Danie Craven rated Louw as "one of the best Springboks ever to represent South Africa", "fast enough to play among the backs", and a "superb ambassador for South Africa" due to "his friendly manner and attractive personality". Louw was nominated as South African Rugby Player of the Year in 1979 and in 1984. Rob

This is a document about Jean de Villiers
 league and 3rd against Perpignan in the Heineken cup. He left Munster and returned to South Africa at the end of their season in 2010. In June 2010 he signed a contract to play for Western Province in the 2010 Currie Cup (although he missed most of the tournament due to international duties) as well as for the Stormers in the inaugural Super 15 competition in 2011. South Africa won the 2009 Tri-Nations. He started the first game at inside-centre in which South Africa beat New Zealand 28-19. De Villers then played all the other matches scoring one try against

This is a document about History of cricket in South Africa to 1918
 No domestic matches took place in 1891–92, when England was on tour. In 1892–93, Western Province won the Currie Cup after defeating both their rivals Transvaal by 91 runs and Griqualand West by 109 runs. In the other match, Transvaal beat Griqualand West by 8 wickets. From then on, although it was not contested every season, the Currie Cup was the established national championship. First-class cricket in South Africa was suspended during the Boer War from 1899 to 1902 In 1903–04 the Currie Cup had a change in format from a qualifying round-robin followed by a final, for which the

This is a document about Currie Cup
 South Africa that gives you the best game; and after a spirited display where the unbeaten British Lions narrowly won 3-0, Griqualand West became the first ever holders of the Currie Cup. They then handed the trophy over to the South African rugby board and it became the floating trophy for the Currie Cup competition. The inaugural Currie Cup tournament was thus held in 1892 with Western Province earning the honour of holding it aloft as the first official winners. The competition missed a few years here and there for reasons such as war and the like, but in 1968

This is a document about Selborne Boome
 with Western Province in that season's Currie Cup. Selborne Boome Selborne Boome (born 16 April 1975 in Somerset West, Western Cape, South Africa) is a rugby union player who has made 20 appearances for the South African national rugby union team, the Springboks. He represented Northampton Saints and Montferrand overseas and had 2 spells in Super Rugby with the Stormers franchise. Boome attended Bishops College in Cape Town and played for their First XV in the same team alongside Herschelle Gibbs and Robbie Fleck. Boome won the 1997 Currie Cup with Western Province and made his test debut against Italy

This is a document about Tiaan Strauss
 Tiaan Strauss Christian Petrus 'Tiaan' Strauss, (born 28 June 1965 in Upington, South Africa) is a former rugby player who represented both South Africa and Australia at international level in rugby union and also played top-level domestic rugby league in Australia. He won the 1999 Rugby World Cup with Australia and the Currie Cup with Western Province. He won 15 caps for the Springboks between 1992 and 1994, scoring 4 tries and captaining them on one occasion. He also made a record 156 appearances for Western Province during the team's golden period before he moved permanently to Australia. In Australia

This is a document about George Graham Martin
 Town City. George Graham Martin George Graham Martin (born 3 September 1933) is a former South African footballer who played as a full back. Martin started his football career at Clyde juniors under coach Johnny Walker (South African Goalkeeper 1929-1931). Eddie Firmani, Stuart Leary and Martin played at Clyde and representative Western Province schools, winning numerous cups and awards. At the time of Eddie Firmani and Stuart Leary accepted professional football contracts at Charlton Athletic F.C., but Martin's father refused the contract. Martin represented Western Province and won Currie Cup titles in 1955 and 1956. Martin was offered a contract

This is a document about George Graham Martin
 George Graham Martin George Graham Martin (born 3 September 1933) is a former South African footballer who played as a full back. Martin started his football career at Clyde juniors under coach Johnny Walker (South African Goalkeeper 1929-1931). Eddie Firmani, Stuart Leary and Martin played at Clyde and representative Western Province schools, winning numerous cups and awards. At the time of Eddie Firmani and Stuart Leary accepted professional football contracts at Charlton Athletic F.C., but Martin's father refused the contract. Martin represented Western Province and won Currie Cup titles in 1955 and 1956. Martin was offered a contract with Falkirk

This is a document about Bryan Habana
 All Blacks, who had not lost a match in the Northern hemisphere in 2 years. In 2009 Habana moved to Cape Town, to play for Western Province and the Stormers starting in 2010. Habana played for the Stormers in a losing Super Rugby final in 2010, a losing Currie Cup final for Western Province in 2010 and a winning Currie Cup final in 2012. Habana was selected for the 2011 Rugby World Cup and played the first game which South Africa won against Wales 17-16 thanks to tries from François Steyn and Hougaard. They were then victorious against Fiji and

This is a document about Quinn Roux
 to the summer of 2017. Roux made his debut for Ireland in the Second Test in their 2016 series against South Africa. Quinn Roux Quinn Roux (born 30 October 1990) is a rugby union player who plays for Connacht in the Pro14 and for the Ireland national team. Born in South Africa, he qualified for Ireland through residency, made his international debut in 2016 and has won 6 caps. He primarily plays as a lock. Before his move to Ireland, Roux played rugby in his birthplace, lining out for the Stormers in Super Rugby and Western Province in the Currie

This is a document about Jéan Rossouw
 he represented the South Africa Under-19 team at the 2007 Under 19 Rugby World Championship and the South Africa Under-20 team at the inaugural IRB Junior World Championship in 2008. He was included in Western Province's squad for the 2009 Vodacom Cup, but failed to play any games, instead playing Varsity Cup rugby for , who won the tournament that season. He made his first class debut in the 2010 Vodacom Cup for Western Province's near neighbours against Argentinean side . He played Varsity Cup rugby again in 2011, this time for Pretoria-based and he made his Currie Cup debut

This is a document about John Mudgeway
 He was diagnosed with motor neurone disease in 2002. A friend of Sharks coach John Plumtree, Mudgeway died the day before the 2010 Currie Cup final. The Sharks won the Currie Cup the next day, defeating Western Province 30-10. John Mudgeway John Mudgeway is a New Zealand-born rugby footballer who represented South Africa in the 1995 Rugby League World Cup. Born in Masterton, Mudgeway attended school in New Zealand, being an active rower and in the school's rugby union first XV. He went on to play representative rugby union in New Zealand and club rugby in Wales for the Swansea

This is a document about Stefan Terblanche
 in 1999 for the and played for the Ospreys in Wales. Terblanche moved back to the Sharks for the 2007 Currie Cup season in South Africa. He played his return game for the Durban-based franchise at Fullback and scored two tries and claimed man of the match in the Shark's 32–16 defeat over Western Province, the team who has won the Currie Cup title a record 32 times. This was also his 100th match played for the Sharks. He is known as a great finisher—his test try per match ratio of 0.51 is among the highest in Springbok history and

This is a document about Chris Stephens (cricketer)
 scoring 755 runs in the next two seasons at an average of 50.33. His form declined after that. He moved to Transvaal in 1972-73, and spent most of the rest of his career in the B Section of the Currie Cup with Transvaal B. Chris Stephens (cricketer) Christopher George Stephens (born 8 January 1948) is a former cricketer who played first-class cricket in South Africa from 1968 to 1978. His most successful season was his first, when he played for Western Province in the B Section of the Currie Cup in 1968-69. In his second first-class match he made 153

This is a document about Super Rugby
 domestic leagues, which feed into Super Rugby teams. South Africa actually used their Currie Cup teams as opposed to creating new teams during the earlier years of the Super 12. However, the Currie Cup is now the third tier of rugby in South Africa, below Test and Super Rugby; it is played after the Super Rugby season, and all unions are aligned to a Super Rugby team, though it is mainly the big six, Blue Bulls, Golden Lions, , Free State Cheetahs, Western Province and Eastern Province Elephants which contribute the most to the Super Rugby sides. In New Zealand,

This is a document about Currie Cup
  competitive with no team able to carve out an era of dominance like that of WP in the early years or in the 1970s and 1980s. All five of the so-called 'big unions' have won the Currie Cup on at least one occasion in the last 20 years; the Golden Lions (formerly Transvaal) have won the trophy 3 times in 1999, 2011 and 2015; Western Province have won the trophy on six occasions in 1997, 2000, 2001, 2012, 2014, and 2017; the Blue Bulls (formerly Northern Transvaal) have won the trophy 6 times in 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2009 and 2020/21; the Free

This is a document about CSA 4-Day Domestic Series
  Province. Prior to the 1988–89 season, the three teams had amongst them won 59 of the 60 Currie Cups contested — the only exception being Kimberley's win in the second tournament in 1890–91, won based on the result of a single game against Transvaal. In 1988–89, Eastern Province finally broke the dominance when it beat Transvaal in the final. Orange Free State would win its first championship in the 1990s, and Easterns would also win a championship in the 2000s. In first-class domestic cricket, Transvaal/Gauteng were the most successful team to have played. Winning the competition 25 times between 1889–90 and 2004–05, as well as four shared titles.

The Western Province (now known as the Western Stormers) have won the Currie Cup the most times, with a total of 18 titles.


Question: where was indo pak simla agreement 1972 conducted

Answer: in Simla

This is a document about Simla Agreement
 Simla Agreement The Simla Agreement (or Shimla Agreement) was signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972 in Simla, the capital city of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It followed from the Bangladesh Liberation war in 1971 that led to the independence of Bangladesh, which was earlier known as East Pakistan and was part of the territory of Pakistan. India entered the war as an ally of Bangladesh which transformed the war into an Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The agreement was ratified by the Parliaments of both the nations in same year. The agreement was the result of

This is a document about Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
 brutality in East Pakistan, but "chose to downplay the scale of the atrocities committed." The second commission was known as Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation, conducted solely by the Pakistani government, that was to determine the numbers of Pakistani military personnel who surrendered, including the number of civilian POWs. The official number of the surrendered military personnel was soon released by the Government of Pakistan after the war was over. On 2 July 1972, the Indo-Pakistani summit was held in Simla, Himachal Pradesh, India where the Simla Agreement was reached and signed between President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

This is a document about Simla Agreement
 Minister of State for Defense and Foreign Affairs of the Government of Pakistan. Simla Agreement The Simla Agreement (or Shimla Agreement) was signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972 in Simla, the capital city of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It followed from the Bangladesh Liberation war in 1971 that led to the independence of Bangladesh, which was earlier known as East Pakistan and was part of the territory of Pakistan. India entered the war as an ally of Bangladesh which transformed the war into an Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The agreement was ratified by the Parliaments

This is a document about Chandimandir Cantonment
 the monsoon. This closed-drainage river is part of the Ghaggar-Hakra River. Saketri Shiv temple, 50 years old temple built by Sant Ram in 1960s, lies in the nearby Saketri village where damaged Shiv, Parvati and Ganesha stone scultures weiging 1 quintal were found in the excavation. The military camp was built in the late 1960s as the Western Army Command Headquarters of the Indian Army. A new branch of the army raised during the 1971 Indo-Pak war (II Corps) was housed there until the mid-1980s. Until then the Western Army Command had been in Simla, although not many Command units

This is a document about Simla Agreement
 of the subsequent deaths in the Siachen Conflict have been from natural disasters, e.g. avalanches in 2010, 2012 and 2016. Simla Agreement on Bilateral Relations between India and Pakistan signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and President of Pakistan, Z. A. Bhutto, in Simla on 2 July 1972. The Delhi Agreement on the Repatriation of War and Civilian Internees is a tripartite agreement among the aforementioned states, signed on 28 August 1973. The agreement was signed by Kamal Hossain, the Foreign Minister of the Government of Bangladesh, Sardar Swaran Singh, Minister of External Affairs of India and Aziz Ahmed, the

This is a document about Benazir Bhutto
 involved in a United Nations Security Council meeting on that year's Indo-Pakistani War. In December 1971, Zulfikar assumed the presidency of Pakistan, the first democratically elected leader after 13 years of military rule. In 1972, Benazir accompanied her father to the India-Pakistan Summit in Simla as a replacement for her mother, who was ill. There, she was introduced to the Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. While in Simla, she attracted much attention from both local and national Indian press, the first time that she has received such attention. She attributed this to the fact that—in her words—she "symbolized a new

This is a document about Sino-Indian War
 following the Himalayas foothill alignment. In 1913, representatives of Great Britain, China and Tibet attended a conference in Simla regarding the borders between Tibet, China and British India. Whilst all three representatives initialed the agreement, Beijing later objected to the proposed boundary between the regions of Outer Tibet and Inner Tibet, and did not ratify it. The details of the Indo-Tibetan boundary was not revealed to China at the time. The foreign secretary of the British Indian government, Henry McMahon, who had drawn up the proposal, decided to bypass the Chinese (although instructed not to by his superiors) and settle

This is a document about Simla Agreement
 resolve of both the countries to "put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations". It conceived the steps to be taken for further normalisation of mutual relations and it also laid down the principles that should govern their future relations. However, this was not respected and aggression continued on both sides. The treaty was signed in Simla, India, by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the President of Pakistan, and Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India. The agreement also paved the way for diplomatic recognition of Bangladesh by Pakistan. Technically the document was signed on 0040

This is a document about Simla Agreement
   The Simla Agreement, also spelled Shimla Agreement, was a peace treaty signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972 in Shimla, the capital city of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It followed the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which began after India intervened in East Pakistan as an ally of Bengali rebels who were fighting against Pakistani state forces in the Bangladesh Liberation War. The Indian intervention proved decisive in the war and led to East Pakistan's breakaway from its union with West Pakistan and the emergence of the independent state of Bangladesh. The treaty's official purpose was stated to serve as a way for both countries to "put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations" and to conceive the steps to be taken for further normalization of India–Pakistan relations while also laying down the principles that should govern their future interactions.

This is a document about Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
  On 2 July 1972, the Indo-Pakistani summit was held in Simla, Himachal Pradesh, India where the Simla Agreement was reached and signed between President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The treaty provided insurance to Bangladesh that Pakistan recognised Bangladesh's sovereignty, in exchange for the return of the Pakistani POWs. Over the next five months, India released more than 90,000 war prisoners, with Lieutenant-General A.A.K. Niazi being the last war prisoner to be handed over to Pakistan. The treaty also gave back more than 13,000 km2 of land that the Indian Army had seized in Pakistan during the war, though India retained a few strategic areas, including Turtuk, Dhothang, Tyakshi (earlier called Tiaqsi) and Chalunka of Chorbat Valley, which was more than 804 km2. The Indian hardliners, however, felt that the treaty had been

This is a document about 1970s in Bangladesh
  a smooth transition, in 1972 the Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan. The treaty ensured that Pakistan recognised the independence of Bangladesh in exchange for the return of the Pakistani PoWs. India treated all the PoWs in strict accordance with the Geneva Convention, rule 1925. It released more than 93,000 Pakistani PoWs in five months. Furthermore, as a gesture of goodwill, nearly 200 soldiers who were sought for war crimes by Bengalis were also pardoned by India. The accord also gave back more than 13000 km² of land that Indian troops had seized in West Pakistan during the war, though India retained a few strategic areas; most notably Kargil (which would in turn again be the focal point for a war between the two nations in 1999).

This is a document about Point 5353
  The 1972 Line of Control is part of the Simla Agreement between India and Pakistan, whereby the two countries agreed to respect the line without prejudice to their respective positions in the Kashmir dispute. The line divided the Indian and Pakistani administered portions of Kashmir. It was delineated by six army officers each of India and Pakistan and signed on 11 December 1972. Its territorial precision is remarkable, according to scholar Brian Cloughley. Along with the agreement, a series of maps indicating the boundary were also prepared and exchanged by the two sides. The LoC upon coming into effect superseded the erstwhile ceasefire line (CFL) of 1949. The CFL had come into effect in the wake of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948. It, too, was delineated on maps during the Karachi Agreement of 27 July, 1949. The LoC corresponds virtually to the 1949 CFL, save

This is a document about Actual Ground Position Line
  As part of the Simla Agreement signed on 2 July 1972, prime ministers Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto agreed that "the line of control resulting from the ceasefire of December 17, 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side". In November–December 1972, the military delegations of the two sides met in Suchetgarh to delineate the Line of Control. After delineation, signed maps were exchanged by the two sides and submitted to the respective governments for ratification. Scholar Brian Cloughley remarked that the delineation represented remarkable territorial precision. However, it terminated at the grid reference NJ9842, leaving undelimited 60 to 75 km to the border with China.

This is a document about NJ9842
  As part of the Simla Agreement signed on 2 July 1972, prime ministers Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto agreed that "the line of control resulting from the ceasefire of December 17, 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side". In November–December 1972, the military delegations of the two sides met in Suchetgarh to delineate the Line of Control. After delineation, signed maps were exchanged by the two sides and submitted to the respective governments for ratification. Scholar Brian Cloughley remarked that the delineation represented remarkable territorial precision. However, it terminated at the grid reference NJ9842, leaving undelimited roughly 60 to 75 km to the border with China.

This is a document about 1972 in Pakistan
 2 July – India and Pakistan sign the Simla Accord in Simla, India, following the surrender of the Pakistan military to Indian forces in 1971 and the subsequent emergence of former East Pakistan as the independent nation of Bangladesh. ; 7 July – Sindh Assembly passed the Sind Teaching, Promotion and Use of Sindhi Language Bill, 1972 which established Sindhi language as the sole official language of the province resulting in 1972 Language violence in Sindh.

This is a document about Simla Agreement
  Simla Agreement on Bilateral Relations between India and Pakistan signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and President of Pakistan, Z. A. Bhutto, in Simla on 2 July 1972.

This is a document about Kargil War
  Before the Partition of India in 1947, Kargil was a tehsil of Ladakh, a sparsely populated region with diverse linguistic, ethnic and religious groups, living in isolated valleys separated by some of the world's highest mountains. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 concluded with the Line of Control bisecting the Ladakh district, with the Skardu tehsil going to Pakistan (now part of Gilgit-Baltistan). After Pakistan's defeat in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the two nations signed the Simla Agreement promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary. The town of Kargil is located 205 km from Srinagar, facing the Northern Areas across the LOC. Like other areas in the Himalayas, Kargil has a

This is a document about India–Pakistan relations
  After the 1971 war, Pakistan and India made slow progress towards the normalisation of relations. In July 1972, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto met in the Indian hill station of Shimla. They signed the Shimla Agreement, by which India would return all Pakistani personnel (over 90,000) and captured territory in the west, and the two countries would "settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations." Diplomatic and trade relations were also re-established in 1976.

This is a document about Kashmir conflict
   The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 led to a loss for Pakistan and a military surrender in East Pakistan. Bangladesh was created as a separate state with India's support and India emerged as a clear regional power in South Asia. A bilateral summit was held at Simla as a follow-up to the war, where India pushed for peace in South Asia. At stake were 5,139 square miles of Pakistan's territory captured by India during the conflict, and over 90,000 prisoners of war held in Bangladesh. India was ready to return them in exchange for a "durable solution" to the Kashmir issue. Diplomat J. N. Dixit states that

The Indo-Pak Simla Agreement of 1972 was conducted in Simla, Himachal Pradesh, India.