Question: when did the morning after pill come out

Answer: October 1984

This is a document about Emergency contraception
 the UK in January 1984 and first marketed in October 1984. Schering introduced a second prescription-only combined product, Tetragynon (ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel) in Germany in 1985. By 1997, Schering AG dedicated prescription-only combined products had been approved in only 9 countries: the UK (Schering PC4), New Zealand (Schering PC4), South Africa (E-Gen-C), Germany (Tetragynon), Switzerland (Tetragynon), Denmark (Tetragynon), Norway (Tetragynon), Sweden (Tetragynon) and Finland (Neoprimavlar); and had been withdrawn from marketing in New Zealand in 1997 to prevent it being sold over-the-counter. Regular combined oral contraceptive pills (which were less expensive and more widely available) were more commonly used for

This is a document about Birth control in the United States
  spent on services. In 1982, European drug manufacturers developed mifepristone, which was initially utilized as a contraceptive, but is now generally prescribed with a prostoglandin to induce abortion in pregnancies up to the fourth month of gestation. To avoid consumer boycotts organized by anti-abortion organizations, the manufacturer donated the U.S. manufacturing rights to Danco Laboratories, a company formed by pro-abortion rights advocates, with the sole purpose of distributing mifepristone in the U.S, and thus immune to the effects of boycotts. In 1997, the FDA approved a prescription emergency contraception pill (known as the morning-after pill), which became available over the counter in 2006. In 2010, ulipristal

This is a document about Birth control movement in the United States
  generally prescribed with a prostoglandin to induce abortion in pregnancies up to the fourth month of gestation. To avoid consumer boycotts organized by anti-abortion organizations, the manufacturer donated the U.S. manufacturing rights to Danco Laboratories, a company formed by pro-choice advocates, with the sole purpose of distributing mifepristone in the U.S, and thus immune to the effects of boycotts. In 1997, the FDA approved a prescription emergency contraception pill (known as the morning-after pill), which became available over the counter in 2006. In 2010, ulipristal acetate, a more effective emergency contraceptive was approved for use up to five days after

This is a document about Levonorgestrel
  contraception in 1993 and found that they had similar effectiveness but that levonorgestrel alone was better-tolerated. In relation to this, the Yuzpe regimen has largely been replaced as a method of emergency contraception by levonorgrestrel-only preparations. Levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception was approved in the United States under the brand name Plan B in 1999, and has also been marketed widely elsewhere throughout the world under other brand names such as Levonelle and NorLevo in addition to Postinor. In 2013, the Food and Drug Administration approved Plan B One-Step for sale over-the-counter in the United States without a prescription or age restriction. Levonorgestrel has also been

This is a document about Second-wave feminism
  valid cause or explanation to place them as the "second sex". This book was translated from French to English (with some of its text excised) and published in America in 1953. In 1960, the Food and Drug Administration approved the combined oral contraceptive pill, which was made available in 1961. This made it easier for women to have careers without having to leave due to unexpectedly becoming pregnant. It also meant young couples would not be routinely forced into unwanted marriages due to accidental pregnancies. Though it is widely accepted that the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early

This is a document about Emergency contraception
  IUD was first studied for use as emergency contraception (1975). Danazol was tested in the early 1980s in the hopes that it would have fewer side effects than Yuzpe, but was found to be ineffective. The Yuzpe regimen became the standard course of treatment for postcoital contraception in many countries in the 1980s. The first prescription-only combined estrogen-progestin dedicated product, Schering PC4 (ethinylestradiol and norgestrel), was approved in the UK in January 1984 and first marketed in October 1984. Schering introduced a second prescription-only combined product, Tetragynon (ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel) in Germany in 1985. By 1997, Schering AG dedicated prescription-only combined products had been approved in only 9 countries: the UK

This is a document about Combined oral contraceptive pill
  contraceptive use, and did so on June 23, 1960. At that point, Enovid 10 mg had been in general use for three years and, by conservative estimate, at least half a million women had used it. Although FDA-approved for contraceptive use, Searle never marketed Enovid 10 mg as a contraceptive. Eight months later, on February 15, 1961, the FDA approved Enovid 5 mg for contraceptive use. In July 1961, Searle finally began marketing Enovid 5 mg (5 mg noretynodrel and 75 µg mestranol) to physicians as a contraceptive. Although the FDA approved the first oral contraceptive in 1960, contraceptives were not available to married women in all states

This is a document about Generation X
  The birth control pill, introduced in 1960, was one contributing factor of declining birth rates. Initially, the pill spread rapidly amongst married women as an approved treatment for menstrual disturbance. However, it was also found to prevent pregnancy and was prescribed as a contraceptive in 1964. The pill, as it became commonly known, reached younger, unmarried college women in the late 1960s when state laws were amended and reduced the age of majority from 21 to ages 18–20. These policies are commonly referred to as the Early Legal Access (ELA) laws. Another major factor was abortion, only available in a few states until its legalisation in a

This is a document about Combined oral contraceptive pill
  The pill was approved by the FDA in the early 1960s; its use spread rapidly in the late part of that decade, generating an enormous social impact. Time magazine placed the pill on its cover in April, 1967. In the first place, it was more effective than most previous reversible methods of birth control, giving women unprecedented control over their fertility. Its use was separate from intercourse, requiring no special preparations at the time of sexual activity that might interfere with spontaneity or sensation, and the choice to take the pill was a private one. This combination of factors served to make the pill immensely popular within a few years of its introduction. Claudia Goldin, among others, argue

This is a document about History of birth control
  Gregory Pincus and John Rock with help from the Planned Parenthood Federation of America developed the first birth control pills in the 1950s which became publicly available in the 1960s. Medical abortion became an alternative to surgical abortion with the availability of prostaglandin analogs in the 1970s and the availability of mifepristone in the 1980s. In 1965, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case Griswold v. Connecticut that a Connecticut law prohibiting the use of contraceptives violated the constitutional "right to marital privacy". In 1972, the case Eisenstadt v. Baird expanded the right to possess and use contraceptives to unmarried couples. In France, the

This is a document about Emergency contraception
 On July 28, 1999, the FDA approved the prescription progestin-only Plan B (two 750 µg levonorgestrel pills) emergency contraceptive. ; On August 24, 2006, the FDA approved nonprescription behind-the-counter access to Plan B from pharmacies staffed by a licensed pharmacist for women 18 or older; a prescription-only form of Plan B was made available for younger females aged 17 and younger. ; On November 6, 2006, Barr Pharmaceuticals announced that its subsidiary, Duramed Pharmaceuticals, had initiated shipment of dual-label Plan B OTC/Rx and it would be available in pharmacies across the U.S. by mid-November 2006. ; On March 23, 2009, a US judge ordered the FDA to allow 17-year-olds to acquire Plan B without a prescription. This now changes the August 24, 2006, ruling and Plan B is now available "behind the counter"

This is a document about Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)
  satellite,Transit 1A, was launched in September 1959. That satellite failed to reach orbit. A second satellite, Transit 1B, was successfully launched April 13, 1960 by a Thor-Ablestar rocket. The last Transit satellite launch was in August 1988. 1960 Combined oral contraceptive pill The combined oral contraceptive pill, or birth-control pill, or simply "the Pill", is a combination of an estrogen and a progestin taken orally to inhibit normal female fertility. On May 9, 1960, the FDA announced it would approve Enovid 10 mg for contraceptive use. By the time Enovid 10 mg had been in general use for three years, at

This is a document about Family planning
  Contraception has been available for free under the National Health Service since 1974, and 74% of reproductive-age women use some form of contraception. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system has been massively popular. Sterilization is popular in older age groups, among those 45–49, 29% of men and 21% of women have been sterilized. Female sterilization has been declining since 1996, when the intrauterine system was introduced. Emergency contraception has been available since the 1970s, a product was specifically licensed for emergency contraception in 1984, and emergency contraceptives became available over the counter in 2001. Since becoming available over the counter it has not reduced the use of other forms of contraception, as some moralists feared it might. In any year only 5% of women of childbearing age use emergency hormonal contraception. Despite widespread availability of contraceptives, almost half of pregnancies were unintended in 2005. Abortion was legalized in 1967.

This is a document about Medroxyprogesterone acetate
  consent forms. There was a long, controversial history regarding the approval of DMPA by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The original manufacturer, Upjohn, applied repeatedly for approval. FDA advisory committees unanimously recommended approval in 1973, 1975 and 1992, as did the FDA's professional medical staff, but the FDA repeatedly denied approval. Ultimately, on 29 October 1992, the FDA approved DMPA for birth control, which had by then been used by over 30 million women since 1969 and was approved and being used by nearly 9 million women in more than 90 countries, including the United Kingdom, France, Germany,

This is a document about Adolescent sexuality in the United Kingdom
  The Family Planning Association, was set up in the 1930s. In 1952 it began to offer contraceptive advice to single women who were just about to wed. A study in Manchester revealed that between the years 1937 and 1954, almost a quarter of under-age girls coming to the attention of one female police officer regarding underage sex were pregnant. It was also noted that the girls often came from backgrounds of broken homes or bad parental influence. It was found that they also tended to have a lower than average IQ. The combined oral contraceptive pill became available in 1961, though initially only

This is a document about Levonorgestrel
  taken alone in a single high dose, was first evaluated as a form of emergency contraception in 1973. It was the second progestin to be evaluated for such purposes, following a study of quingestanol acetate in 1970. In 1974, the Yuzpe regimen, which consisted of high doses of a combined birth control pill containing ethinylestradiol and norgestrel, was described as a method of emergency contraception by A. Albert Yuzpe and colleagues, and saw widespread interest. Levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception was introduced under the brand name Postinor by 1978. Ho and Kwan published the first study comparing levonorgestrel only and the Yuzpe regimen as methods of

This is a document about Feminist technoscience
  also shaped in part by dominant masculinity. Combined oral contraceptive pills were first approved for use in the United States in 1960, during the time of the women's liberation movement. The birth control pill helped make it possible for more women to enter the workforce by giving them the ability to control their own fertility. Decades prior to this, activists such as Margaret Sanger and Katharine McCormick fought for female contraceptives, seeing it as a necessity for the emancipation of women. However, in the 1970s feminists raised critique on male control of the medical and pharmaceutical industry. The male domination of

This is a document about Prevalence of birth control
  Contraception has been available for free under the National Health Service since 1974, and 74% of reproductive age women use some form of contraception. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system has been massively popular. Sterilization is popular in older age groups, among those 45-49, 29% of men and 21% of women have been sterilized. Female sterilization has been declining since 1996, when the intrauterine system was introduced. Emergency contraception has been available since the 1970s, a product was specifically licensed for emergency contraception in 1984, and emergency contraceptives became available over the counter in 2001. Since becoming available over the counter it has not reduced the use of other forms of contraception, as some moralists feared it might. In any year only 5% of women of childbearing age use emergency hormonal contraception. Despite widespread availability of contraceptives, almost half of pregnancies were unintended circa 2005. Abortion was legalized in 1967, however still remained illegal in Northern Ireland until 2020.

This is a document about Women in the workforce
  jump in the 1970s has been attributed by some scholars to widespread access to the birth control pill. While "the pill" was medically available in the 1960s, numerous laws restricted access to it. See, e.g., Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965) (overturning a Connecticut statute barring access to contraceptives) and Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972) (establishing the right of unmarried people to access contraception). By the 1970s, the age of majority had been lowered from 21 to 18 in the United States, largely as a consequence of the Vietnam War; this also affected women's right to effect their own medical decisions. Since it

This is a document about Hormonal contraception
  indicated that a UPA prescription could be filled immediately. 72% of pharmacies reported the ability to order UPA and the prescription to be filled in a median wait time of 24 hours. Plan B one step was the first levonorgestrel progestin-only EC approved by the FDA in 1999. Currently, there are many different brands of levonorgestrel EC pills, including Take Action, Next Choice One Dose, and My Way and regimens include a single 1.5 mg pill of levonorgestrel. Levonorgestrel EC pills should be taken up to 72 hours after unprotected sex due to the drug becoming less effective over time. Levonorgestrel acts as an agonist of the progesterone receptor, preventing ovulation. Users of levonorgestrel often experience

The morning after pill, specifically the first prescription-only version, was first marketed in the UK in 1984. However, the first over-the-counter version became available in the US in 2010.


Question: who played the flash in the original tv series

Answer: John Wesley Shipp

This is a document about The Flash (1990 TV series)
 The Flash (1990 TV series) The Flash is a 1990 American television series developed by the writing team of Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo that aired on CBS. It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds. "The Flash" starred John Wesley Shipp as Allen, along with Amanda Pays, and Alex Désert. Barry Allen, a forensic scientist working for the Central City police, is struck by lightning and doused in chemicals in his lab. He develops superspeed and creates a superhero identity for himself

This is a document about Flash in other media
 Flash" was a live action television series on CBS that starred John Wesley Shipp and Amanda Pays. The Flash featured in the series was an amalgamation of the silver-age Flash, Barry Allen, and the modern-age Wally West. The only resemblance between the TV Barry Allen Flash and the comic book Barry Allen Flash were his name, his profession as a forensic scientist, and his love interest Iris West played by Paula Marshall (who was very short lived as a love interest in the television series). In this version, while working as police detective, Barry was working in the crime lab

This is a document about The Flash (1990 TV series)
 written by then-writer of the ongoing "Flash" (vol. 2) title, Mark Waid featuring a thief Kid Flash; plus a behind-the-scenes look on the making of the TV series with photos. A video game was released for Game Boy in 1991 by THQ, and was based on the TV series. It was released in the US and had a password system. A second game was programmed by Probe Entertainment and released only in Europe for the Master System in 1993. The 2014 television series, "The Flash", features several references to the 1990 series. John Wesley Shipp plays the recurring role of

This is a document about The Flash (season 1)
  On September 13, 2013, Grant Gustin was cast in the titular role of Barry Allen / Flash. Andy Mientus, who would eventually be cast as Hartley Rathaway, also auditioned for the role. Gustin began researching the character during the audition process, and reading as many comics as possible. Gustin primarily focused on The New 52 series of comics, because he knew it would be difficult to read everything and he felt the New 52 was the closest to the show's "look and feel". In January 2014, actor Jesse L. Martin was cast as Detective Joe West, while Rick Cosnett was cast as Eddie Thawne and Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow. In February 2014, Candice Patton was cast as Iris West and Carlos Valdes as

This is a document about Pilot (The Flash)
  On September 13, 2013, Grant Gustin was cast as The Flash. He began researching the character during the audition process, reading as many comics as possible. Knowing it would be difficult to read everything, Gustin focused primarily on The New 52 series of comics, thinking they were closest to the show's "look and feel". On January 21, 2014, Jesse L. Martin was cast in the role of Joe West, Barry's adoptive father and police detective. Three days later, Rick Cosnett and Danielle Panabaker were cast in the roles of Detective Eddie Thawne and Caitlin Snow. Carlos Valdes was cast Cisco Ramon on February 14. The announcement also stated that he and Panabaker would first appear in an episode of the second season of Arrow. The same day, Candice Patton was cast for the role of Iris West, Barry's love interest. Tom Cavanagh joined the

This is a document about Flash (DC Comics character)
  In live-action, Barry Allen has been portrayed by Rod Haase for the 1979 television special Legends of the Superheroes, John Wesley Shipp in the 1990 The Flash series and Grant Gustin in the 2014 The Flash series, and by Ezra Miller in the DC Extended Universe series of films, beginning with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Shipp also portrays a version of Jay Garrick in the 2014 The Flash series. The various incarnations of the Flash also feature in animated series such as Superman: The Animated Series, Justice League, Batman: The Brave and the Bold and Young Justice, as well as the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series.

This is a document about List of The Flash characters
  The Flash is an American television series developed by Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, and Geoff Johns, based on the DC Comics character the Flash. The series premiered on The CW television network in the United States on October 7, 2014, and has concluded its seventh season. The series is a spin-off from Arrow, a show set in the same fictional universe. The first season follows police forensic investigator Barry Allen (Grant Gustin), who develops super-speed after he is struck by lightning. He is assisted by S.T.A.R. Labs' Dr. Caitlin Snow (Danielle Panabaker), Cisco Ramon (Carlos Valdes), and Dr. Harrison Wells (Tom Cavanagh) in

This is a document about The Flash (season 2)
  Main cast members Grant Gustin, Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes and Jesse L. Martin return from the first season as Barry Allen / The Flash, Iris West, Caitlin Snow, Cisco Ramon / Vibe and Joe West, respectively. Tom Cavanagh, who portrayed Eobard Thawne impersonating Harrison Wells in season one, also returned as a regular, playing Wells' Earth-2 doppelgänger. Rick Cosnett, a main cast member from season one, did not return as a regular because his character, Eddie Thawne, died in the season one finale. He instead returned as a guest star in the season premiere "The Man Who Saved Central City" in a dream sequence, and later in the episode "Flash Back",

This is a document about Flash in other media
  is where Barry Allen made his first appearance. On January 29, 2014, The Flash was officially ordered for a pilot episode. Both Jay Garrick and Wally West later appear in season 2, with John Wesley Shipp as Garrick, from Earth-3. and Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally. Shipp later reprises his role as Barry Allen / The Flash from the 1990 television series in the crossover "Elseworlds," retroactively establishing this iteration of the superhero as an Earth-90 counterpart of Jay Garrick and Earth-1 Barry's father Henry Allen. Ezra Miller reprised his role as the DCEU version of Barry Allen in the Crisis on Infinite Earths Arrowverse crossover.

This is a document about The Flash (season 1)
  The first season of the American television series The Flash premiered on The CW on October 7, 2014, and concluded on May 19, 2015, after airing 23 episodes. The series is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds. It is a spin-off from Arrow, existing in the same fictional universe, and was produced by Berlanti Productions, Warner Bros. Television, and DC Entertainment, with Andrew Kreisberg serving as showrunner. The series follows Allen, portrayed by Grant Gustin, a crime scene investigator who gains super-human speed, which he uses to fight criminals, including others who have also gained superhuman abilities. Gustin is joined by main cast members Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Rick Cosnett, Carlos Valdes, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin. The Flash was picked up for a full season by The CW in

This is a document about Barry Allen (Arrowverse)
  Bartholomew Henry "Barry" Allen, also known by his alter ego The Flash, is a fictional character in The CW's Arrowverse franchise, first introduced in the 2013 episode "The Scientist" of the television series Arrow, and later starring in The Flash. The character is based on the DC Comics character of the same name, created by Robert Kanigher and Carmine Infantino and was adapted for television in 2013 by Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg and Geoff Johns. Barry Allen has been continually portrayed by Grant Gustin, with Logan Williams and Liam Hughes portraying younger versions. In the series, Barry is 28 and portrayed as a smart, goofy

This is a document about List of awards and nominations received by The Flash
  The Flash is an American superhero television series developed for The CW by Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, and Geoff Johns, based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash. It is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the franchise, and is a spin-off of Arrow. The series premiered on October 7, 2014, and has been renewed through its seventh season. Grant Gustin stars as Barry, a crime scene investigator who gains superhuman speed, which he uses to fight criminals, including others who have also gained superhuman abilities. The series has been a candidate for television awards in a variety of categories recognizing its writing, acting, directing, production, score, and visual effects. The Flash

This is a document about Flash in other media
  The Flash (Barry Allen) was in a CBS live-action pilot called Justice League of America, portrayed by Kenny Johnston. The pilot did not air in the United States. Similar to The Flash TV series, this Flash appeared to be Barry Allen in name only, as he reflected Wally's age, ravenous appetite, and personality. In addition, this version of Justice League was inspired by the Keith Giffen-era Justice League, of which Wally was a member.

This is a document about Barry Allen (DC Extended Universe)
  Bartholomew Henry "Barry" Allen, also known as The Flash, is a fictional character in the DC Extended Universe. Based on the DC Comics superhero of the same name, he is portrayed by American actor Ezra Miller. The Flash makes his first cinematic appearance in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice before having a more prominent role in Justice League and its director's cut. Miller has also reprised the role in other DC Comics media such as the Arrowverse, and is currently slated to star in The Flash, an upcoming film based on the character. The DC Extended Universe marks the first time The Flash has been portrayed in live-action film.

This is a document about Flash in other media
  chases the Flash through an amusement park, eventually burning out his powers. Shipp later returned to the Flash franchise twenty years after the series' cancellation; first in an episode of Batman: The Brave and the Bold, titled "Requiem for a Scarlet Speedster!” voicing Professor Zoom, and later in recurring roles as Barry's father Henry Allen and Henry's parallel universe counterpart Jay Garrick in The CW's The Flash. An image of Shipp's Flash appears on an episode of The Flash (2014), as Earth-2 Harrison Wells, Cisco Ramon and Barry travel through the Arrowverse multiverse to get to Earth-2. This makes this series a part of the Arrowverse as a different universe.

This is a document about Arrow (TV series)
  In July 2013, it was announced that Berlanti and Kreisberg, along with Nutter and Geoff Johns, would be creating a television series, The Flash, based on the character of the same name, with an origin story for Barry Allen. The character, played by actor Grant Gustin, was set to appear in three episodes of season two of Arrow, with the final one acting as a backdoor pilot for the new series. However, it was announced in November 2013 that the backdoor pilot would not be happening, with a traditional pilot being made instead. In January 2015, The CW president Mark Pedowitz announced the intention to do a Flash and Arrow crossover every season, and The CW

This is a document about The Flash (2014 TV series)
 Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / The Flash: Candice Patton as Iris West-Allen: The daughter of Joe West, sister to Wally West, and Barry Allen's wife, getting engaged in "Duet" and marrying during the Crisis on Earth-X event. She initially works at Central City Picture News as a journalist, and eventually establishes her own newspaper, The Central City Citizen. ; Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost / Frost: Rick Cosnett as Eddie Thawne (season 1; guest seasons 2–3 and 8): Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe / Mecha-Vibe (seasons 1–7): Tom Cavanagh as Harrison Wells (seasons 1–7;

This is a document about Flash (Barry Allen)
 Barry Allen was the Flash in the 1990s Flash live-action TV series, although this character incorporated elements of Wally West's social life, as well as previously non-existent characters such as a brother and nephew. He was played by John Wesley Shipp. This version of the Flash reaches maximum speed upon breaking the sound barrier, at which point he has to stop to rest. CBS originally wanted to cast Jack Coleman, who declined the role to pursue a career in Broadway. As a police forensic scientist, Barry was working in the crime lab at the Central City Police Department headquarters when

This is a document about The Flash (season 1)
  Cavanagh's character was actually Eobard Thawne, who stole the appearance of the real Wells (also portrayed by Cavanagh) after killing him, with Matt Letscher portraying Thawne's original likeness. Several cast members from the 1990 television series appear in the series. John Wesley Shipp, who portrayed Barry Allen/Flash in the 1990 series, joined the cast in a recurring role as Barry's father, Dr. Henry Allen, and Amanda Pays once again portrays a character named Dr. Tina McGee. In the episode "Tricksters", Mark Hamill returns as James Jesse / Trickster and Vito D'Ambrosio plays Mayor Anthony Bellows (a character he played in 1991, but as a police officer), with images of Hamill as Trickster from the 1990 TV series being used in a police report.

John Wesley Shipp played The Flash in the original 1990 TV series.


Question: when did the challenger space shuttle blow up

Answer: On January 28 , 1986

This is a document about Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster On January 28, 1986, the NASA shuttle orbiter mission STS-51-L and the tenth flight of (OV-99) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, killing all seven crew members, which consisted of five NASA astronauts and two payload specialists. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 11:39 EST (16:39 UTC). The disintegration of the vehicle began after a joint in its right solid rocket booster (SRB) failed at liftoff. The failure was caused by the failure of O-ring seals used in the joint that were not designed to handle

This is a document about Challenger flag
 NASA Johnson Space Center by the 2d Space Wing, for flight on a space shuttle. On January 28, 1986, it was carried in the "official flight kit" of Space Shuttle "Challenger" on its last flight. It was sealed in plastic and was next to some souvenir medallions being flown by one of the astronauts. As the "Challenger" wreckage was brought up from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, rescuers found this flag, still in its sealed plastic bag, intact and completely unscathed. The souvenir medallions had melted into a single lump. Troop 514 is still in possession of the "Challenger"

This is a document about Space Shuttle Challenger
 Space Shuttle Challenger Space Shuttle "Challenger" (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-099) was the second orbiter of NASA's space shuttle program to be put into service, after "Columbia". "Challenger" was built by Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division, in Downey, California. Its maiden flight, STS-6, began on April 4, 1983. The orbiter was launched and landed nine times before breaking apart 73 seconds into its tenth mission, STS-51-L, on January 28, 1986, resulting in the death of all seven crew members, including a civilian school teacher. It was the first of two shuttles to be destroyed in flight, the other being "Columbia",

This is a document about Engineering disasters
 resulted in the failure of the walkway. It was documented that even the single-rod system would have barely supported the expected load and would not have met Kansas City Building Code standards. The final analysis of the damage had several conclusions reported including: The Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster occurred on January 28, 1986, when the NASA Space Shuttle orbiter "Challenger" (OV-099) (mission STS-51-L) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members. Disintegration of the vehicle began after an O-ring seal in its right solid rocket booster (SRB) failed at liftoff. The Space

This is a document about Marshall Space Flight Center
 shuttle missions shows all flights, their missions, and other information. The first orbital flight (STS-1) by Shuttle "Columbia" on April 12, 1981, did not have a payload, but all flights that followed generally had multiple payloads. Through 1989, there were 32 flights; this includes the one on January 28, 1986, when "Challenger" was lost, and the delay until September 29, 1988, when flights resumed. During the 1990s, there were 58 flights, giving a total of 95 successful flights through 1999. For the "Magellan" planetary spacecraft, MSFC managed the adaptation of the Inertial Upper Stage. This solid-rocket was used in May

This is a document about History of CNN (1980–2003)
 a life-altering event as previously, smoking was one of his trademarks and he was unashamed of his addiction. King was a three-pack-a-day smoker and kept a lit cigarette during his interviews, so he would not have to take time to light up during breaks. He now encourages curbing smoking to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. On January 28, 1986, CNN was the only TV network to provide live coverage of the launch of the Space Shuttle "Challenger" to the public. However, NASA TV provided the live coverage to schools nationwide. The Space Shuttle Challenger abruptly disintegrated just 73 seconds

This is a document about Space Shuttle Columbia
 facility beginning in January 1984, undergoing modifications that removed the Orbiter Flight Test hardware and bringing it up to similar specifications as those of its sister orbiters. At that time the shuttle fleet was expanded to include "Discovery" and "Atlantis". "Columbia" returned to space on January 12, 1986, with the launch of STS-61-C. The mission's crew included Dr. Franklin Chang-Diaz, as well as the first sitting member of the House of Representatives to venture into space, Bill Nelson. The next shuttle mission, STS-51-L, was undertaken by "Challenger". It was launched on January 28, 1986, ten days after STS-61-C had landed,

This is a document about Peter Billingsley
 including Arcadia High School, Phoenix, Arizona. In the late 1980s, he took a brief break from show business to attend Phoenix College. On January 28, 1986, Billingsley was present at launch pad 39B (at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida) for the doomed launch of the Space Shuttle Challenger. He and classmates of the son of America's first teacher-astronaut (Christa McAuliffe) cheered as the space shuttle Challenger lifted skyward. Their delight turned to horror as the shuttle exploded 73 seconds into flight. Billingsley was a spokesman for the young astronaut program. Billingsley's first acting role was as a two-year-old in

This is a document about Engineering disasters
  The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster occurred on January 28, 1986, when the NASA Space Shuttle orbiter Challenger (OV-099) (mission STS-51-L) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members. Disintegration of the vehicle began after an O-ring seal in its right solid rocket booster (SRB) failed at liftoff.

This is a document about Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
  The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was a fatal accident in the United States' space program that occurred on January 28, 1986, when the (OV-099) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, killing all seven crew members aboard. The mission carried the designation STS-51-L and was the tenth flight for the Challenger orbiter and twenty-fifth flight of the Space Shuttle fleet. The crew was scheduled to deploy a communications satellite and study Halley's Comet while they were in orbit. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 11:39a.m. EST (16:39 UTC). The disaster was caused by the failure of the two redundant O-ring seals in

This is a document about Timeline of STS-51-L
  Following several days of lengthy delays, Challenger finally lifted off at 16:38:00 UTC on January 28, 1986. Her three main engines were ignited at T-6.6 seconds, and at T-0 the solid rocket boosters were ignited, lifting the shuttle stack off launchpad 39-B at Kennedy Space Center. Almost immediately, cameras recording the launch registered the presence of smoke at the field joint next to the attachment strut on the right-hand SRB, indicating the failure of the O-rings that were supposed to seal the joint against the "blow-by" of hot gases from the boosters. However, sometime at around T+2 seconds, a piece of solid fuel from inside the booster moved inside the joint and

This is a document about Timeline of STS-51-L
  STS-51-L Mission timeline is a detailed timeline of events from the ignition of Challenger's main engines to the remote destruction of the two solid rocket boosters, and includes a transcript of crew conversations from the cockpit voice recorder on board the orbiter. STS-51-L was the twenty-fifth flight in the American Space Shuttle program, and marked the first time a civilian had flown aboard the Space Shuttle. The mission used Space Shuttle Challenger, which lifted off from launch pad 39B on January 28, 1986, from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The mission ended in disaster following the destruction of Challenger 73 seconds after lift-off, because of the failure of an O-ring seal on Challenger s right solid rocket booster, which led to the rapid disintegration of the shuttle stack from overwhelming aerodynamic pressures. The seven-member crew was killed when the crew compartment hit the Atlantic Ocean at 207 miles per hour, after two and a half minutes of freefall.

This is a document about Galileo project
  On January 28, 1986, lifted off on the STS-51-L mission. A failure of the solid rocket booster 73 seconds into flight tore the spacecraft apart, resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members. The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was America's worst space disaster up to that time. The immediate impact on the Galileo project was that the May launch date could not be met because the Space Shuttles were grounded while the cause of the disaster was investigated. When they did fly again, Galileo would have to compete with high priority Department of Defense launches, the tracking and data

This is a document about Space Shuttle Challenger
   STS-51-L was the orbiter's tenth and final flight, initially planned to launch on January 26, 1986 (after several technical and paperwork delays). This mission attracted huge media attention, as one of the crew was a civilian schoolteacher - Christa McAuliffe, who was assigned to carry out live lessons from the orbiter (as part of NASA's Teacher in Space Project). Other members would deploy the TDRS-B satellite and conduct comet observations. Challenger blasted off at 11:38 am EST on January 28, 1986. Just over a minute into the flight, the faulty booster joint opened up, leading to a flame that melted securing struts

This is a document about Shuttle-Centaur
  On 28 January 1986, Challenger lifted off on STS-51-L. A failure of the solid rocket booster 73 seconds into flight tore Challenger apart, resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members. The Challenger disaster was America's worst space disaster at the time. The Centaur team, many of whom witnessed the disaster, was devastated. On 20 February, Moore ordered the Galileo and Ulysses missions postponed. Too many key personnel were involved in the analysis of the accident for the two missions to proceed. They were not canceled, but the earliest they could be flown was in thirteen months. Engineers continued to perform tests and the Galileo probe was moved to the Vertical Processing

This is a document about STS-51-F
  STS-51-F's first launch attempt on July 12, 1985 was halted with the countdown at T−3 seconds after main engine ignition, when a malfunction of the number two RS-25 coolant valve caused an automatic launch abort. Challenger launched successfully on its second attempt on July 29, 1985, at 17:00 EDT, after a delay of 1 hour 37 minutes due to a problem with the table maintenance block update uplink. At 3 minutes 31 seconds into the ascent, one of the center engine's two high-pressure fuel turbopump turbine discharge temperature sensors failed. 2 minutes and 12 seconds later, the second sensor failed, causing the shutdown of the center engine. This was the only in-flight main-engine failure of the Space Shuttle program. Approximately 8 minutes

This is a document about 1986 in spaceflight
  The year 1986 saw the destruction of Space Shuttle Challenger shortly after lift-off, killing all seven aboard, the first in-flight deaths of American astronauts. This accident followed the successful flight of Columbia just weeks earlier, and dealt a major setback to the U.S. crewed space program, suspending the Shuttle program for 32 months. The year also saw numerous fly-bys of Halley's Comet as well as other successes.

This is a document about Chronology of the National Reconnaissance Office
 28 January 1986 - STS-51L Challenger explodes; delays pending launches of NRO satellites

This is a document about Groupthink
  On January 28, 1986, the US launched the Space Shuttle Challenger. This was to be monumental for NASA, as a high school teacher was among the crew and was to be the first American civilian in space. NASA's engineering and launch teams rely on group work, and in order to launch the shuttle the team members must affirm each system is functioning nominally. The Thiokol engineers who designed and built the Challenger's rocket boosters warned that the temperature for the day of the launch could result in total failure of the vehicles and deaths of the crew. The launch resulted in disaster and grounded space shuttle flights for nearly three years. The Challenger case was subject to a more quantitatively oriented test of Janis's groupthink

This is a document about STS-51-B
  Challenger lifted off from Kennedy Space Center (KSC)'s launch pad 39A at 12:02 pm EDT on April 29, 1985. The crew members included Robert F. Overmyer, commander; Frederick D. Gregory, pilot; Don L. Lind, Norman E. Thagard and William E. Thornton, mission specialists; and Lodewijk van den Berg, of EG&G Energy Management, Inc., and Taylor G. Wang, of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, both payload specialists. Average age of 48.6 was the oldest for an American space mission. Similar to the previous Spacelab mission, the crew was divided roughly in half to cover 12-hour shifts, with Overmyer, Lind, Thornton and Wang forming the Gold team, and

The Challenger space shuttle blew up on January 28, 1986, during its 51-L mission.


Question: who plays in the movie daddy 's home

Answer: Will Ferrell

This is a document about Daddy's Home (film)
 Daddy's Home (film) Daddy's Home is a 2015 American comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders, Brian Burns, and John Morris. The film is about a mild-mannered step-father (Will Ferrell) who vies for the attention of his wife's (Linda Cardellini) children when their biological father (Mark Wahlberg) returns. The second collaboration between Ferrell and Wahlberg following the 2010 film "The Other Guys", principal photography began on November 17, 2014 in New Orleans, Louisiana. The film was released on December 25, 2015, by Paramount Pictures and grossed $242 million worldwide, becoming Ferrell's highest-grossing live-action film. A sequel, "Daddy's

This is a document about Red Granite Pictures
  comedy film co-written and directed by Bobby Farrelly and Peter Farrelly. It is a sequel to the 1994 film Dumb and Dumber. The film stars Jim Carrey, Jeff Daniels, Laurie Holden, Rob Riggle and Kathleen Turner. It was released on November 14, 2014 by Universal Pictures and opened as number one at the box office. Paramount Pictures and Red Granite Pictures in association with Gary Sanchez Productions released the Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg comedy Daddy's Home on December 25, 2015. Red Granite Pictures co-produced and co-financed the film, which Paramount Pictures distributed worldwide. Daddy's Home opened as number two at

This is a document about Daddy's Home (film)
  Daddy's Home is a 2015 American comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders, Brian Burns, and John Morris. The film is about a mild-mannered stepfather (Will Ferrell) who vies for the attention of his wife's (Linda Cardellini) children when their biological father (Mark Wahlberg) returns. The second collaboration between Ferrell and Wahlberg following the 2010 film The Other Guys, principal photography began on November 17, 2014 in New Orleans, Louisiana. The film was released on December 25, 2015, by Paramount Pictures and grossed $242 million worldwide, becoming Ferrell's highest-grossing live-action film. It has a 31% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, which criticizes the lack of funny ideas. A sequel, Daddy's Home 2, was released on November 10, 2017.

This is a document about Daddy's Home 2
  Daddy's Home 2 (known in-film as Daddy's Home Two) is a 2017 American Christmas comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders and John Morris. A sequel to Daddy's Home (2015), it stars Will Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, Linda Cardellini, John Cena, with John Lithgow and Mel Gibson. The plot follows now-reformed fathers Brad and Dusty (Ferrell and Wahlberg), now co-parenting Dusty's kids, who have to deal with their own fathers (Lithgow and Gibson) visiting for the holidays. Unlike its predecessor, Red Granite Pictures was not involved in the film's production. Principal photography on the film began in Massachusetts in March 2017 and it was released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on November 10, 2017. Although the film received generally negative reviews from critics, it grossed over $180 million worldwide against a production budget of $69–70 million.

This is a document about Daddy's Home (film)
  Will Ferrell was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in the category Choice Movie Actor in a Comedy. Daddy’s Home was nominated a Kid’s Choice Award in the category Favorite Movie while Will Ferrell won the award in the category Favorite Movie Actor.

This is a document about Macaulay Culkin
  Macaulay Macaulay Culkin Culkin (born Macaulay Carson Culkin; August 26, 1980) is an American actor and musician. Regarded as one of the most successful child actors of the 1990s, he was placed 2nd on VH1's list of the "100 Greatest Kid-Stars". He has been nominated for the MTV Movie Awards and Young Artist Awards. Culkin rose to prominence as a child actor starring as Kevin McCallister in the first two films of the Home Alone film series (1990 and 1992), for which he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. He also starred in the films My Girl (1991), The Good Son (1993), The Nutcracker (1993), Getting Even with Dad (1994), The

This is a document about Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House
 Mike Weinberg as Kevin McCallister, a 9-year-old boy who defends the house from Marv and Vera. He was portrayed by Macaulay Culkin in the first two films. ; French Stewart as Marv Murchins, Vera's husband and an old nemesis of Kevin. He was portrayed by Daniel Stern in the first two films. Despite his name, the character's physical appearance and attire more closely resemble that of his former partner Harry Lyme (Joe Pesci). ; Missi Pyle as Vera, Marv's wife and Molly’s daughter-in-law whom he first met in prison. Her role replaces that of Marv's original partner Harry. ; Erick Avari as Mr. Prescott, the butler. ; Barbara Babcock as Molly, the maid and Marv's mother and Vera’s mother-in-law where she

This is a document about Gogglebox Ireland
  the Cooley Peninsula (Friends Michael, David and Gerry.) Jamie welcomed baby Cobey to the Cabra household while, in Navan, Loretta gave birth to baby Asha in early November. In the final episode of Series 3, the cast of Daddy's Home 2 - Mel Gibson, John Lithgow, Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg - featured as a guest 'family' on the show and reviewed 'Ireland's Fittest Family', 'Fair City' and 'Stetsons and Stilettos.' On 23 August 2018, it was announced that Gogglebox Ireland would return for a fourth series. The series returned to Virgin Media One on 5 September 2018. Once TV3 was bought by cable TV

This is a document about Daddy's Home (film)
  Daddy's Home grossed $150.4 million in North America and $92.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $242.8 million, against a budget of $69 million. It is Ferrell's highest-grossing live-action film, surpassing Elf ($220.4 million). In the United States and Canada, the film opened on December 25, 2015 alongside Point Break, Joy, Concussion, and the wide release of The Big Short. In its opening weekend the film was projected to gross $20–25 million from 3,271 theaters. However, after grossing $1.2 million from its early Thursday showings and $15.7m on its opening day, weekend projections were increased to $43–46 million. The film ended up grossing $38.7 million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars: The Force Awakens ($149.2 million). It was the second biggest non-animated opening of Ferrell's career, behind Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ($47 million).

This is a document about Daddy's Home (film)
  On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Daddy's Home has an approval rating of 31% based on 119 reviews and an average rating of 4.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg have proven comedic chemistry, but Daddy's Home suffers from a dearth of genuinely funny ideas – and lacks enough guts or imagination to explore the satirical possibilities of its premise." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 42 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

This is a document about Spirited (film)
  On September 20, 2019, it was announced that Daddy's Homes Sean Anders and John Morris were attached to write and direct the film, as well as produce under their production company Two Grown Men alongside Will Ferrell and Jessica Elbaum of Gloria Sanchez Productions and Ryan Reynolds and George Dewey of Maximum Effort. The following month, it was announced that Apple had won a competitive bidding war for the rights to the film. It was reported that more than $60 million was spent on talent for the film, which was later increased to $75 million. Alongside the initial announcement, Ferrell and Reynolds were cast in main roles. On February 8, 2021, Octavia Spencer joined the cast, with Reynolds confirmed as the lead and Ferrell playing the role of the Ghost of Christmas Present. In June, Sunita Mani was cast as Ghost of Christmas Past. Principal photography for the film began on July 6, 2021. On October 18, 2021, Reynolds announced that filming had wrapped.

This is a document about Last Man Club (film)
  home but his son Taylor (Blaze Tucker) adores his grandfather and resists any effort to send him away. After receiving a letter from Pete, Eagle pulls out his late wife's 1958 Ford Fairlane and decides to set out to find the surviving members of his old bomber crew. The cross-country odyssey begins badly when Eagle runs into Romy (Kate French), a young, gun-toting desperado who is escaping from her abusive partner, Joe Scanlin (William McNamara) with his ill-gotten money. The odd couple create an unlikely team as they search for other crew members, first finding Will Hodges (William Morgan Sheppard) Eagle's former co-pilot and saving Will from Diamond Jim (Jake Busey), his

This is a document about My Girl 2
 Dan Aykroyd as Harry Sultenfuss, Vada's father and director at Sultenfuss funeral parlor. ; Jamie Lee Curtis as Shelly Sultenfuss, Harry's new wife who worked as his make-up artist in My Girl, before they were married. ; Anna Chlumsky as Vada Sultenfuss, the main character, now thirteen years old. ; Austin O'Brien as Nick Zsigmond, the son of Rose Zsigmond and Vada's special interest during her stay in Los Angeles. ; Richard Masur as Phil Sultenfuss, Harry's brother who has moved to Los Angeles since My Girl and works as an auto mechanic. ; Christine Ebersole as Rose Zsigmond, Phil's girlfriend who runs the auto shop he works at. ; John David Souther as Jeffrey Pommeroy, the first husband of Vada's mother, Maggie Muldovan, a brief marriage. ; Angeline Ball as

This is a document about The Hoodlum (1919 film)
  father's study. At first, Amy is horrified by the squalor. She makes it clear to a couple of friendly young women who want to become acquainted and to Nora (Aggie Herring), her father's cook and servant, that she feels she is far above them. Deeply unhappy, she eventually takes her father's advice to treat their neighbors as equals. She fits in after several weeks. She makes friends with boy inventor Dish Lowry and young man William Turner (Kenneth Harlan), a reclusive neighbor. Amy also ends a years-long feud between Irishman Pat O'Shaughnessy (Andrew Arbuckle) and Jew Abram Isaacs (Max Davidson) through good-natured trickery. When a policeman is

This is a document about Daddy's Home (film)
  Daddy's Home was released digitally on March 8, 2016, before being released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 22, 2016.

This is a document about Cool and the Crazy
 Jared Leto as Michael, Roslyn's husband and the father of Michael Jr. He lives unhappily in his marriage as he feels that Roslyn is pushing him away. ; Alicia Silverstone as Roslyn, Michael's wife and the mother of Michael Jr. She feels alone at home taking care of the house and the baby, big when Joey comes along, he shows her the world of being free and shows her more fun types of sex. ; Jennifer Blanc as Joannie, Roslyn's best friend who has an affair before Roslyn does. ; Matthew Flint as Joey, Roslyn's secret boyfriend and sex buddy. ; Bradford Tatum as Frankie, Joannie's unhappy husband. ; Christine Harnos as Lorraine, Michael's co worker who he too has an affair with. ; Richard Singer as Neal ; Tuesday Knight as Brenda ; Christian Frizzell as Bobby ; John Hawkes as "Crazy"

This is a document about Annie (2014 film)
  home where Annie resides. A slight modification of Aggy Hannigan, she was a big singing star back in the 1990s but ended her career due to having gone insane after drinking alcohol. Hannigan's character is softened from her prior appearances, to the point of experiencing guilt over her part in separating Stacks and Annie and even helping to rescue Annie from her false parents in the film's finale. Miss Hannigan's first name is also changed to Colleen, instead of her previous film name Agatha. ; Bobby Cannavale as Guy Danlily, a "bulldog political adviser" to Stacks. He convinces Stacks to let Annie live with him for the press at first, but

This is a document about Lackawanna Blues (film)
 S. Epatha Merkerson as Rachel "Nanny" Crosby ; Hill Harper as Ruben Santiago Jr. as an adult ; Marcus Carl Franklin as Ruben Santiago Jr. as a boy, ages 7–10 ; Jimmy Smits as Ruben Santiago Sr., Ruben's father ; Terrence Howard as Bill Crosby, Nanny's much younger husband ; Mos Def as The Bandleader ; Carmen Ejogo as Alean Hudson, Ruben's mother ; Lou Myers as Ol'lem Taylor, a retired Negro league baseball player ; Macy Gray as Pauline, a resident and Jimmy's girlfriend ; Michael K. Williams as Jimmy, a resident and Pauline's boyfriend ; Ernie Hudson as Dick Barrymore, a cabaret owner ; Delroy Lindo as Mr. Lucious, a resident ; Rosie Perez as

This is a document about Dylan and Cole Sprouse
  Under Fire. In 1999, the boys appeared in their first major feature film, Big Daddy, in which they shared the role of a five-year-old boy named Julian who is adopted by Adam Sandler's character, Sonny Koufax. Though the film received mixed reviews, the two were nominated for multiple awards for their role in the film. However, they did not win any. The same year, the boys also had a minor role in the thriller The Astronaut's Wife. The Sprouses have noted that after Big Daddy's release, they entered a slow period in their careers and were not cast in any major roles for a

This is a document about Back to Tulsa – Live and Loud at Cain's Ballroom
 Cody Canada - lead vocals, lead guitar, harmonica ; Jeremy Plato - bass guitar, background vocals ; Grady Cross - rhythm guitar ; Randy Ragsdale - drums, lead vocal & guitar on "Daddy's at Home"

Will Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, and Linda Cardellini are the main actors in the movie "Daddy's Home." Will Ferrell plays the role of Brad, Mark Wahlberg plays the role of Dusty, and Linda Cardellini plays the role of Sara.


Question: who was president during the second world war

Answer: Harry S. Truman

This is a document about Politics of the United States during World War II
 attack on Pearl Harbor. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace won the election of 1940, and were at the helm of the nation as it prepared for and entered World War II. Roosevelt sought and won an unprecedented fourth term in office in 1944, but this time with Harry S. Truman as his Vice President. Roosevelt, who had been a victim of polio early in life, died in April 1945, and Truman assumed the Presidency through the end of the war. The Joint Chiefs were military officers, as opposed to the above, who were for the

This is a document about President Truman's relief of General Douglas MacArthur
 President Truman's relief of General Douglas MacArthur On 11 April 1951, U.S. President Harry S. Truman relieved General of the Army Douglas MacArthur of his commands after MacArthur made public statements which contradicted the administration's policies. MacArthur was a popular hero of World War II who was then the commander of United Nations forces fighting in the Korean War, and his relief remains a controversial topic in the field of civil–military relations. MacArthur led the Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific during World War II, and after the war was in charge of the occupation of Japan. When North Korea

This is a document about Bombing of Berlin in World War II
  When the Second World War began in 1939, the President of the United States (then a neutral power), Franklin D. Roosevelt, issued a request to the major belligerents to confine their air raids to military targets. The French and the British agreed to abide by the request, with the provision that this was "upon the understanding that these same rules of warfare will be scrupulously observed by all of their opponents". The UK had a policy of using aerial bombing only against military targets and against infrastructure such as ports and railways of direct military importance. While it was acknowledged that the aerial bombing of Germany would cause civilian casualties, the British government renounced the deliberate bombing of civilian property, outside

This is a document about Outline of World War II
 Joseph Stalin - Leader of the Soviet Union during the War, commander-in-chief of the Red Army ; Winston Churchill - Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ; Franklin D. Roosevelt - President of the United States of America during the Second World War

This is a document about List of Scottish Americans
  War II paratrooper and hero during the invasion of Sicily ; Archibald Gracie III ; Kirsten Gillibrand, U.S. Senator from New York ; Ulysses S. Grant, 18th President of the United States, Union Army General, 1864 promoted to Lieutenant General and Commander of all the Union armies in American Civil War. ; Charles McNeill Gray ; Robert Gray ; William Halsey Jr., Fleet Admiral during World War II in the Pacific theater ; Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury ; John Hancock, president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts

This is a document about David E. Finley Jr.
  During the Second World War, Finley led a group of American art scholars and administrators who pressed the federal government to take steps to protect the priceless art works and monuments of Europe from destruction. Finley's skills in dealing with the government had been honed by thirty years in Washington and he got chief Justice Harlan Fiske Stone and President Franklin D. Roosevelt to champion their cause. Although wartime Washington had greater priorities than cultural protection in Europe, Finley persuaded the administration to appoint, in August 1943, the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas, a

This is a document about The Emergency (Ireland)
  At the beginning of the Second World War, the United States President was Franklin Roosevelt. The United States was neutral, and Roosevelt's actions were circumscribed by neutrality legislation; however, Roosevelt was a vehement anti-Nazi, an unequivocal supporter of the UK in the war, and personally close to Churchill. The US minister to Ireland was David Gray, a personal friend of Roosevelt and his wife Eleanor. De Valera saw the US as a bulwark against invasion from any party, while the US saw the support of Britain in the war as the priority, and so while supportive of Irish neutrality was sceptical of it extending over the whole island and wanted an

This is a document about List of Axis of Time characters
 General Henry Arnold US Army- Commander, US Army Air Corps ; Winston Churchill - British Prime Minister ; John Curtin - Australian Prime Minister ; Brigadier General US Army Dwight Eisenhower - Commander-in-Chief, US Forces in the European Theater ; Admiral Ernest King USN - Chief of Naval Operations ; General Douglas MacArthur US Army - Supreme Allied Commander, Southwest Pacific Area ; General George Marshall US Army - Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff ; Admiral Chester Nimitz USN - Commander-in-Chief US Pacific Command, Commander-in-Chief, US Pacific Fleet ; President Franklin Roosevelt - 32nd President of the United States ; Rear Admiral Ray Spruance USN - Commander, Combined Pacific Task Force ; Rear Admiral Sir Leslie Murray RN -

This is a document about Camp Gruber
  The outbreak of the Second World War in Europe in September 1939 prompted President Franklin D. Roosevelt to declare a limited national emergency on September 8 and step up military preparedness efforts. By June 1940 Congressional measures had augmented the federal budget for construction of arms and munitions plants, coastal defenses, and military training camps and expansion of existing bases. In 1939 the nation's armed forces numbered only 200,000, but plans for a six-million-man army had been made. The War Department had carefully developed mobilization plans in 1938 and 1939, and in 1941-42 eighty-four new camps were under construction or were

This is a document about List of fictional presidents of the United States (K–M)
 President in: Pet Shop of Horrors ; Was President during the Second World War. He dies in office.

This is a document about William D. Leahy
  After the United States entered World War II, President Roosevelt decided he needed a senior military officer as personal adviser and point of contact with his three service chiefs, Admiral Ernest King of the Navy, General George Marshall of the Army and General Henry Arnold of the Army Air Forces. The service chiefs resisted this move until Marshall suggested that only Leahy would be accepted in this post. On July 6, 1942, Leahy was appointed Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief, U.S. Army and Navy, the President of the United States. Leahy was also appointed to be the head of

This is a document about Turning Point: Fall of Liberty
  in occupied Europe against the oppressive regime. They are unable to do much against the Nazis, and many are crushed. Even peaceful demonstrations against Nazi occupation are met with fierce hostility. During the war, the United States chose an isolationist policy, implemented by Republican president Thomas E. Dewey (who defeated Harry S. Truman in the 1948 United States presidential election). A period of development follows the success of the Axis Powers, transforming conquered Europe, Asia and Africa into the Greater German Reich and allowing allies Japan and Italy to share in the prosperity; at the same time, the Nazis start engineering and mass-producing many of

This is a document about Military history of the United States during World War II
  The military history of the United States in World War II covers the victorious American war against the Axis Powers, starting with the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. During the first two years of World War II, the United States had maintained formal neutrality as made official in the Quarantine Speech delivered by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937, while supplying Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war material through the Lend-Lease Act which was signed into law on 11 March 1941, as well as deploying the US military to replace the British forces stationed in

This is a document about List of fictional United States presidencies of historical figures (S–U)
  Turtledove, Harry Truman became the 33rd President upon the death of his predecessor Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 12, 1945, as he did in reality. Upon his accession to the presidency, Truman faced several difficult decisions. When the European theatre of World War II was winding down, the Empire of Japan had signaled its intention to fight until the bitter end. The war in Europe officially ended on May 8, 1945 with the surrender of Nazi Germany. In actuality, it erupted again almost immediately as the German Freedom Front, under the command of Reinhard Heydrich, launched a resistance against the Allied Forces occupying the

This is a document about Orator
 Allied leaders of World War II: ; Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister) ; Franklin D. Roosevelt (US President) ; Charles de Gaulle (Free French general; later President of France) ; Douglas MacArthur (US General of the Army) - Farewell Speech to Congress ; Axis leaders of World War II: ; Adolf Hitler (Führer of Nazi Germany) ; Benito Mussolini (Il Duce of Fascist Italy) ; Joseph Goebbels (Nazi Propaganda Minister) ; The U.S. 19th century Great Triumvirate: ; Henry Clay ; John C. Calhoun ; Daniel Webster ; Independence and civil rights leaders ; Jawaharlal Nehru - Tryst with Destiny ; William Jennings Bryan - Cross of Gold speech ; Frederick Douglass - Self-Made Men ; Patrick Henry - Give me

This is a document about List of fictional United States presidencies of historical figures (S–U)
  father-son pair to both serve as President. ; In the alternate history novel Dominion by C. J. Sansom, World War II ended in June 1940 when the British government, under the leadership of the Prime Minister Lord Halifax, signed the Treaty of Berlin with Nazi Germany. Roosevelt was steadfast in his opposition to the Nazis and the Treaty, which resulted in him losing the 1940 election to Robert Taft, who became the 33rd President. President Taft pursued a policy of non-intervention, signing a peace treaty with the Empire of Japan in 1941. He was re-elected in 1944 and 1948 but he was defeated by his Democratic opponent Adlai Stevenson in 1952, who became the 34th President. Shortly after his election in November

This is a document about List of fictional United States presidencies of historical figures (V–Z)
 In the alternate history short story "News from the Front" by Harry Turtledove, Henry Wallace was serving as vice president under President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the time of the United States' entry into World War II on December 11, 1941, as he was in real life. From then onwards, Roosevelt faced harsh criticism from and strict scrutiny by the American press. The press attacked the Roosevelt administration for not being prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, as well as bringing on the attack by ignorantly imposing an oil embargo on the Empire of Japan. As the war progressed,

This is a document about Yasui v. United States
  On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded neighboring Poland, starting World War II. After two years of combat neutrality, the United States was drawn into the war as an active participant after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to fears of a fifth column composed of Japanese-Americans by issuing Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942. This executive order authorized the military to create zones of exclusion, which were then used to relocate predominantly those of Japanese heritage from the West Coast to internment camps inland. On March 23, 1942, General John L. DeWitt, commander of

This is a document about Allied leaders of World War II
 Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States, from 1933 until his death in 1945. Roosevelt had come into power during the Great Depression on a promise to heal the country. Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, he attempted to aid the Allies without declaring war. He died in office two weeks before the surrender of Germany. ; Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States from 1945 until 1953. Truman took office after the death of Roosevelt. President Truman ordered the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. After the war he oversaw postwar recovery efforts. ; William D. Leahy was the Chief of Staff

This is a document about May 1940
  for the Italian invasion of France. ; U.S. President Roosevelt gave a fireside chat titled "On National Defense". The president reviewed the grave international situation and then recited many facts and figures to show that America was much better prepared for war than it was at the time he took office in 1933, while assuring the American people that "There is nothing in our present emergency to justify a retreat from any of our social objectives." ; Died: Richard Porritt, 29, first British Member of Parliament to be killed in World War II (killed in action in Seclin); Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, 33, son of Wilhelm, German Crown Prince (died in a field hospital from wounds sustained in action in France)

Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States during the second world war until his death in 1945. Harry S. Truman then assumed the presidency.


Question: how old do you have to be to buy scratchers in arizona

Answer: at least 21

This is a document about Arizona Lottery
 education; community enrichment; economic development; environmental conservation; health and human services; and public safety. Arizona requires lottery players to be at least 21; the minimum age was 18 until June 1, 2003. "The Pick" is an in-state jackpot game; its first drawing was October 13, 1984. Its largest jackpot was $13.5 million in 2007. The Pick is drawn Wednesdays and Saturdays at 8:00 PM MST. Plays are $1. Jackpots begin at $1 million. Its players can add "EXTRA!". The Pick draws 6 of 44 numbers. Arizona participated in its first Powerball drawing on April 3, 1994, when the lottery became

This is a document about Arizona Lottery
  extended into 2035. The first sale from the Arizona Lottery was 41.481149760464234 years ago on July 1, 1981; the product was an instant scratch ticket called Scratch It Rich. Proceeds from sales of Arizona Lottery tickets, nearly $4 million weekly, fund a variety of state programs. In fiscal year 2016, the Arizona Lottery transferred over $205 million to these programs. The Lottery transfers money to 12 funds that serve 18 beneficiaries. There are six core Arizona Lottery pillars that these 18 beneficiaries align with: arts and education; community enrichment; economic development; environmental conservation; health and human services; and public safety. Arizona requires lottery players to be at least 17; the minimum age was 18 until June 1, 2003.

This is a document about Arizona Lottery
  First Scratchers Ticket: Scratch it Rich The first Arizona Lottery ticket was a Scratchers ticket called Scratch it Rich. The game launched on July 1, 1981. Since then, the Arizona Lottery has sold nearly 1,000 different versions of its Scratchers tickets. The state’s longest running, most popular Scratchers tickets include: Unusual Scratchers Ticket Prizes Arizona Lottery winners have received more than just cash prizes in the past 35 years. Some of the most unusual Scratchers prizes have included hot air balloon rides, a Caribbean cruise, a Las Vegas game show experience, a Phoenix Suns travel package, a trip to Caesar’s Palace, a seat in the 2011 World Series of Poker Main Event and a contestant spot on an episode of Wheel of Fortune featuring lottery winners exclusively.

This is a document about Louisiana Lottery Corporation
  According to Louisiana law, Lottery ticket purchasers must be at least 21 years old. Individuals who sell tickets are required to obtain proof of age through a valid current drivers' license, ID card, passport, or military/federal ID containing a photo and date of birth. Individuals who are at least 21 can give Lottery tickets to a person under 21 as a gift, although minors must be accompanied by a legal guardian or a family member who is at least 21 to claim a Lottery prize. Underage people can sell Lottery tickets if they meet the minimum employment age of 14, and are employed by a licensed Lottery retailer. The 21 minimum age requirement to purchase Lottery tickets was changed from 18 in 1998 to coincide with the age requirement for most other forms of gaming in Louisiana, which is one of only four jurisdictions (Arizona, Iowa and Mississippi are the others) that requires ticket purchasers to be at least 21.

This is a document about National Lottery (United Kingdom)
  support public spending). 12% goes to the UK Government as lottery duty, 4% to retailers as commission, and a total of 5% to operator Camelot, with 4% to cover operating costs and 1% as profit. From introduction in November 1994 until April 2021, lottery tickets were able to be purchased by people at least 16 years old. Scratch cards, from introduction in March 1995 to April 2021, were also able to be purchased by people at least 16 years old. As of 22 April 2021, players must be 18 years of age to purchase lottery tickets and scratch cards (online and in-store).

This is a document about National Lottery (United Kingdom)
 Players must be at least 18 years old to buy scratchcards or to play Lotto, Thunderball, EuroMillions or Set For Life. ; Tickets may be bought in person at approved premises in the UK, or online over the Internet. ; Online purchase of tickets from the National Lottery website is restricted to people who have a UK bank account (for debit card or direct debit purposes), and are resident in the UK or Isle of Man, and are physically present in the UK or Isle of Man when making the ticket purchase. ; The ticket purchaser for a syndicate, typically its manager, must meet the eligibility criteria for ticket purchase. Syndicate members must be aged 18 or over. ; Lottery tickets are not transferable, so commercial syndicates (i.e. where extra charges are levied over and above the total face value of the tickets purchased) are not permitted. , the eligibility requirements include:

This is a document about Arizona Lottery
  The Arizona Lottery is a state agency of Arizona in the southwest United States. It is a member of the Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL). Draw games include Mega Millions, Powerball, The Pick, Fantasy 5, Pick 3, and Triple Twist. A variety of instant scratch tickets, or Scratchers, are also offered. The Arizona Lottery's mission statement is to support Arizona programs for the public benefit by maximizing revenue in a responsible manner. Arizona became the first state west of the Mississippi River to approve a lottery when the statewide public initiative (Proposition 200) narrowly passed in November 1980. In 2002, a vote to extend the lottery for another ten years was passed, with 73% in favor. In 2010, the Lottery

This is a document about Powerball
  A winning ticket must be claimed in the jurisdiction in which it was purchased, regardless of residence. The minimum age to play Powerball is 18, except in Nebraska (19), and Arizona, Iowa, Louisiana and Mississippi (21). Generally, Powerball players do not have to choose cash or annuity unless they win a jackpot (then they usually have 60 days to choose). Exceptions include Florida and Missouri; the 60-day "clock" starts with the drawing, so a jackpot winner who wishes to take the cash option needs to make immediate plans to claim their prize. New Jersey and Texas require the cash/annuity choice to be made when playing; in New Jersey, an annuity ticket can be changed to cash after winning, while in Texas, the choice is binding. (When

This is a document about Dextromethorphan regulation by state
  Arizona House Bill 2086 states that it is prohibited for any commercial entity knowingly or willingly sell or trade a dextromethorphan-containing product to a person under the age of 18. Inversely, it is prohibited for a person under the age of 18 to purchase any amount of dextromethorphan. Identification of age is required for purchase unless the purchaser outwardly appears to be above the age of 25. Other than identification of age, the bill does not require any additional provisions to control the purchase of dextromethorphan. These provisions do not apply to a person with a valid prescription purchasing a product containing dextromethorphan. A person who violates the provisions of the bill will be subject to a first time warning and subsequent penalties of fifty dollars for additional offenses. This Bill took effect April 24, 2014.

This is a document about Ages of consent in the United States
  the act ... ; F. It is a defense to a prosecution pursuant to section 13-1405 if the minor is fifteen, sixteen or seventeen years of age, the defendant is under nineteen years of age or attending high school and is no more than twenty-four months older than the minor and the conduct is consensual. The age of consent in Arizona is 18. However, there exist in the legislation defenses to prosecution if the defendant is close-in-age to the minor or a spouse of the minor. Note: these are not close-in-age exceptions but defenses in court. Arizona Revised Statute 13-1405(A) (Defenses)

This is a document about Index of youth rights–related articles
 Gambling age

This is a document about Texas Lottery
  As with most US lotteries, players must be at least 18 years of age. Winning tickets must be claimed within 180 days or the prize is forfeited. For scratch tickets, the time limit begins when a game is closed by the Commission; for drawings the time limit begins the date of the drawing. Within Texas, players must choose the cash value option (CVO) or annual pay (AP) when purchasing Powerball, Mega Millions, and/or Lotto Texas tickets when playing, instead of after winning (see below).

This is a document about Arizona Attorney General
  The Arizona Constitution requires all of the officers in the state's executive department, including the attorney general, to be at least 25 years old, a U.S. citizen for 10 years and an Arizona resident for five years. Arizona law further requires the attorney general to have been a "practicing attorney before the supreme court of the state" for at least five years before taking office, however the Arizona Supreme Court ruled the law unconstitutional during the appointment process of Jack LaSota in 1977; LaSota had not renewed his state bar membership and was therefore not considered a practicing attorney.

This is a document about Connecticut Lottery
  On April 25, 2016, the CT Lottery began offering Keno. It is drawn at four-minute intervals, with over 300 drawings daily. An agreement with Connecticut's two tribal casinos, Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun, was necessary to allow the Lottery permission to offer Keno; unlike in the two casinos, Lottery keno players need only to be at least 18 years old instead of 21.(The agreement allows Lottery tickets to be sold on tribal property, in areas accessible to those under 21; Mohegan Sun also houses one of Connecticut's "High-Tier Claim Centers" for claiming prizes of $600 to $5,000). Keno wagers may be made at any Connecticut Lottery retailer, although only those in a "social" setting have a monitor for witnessing the computer-drawn numbers.

This is a document about Gun laws in Arizona
  In Arizona, anyone who is not prohibited from owning a firearm and is at least 21 years old can carry a concealed weapon without a permit as of July 29, 2010. Arizona was the third state in modern U.S. history (after Vermont and Alaska, followed by Wyoming) to allow the carrying of concealed weapons without a permit, and it is the first state with a large urban population to do so. Arizona is classified as a "shall issue" state. Even though Arizona law allows concealed carry by adults without permit, concealed carry permits are still available and issued by the Concealed Weapons Permit Unit of the Arizona Department of Public Safety for purposes of reciprocity with other states or for carrying firearms in certain regulated places. Requirements for issuance include taking a training class (provided by a licensed third party) or hunter education class, submitting a finger print card, and paying a $60 fee. Applicants must be at least 21 years of age. New permits are valid for five years. Renewing a permit requires an application and criminal background check. Arizona recognizes all valid out-of-state carry permits.

This is a document about 2018 Arizona elections
  "Corporation Commissioners must only satisfy the standard requirements for all Arizona state officers, who must be at least 18 years old, a citizen of the United States and able to speak English." Two of the seats on the Arizona Corporation Commission are up for election, elected by plurality block voting.

This is a document about Iowa Lottery
  die in the line of duty; help for a variety of significant projects through the state General Fund; and backing for the Vision Iowa program, which was implemented to create tourism destinations and community attractions in the state and build and repair schools. The Lottery sells tickets in four general categories: instant-scratch, InstaPlay, pull-tab and online games. Lottery products are sold at nearly 2,400 retail locations. The Iowa Lottery has over 110 employees who work at its headquarters in Clive and its regional offices in Cedar Rapids, Council Bluffs, Mason City and Storm Lake. In 1994, Iowa became the first state in the US that required lottery players to be at least 21 years of age. (Louisiana became the second in 1998, followed by Arizona in 2003, then Mississippi in 2019) In

This is a document about Cigarette
  old). Since July 2008, Japan has enforced this age limit at cigarette vending machines through use of the taspo smart card. In other countries, such as Egypt, it is legal to use and purchase tobacco products regardless of age. Germany raised the purchase age from 16 to 18 on the 1 September 2007. Some police departments in the United States occasionally send an underaged teenager into a store where cigarettes are sold, and have the teen attempt to purchase cigarettes, with their own or no ID. If the vendor then completes the sale, the store is issued a fine. Similar enforcement practices are regularly performed by Trading Standards officers in the UK, Israel, and the Republic of Ireland.

This is a document about California State Lottery
  California sells scratch cards under the branding "Scratchers". The prizes are smaller than other lottery games, but there are better odds (averaging 1:5). There are dozens of Scratchers games on sale at any time, and the selection of games changes frequently. Winners must be claimed within 180 days of the announced end-of-game date. Scratchers range in price from $1 to $30. A $20 scratcher, "$5 Million Jackpot", was introduced September 25, 2013. To commemorate the Lottery's 30th anniversary, on August 24, 2015, a $30 Scratcher "California Lottery 30th Anniversary" was launched.

This is a document about Mississippi State Lottery
  The Mississippi State Lottery is a lottery authorized by the Alyce G. Clarke Mississippi Lottery Law in 2018. It is administered by the Mississippi Lottery Corporation. The corporation expected to begin scratch off sales by December 1, 2019, with sales of draw game tickets in 2020. However, this was bought forward to November 25th as announced by Mississippi Lottery Corporation. On August 2, 2019, the Mississippi Lottery Corporation announced its acceptance into the Multi-State Lottery Association, with sales of Mega Millions and Powerball beginning on January 30, 2020. Unlike most U.S. lotteries, the minimum age to buy tickets is 21, the same as neighboring Louisiana, Arizona and Iowa.

To buy scratchers in Arizona, you must be at least 18 years old.


Question: a rsa token would be an example of

Answer: two - factor authentication

This is a document about RSA SecurID
 RSA SecurID RSA SecurID, formerly referred to as SecurID, is a mechanism developed by Security Dynamics (later RSA Security and now RSA, The Security Division of EMC) for performing two-factor authentication for a user to a network resource. The RSA SecurID authentication mechanism consists of a "token" — either hardware (e.g. a key fob) or software (a soft token) — which is assigned to a computer user and which creates an authentication code at fixed intervals (usually 60 seconds) using a built-in clock and the card's factory-encoded almost random key (known as the "seed"). The seed is different for each

This is a document about Multi-factor authentication
 lock and the key, and the same principle underlies possession factor authentication in computer systems. A security token is an example of a possession factor. Disconnected tokens have no connections to the client computer. They typically use a built-in screen to display the generated authentication data, which is manually typed in by the user. Connected tokens are devices that are "physically" connected to the computer to be used. Those devices transmit data automatically. There are a number of different types, including card readers, wireless tags and USB tokens. A software token (a.k.a. "soft token") is a type of two-factor authentication

This is a document about Cryptosystem
  A classical example of a cryptosystem is the Caesar cipher. A more contemporary example is the RSA cryptosystem.

This is a document about RSA (cryptosystem)
 1) Choose two distinct prime numbers, such as Here is an example of RSA encryption and decryption. The parameters used here are artificially small, but one can also use OpenSSL to generate and examine a real keypair.

This is a document about Computational hardness assumption
  Given elements. Examples of protocols that use this assumption include the original Diffie–Hellman key exchange, as well as the ElGamal encryption (which relies on the yet stronger Decisional Diffie–Hellman (DDH) variant).

This is a document about RSA (cryptosystem)
  RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is a public-key cryptosystem that is widely used for secure data transmission. It is also one of the oldest. The acronym "RSA" comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977. An equivalent system was developed secretly, in 1973 at GCHQ (the British signals intelligence agency), by the English mathematician Clifford Cocks. That system was declassified in 1997. In a public-key cryptosystem, the encryption key is public and distinct from the decryption key, which is kept secret (private). An RSA user creates and publishes a public key based on two large prime numbers, along with an auxiliary value. The prime numbers are kept secret. Messages can

This is a document about Accumulator (cryptography)
  One example is multiplication over large prime numbers. This is a cryptographic accumulator, since it takes superpolynomial time to factor a composite number (at least according to conjecture), but it takes only a small amount of time (polynomial in size) to divide a prime into an integer to check if it is one of the factors and/or to factor it out. New members may be added or subtracted to the set of factors by multiplying or factoring out the number respectively. In this system, two accumulators that have accumulated a single shared prime can have it trivially discovered by calculating their GCD, even without prior knowledge of the prime (which would otherwise require prime factorization of the accumulator to discover). More practical accumulators use a quasi-commutative hash function, so that the size of the accumulator does not grow with the number of members. For example, Benaloh and de Mare propose a cryptographic accumulator inspired by RSA: the quasi-commutative function, replaces every all-zero bitstring with a single 0 and every other bitstring with a 1, and outputs the result.

This is a document about Logical security
  Token Authentication are small devices that authorized users of computer systems or networks carry to assist in identifying that who is logging into a computer or network system is actually authorized. They can also store cryptographic keys and biometric data. The most popular type of security token (RSA SecurID) displays a number which changes every minute. Users are authenticated by entering a personal identification number and the number on the token. The token contains a time of day clock and a unique seed value, and the number displayed is a cryptographic hash of the seed value and the time of day. The computer which is being accessed also contains the same algorithm and is able to match the number by matching the user’s seed and time of day. Clock error is taken into account, and values a few minutes off are sometimes accepted. Another similar type of token (Cryptogram) can produce a value each time a button is pressed. Other security tokens can connect directly to the computer through USB, Smart card or Bluetooth ports, or through special purpose interfaces. Cell phones and PDA's can also be used as security tokens with proper programming.

This is a document about Subliminal channel
  In this example, an RSA modulus purporting to be of the form n = pq is actually of the form n = pqr, for primes p, q, and r. Calculation shows that exactly one extra bit can be hidden in the digitally signed message. The cure for this was found by cryptologists at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica in Amsterdam, who developed a Zero-knowledge proof that n is of the form n = pq. This example was motivated in part by The Empty Silo Proposal.

This is a document about Cryptography
  Much of the theoretical work in cryptography concerns cryptographic primitives—algorithms with basic cryptographic properties—and their relationship to other cryptographic problems. More complicated cryptographic tools are then built from these basic primitives. These primitives provide fundamental properties, which are used to develop more complex tools called cryptosystems or cryptographic protocols, which guarantee one or more high-level security properties. Note, however, that the distinction between cryptographic primitives and cryptosystems, is quite arbitrary; for example, the RSA algorithm is sometimes considered a cryptosystem, and sometimes a primitive. Typical examples of cryptographic primitives include pseudorandom functions, one-way functions, etc.

This is a document about RSA (cryptosystem)
  The security of the RSA cryptosystem is based on two mathematical problems: the problem of factoring large numbers and the RSA problem. Full decryption of an RSA ciphertext is thought to be infeasible on the assumption that both of these problems are hard, i.e., no efficient algorithm exists for solving them. Providing security against partial decryption may require the addition of a secure padding scheme. The RSA problem is defined as the task of taking eth roots modulo a composite n: recovering a value m such that c ≡ me (mod n), where (n, e) is an RSA public key and c is an RSA ciphertext. Currently the most promising approach to solving the RSA problem is to

This is a document about Security token
  A security token is a peripheral device used to gain access to an electronically restricted resource. The token is used in addition to or in place of a password. It acts like an electronic key to access something. Examples include a wireless keycard opening a locked door, or in the case of a customer trying to access their bank account online, the use of a bank-provided token can prove that the customer is who they claim to be. Some tokens may store cryptographic keys that may be used to generate a digital signature, or biometric data, such as fingerprint details. Some may also store passwords. Some designs incorporate tamper resistant packaging, while others may include small keypads to allow entry of a PIN or a simple button to start a generating routine with some display capability to show a generated key number. Connected tokens utilize a variety of interfaces including USB, near-field communication (NFC), radio-frequency identification (RFID), or Bluetooth. Some tokens have an audio capability designed for vision-impaired people.

This is a document about RSA blocker tag
  An RSA blocker tag (or RSA tag) is a RFID tag that responds positively to all unauthorized requests, thus blocking some scanners from reading any RFID tags placed nearby. The tags are designed to protect privacy, and are supposedly unable to be used for theft, denials of service, and other malicious uses. Other mechanisms designed to protect privacy for RFID item tagging for retail use are the EPCglobal kill command and the Clipped Tag proposed by IBM.

This is a document about Cryptographic hash function
  A proof-of-work system (or protocol, or function) is an economic measure to deter denial-of-service attacks and other service abuses such as spam on a network by requiring some work from the service requester, usually meaning processing time by a computer. A key feature of these schemes is their asymmetry: the work must be moderately hard (but feasible) on the requester side but easy to check for the service provider. One popular system – used in Bitcoin mining and Hashcash – uses partial hash inversions to prove that work was done, to unlock a mining reward in Bitcoin, and as a good-will token to send an

This is a document about E (programming language)
  be able to return a value. Being able to see up front that information escapes out of the function is helpful for security auditing. Since E is intended to support secure co-operation, the canonical example for E programs is the mint, a simple electronic money system in just a few lines of E. The following code defines a function that makes mints, where each mint has its own currency. Each mint can make purses that hold its currency, and any holder of two purses of the same currency can securely transfer money between the purses. By quick examination of the source code, an E programmer can easily verify that only mints may change the amount of money in circulation, that money can only be created and

This is a document about Public-key cryptography
 Diffie–Hellman key exchange protocol ; DSS (Digital Signature Standard), which incorporates the Digital Signature Algorithm ; ElGamal ; Elliptic-curve cryptography ; Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) ; Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) ; Ed25519 and Ed448 (EdDSA) ; X25519 and X448 (ECDH/EdDH) ; Various password-authenticated key agreement techniques ; Paillier cryptosystem ; RSA encryption algorithm (PKCS#1) ; Cramer–Shoup cryptosystem ; YAK authenticated key agreement protocol NTRUEncrypt cryptosystem ; McEliece cryptosystem Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem S/MIME ; GPG, an implementation of OpenPGP, and an Internet Standard ; EMV, EMV Certificate Authority ; IPsec ; PGP ; ZRTP, a secure VoIP protocol ; Transport Layer Security standardized by IETF and its predecessor Secure Socket Layer ; SILC ; SSH ; Bitcoin ; Off-the-Record Messaging Examples of well-regarded asymmetric key techniques for varied purposes include: Examples of asymmetric key algorithms not yet widely adopted include: Examples of notable – yet insecure – asymmetric key algorithms include: Examples of protocols using asymmetric key algorithms include:

This is a document about Full Domain Hash
  In the random oracle model, if RSA is.

This is a document about RSA problem
  In cryptography, the RSA problem summarizes the task of performing an RSA private-key operation given only the public key. The RSA algorithm raises a message to an exponent, modulo a composite number N whose factors are not known. Thus, the task can be neatly described as finding the eth roots of an arbitrary number, modulo N. For large RSA key sizes (in excess of 1024 bits), no efficient method for solving this problem is known; if an efficient method is ever developed, it would threaten the current or eventual security of RSA-based cryptosystems—both for public-key encryption and digital signatures. More specifically, the RSA problem is to efficiently compute P given an RSA public key (N, e) and a ciphertext

This is a document about Coppersmith's attack
  The public key in the RSA system is a tuple of integers.

A RSA token is an example of a two-factor authentication device that uses a smart card mechanism and the RSA algorithm for generating and verifying one-time passwords. It is a possession factor token, as the user must physically possess the token to use it for authentication.