Question: when did the battle of york town end

Answer: October 19 , 1781

This is a document about Siege of Yorktown
 Siege of Yorktown The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the Surrender at Yorktown, German Battle or the Siege of Little York, ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American

This is a document about Siege of Yorktown
  The siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the surrender at Yorktown, or the German battle (from the presence of Germans in all three armies), beginning on September 28, 1781, and ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of the American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, and French Army troops led by Comte de Rochambeau over a British army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown Campaign, the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary

This is a document about Poquoson, Virginia
  York River was known earlier as the Charles River, and its name was also changed about the same time. Poquoson grew as a close-knit rural community of York County for the next 300 years. During the American Revolutionary War, independence was won at nearby Yorktown, a major tourist attraction of the Historic Triangle of Colonial Virginia. One of the first land battles of the American Civil War, the Battle of Big Bethel was fought nearby on June 10, 1861. In the spring of 1862, Union General George B. McClellan put together an ambitious plan known as the Peninsula Campaign to end the war by marching up the peninsula from Union held

This is a document about Yorktown order of battle
  The Siege of Yorktown was the culminating act of the Yorktown campaign, a series of military operations occupying much of 1781 during the American Revolutionary War. The siege was a decisive Franco-American victory: after the surrender of British Lt. Gen. Charles, Earl Cornwallis on October 17, the government of Lord North fell, and its replacement entered into peace negotiations that resulted in British recognition of American independence with the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The siege involved land forces from the United States, including the Continental Army and state militias, as well as land forces under French and British command. The British forces included a large number of troops from various German principalities of the Holy Roman Empire that were collectively known as

This is a document about York, Upper Canada
  home and store of Quetton St. George at King and Frederick. St. George imported the bricks from New York state. The Battle of York was fought on April 27, 1813. An American force supported by a squadron consisting of a ship-rigged corvette, a brig and twelve schooners landed on the lake shore to the west of the garrison, defeating the British and capturing the fort, town and dockyard. The Americans suffered heavy casualties, including Brigadier General Zebulon Pike who was leading the troops when the retreating British blew up the fort's magazine. The American forces carried out several acts of arson and

This is a document about Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
  casualties left it strategically weakened, while the Continental Army remained largely intact to continue fighting. This was best exemplified by the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. Several American victories, such as the Battle of Ramseur's Mill, the Battle of Cowpens, and the Battle of Kings Mountain, also served to weaken the overall British military strength. The culminating engagement, the siege of Yorktown, ended with the surrender of British General Lord Cornwallis on October 19, 1781. It was essentially the last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Shortly afterward, negotiations between the United States and Great Britain began, resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 1783.

This is a document about Highlands, New Jersey
  fortifications and with the help of the British were able to hold Sandy Hook for the remainder of the Revolutionary War. The Loyalists stayed in control of Sandy Hook even after the war was ended by the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown on October 19, 1781. Captain Joshua Huddy was the eldest of seven brothers and a member of the Monmouth Continental Militia. He pursued gangs of Tory (Loyalist) refugees who plundered the area searching for American rebels. The refugees made Huddy a target and tried to kill him several times. Unfortunately, one of the Loyalists' raids from Sandy Hook ended with setting Huddy's

This is a document about Yorktown, Virginia
  Yorktown is a census-designated place (CDP) in York County, Virginia, United States. It is the county seat of York County, one of the eight original shires formed in colonial Virginia in 1682. Yorktown's population was 195 as of the 2010 census, while York County's population was 66,134 in the 2011 census estimate. The town is most famous as the site of the siege and subsequent surrender of General Charles Cornwallis to General George Washington and the French Fleet during the American Revolutionary War on October 19, 1781. Although the war would last for another year, this British defeat at Yorktown effectively ended the war. Yorktown

This is a document about History of the United Kingdom
  end in sight. The Gordon Riots erupted in London during the spring of 1781, in response to increased concessions to Catholics by Parliament. In October 1781 Lord Cornwallis surrendered his army at Yorktown, Virginia. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783, formally terminating the war and recognising the independence of the United States. The peace terms were very generous to the new nation, which London hoped correctly would become a major trading partner. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies, at the time Britain's most populous colonies, marked the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted

This is a document about Regiment of Riflemen
  heavy fire from Indians and other troops near York, Upper Canada on April 27, 1813. The battle lasted nearly 30 minutes during which the British force, including a grenadier company of the 8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot was repulsed with heavy losses. After Brigadier General Zebulon Pike landed re-enforcements, the British retreated to their fortifications. As U.S. troops approached the British, a magazine exploded, resulting in more than 100 casualties, including Pike. The American troops then burnt the York Parliament buildings. On May 27, 1813, a battalion of the regiment commanded by Forsyth executed another amphibious assault and participated in the capture of Fort

This is a document about Harbor Defenses of New York
  two years earlier. The military focus of the war shifted to the southern colonies. Eventually, the American victory in the Yorktown campaign on 19 October 1781 proved to be the key to independence; the British received word of it on 25 November. This precipitated a collapse of Lord North's Tory government in March 1782. The new Whig government suspended offensive operations in the Thirteen Colonies and commenced lengthy peace negotiations, culminating in the Treaty of Paris that ended the war on 3 September 1783. On 25 November the British forces departed New York City; this is remembered as Evacuation Day.

This is a document about Siege of Yorktown
  by nine ships, and thus he sent the fleet back to New York. After the British surrender, Washington sent Tench Tilghman to report the victory to Congress. After a difficult journey, he arrived in Philadelphia, which celebrated for several days. The British Prime Minister, Lord North, is reported to have exclaimed "Oh God, it's all over" when told of the defeat. Washington moved his army to New Windsor, New York where they remained stationed until the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, formally ending the war. Although the peace treaty did not happen for two years following the end of the battle, the Yorktown Campaign proved to be decisive; there was no significant battle or campaign on the North American mainland after the Battle of Yorktown and in March 1782, "the British Parliament had agreed to cease hostilities."

This is a document about Battle of York
  The Battle of York was a War of 1812 battle fought in York, Upper Canada (today's Toronto, Ontario, Canada) on April 27, 1813. An American force supported by a naval flotilla landed on the lakeshore to the west and advanced against the town, which was defended by an outnumbered force of regulars, militia, and Ojibway natives under the overall command of Major General Roger Hale Sheaffe, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada. Sheaffe's forces were defeated and Sheaffe retreated with his surviving regulars to Kingston, abandoning the militia and civilians. The Americans captured the fort, town, and dockyard. They themselves suffered heavy casualties, including force leader Brigadier General Zebulon Pike and others killed when the retreating British blew up the fort's magazine. The American forces subsequently carried out several acts of arson and looting in the town before they withdrew several days later. Although the Americans won a clear victory, the battle did not have decisive strategic results as York was a less important objective in military terms than Kingston, where the British armed vessels on Lake Ontario were based.

This is a document about History of Virginia
  begin construction of fortifications and a naval yard, though when discovered American forces surrounded the town. Gen. Washington and his French ally Rochambeau moved their forces from New York to Virginia. The defeat of the Royal Navy by Admiral de Grasse at the Battle of the Virginia Capes ensured French dominance of the waters around Yorktown, thereby preventing Cornwallis from receiving troops or supplies and removing the possibility of evacuation. Following the two-week siege to Yorktown, Cornwallis decided to surrender. Papers for surrender were officially signed on October 19. As a result of the defeat, the king lost control of Parliament and the new British government offered peace in April 1782. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 officially ended the war.

This is a document about York River (Virginia)
  constructed in 1400 CE, more than 200 years prior to the English colonists. In 2006 the Werowocomoco Archeological Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Excavations continue by a team from the College of William and Mary, the Virginia Department of Natural History and representatives of Virginia descendant tribes of the Powhatan. The peninsula formed by the York and the James rivers just to the south became the scene of the end campaign of the American Revolutionary War in October 1781. The British Army under Cornwallis at Yorktown found itself cornered by the Americans under George Washington on land and by the French fleet at sea. The ensuing American victory

This is a document about Harbor Defenses of the Delaware
  was again at White Plains, New York. Both armies were back where they had been two years earlier. The military focus of the war shifted to the southern colonies. Eventually, the American victory in the Yorktown campaign on October 19, 1781 proved to be the key to independence; the British received word of it on November 25. This precipitated a collapse of Lord North's Tory government in March 1782. The new Whig government suspended offensive operations in the Thirteen Colonies and commenced lengthy peace negotiations, culminating in the Treaty of Paris that ended the war on September 3, 1783.

This is a document about Siege of Yorktown (1862)
  The Battle of Yorktown or Siege of Yorktown was fought from April 5 to May 4, 1862, as part of the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War. Marching from Fort Monroe, Union Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac encountered Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder's small Confederate force at Yorktown behind the Warwick Line. McClellan suspended his march up the Peninsula toward Richmond and settled in for siege operations. On April 5, the IV Corps of Brig. Gen. Erasmus D. Keyes made initial contact with Confederate defensive works at Lee's Mill, an area McClellan expected to move through without resistance. Magruder's ostentatious movement of troops back and forth convinced the Union that his works were strongly held. As the two armies fought an artillery duel, reconnaissance indicated to Keyes the strength and breadth of the Confederate fortifications,

This is a document about Hampton Roads
  and subsequent surrender of General Charles Cornwallis to General George Washington and the French Fleet during the American Revolutionary War on October 19, 1781. Although the war would last for another year, this British defeat at Yorktown effectively ended the war. Yorktown also figured prominently in the American Civil War (1861–1865), serving as a major port to supply both northern and southern towns, depending upon who held Yorktown at the time. It is the eastern terminus of the Colonial Parkway connecting these locations. Yorktown is also the eastern terminus of the TransAmerica Trail, a bicycle touring route created by the Adventure Cycling Association.

This is a document about Jedediah Huntington
  soldiers joined the patriots. In August, Gen. Washington took most of the army south, leaving the Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts units behind to guard the highlands. Washington's movement ended at the Siege of Yorktown that effectively ended the war. On June 24, 1783, Washington wrote that the army was "reduced to a competent garrison for West Point; Patterson, Huntington, and Greaton being the only brigadiers now left with it, besides the adjutant general." That same month Jedediah Huntington received the brevet rank of major general. The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, formally ending the war.

This is a document about New Windsor Cantonment State Historic Site
  Between June 1782 and October 1783 7,000 troops were boarded here in 600 log huts, over 1600 acres. Although the Siege of Yorktown had ended most hostilities the year before, the British still occupied New York City and other ports, and George Washington believed that there was still strong sentiment in Britain for restarting the war and taking the colonies back. Thus it was necessary to keep the army here, within striking distance of New York and next to the vital Hudson River, until all the British forces were withdrawn. On April 19, 1783, Washington issued a cease fire order, officially ending the war for the Army.

The Battle of Yorktown ended on October 19, 1781.


Question: who is the mathematician who first use brackets to indicate grouping

Answer: Christopher Clavius

This is a document about Bracket (mathematics)
 grouping) was suggested in 1608 by Christopher Clavius and in 1629 by Albert Girard. A variety of different symbols are used to represent angle brackets. In e-mail and other ASCII text it is common to use the less-than (codice_1) and greater-than (codice_2) signs to represent angle brackets, because ASCII does not include angle brackets. Unicode has three pairs of dedicated characters: In LaTeX the markup is codice_3 and codice_4: formula_1. In elementary algebra parentheses, ( ), are used to specify the order of operations. Terms inside the bracket are evaluated first; hence 2×(3 + 4) is 14 and 10 ÷

This is a document about Bracket (mathematics)
  In mathematics, brackets of various typographical forms, such as parentheses, square brackets [ ], braces { } and angle brackets ⟨ ⟩, are frequently used in mathematical notation. Generally, such bracketing denotes some form of grouping: in evaluating an expression containing a bracketed sub-expression, the operators in the sub-expression take precedence over those surrounding it. Additionally, there are several uses and meanings for the various brackets. Historically, other notations, such as the vinculum, were similarly used for grouping. In present-day use, these notations all have specific meanings. The earliest use of brackets to indicate aggregation (i.e. grouping) was suggested in 1608 by Christopher Clavius, and in 1629 by Albert Girard.

This is a document about Group theory
  Group theory has three main historical sources: number theory, the theory of algebraic equations, and geometry. The number-theoretic strand was begun by Leonhard Euler, and developed by Gauss's work on modular arithmetic and additive and multiplicative groups related to quadratic fields. Early results about permutation groups were obtained by Lagrange, Ruffini, and Abel in their quest for general solutions of polynomial equations of high degree. Évariste Galois coined the term "group" and established a connection, now known as Galois theory, between the nascent theory of groups and field theory. In geometry, groups first became important in projective geometry and, later, non-Euclidean geometry. Felix Klein's Erlangen program proclaimed group theory to be the organizing principle of geometry. Galois, in the 1830s, was the first to employ groups to determine the solvability of polynomial equations. Arthur Cayley and Augustin Louis Cauchy pushed these investigations further by creating the

This is a document about Stirling number
 , respectively, for the first and second kinds of Stirling number. The notation of brackets and braces, in analogy to binomial coefficients, was introduced in 1935 by Jovan Karamata and promoted later by Donald Knuth.  (The bracket notation conflicts with a common notation for Gaussian coefficients. )  The mathematical motivation for this type of notation, as well as additional Stirling number formulae, may be found on the page for Stirling numbers and exponential generating functions. Several different notations for Stirling numbers are in use. Common notation for ordinary (signed) Stirling numbers of the first kind is:

This is a document about Group (mathematics)
  the first abstract definition of a finite group. Geometry was a second field in which groups were used systematically, especially symmetry groups as part of Felix Klein's 1872 Erlangen program. After novel geometries such as hyperbolic and projective geometry had emerged, Klein used group theory to organize them in a more coherent way. Further advancing these ideas, Sophus Lie founded the study of Lie groups in 1884. The third field contributing to group theory was number theory. Certain abelian group structures had been used implicitly in Carl Friedrich Gauss's number-theoretical work Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (1798), and more explicitly by Leopold Kronecker. In 1847, Ernst Kummer made early attempts to prove Fermat's Last Theorem by developing groups describing factorization into prime numbers. The convergence

This is a document about Matrix (mathematics)
  mathematician Seki used the same array methods to solve simultaneous equations in 1683. The Dutch mathematician Jan de Witt represented transformations using arrays in his 1659 book Elements of Curves (1659). Between 1700 and 1710 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz publicized the use of arrays for recording information or solutions and experimented with over 50 different systems of arrays. Cramer presented his rule in 1750. The term "matrix" (Latin for "womb", derived from mater—mother ) was coined by James Joseph Sylvester in 1850, who understood a matrix as an object giving rise to several determinants today called minors, that is to say, determinants of smaller

This is a document about Bracket
  Chevrons ⟨ ⟩ were the earliest type of bracket to appear in written English. Desiderius Erasmus coined the term lunula to refer to the rounded parentheses  recalling the shape of the crescent moon (luna). Most typewriters only had parenthesis (and quotes). Square brackets appeared with some teleprinters. Braces (curly brackets) first became part of a character set with the 8-bit code of the IBM 7030 Stretch. In 1961, ASCII contained parenthesis, square, and curly brackets, and also less-than and greater-than signs that could be used as angle brackets.

This is a document about Presentation of a group
  One of the earliest presentations of a group by generators and relations was given by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton in 1856, in his icosian calculus – a presentation of the icosahedral group. The first systematic study was given by Walther von Dyck, student of Felix Klein, in the early 1880s, laying the foundations for combinatorial group theory.

This is a document about List of Russian scientists
  Euler, preeminent 18th-century mathematician, arguably the greatest of all time, made important discoveries in mathematical analysis, Leonhard Euler 2.jpg''']] graph theory and number theory, introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation (mathematical function, Euler's number, Euler diagram) ; Anatoly Fomenko, topologist and chronologist, put forth a controversial theory of the New Chronology ; Evgraf Fedorov, mathematician and crystallographer, identified Periodic graph in geometry, the first to catalogue all of the 230 space groups of crystals ; Boris Galerkin, developed the Galerkin method in numerical analysis ; Israel Gelfand, major contributor to numerous areas of mathematics, including group theory, representation theory and linear algebra,

This is a document about Leonhard Euler
  Leonhard Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, geographer, logician and engineer who founded the studies of graph theory and topology and made pioneering and influential discoveries in many other branches of mathematics such as analytic number theory, complex analysis, and infinitesimal calculus. He introduced much of modern mathematical terminology and notation, including the notion of a mathematical function. He is also known for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy and music theory. Euler is held to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history and the greatest of the 18th century. A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is the master of us all." Carl Friedrich Gauss remarked: "The study of Euler's works

This is a document about Bracket
  Angle brackets (or 'chevrons') are used in group theory to write group presentations, and to denote the subgroup generated by a collection of elements. In set theory, chevrons or parentheses are used to denote ordered pairs and other tuples, whereas curly brackets are used for unordered sets.

This is a document about Georg Cantor
  Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (, ; March 3 1845 – January 6, 1918 ) was a German mathematician. He created set theory, which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics. Cantor established the importance of one-to-one correspondence between the members of two sets, defined infinite and well-ordered sets, and proved that the real numbers are more numerous than the natural numbers. In fact, Cantor's method of proof of this theorem implies the existence of an infinity of infinities. He defined the cardinal and ordinal numbers and their arithmetic. Cantor's work is of great philosophical interest, a fact he was well aware of. Cantor's theory of transfinite numbers was originally regarded as so counter-intuitive – even shocking – that it encountered resistance from mathematical contemporaries such

This is a document about Floor and ceiling functions
  The integral part or integer part of a number (partie entière in the original) was first defined in 1798 by Adrien-Marie Legendre in his proof of the Legendre's formula. Carl Friedrich Gauss introduced the square bracket notation

This is a document about History of mathematical notation
  At the beginning of this period, Felix Klein's "Erlangen program" identified the underlying theme of various geometries, defining each of them as the study of properties invariant under a given group of symmetries. This level of abstraction revealed connections between geometry and abstract algebra. Georg Cantor would introduce the aleph symbol for cardinal numbers of transfinite sets. His notation for the cardinal numbers was the Hebrew letter Upper indices are not exponents but are indices of coordinates, coefficients or basis vectors. See also: Ricci calculus which summed over a set of indexed terms in a formula, thus exerting notational brevity. Arnold Sommerfeld would create the contour integral sign in 1917. Also in 1917, Dimitry Mirimanoff proposes axiom of regularity. In 1919, Theodor Kaluza would solve general relativity equations using five dimensions, the results would have electromagnetic equations emerge. This would be published in

This is a document about Matrix (mathematics)
  matrix operations were revolutionary. He was instrumental in proposing a matrix concept independent of equation systems. In 1858 Cayley published his A memoir on the theory of matrices in which he proposed and demonstrated the Cayley–Hamilton theorem. The English mathematician Cuthbert Edmund Cullis was the first to use modern bracket notation for matrices in 1913 and he simultaneously demonstrated the first significant use of the notation A = [ai,j] to represent a matrix where ai,j refers to the ith row and the jth column. The modern study of determinants sprang from several sources. Number-theoretical problems led Gauss to relate coefficients of quadratic

This is a document about Pentagramma mirificum
  Gauss introduced the notation

This is a document about Vector space
  Vector spaces stem from affine geometry, via the introduction of coordinates in the plane or three-dimensional space. Around 1636, French mathematicians René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat founded analytic geometry by identifying solutions to an equation of two variables with points on a plane curve. To achieve geometric solutions without using coordinates, Bolzano introduced, in 1804, certain operations on points, lines and planes, which are predecessors of vectors. introduced the notion of barycentric coordinates. introduced the notion of a bipoint, i.e., an oriented segment one of whose ends is the origin and the other one a target. Vectors were reconsidered with the

This is a document about 1808 in science
 French mathematician Christian Kramp introduces the notation n in factorials. ; German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss publishes Theorematis arithmetici demonstratio nova, introducing Gauss's lemma in the third proof of quadratic reciprocity. ; Irish American mathematician Robert Adrain produces a formulation of the method of least squares.

This is a document about Axiomatic system
  Mathematical methods developed to some degree of sophistication in ancient Egypt, Babylon, India, and China, apparently without employing the axiomatic method. Euclid of Alexandria authored the earliest extant axiomatic presentation of Euclidean geometry and number theory. Many axiomatic systems were developed in the nineteenth century, including non-Euclidean geometry, the foundations of real analysis, Cantor's set theory, Frege's work on foundations, and Hilbert's 'new' use of axiomatic method as a research tool. For example, group theory was first put on an axiomatic basis towards the end of that century. Once the axioms were clarified (that inverse elements should be required, for example), the subject could proceed autonomously, without reference to the transformation group origins of those studies.

The mathematician who first used brackets to indicate grouping in mathematics was Christopher Clavius in 1608.


Question: what countries have dutch as their official language

Answer: Aruba

This is a document about Dutch language
 Dutch language Dutch is a West Germanic language spoken by around 23 million people as a first language and 5 million people as a second language, constituting the majority of people in the Netherlands (where it is the sole official language) and Belgium (as one of three official languages). It is the third most widely spoken Germanic language, after its close relatives English and German. Outside the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname where it also holds an official status, as it does in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, which are

This is a document about Language Management
 of interconnection (airports, parking lots, ...). The Internet, finally, produces commercial exchanges indifferent to linguistic frontiers, and virtual communities, like Wikipedia, are where the participants speaking different languages can dialog and exchange information and knowledge. International institutions, governments, and firms are faced with language management needs. In international institutions, languages can have different statutes: Official language or work language. Plenty of states have multiple official languages in their territory: This is the case: in Belgium (Dutch, French, German) in Switzerland (German, French, Italian, Romansch) in Canada (French and English) in numerous African countries, and in Luxembourg (French, German, Luxembourgish) In

This is a document about ABC islands (Lesser Antilles)
 from Latin America to the islands. Dutch has been the official language of the islands for most of their history. A unique creole language has developed there known as Papiamentu. Unlike other creole languages, Papiamentu is not decreasing in usage, and was made an official language on 7 March 2007. Papiamentu's origins are debated, a dispute arising on whether it originates from Portuguese or Spanish. It is heavily influenced by Spanish and English. Aruba and Curaçao are autonomous countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which have their own parliament and prime minister. Bonaire is a "special municipality" of the

This is a document about South America
 percentage of mestizos that vary greatly in composition by place. There is also a minor population of Asians, especially in Brazil. The two main languages are by far Spanish and Portuguese, followed by French, English and Dutch in smaller numbers. Spanish and Portuguese are the most spoken languages in South America, with approximately 200 million speakers each. Spanish is the official language of most countries, along with other native languages in some countries. Portuguese is the official language of Brazil. Dutch is the official language of Suriname; English is the official language of Guyana, although there are at least twelve

This is a document about Belgium–Netherlands relations
 in the Netherlands, while there are around 111,000 Dutch nationals in Belgium. Thanks to their shared history and the Dutch language, the Netherlands and Belgium have strong cultural ties. In 1980, the two countries set up the Dutch Language Union to encourage greater cooperation in the field of Dutch language and literature. The Union offers services including language tools like dictionaries and a language advice service, education in and about Dutch, literature and reading skills, and activities promoting the Dutch language in Europe and the rest of the world. The Union also works to showcase the two countries’ shared cultural

This is a document about Dutch language
 the Netherlands proper, Belgium, Suriname, the Dutch Caribbean municipal (St. Eustatius Saba & Bonaire), Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. Dutch is also an official language of several international organisations, such as the European Union, Union of South American Nations and the Caribbean Community. At an academic level, Dutch is taught in about 175 universities in 40 countries. About 15,000 students worldwide study Dutch at university. In Europe, Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands (96%) and Belgium (59%) as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France's French Flanders, where it is in the ultimate stage of

This is a document about Dutch Empire
 can be traced back to Dutch words. The century and half of Dutch rule in Ceylon and southern India left few to no traces of the Dutch language. Today, in Suriname, Dutch is the official language and 58 percent of the population speak it as their mother tongue. Twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language, and in total 82 percent of the population can speak Dutch. In Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, Dutch is the official language but spoken as a first language by only seven to eight percent of the population, although most people on the

This is a document about Surinamese Dutch
 that are not present in European variants of Dutch. Surinamese Dutch Surinamese Dutch (Dutch: "Surinaams-Nederlands", ) is the form of Dutch spoken in Suriname and is the official language in Suriname, a former Dutch colony. Dutch is spoken as a native language by about 60% of the population, most of them being bilingual with Sranan Tongo, Hindustani, Javanese, and other languages. Nevertheless, Dutch is the sole official language of the country. Surinamese Dutch is easily intelligible with other forms of Dutch. Furthermore, as opposed to other languages that have different forms in the Americas (e.g., American English vs. British English)

This is a document about Surinamese Dutch
 Surinamese Dutch Surinamese Dutch (Dutch: "Surinaams-Nederlands", ) is the form of Dutch spoken in Suriname and is the official language in Suriname, a former Dutch colony. Dutch is spoken as a native language by about 60% of the population, most of them being bilingual with Sranan Tongo, Hindustani, Javanese, and other languages. Nevertheless, Dutch is the sole official language of the country. Surinamese Dutch is easily intelligible with other forms of Dutch. Furthermore, as opposed to other languages that have different forms in the Americas (e.g., American English vs. British English) the regulation and thus standardised spelling of the Dutch

This is a document about Low Countries derby
 Low Countries derby The Low Countries derby (), is the name given in football to any match between the Belgian and Dutch national football teams. The countries have a long-standing tradition of rivalry in football, having played over 125 official Derbies so far. Only Austria–Hungary and Argentina–Uruguay have been contested more often. Not only have the Low Countries met 18 times in the framework of major tournaments, they have also played at least 35 friendly cup duels. The full official record between the two countries is as follows: From their first friendly derbies onwards, Belgium and the Netherlands competed for

This is a document about Latin Americans
 (where it is co-official with English), Cuba and the Dominican Republic. French is spoken in some Caribbean islands, including Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Haiti, as well as in the overseas departments of French Guiana (South America). Dutch is the official language of some Caribbean islands and in Suriname on the continent; however, as Dutch is a Germanic language, these territories are not considered part of Latin America. Amerindian languages are widely spoken in Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Paraguay, and to a lesser degree, in Mexico, Chile and Ecuador. In Latin American countries not named above, the population of speakers of indigenous languages

This is a document about Dutch people
 higher. Dutch is currently an official language of the Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname, Aruba, Sint Maarten, Curaçao, the European Union and the Union of South American Nations (due to Suriname being a member). In South Africa, Afrikaans is spoken, a daughter language of Dutch, which itself was an official language of South Africa until 1983. The Dutch, Flemish and Surinamese governments coordinate their language activities in the "Nederlandse Taalunie" (Dutch Language Union), an institution also responsible for governing the Dutch Standard language, for example in matters of orthography. The origins of the word "Dutch" go back to Proto-Germanic, the ancestor of

This is a document about Municipalities with language facilities
 Municipalities with language facilities ] There are 27 municipalities with language facilities in Belgium which must offer linguistic services to residents in Dutch, French or German, in addition to their official languages. All other municipalities – with the exception of those in the Brussels region which is bilingual – are unilingual and only offer services in their official languages, either Dutch or French. Belgian law stipulates that: There were three language areas as from the 31 July 1921 law: the Dutch-speaking Flemish area, the French-speaking Walloon area, and the bilingual area of Brussels (capital city). These language areas of 1921

This is a document about Dutch Crossing
 Dutch Crossing Dutch Crossing is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to all aspects of Low Countries studies: history and art history, Dutch and Flemish (and occasionally Afrikaans) literary and cultural studies, Dutch language, Dutch as a foreign language, and intercultural and transnational studies. Its stated purpose is to cover "all aspects of 'Global Dutch', not only the Netherlands and the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium but also other places where Dutch historically had or continues to have an impact, including parts of the Americas, Southern Africa, and South-East Asia." A special focus concerns exchanges between the Low Countries and the

This is a document about Islam in the Netherlands
 people from their home countries. In the past years the Netherlands passed immigration laws which force future immigrants and their prospective Dutch partners to abide by very strict requirements. Immigrants must pass tests showing knowledge of Dutch in their home countries. The Dutch partner must be at least 21 years old and prove an income of at least 120% minimum wage. These strict laws have caused Dutch interested in marrying people from other countries to move to Belgium for a temporary period, in what has been called "The Belgian Route". Because of increasingly restrictive legislation on family formation and reunification,

This is a document about Low Countries
 Dutch language itself "De Lage Landen" is the modern term for Low Countries, and "De Nederlanden" (plural) is in use for the 16th century domains of Charles V, the historic Low Countries, while "Nederland" (singular) is in use for the country of the Netherlands. However, in official use, the name of the Dutch kingdom is still Kingdom of the Netherlands, " (plural). This name derives from the 19th-century origins of the kingdom which originally included present-day Belgium. In Dutch, and to a lesser extent in English, the Low Countries colloquially means the Netherlands and Belgium, sometimes the Netherlands and Flanders—the

This is a document about Bilingual education
 area where it is located. For Brussels, which is an officially bilingual French-Dutch area, schools use either Dutch or French as medium. Even though Belgium has two major languages (Dutch in Flanders, and French in Wallonia), bilingual instruction does rarely occur since Belgian law only permits education in one official language. In Flanders, bilingual instruction is only allowed as a short-term project. France has one official language, French. However, regional provincial languages including Corsican, Breton, Gallo, Basque, Franco-Provençal, Occitan, and Catalan have charter protection, and bilingual education programmes and regional language course electives have been established. However, due to the

This is a document about Surinamese Dutch
 introduced in what is now Suriname when Paramaribo and its environs became a Dutch colony. The remainder of Suriname, however, remained in British hands. Only after the Dutch had lost New Netherland (including present-day New York City) to the British did they in exchange receive the rest of Suriname. After this, Dutch became the language of communication between Native Surinamese, Africans and the Dutch colonial administration. In 1876, the language in addition became official in the Surinamese education system whilst new immigrants from British India and Java also picked up the language. These immigrants also added features to spoken Dutch

This is a document about Dutch people
 seemed in development in the Habsburg Netherlands, when inhabitants began to refer to it as their 'fatherland' and were beginning to be seen as a collective entity abroad; however, the persistence of language barriers, traditional strife between towns, and provincial particularism continued to form an impediment to more thorough unification. Following excessive taxation together with attempts at diminishing the traditional autonomy of the cities and estates in the Low Countries, followed by the religious oppression after being transferred to Habsburg Spain, the Dutch revolted, in what would become the Eighty Years' War. For the first time in their history, the

The Netherlands and Belgium are the two countries where Dutch is the official language. Additionally, Dutch is an official language in Suriname, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten.


Question: when does i stand here ironing take place

Answer: the early 1950s

This is a document about I Stand Here Ironing
 guilt that will be developed during the narration of the whole story. The mother is standing here ironing and within the next 30 minutes she will recall the whole trip of her and her daughter's life. Trying to find an answer for: what she can do now when it is too late? Her feeling that her daughter can claim her responsible for her suffering was the main idea in this short story. The story moves through a fairly long timeframe; although it is set in the early 1950s, it looks back to the 1930s (the time of the Great Depression),

This is a document about I Stand Here Ironing
  "I Stand Here Ironing" is a short story by Tillie Olsen. It was published in her short story collection Tell Me a Riddle in 1956.

This is a document about Tillie Olsen
  Joseph North at the 1935 National Writers Conference held in New York City of as "three-dimensional reporting...both an analysis and an experience, culminating in a course of action." Tillie returned to this form more 50 years later when she wrote "A Vision of Fear and Hope" for Newsweek, in 1994. Olsen did not publish her first book until 1961, Tell Me a Riddle, a collection of four short stories, mostly linked by the characters who are members of one family. Three of the stories were from the point of view of mothers. "I Stand Here Ironing" is the first and shortest story in the

This is a document about Here I Stand (boardgame)
  Here I Stand is a card-based wargame in which players struggle for religious and political influence over early 16th century Europe during the Reformation. It can be played by up to 6 players, who represent the Habsburg Empire, the Ottoman Empire, England, France, The Papacy, and The Protestants. The game begins in 1517 and ends in 1555, taking up to 9 turns to play each representing about 4 years of history. The game is played in "impulses", with each player, one after the other, playing a single card during their impulse. Each card has a number on it indication the number of "command points" it grants the player, as well as text of a specific event, and generally players choose to either use the command points or to enact the event but

This is a document about Woman Ironing
  Ambroise Vollard, Paris; Der Neuer Kunstsalon, Munich; Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser, Munich, ca. 1913; Karl Adler, Berlin and Amsterdam, 1916; purchased from Adler by J.K. Thannhauser, 1937. Woman Ironing dates from 1904, the year when Picasso had permanently moved to Paris after visiting the city several times. Picasso's relationship with Ambroise Vollard (1866—1939), the first owner of the painting, began in 1901 when at the age of nineteen, Picasso approached the already established Parisian art dealer. In 1901, Vollard gave Picasso his first show in Paris. It was not a great success in Vollard's eyes as many of the works sold at low prices. The dealer refused to buy the unsold pieces, and it was not until the artist's

This is a document about Extreme ironing
  the US on the Rowenta Tour to recruit additional ironists and ironed at Mount Rushmore, New York City, Boston and Devils Tower. In March 2008, a team of 72 divers simultaneously ironing underwater set a new world's record for number of people ironing underwater at once. On 10 January 2009, 128 divers including 6 freedivers, attempted to break the previous world record, managing to confirm 86 divers ironing within a 10-minute period. The event took place at the National Diving and Activity Centre (NDAC) near Chepstow, Monmouthshire, and was organised by members of the Yorkshire Divers internet forum. In addition to breaking the world record, the event raised over £15000 for

This is a document about A Man Could Stand Up —
  A Man Could Stand Up — is the climax of the series, though it is volume 3. It opens on Armistice Day, November 11, 1918, in Valentine Wannop’s school, and the three chapters which make up the first Part are punctuated by fireworks exploding and the celebrations taking place in the surrounding streets. Valentine is on the telephone, having been called away from her duties as a physical instructor. It is around 11 a.m., and the excessive background noise means she cannot hear who it is on the phone. It eventually transpires that Edith Ethel Duchemin (now Lady Macmaster) is informing her that Christopher Tietjens is in London

This is a document about I Stand Here Ironing
  One of the story's central metaphors is established in the opening line:"I stand here ironing, and what you asked me moves tormented back and forth with the iron." As the narrator irons her daughter (Emily)'s dress, she is also "ironing out" her daughter's path and problems. The act of ironing signifies smoothness and thus her hope for Emily to have a smooth life; though she is prevented from taking steps to achieve this goal. The word "tormented" suggests her sense of guilt for her lack of attention and care devoted toward Emily, thus causing the various problems her daughter faces. Meanwhile, while recounting the past, she falls back on the act of ironing and other endless chores for her defense, suggesting that, though guilty for her shortcomings as a mother, she can do nothing about it due to her never-ending cycle of domestic duties.

This is a document about Bas-Lag
  The events of Iron Council occur at this time.

This is a document about Clothes iron
  An ironing center or steam ironing station is a device consisting of a clothes iron and a separate steam-generating tank. By having a separate tank, the ironing unit can generate more steam than a conventional iron, making steam ironing faster. Such ironing facilities take longer to warm up than conventional irons, and cost more.

This is a document about Carole Frances Lung
  in Apolda, Germany in 1966 and worked in garment and machine knitting factories until the fall of the Berlin Wall. Frau Fiber takes inspiration from the folk character John Henry; knitting or sewing by hand against faster technology, knowing that ultimately she will fail. Lung's performances as Frau Fiber take different forms: she might do alterations on visitors' clothings, as she did in Santa Monica in 2017, or teach others to knock off fashions produced for H&M, as she did in 2015, or sewing a collaborative quilt, as she did in Greensboro, South Carolina, in 2010. Carole also owns a warehouse in San Pedro, California that she has

This is a document about Ironing
  Ironing is the use of a machine, usually a heated tool (an iron), to remove wrinkles from fabric. The heating is commonly done to a temperature of 180–220 °Celsius (356-428 Fahrenheit), depending on the fabric. Ironing works by loosening the bonds between the long-chain polymer molecules in the fibers of the material. While the molecules are hot, the fibers are straightened by the weight of the iron, and they hold their new shape as they cool. Some fabrics, such as cotton, require the addition of water to loosen the intermolecular bonds. Many modern fabrics (developed in or after the mid-twentieth century) are advertised as needing little or no ironing. Permanent press clothing was developed to reduce the ironing necessary by combining wrinkle-resistant polyester with cotton. The first known use of heated metal to "iron" clothes is known to have occurred in China. The electric iron was invented in 1882, by Henry W. Seeley. Seeley patented his "electric flatiron" on June 6, 1882 (U.S. Patent no. 259,054).

This is a document about Short story
  point of view and voice, while Flannery O'Connor's well-known story "A Good Man is Hard to Find" (1955) reinvigorated the Southern Gothic style. Cultural and social identity played a considerable role in much of the short fiction of the 1960s. Philip Roth and Grace Paley cultivated distinctive Jewish-American voices. Tillie Olsen's "I Stand Here Ironing" (1961) adopted a consciously feminist perspective. James Baldwin's collection Going to Meet the Man (1965) told stories of African-American life. Frank O'Connor's The Lonely Voice, an exploration of the short story, appeared in 1963. Wallace Stegner's short stories are primarily set in the American West.

This is a document about Here I Stand (boardgame)
  Here I Stand was first published by GMT Games in 2006, and was designed by Ed Beach, Matthew Beach, and Dave Cross. A related sequel game, Virgin Queen (the title refers to Queen Elizabeth I), covering the second half of the 16th century, was published by GMT Games in 2012. A 500th Anniversary Edition (commemorating Martin Luther's posting of his 95 Theses), featuring revised rules, new cards and other updates, was published in 2017.

This is a document about Martyna Majok
  Ironbound is the story of a Polish immigrant, Darja, living in New Jersey working as a house cleaner and factory worker, as Majok's mother used to do. It examines the American Dream from Darja's eyes throughout 22 years. When asked how much Darja is like her mom Majok said: "A lot of the circumstances are hers, but the personality is more mine". The play premiered at the Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago in July 2014. In the fall of 2015, it was shown at the Round House Theatre in Bethesda, Maryland as a part of the Women's Voices Theatre Festival, where on opening

This is a document about Tetrarch (band)
  ARE YOU DOING HERE? A Black Woman’s Life and Liberation in Heavy Metal", by Laina Dawes. The book "investigates how black women musicians and fans navigate the metal, hardcore, and punk music genres that are regularly thought of as inclusive spaces and centered on a community spirit, but fail to block out the race and gender issues that exist in the outside world." The band headlined their first shows of 2013 on May 24 at The Masquerade in Atlanta, GA and May 25 at Firewater 110 in Rock Hill, SC. On July 5, 2013 the band announced their first complete tour, headlining the "Here We Stand Tour" (August–September 2013) sponsored by Outerloop Management. The band closed the year out with 3 shows from December 13–15, 2013 spanning from Albany, Georgia at The Oglethorpe Lounge to Port Charlotte, Florida at Voodoo.

This is a document about Sarah Phillips (novel)
  here), though while there, she does express a general nostalgia for her old life: "Some chemistry of air, soil, and civilization filled me with unwilling nostalgia, and I kept a sharp lookout in London for certain types of tourists: prosperous black Americans..." The novel consists, from this first chapter on, of Sarah's reflections on her life until the present. The second chapter, taking place in the summer of 1963—recognizable because of the Civil Rights Movement—commences the flashback. Sarah takes readers back to her childhood in "New African", so they see the life and community she misses back in France. Sarah's

This is a document about Extreme ironing
  Extreme ironing was invented by Tony Hiam in 1980, near Settle in the Yorkshire Dales National Park in England. Inspired by his eccentric brother-in-law, John Slater, who ironed his clothes even when camping in a tent, Tony illustrated the futility of unnecessary ironing by doing it in bizarre situations such as mountain-lookouts, crowded airport departure lounges, on top of telephone kiosks and charity clothing bins. Until 1990 Tony often carried ironing board plus iron in his car-boot, on the lookout for opportunities to cause bystanders to glance twice, thinking: "Did I really see that?" Some purists of the sport, apparently unaware of its early origin, claim that it was started later

This is a document about 1st Extreme Ironing World Championships
 Urban- Involved ironing in/on/around a broken down car. ; Water- A fast flowing river was the location for this station. Competitors could use surfboards, canoes or rubber rings to help them. ; Forest- Ironing at the top of a tree did not suit all the competitors. ; Lauda- A purpose built climbing wall, which ironists had to climb and iron a T-shirt. ; Freestyle- The section where "anything goes".

The short story "I Stand Here Ironing" by Tillie Olsen takes place in the early 1950s. However, the story looks back to the early 1930s and the Great Depression.


Question: where are the implied powers of congress found in the constitution

Answer: Necessary and Proper Clause

This is a document about Powers of the United States Congress
 Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution. Congress has authority over financial and budgetary matters, through the enumerated power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, extended power of taxation to include income taxes. The Constitution also grants Congress exclusively the power to appropriate funds. This power of the purse is one of Congress' primary checks on the executive branch. Other powers granted to

This is a document about Powers of the United States Congress
 of all citizens regardless of race, including voting rights, due process, and equal protection under the law. Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. Congress also has implied powers, which derive from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution and permit Congress "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof." Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause, the enumerated power to regulate

This is a document about Article One of the United States Constitution
 former interpretation. Marshall wrote that a Constitution listing "all" of Congress's powers "would partake of a prolixity of a legal code and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind". Since the Constitution could not possibly enumerate the "minor ingredients" of the powers of Congress, Marshall "deduced" that Congress had the authority to establish a bank from the "great outlines" of the general welfare, commerce and other clauses. Under this doctrine of the necessary and proper clause, Congress has sweepingly broad powers (known as implied powers) not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution. However, the Congress cannot enact laws solely on

This is a document about United States Congress
 due process, and equal protection under the law. Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof." Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause, the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland, have effectively widened the

This is a document about Implied powers
 powers, though not explicitly mentioned. The legitimacy of these powers is derived from the Taxing and Spending Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause, and the Commerce Clause. Implied powers Implied powers, in the United States, are powers authorized by the Constitution that, while not stated, seem implied by powers that are expressly stated. When George Washington asked Alexander Hamilton to defend the constitutionality of the First Bank of the United States against the protests of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph, Hamilton produced what has now become the classic statement for implied powers. Hamilton argued that the

This is a document about Implied powers
 it was impossible to define all the means it should use, because it was impossible for the founders to anticipate all future exigencies. Hamilton noted that the "general welfare clause" and the "necessary and proper clause" gave elasticity to the Constitution. Hamilton won the argument with Washington, who signed the bank bill into law. Later, directly borrowing from Hamilton, Chief Justice John Marshall invoked the implied powers of government in the United States Supreme Court case, "McCulloch v. Maryland". In 1816, the United States Congress passed legislation creating the Second Bank of the United States. The state of Maryland attempted

This is a document about Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
 limiting the federal government to powers "expressly" delegated, which would have denied implied powers. James Madison opposed the amendments, stating that "it was impossible to confine a Government to the exercise of express powers; there must necessarily be admitted powers by implication, unless the Constitution descended to recount every minutia." When a vote on this version of the amendment with "expressly delegated" was defeated, Connecticut Representative Roger Sherman drafted the Tenth Amendment in its ratified form, omitting "expressly." Sherman's language allowed for an expansive reading of the powers implied by the Necessary and Proper Clause. When he introduced the Tenth

This is a document about United States Congress
 the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress. Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause. Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy

This is a document about Necessary and Proper Clause
 by imposing a tax on out-of-state banks, of which the Second Bank of the United States was the only one. The court ruled against Maryland, and Chief Justice John Marshall (chief justice of the Marshall Court era), Hamilton's longtime Federalist ally, wrote the opinion, which stated that while the Constitution did not explicitly give permission to create a federal bank, it conferred upon Congress an implied power to do so under the Necessary and Proper Clause so that Congress could realize or fulfill its express taxing and spending powers. The case reaffirmed Hamilton's view that legislation reasonably related to express

This is a document about Courts-martial of the United States
 court. Article III courts do not handle all of the judicial business in the United States. Congress has used its enumerated powers under the Constitution in conjunction with the Necessary and Proper Clause to create specialized tribunals, including courts-martial. Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution says Congress shall have the power "To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval forces." Even where life and liberty are at stake, legislative courts are not required to grant all of the due process rights that are intrinsic to the Article III courts. The Supreme Court has, instead,

This is a document about Federal government of the United States
 House of Representatives. The approval of both chambers is required to pass all legislation, which then may only become law by being signed by the president (or, if the president vetoes the bill, both houses of Congress then re-pass the bill, but by a two-thirds majority of each chamber, in which case the bill becomes law without the president's signature). The powers of Congress are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people. The Constitution also includes the "Necessary and Proper Clause", which grants Congress the power to "make all

This is a document about McCulloch v. Maryland
 it is a "constitution" we are expounding." Fourthly, Marshall supported his opinion textually by invoking the Necessary and Proper Clause, which permits Congress to seek an objective while it exercised its enumerated powers as long as that objective is not forbidden by the Constitution. In liberally interpreting the Necessary and Proper Clause, the Court rejected Maryland's narrow interpretation of the clause that the word "necessary" in the clause meant that Congress could pass only laws that were absolutely essential in the execution of its enumerated powers. The Court rejected that argument, on the grounds that many of the enumerated powers

This is a document about Enumerated powers (United States)
 within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional. Interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause has been controversial, especially during the early years of the republic. Strict constructionists interpret the clause to mean that Congress may make a law only if the inability to do so would cripple its ability to apply one of its enumerated powers. Loose constructionists, on the other hand, believe it is largely up to Congress and not the

This is a document about McCulloch v. Maryland
 of Congress under the Constitution would be useless if only laws deemed essential to a power's execution could be passed. Marshall also noted that the Necessary and Proper Clause is listed within the powers of Congress, not its limitations. The Court held that the word "necessary" in the Necessary and Proper Clause does not refer therefore to the only way of doing something but applies to various procedures for implementing all constitutionally-established powers: "Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end,

This is a document about Article One of the United States Constitution
 The Necessary and Proper Clause, as well as the Commerce and General Welfare Clauses have been interpreted so broadly that to this day, the Federal Government of the United States exercises many powers that are not expressly delegated by the States in the Federal Government by the Constitution, like the different social programs of the American Welfare State. However, James Madison, who wrote much of the Constitution, disagreed that Congress exercises powers that are not expressly granted in the Constitution; Madison, when he held the Office of President of the United States, exercised his Veto power against the Federal Public

This is a document about Federalism
 including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the "Necessary and Proper Clause" gives the federal government the "implied power" to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers—the "reserved powers"—are reserved to the people or the states. The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments—as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally

This is a document about Unitary executive theory
 execute, provided that those laws are constitutional. Article I, Section 8, clause 18 of the Constitution known as the Necessary and Proper Clause grants Congress the power to "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution all Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". The Constitution also grants Congress power "To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces." The theory of the unitary executive can only be legitimate insofar as it allows Congress to wield its constitutional

This is a document about United States Constitution
 neither expressly allowed by the enumerated powers nor expressly denied in the limitations on Congress. In "McCulloch v. Maryland" (1819), the Supreme Court read the Necessary and Proper Clause to permit the federal government to take action that would "enable [it] to perform the high duties assigned to it [by the Constitution] in the manner most beneficial to the people", even if that action is not itself within the enumerated powers. Chief Justice Marshall clarified: "Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to

This is a document about Implied powers
  Later, directly borrowing from Hamilton, Chief Justice John Marshall invoked the implied powers of government in the United States Supreme Court case, McCulloch v. Maryland. In 1816, the United States Congress passed legislation creating the Second Bank of the United States. The state of Maryland attempted to tax the bank. The state argued the United States Constitution did not explicitly grant Congress the power to establish banks. In 1819, the Court decided against the state of Maryland. Chief Justice Marshall argued that Congress had the right to establish the bank, as the Constitution grants to Congress certain implied powers beyond those explicitly stated. In the case of the United States Government, implied powers are powers Congress exercises that the Constitution does not explicitly define, but are necessary and proper to execute the powers. The legitimacy of these Congressional powers is derived from the Taxing and Spending Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause, and the Commerce Clause. Implied powers are those that can reasonably be assumed to flow from express powers, though not explicitly mentioned.

The implied powers of Congress are found in the Necessary and Proper Clause of the United States Constitution, which is contained in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18. This clause allows Congress to make all laws "necessary and proper" for carrying out its enumerated powers.


Question: when was memorial day changed from decoration day

Answer: 1967

This is a document about Memorial Day
 to the Memorial Day weekend. The Final of the NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship has been held on Memorial Day since 1986. The preferred name for the holiday gradually changed from "Decoration Day" to "Memorial Day," which was first used in 1882. Memorial Day did not become the more common name until after World War II, and was not declared the official name by Federal law until 1967. On June 28, 1968, Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a

This is a document about Indianapolis 500
 a 24-hour contest, in the fashion of Le Mans, or a . They instead chose a contest, as the estimated distance a race car could run before dark descended on the track, and a spectacular purse of $US25,000, equivalent to of pure gold. The combination allowed the track to rapidly acquire a privileged status for automobile races. The first "500" was held at the Speedway on Decoration Day (as Memorial Day was known from its inception in 1868 to 1967 when Federal Law made Memorial Day the official name), May 30, 1911, run to a maximum engine size formula. It

This is a document about Memorial Day
  Logan of the Grand Army of the Republic called for a "Decoration Day", which was widely celebrated. By 1890, every Northern state had adopted it as a holiday. The World Wars turned it into a generalized day of remembrance, instead of just for the Civil War. In 1971, Congress standardized the holiday as "Memorial Day" and changed its observance to the last Monday in May. Two other days celebrate those who have served or are serving in the U.S. military: Armed Forces Day (which is earlier in May), an unofficial U.S. holiday for honoring those currently serving in the armed forces, and Veterans Day (on November 11), which honors those who have served in the United States Armed Forces.

This is a document about May 1971
 Beginning with 1971, a three-day Memorial Day Weekend became an annual observance within the U.S. federal government and by nearly all of the U.S. states, as the scheduled Memorial Day was fixed permanently for federal agencies as the last Monday in May, pursuant to the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, Public Law 90-363. From 1868 to 1970, Memorial Day (formerly "Decoration Day") had been observed on May 30, regardless of what day of the week it fell upon. ; The government of South Vietnam announced that it had compiled a list of 660 "sick or wounded" prisoners of war for repatriation to North

This is a document about Memorial Day
  On June 28, 1968, Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a convenient three-day weekend. The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971. After some initial confusion and unwillingness to comply, all 50 states adopted Congress's change of date within a few years. By the early 20th century, the GAR complained more and more about the younger generation. In 1913, one Indiana

This is a document about Decoration Day (Appalachia and Liberia)
  In addition to being observed in Appalachia and Liberia, Decoration Day customs spread and became localized along the routes of nineteenth-century migration pattern westward from the Appalachian Mountains. Additional lines of spread came from Welsh traditions, particular among Mormon immigrants in Utah. While these customs may have associated in part with social rituals to honor military dead, numerous differences exist between Decoration Day customs and Memorial Day, including that the date is set differently by each family or church for each cemetery to coordinate the maintenance, social, and spiritual aspects of decoration. Currently, the end of May and the national holiday of Memorial Day has been accepted as the most common day of celebration in the USA.

This is a document about Martyrs' Day
  Memorial Day (originally known as Decoration Day ) is a federal holiday in the United States for honoring and mourning the military personnel who have died in the performance of their military duties. Since 1971, the holiday is observed on the last Monday of May. The holiday was observed on May 30 from 1868 to 1970.

This is a document about Memorial Day
   Memorial Day (originally known as Decoration Day ) is a federal holiday in the United States for mourning the U.S. military personnel who have died while serving in the United States armed forces. It is observed on the last Monday of May. It was formerly observed on May 30 from 1868 to 1970. Many people visit cemeteries and memorials on Memorial Day to honor and mourn those who died while serving in the U.S. military. Many volunteers place an American flag on graves of military personnel in national cemeteries. Memorial Day is also considered the unofficial beginning of summer in the United States. Many cities and people have claimed to have first celebrated the event. In 1868, General John

This is a document about Norton P. Chipman
  order around the country. Decoration Day later became Memorial Day. This myth that Chipman initiated the order creating Memorial Day appears to originate from the 1889 History of the Grand Army of the Republic by Robert Burns Beath, published three years after General John A. Logan’s death. It is one of many hoaxes deemed apocryphal by Bellware and Gardiner in The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America. In their book, Bellware and Gardiner note that Logan spoke to a group of veterans on July 4, 1866, mentioning the various Southern tributes that occurred that Spring. No one, including Mrs. Logan, Martha Kimball or

This is a document about Ladies' Memorial Association
  how widely the letter was published. The ladies responded and the Memorial Day holiday in the United States was inaugurated. It takes its name from the Ladies Memorial Associations that organized the observances. Two years later, on May 5, 1868, John A. Logan, Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), commanded all posts across the country to decorate Union graves with flowers on May 30. Thereafter, the April holiday became known as Confederate Memorial Day. The May 30 holiday was commonly known as both Decoration Day and Memorial Day. The GAR officially adopted the name Memorial Day at their 1882 encampment.

This is a document about Grand Army of the Republic
  black veterans' organizations in preference for racially inclusive and integrated groups. But when the Republican Party's commitment to reform in the South gradually decreased, the GAR's mission became ill-defined and the organization floundered. The GAR almost disappeared in the early 1870s, and many state-centered divisions, named "departments", and local posts ceased to exist. In his General Order No. 11, dated May 5, 1868, first GAR Commander-in-Chief, General John A. Logan declared May 30 to be Memorial Day (also referred to for many years as "Decoration Day"), calling upon the GAR membership to make the May 30 observance an annual occurrence. Although

This is a document about Memorial Day
  from a host of dignitaries, including President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southerner elected to the White House since the War. James Heflin of Alabama gave the main address. Heflin was a noted orator; his choice as Memorial Day speaker was criticized, as he was opposed for his support of segregation; however, his speech was moderate in tone and stressed national unity and goodwill, gaining him praise from newspapers. The name "Memorial Day", which was first attested in 1882, gradually became more common than "Decoration Day" after World War II but was not declared the official name by federal law until

This is a document about Kingston, Georgia
  The first Decoration Day, or Memorial Day, was observed in Kingston in late April 1865, and has been a continuous observance here since that day, the only such record held by any community in this nation. The first Decoration Day was observed while Union troops still occupied the town, flowers being placed on both Confederate and Union graves that day. In 2014, Bellware and Gardiner dismissed this claim in The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America. They point out that the timing of the observance and locations of General Judah and Wofford during April 1865 make the claim untenable. On May 12, 1865, Confederate Brigadier General William T. Wofford surrendered 3,000 to 4,000 soldiers to Union Brigadier General Henry M. Judah. These were the last significant Confederate regulars to surrender east of the Mississippi. These were mostly Georgians, not paroled in Virginia, North Carolina, and elsewhere. During final negotiations, Gen. Wofford's headquarters were at the McCravey - Johnson residence on Church Street. General Judah's headquarters were at Spring Bank, the home of the Rev. Charles Wallace Howard, 2 mi north of Kingston. Rations were supplied to the Confederate soldiery by the Federal commissary.

This is a document about Battle of Ridgeway
  for nearly 25 years. In 1890, the Veterans of '66 Association held a protest demonstration at the Volunteers Monument in Queen's Park by laying flowers at the foot of the monument on June 2, the 24th anniversary of the battle of Ridgeway. It took a 10-year campaign of protest and lobbying for the Canadian government to sanction a Fenian Raid Medal and land grants to veterans in 1899–1900. The protest became an annual memorial event known as Decoration Day, when graves and monuments of Canadian soldiers were "decorated" in flowers. For the next 30 years from 1890 to 1931, Decoration would be Canada's popular national memorial day, the first Remembrance Day, commemorated on the weekend nearest to June 2 and acknowledging Canadian dead in

This is a document about Decoration Day (Canada)
  Decoration Day is a Canadian holiday that recognizes veterans of Canada's military. The holiday has mostly been eclipsed by the similar Remembrance Day. Decoration Day began on 2 June 1890. Originally, the celebration served as a form of protest for veterans of the Battle of Ridgeway who felt that their contributions to the protection of Canada during the Fenian Raids were being overlooked by the government. The veterans placed decorations at the Canadian Volunteers Monument near Queen's Park in Toronto on the anniversary of the battle. There were thirty thousand participants in 1891, the 25th anniversary of the Battle of Ridgeway, and up to fifty thousand watched the accompanying parade. This became an annual event, taking place on the weekend nearest the original date and accumulating more participants as further conflicts resulted in a

This is a document about Carbondale, Illinois
  and offers a wide variety of undergraduate and graduate specialties. On April 29, 1866, one of the first formal Memorial Day observations following the Civil War was held at the city's Woodlawn Cemetery. Local resident, General John A. Logan, gave the principal address. Logan, as co-founder of the Civil War veteran's group the "Grand Army of the Republic", issued General Order #11 on March 3, 1868, calling for a national day of remembrance for Civil War dead. This order served as the basis for the creation of a formal Memorial Day. Logan called observance day "Decoration Day" and proposed it for May 30, to assure flowers

This is a document about Tanner Amphitheater
  statement on May 5, 1868, calling for "Decoration Day" to be observed nationwide on an annual basis. Logan set the date for May 30, because it was not the anniversary of any particular battle. The establishment of Decoration Day as an official government holiday (by proclamation, not by law) swiftly occurred, and the holiday was almost immediately a popular one. At Arlington cemetery, the number of people attending the annual event swiftly overwhelmed the limited facilities. The first Decoration Day event was held in front of Arlington House. James A. Garfield, a former Major General in the Union Army (and future President of the United

This is a document about Memorial Day
   On May 5, 1868, General John A. Logan issued a proclamation calling for "Decoration Day" to be observed annually and nationwide; he was commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), an organization of and for Union Civil War veterans founded in Decatur, Illinois. With his proclamation, Logan adopted the Memorial Day practice that had begun in the Southern states three years earlier. The northern states quickly adopted the holiday. In 1868, memorial events were held in 183 cemeteries in 27 states, and 336 in 1869. One author claims that the date was chosen because it was not the anniversary of any particular battle. According to a White House address in 2010, the date was chosen as the optimal date for flowers to be in bloom in the North.

This is a document about Norton P. Chipman
  serving two terms. While adjutant general of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), he received a note from a friend in Cincinnati. The note suggested that the United States mimic the European custom of decorating graves of people who died while serving in the military. Chipman loved the idea, and he decided the day should be late in the spring, in order to make sure mature flowers were available. Because May 31 fell on a Sunday that year, he declared May 30, 1868, to be Decoration Day, a day to decorate the graves of fallen soldiers from the Civil War. The Associated Press published

Memorial Day was changed from Decoration Day to its current name in 1967 by Federal law. However, the name change was not officially declared by Congress until 1968.


Question: what channel did faction move to on sirius xm

Answer: 314

This is a document about Faction Punk
 rock channels on Sirius XM Radio (the others are Alt Nation, 1st Wave, Lithium and SiriusXMU). In mid-July 2017, Faction was temporarily replaced by Guns N Roses radio. On August 17, 2017, Turbo, Sirius XM's channel for hard rock from the 1990s and 2000s switched channel numbers with Faction. This meant that Faction moved to channel 314, Turbo's previous channel and was immediately rebranded as "Faction Punk", switching its format to a punk rock-exclusive channel. Faction Punk is currently available on select Sirius XM radios, Sirius XM streaming, and the Sirius XM smartphone app. In mid-2018, Faction Punk would change

This is a document about Sirius XM Spotlight
 to Sirius XM Radio 75. The channel is home to Billy Joel Channel. Sirius XM Spotlight SiriusXM Spotlight is a satellite radio station which hosts various short-term "pop-up" themed channels. The channel debuted along with Turbo, PopRocks and Faction Punk (formerly Faction), Faction, which used to be housed on Sirius XM Radio 41, is now on Sirius XM Radio 314. SiriusXM Love has been moved to Sirius XM Radio 70, and channel 17 is now PopRocks. Pitbull's Globalization Radio moved from Sirius XM Radio 4 to Sirius XM Radio 13. B.B. King's Bluesville moved from Sirius XM Radio 70 to

This is a document about Sirius XM Spotlight
 Sirius XM Spotlight SiriusXM Spotlight is a satellite radio station which hosts various short-term "pop-up" themed channels. The channel debuted along with Turbo, PopRocks and Faction Punk (formerly Faction), Faction, which used to be housed on Sirius XM Radio 41, is now on Sirius XM Radio 314. SiriusXM Love has been moved to Sirius XM Radio 70, and channel 17 is now PopRocks. Pitbull's Globalization Radio moved from Sirius XM Radio 4 to Sirius XM Radio 13. B.B. King's Bluesville moved from Sirius XM Radio 70 to Sirius XM Radio 74. Metropolitan Opera Radio moved from Sirius XM Radio 74

This is a document about Turbo (Sirius XM)
 a streaming-only station), offers '90s/early-'00s hard rock from Linkin Park, Metallica and System of a Down. Prior to August 17, the channel was on channel 314 as a US only Xtra Channel. This slot is now occupied by the now punk rock-exclusive formatted Faction which has been rebranded as "Faction Punk", however it is available on both US and Canadian versions of the Sirius XM app. Monday - Friday 5 am - 11 am ET, Weekends 9 am - 3 pm ET Monday - Friday 11 am - 5 pm ET, Saturdays 3 pm - 9 pm ET Monday -

This is a document about Faction Punk
 Faction Punk Faction Punk is an uncensored punk rock channel on Sirius XM Satellite Radio. Airing on channel 314, its focus is specifically modern punk rock. Prior to the temporary replacement of the channel for GNR radio, Faction was branded as just "Faction" and played a mix of hard rock, hip hop, heavy metal along with punk rock. It would also air an afternoon re-broadcast of "The Jason Ellis Show", which used to air live on the channel when it was known as Faction with Jason Ellis, before Ellis' show moved to the re-branded Faction Talk in January 2017. Faction

This is a document about Faction Punk
 its format once again, switching to a modern punk rock format as the classic punk-based show "Marky Ramone's Punk Rock Blitzkrieg" became promoted to a SiriusXM channel (Channel 712). Faction Punk Faction Punk is an uncensored punk rock channel on Sirius XM Satellite Radio. Airing on channel 314, its focus is specifically modern punk rock. Prior to the temporary replacement of the channel for GNR radio, Faction was branded as just "Faction" and played a mix of hard rock, hip hop, heavy metal along with punk rock. It would also air an afternoon re-broadcast of "The Jason Ellis Show", which

This is a document about Faction Punk
  Prior to the merger of Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio, Faction appeared on Sirius channel 41, (and before that channel 28, while on XM Satellite Radio it appeared on channel 41, and before that channel 52 where it replaced Fungus 53 on November 12, 2008. It also appeared on Dish Network channel 6041. It is also one of five alternative rock channels on Sirius XM Radio (the others are Alt Nation, 1st Wave, Lithium and SiriusXMU). In mid-July 2017, Faction was temporarily replaced by Guns N Roses radio. On August 17, 2017, Turbo, Sirius XM's channel for hard rock from the 1990s and 2000s switched channel numbers with Faction. This meant that Faction moved to channel 314, Turbo's previous channel and was immediately rebranded as Faction Punk, switching its format to a punk rock-exclusive channel. Faction Punk is currently available on select Sirius XM radios, Sirius XM streaming, and the Sirius XM smartphone app. In mid-2018, Faction Punk would change its format once again, switching to a modern punk rock format as the classic punk-based show Marky Ramone's Punk Rock Blitzkrieg became promoted to a SiriusXM channel (Channel 712).

This is a document about Faction Punk
  Faction Punk is an uncensored punk rock channel on Sirius XM Satellite Radio. Airing on channel 314, its focus is specifically modern punk rock. Prior to the temporary replacement of the channel for GNR radio, Faction was branded as just Faction and played a mix of hard rock, hip hop, heavy metal along with punk rock. It would also air an afternoon re-broadcast of The Jason Ellis Show, which used to air live on the channel when it was known as Faction with Jason Ellis, before Ellis' show moved to the re-branded Faction Talk in January 2017. Faction Punk was previously home to Marky Ramone's Punk Rock Blitzkrieg, Tim Armstrong's "Tim Timebomb and Friends", The Voice Boyce Show with Dave "The Voice" Boyce, Do It Yourself Radio, Tony Hawk's Demolition Radio, and hourly FU's (Faction Updates).

This is a document about Faction Talk
  Faction Talk is a subscription-based channel on the satellite radio service Sirius XM Radio. The channel first aired on XM on August 6, 2004 as xL High Voltage in preparation for the launch of the American radio show Opie and Anthony several months later, and required subscribers to purchase the channel as a premium, until 2005. In 2006, the channel was renamed xL the ViRUS and became affiliated with additional radio shows and podcasts, including Ron and Fez. The channel became The Opie and Anthony Channel in 2011, until the firing of host Anthony Cumia led to the channel being renamed SiriusXM Talk from July 2014. Three months later, it was rebranded again as xL Opie Radio and became one of XM's nine "XL" channels for frequent explicit language. In 2017, following the break up of Opie with Jim Norton, it was renamed to "xL Faction Talk".

This is a document about SoulCycle Radio
  The channel, formerly known as SiriusXM Spotlight debuted along with Turbo, PopRocks and Faction Punk (formerly Faction), Faction, which used to be housed on Sirius XM Radio 41, is now on Sirius XM Radio 314. SiriusXM Love has been moved to Sirius XM Radio 70, and channel 17 is now PopRocks. Pitbull's Globalization Radio moved from Sirius XM Radio 4 to Sirius XM Radio 13. B.B. King's Bluesville moved from Sirius XM Radio 70 to Sirius XM Radio 74. Metropolitan Opera Radio moved from Sirius XM Radio 74 to Sirius XM Radio 335. The channel debuted on June 18, 2019.

This is a document about Fungus (XM)
  Between 2008-09-15 and 2009-01-15, the channel features the music of Australian band AC/DC 24/7. This is the first single artist micro-channel that is preempting channels on both the XM and Sirius platform. Punk on the Sirius platform is being preempted as well. It is being reported that the channel Boneyard will replace AC/DC radio on channel 53, meaning Fungus 53 has been retired from the Sirius XM lineup. Faction became Fungus's successor on November 12, 2008, although Faction is now XM channel 41.

This is a document about Faction Talk
  On January 23, 2017, the channel was renamed Faction Talk. The decision was made following the addition of The Jason Ellis Show from the Faction channel to the weekday line-up from 11:00 a.m. In May 2017, the channel was no longer a premium and comedian Nick Di Paolo began his radio show from 6:00–8:00 p.m. weekdays, followed by The Covino & Rich Show live from Los Angeles until midnight. In the following month, Hughes was fired for allegedly filming an employee using the bathroom. Following the departure of The Opie Radio Show, the channel lineup was revamped. Jim Norton & Sam Roberts remained at 8:00-11:00am, The Covino & Rich Show moved to 11:00am–2:00pm, The Jason Ellis Show moved to 2:00-6:00pm, and The Craig Ferguson Show moved to the channel from 6:00-8:00pm, with

This is a document about Sirius XM Indie
  On November 12, 2008, when Sirius and XM merged their channel lineups, Sirius Stars personality Jay Thomas announced his show was moving to a yet-to-be-determined channel, which was later revealed to be Maxim Radio. Afterwards, morning man Stretch announced on his MySpace that Sirius and Maxim were terminating their partnership, and that he did not make the cut for the new channel lineup. Stretch was later rehired and became the producer of Faction's The Jason Ellis Show. John Devore and Diana Falzone were split up onto other channels, with Diane moving to Cosmo Radio and John moving to a political talk channel. His show begins in the near future. Sirius XM Stars Too debuted on Sirius 108 and XM 139 on November 17, 2008, at midnight eastern time. The channel indeed brought Jay Thomas' show to afternoons,

This is a document about SiriusXM Progress
  On May 4, 2011, America Left (XM 167) and Sirius Left (Sirius 146) merged to become SiriusXM Left and aired on channel 127 on both services. With the merger, a second channel SiriusXM Left Plus with timeshifting and additional airings of SiriusXM Left shows also started on online channel 853. On July 22, 2013, SiriusXM Left was renamed SiriusXM Progress. Along with the name change, several changes were made to the lineup. The Agenda with Ari Rabin Havt replaced Bill Press at 6:00-9:00 AM EST, Michelangelo Signorile replaced Thom Hartmann at 3:00-6:00 PM EST and Make It Plain with Mark Thompson replaced Alex Bennett at 6:00-9:00 PM EST. At the same time, SiriusXM Progress Plus, an online station also available through a smartphone app continued to air both Press and Hartmann at their regular times, as well as the usual lineup, though the showtimes differed slightly from those on the main Progress channel.

This is a document about Marky Ramone
  Since 2005, he has hosted the show Punk Rock Blitzkrieg on Sirius XM. The show was originally aired on Faction (formerly Channel 41), but has since been moved to 1st Wave (Channel 33) following the launch of Turbo on Channel 41 and the relocation of Faction to Channel 314 as an Xtra Channel. The show has been renamed to Marky Ramone's 1st Wave Blitzkrieg. In April 2018, Marky Ramone's Punk Rock Blitzkrieg launched as a 24/7 channel (Channel 712) available online only for Sirius XM subscribers. The channel features previously aired recordings of Marky Ramone's 1st Wave Blitzkrieg.

This is a document about Unmasked (radio show)
  The show is taped and filmed in front of an audience, usually at the Sirius XM studios in New York City. One episode featuring Opie and Anthony was recorded at Carolines on Broadway. Other episodes have been recorded at The Stand, and Gotham Comedy Club. Studio audience members are picked to attend tapings via a lottery system. The program airs on Faction Talk Uncensored, SiriusXM channel 103.

This is a document about Sirius XM Patriot
 Source: SiriusXM

Faction moved to channel 314 on Sirius XM after Turbo Punk Radio was moved to channel 31.