Question: who made it to the world cup finals 2018

Answer: Croatia

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup Final
 2018 FIFA World Cup Final The 2018 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 15 July 2018 to determine the winners of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. It was the final of the 21st FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The match was contested by France and Croatia, and held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia. Before 2018, France's only World Cup victory was in 1998 – though they had also reached the final in 2006 – while Croatia were playing in

This is a document about Danijel Subašić
 kept on playing the match, making several important saves. In the penalty shootout, Subašić saved the first penalty from Fyodor Smolov; thereby becoming just the third goalkeeper in World Cup history to have made four or more saves in penalty shootouts at the World Cup finals; equaling the record made by Sergio Goycochea and Harald Schumacher, also making Croatia just the second team to have advanced on consecutive penalty shootouts, after Argentina in 1990. In the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final, Croatia lost 4–2 to France. Subašić received praise for his performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, even receiving

This is a document about Mário Fernandes (footballer)
 He did not appear in that game. He made his debut for Russia on 7 October 2017 in a friendly game against South Korea. On 11 May 2018, he was included in Russia's extended 2018 FIFA World Cup squad. On 3 June 2018, he was included in the finalized World Cup squad. He played a key role in Russia's performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In the quarter finals against Croatia, he scored an equalising goal in extra time, which sent the match to a penalty shootout. However, Russia was eliminated after losing the shootout. Mario was born in

This is a document about Iceland at the FIFA World Cup
 Iceland at the FIFA World Cup After 12 failed qualification campaigns, Iceland qualified for the FIFA World Cup, for the first time, in 2018. The 2018 FIFA World Cup was Iceland's second major international tournament, having also qualified for UEFA Euro 2016. Iceland is the smallest nation to reach the World Cup finals, breaking the record set by Trinidad and Tobago. Following a 2–0 home win over Kosovo in the final round of the qualifiers, Iceland secured their spot in Russia 2018, finishing top of Group I by two points over Croatia, who had defeated Iceland in the World Cup

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup Final
 and Pelé, who in 1958 was the most recent teenager to score twice in a World Cup match. In the quarter-finals, France defeated Uruguay 2–0 on a goal and assist by Griezmann. The team advanced to a semi-final match against Belgium in St. Petersburg, which ended in a 1–0 win for the French with a corner kick headed into the goal by defender Samuel Umtiti. The French team, particularly Mbappé, were criticised for timewasting and other unsportsmanlike conduct in the semi-finals after taking the lead in the second half. Croatia entered the 2018 World Cup as dark horses, with their

This is a document about Sport in Croatia
 between the champions of the Prva HNL and the Croatian Cup. No Croatian Club has ever won the UEFA Champions League, however Hajduk Split, at the time Croatia's premier club, made it to the quarter-finals of the 1994–95 league, losing on aggregate to eventual champion Ajax. The Croatian national football team won a bronze medal in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and a silver medal in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Davor Šuker won the Golden Boot as the top goal scorer in 1998 and Luka Modrić won the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament in 2018.

This is a document about Benjamin Mendy
 weeks. Mendy is a French youth international having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level. In 2011, he was a part of the under-17 team that reached the quarter-finals at the 2011 U-17 World Cup. Mendy was called up to the senior France squad for the first time to face Luxembourg and Spain in March 2017. He made his debut on 25 March 2017 against the former, playing the whole game in a 3–1 2018 World Cup qualification away win. On 17 May 2018, he was called up to the French squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.

This is a document about France at the Rugby World Cup
 following stadiums were used (finals locations emboldened). France will host the Rugby World Cup for the second time in 2023. France can be seen playing South Africa in the feature film "Invictus" based on the 1995 Rugby World Cup. France at the Rugby World Cup The France national rugby team have competed in all the Rugby World Cup tournaments. They are one of five teams who have played in the final match, having done so three times (1987, 1999, 2011), losing and finishing second in the tournament each time. They have made it to at least the quarter-finals at every

This is a document about Hugo Lloris
 in their second group stage game of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Against Uruguay in the quarter-finals, Lloris made a key save from a Martin Caceres header as France won 2–0. On 15 July, he lifted the World Cup trophy as his team's captain, as France defeated Croatia with a 4–2 victory in the final, despite his mistake which allowed Croatia's Mario Mandžukić to score a goal as Lloris tried to dribble past him. On 17 November 2018, he made a record of 9 saves in a UEFA Nations League game against Netherlands, which France lost 0–2. Lyon Tottenham Hotspur

This is a document about Roman Neustädter
 team. On 21 May 2016, he was called up to represent Russia at UEFA Euro 2016. On 1 June 2016, Neustädter made his debut for Russia, in a 2–1 friendly loss to Czech Republic, as a 64th-minute substitute. He started Russia's first two matches at the finals in France, a group stage exit. On 11 May 2018, he was included in Russia's extended 2018 FIFA World Cup squad. He was not included in the finalized World Cup squad. (Russia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Neustädter goal) Roman Neustädter Roman Petrovich Neustädter (; born 18 February 1988)

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage
 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage The knockout stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup was the second and final stage of the competition, following the group stage. It began on 30 June with the round of 16 and ended on 15 July with the final match, held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow. The top two teams from each group (16 in total) advanced to the knockout stage to compete in a single-elimination style tournament. A third place play-off was also played between the two losing teams of the semi-finals. France won the final 4–2 against Croatia for their

This is a document about 2017 Men's Hockey Asia Cup
  Qualified for the 2018 World Cup as hosts

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup Final
  The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st edition of the World Cup, FIFA's football competition for national teams, held in Russia between 14 June and 15 July 2018. Russia qualified for the finals automatically as tournament hosts, while 208 teams competed for the remaining 31 spots through qualifying rounds organised by the six FIFA confederations and held between June 2011 and November 2013. In the finals, the teams were divided into eight groups of four with each team playing each other once in a round-robin format. The two top teams from each group advanced to a knock-out phase. The defending champions from the 2014 World Cup were Germany. They were eliminated in the group phase at the 2018 event, however, finishing

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup Final
  The 2018 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match of the 2018 World Cup, the 21st edition of FIFA's competition for national football teams. The match was played at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia, on 15 July 2018, and was contested by France and Croatia. The tournament comprised hosts Russia and 31 other teams who emerged from the qualification phase, organised by the six FIFA confederations. The 32 teams competed in a group stage, from which 16 teams qualified for the knockout stage. En route to the final, France finished first in Group C, with two wins and

This is a document about Football at the 1978 All-Africa Games
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament

This is a document about Shin Tae-yong
  South Korea and won the 2017 EAFF E-1 Football Championship. Despite two goalless draws, the South Korea under Shin also obtained qualification to the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. In the 2018 World Cup, South Koreans played against Sweden, Mexico and Germany. South Korea lost 0–1 to Sweden in their first game and 1–2 to Mexico in their second game. In this final match South Koreans beating Germany 2–0 and eliminated the Germans from the group stage for the first time in 80 years, and the first time a Germany side lost two games in a World Cup group stage, though they had failed to advance to the round of 16.

This is a document about Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup
  The 2018 FIFA World Cup, held in Russia, marked the first time five Asian teams qualified for the FIFA World Cup finals 2018 in Russia. Only Japan advanced past the group stage, a feat aided by fair-play points in tie-breaking, at the expense of Senegal. Aside from Australia, who only got a draw and two defeats, the other three had at least one win: Saudi Arabia got a 2-1 comeback over Egypt, Iran defeated Morocco, and in the biggest upset, South Korea beat the defending champions Germany. In the round of 16, Japan surprised a favored Belgium and got a 2–0 lead, only to suffer a 3-2 comeback, with the 2 goals scored by Belgium from Jan Vertonghen and Marouane Fellaini. The match ended with a Belgian goal by Nacer Chadli in the last minute of stoppage time.

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group H
  Bosnia and Herzegovina for security reasons. The group winners, Belgium, qualified directly for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The group runners-up, Greece, advanced to the play-offs as one of the best 8 runners-up, where they lost to Croatia and thus failed to qualify for the first time since 2006. Russia was initially partnered with the five-team Group H, which enabled the 2018 World Cup hosts to play centralised friendlies against these countries on their "spare" match dates. These friendlies would not have counted in the qualifying group standings. However, after the group was later expanded to include Gibraltar, these friendly matches were cancelled.

This is a document about Cinderella (sports)
  lost the final 3–1 to the defending champions Real Madrid after two goalkeeping errors by Loris Karius. ; Croatia (2018 FIFA World Cup) — Despite a poor showing in their friendly matches, Croatia began their 2018 World Cup campaign by going undefeated in the 3-game group stage against Nigeria, Argentina and Iceland. Although it had been twenty years since the team ever won a knockout match in a World Cup, the Croatians defeated the Danish and the hosting Russians with back-to-back shootout wins, an unprecedented accomplishment, to reach the semifinals against England, which they also defeated in overtime. After having to win three straight matches beyond regulation in the

This is a document about Football at the 1999 All-Africa Games
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament:

France and Croatia made it to the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final.


Question: who sings as long as he needs me in oliver

Answer: Nancy

This is a document about As Long as He Needs Me
 As Long as He Needs Me "As Long as He Needs Me" is a torch song sung by the character of Nancy in the 1960 musical "Oliver!" and written by Lionel Bart. Georgia Brown, who was the first actress to play Nancy, introduced the song. It is a love ballad expressing Nancy's love for her criminal boyfriend Bill Sikes despite his mistreatment of her. In the film adaptation of the musical, it was sung by Shani Wallis. A reprise of this song towards the end of the show expresses Nancy's affection for young Oliver Twist, implying that she now feels

This is a document about Oliver! (film)
 and employ Nancy to help them as Oliver trusts her more than he does the others. Nancy refuses as she wants Oliver to have a life free of thievery, but Sikes hits her. As Nancy reluctantly follows Sikes, she sings of her unwavering love for him despite his ways ("As Long As He Needs Me"). The next day, Brownlow entrusts Oliver with some books and money to be delivered to the bookshop. As he leaves, Brownlow notices a striking resemblance between Oliver and a portrait of his long-lost niece Emily, who ran away from home after being jilted by her

This is a document about Oliver!
 and removal to the Brownlow household. Scared he will betray the gang's whereabouts, Fagin and Bill decide to abduct Oliver and bring him back to the den, with Nancy's help. Nancy, who has come to care for Oliver, at first refuses to help, but Bill physically abuses her and forces her into obedience. In spite of this, Nancy still loves Bill, and believes he loves her too ("As Long as He Needs Me"). The next morning, at Mr. Brownlow's house in Bloomsbury, Mrs. Bedwin the housekeeper sings to Oliver ("Where Is Love? [Reprise]"), and Oliver wakes up. Mr. Brownlow and

This is a document about Limelight (Marti Webb album)
 Lives" features harmony vocals by Robert Meadmore, who had appeared in one of "The Magic of the Musicals" tours with Webb. Webb first performed the song "As Long As He Needs Me" as Nancy in "Oliver!" and "Stage Door John" when playing Susie Dean in the musical version of J. B. Priestley's "The Good Companions". She had not previously recorded "As Long As He Needs Me". Webb had previously recorded "Wind Beneath My Wings" and "Ben" for album "Encore" (1985), "Take That Look Off Your Face" for album "Tell Me on a Sunday" (1980) and "Always There" for her album

This is a document about Oliver!
 advertised in newspapers for news of him, hoping to profit from any reward given for information ("Oliver! [Reprise]"). Mr. Brownlow realises they are not interested in Oliver's welfare, but only money, and throws them out, but recognizes the picture inside the locket as a picture of his daughter, and realizes that Oliver is actually his grandson. Nancy visits Mr. Brownlow, explains how she and Bill abducted Oliver, and remorsefully promises to deliver Oliver to him safely that night on London Bridge. She ponders again about Bill ("As Long as He Needs Me [Reprise]"). Suspecting that Nancy is up to something,

This is a document about Over the Rainbow (2010 TV series)
 Amy, Bronte, Dani, Danielle, Jenny, Jessica, Lauren, Sophie, Steph and Stephanie to be in their top 10, Camille, Claire Ha., Claire Hi., Emilie, Emma, Katie, Philippa, Sarah, Tasheka and Tegan performed "Over the Rainbow" to be chosen as the wildcard and eleventh contestant in the live finals. The studio guest was Jodie Prenger, who played Nancy in "Oliver!" after winning "I'd Do Anything" in 2008, and she performed "As Long as He Needs Me" from "Oliver!". The first of the live finals on Saturday, 3 April saw the 11 finalists perform to stay in the competition. Emilie was announced as

This is a document about Georgia Brown (English singer)
 her the role of Nancy. Bart had conceived that role in hopes of singer Alma Cogan playing it. However, it was reported that after he had cast Brown as Nancy, he then composed the "Oliver!" numbers "As Long as He Needs Me" and "It's a Fine Life" specifically with her in mind. She reprised the role of Nancy in the 1963 Broadway production of "Oliver!", earning a Tony Award nomination for her performance, and her voice is heard on both the original West End and Broadway cast recordings. On 9 February 1964, she appeared on "The Ed Sullivan Show" with

This is a document about I'd Do Anything (2008 TV series)
 of "Be Back Soon" and "As Long as He Needs Me". Twelve potential Nancys made it through the audition rounds and performed during the live shows. Each Nancy wore a unique coloured dress and a locket. At the end of every live show, the losing Nancy would have the locket stripped off by the Nancy who survived the singoff. In the final, on 31 May 2008, Jodie Prenger was announced as the winner. Twelve potential Olivers made it through the audition rounds and performed in the live shows. Each Oliver was identified with a different coloured scarf, and during the

This is a document about Jodie Prenger
 "I'd Do Anything" with all the Nancy and Oliver finalists; "Son of a Preacher Man"; "Getting to Know You" from the musical "The King and I" with Laurence ; "Maybe This Time" from the film "Cabaret" with Jessie Buckley and Samantha Barks as well as also singing "As Long as he Needs Me" and "I Have Nothing" from "A Star Is Born" before the final vote. Of her performance of "Son of a Preacher Man", Mackintosh said: "Jodie has convinced me that she could make a Nancy. You absolutely deserve to be in the final." Barrowman said, "every song she

This is a document about Jodie Prenger
 sings, you believe the words. I look forward to the day I can guest star with you on the West End stage!" and Webber said, "that was a very, very, very good performance. You have an outsize talent, and a very strong voice. I just don't know if it's going to be quite enough tonight, but it might be." In the second part of the live final, Prenger performed her favourite song from the series, "I Have Nothing", and Nancy's tragic love ballad, "As Long As He Needs Me". After she was announced as the winner, Prenger said, "You have

This is a document about I'd Do Anything (2008 TV series)
 they met and had a "Master Class" with Liza Minnelli. All twelve Nancy finalists and all twelve Oliver finalists also performed. Lee Mead also performed on Show One. In Show two both Jessie and Jodie performed Nancy's love ballad "As Long as He Needs Me". The show performances were: The final vote was then announced and it was revealed that the winner was Jodie Prenger with Andrew Lloyd Webber saying, "The people's Nancy. Jodie was always going to be the people's choice." Cameron Mackintosh added, 'I'm thrilled for Jodie, congratulations!' In March 2008, the BBC drew criticism from American actor,

This is a document about As Long as He Needs Me
  "As Long as He Needs Me" is a torch song sung by the character of Nancy in the 1960 musical Oliver! and written by Lionel Bart. Georgia Brown, who was the first actress to play Nancy, introduced the song. It is a love ballad expressing Nancy's love for her criminal boyfriend Bill Sikes despite his mistreatment of her. In the film adaptation of the musical, it was sung by Shani Wallis. A reprise of this song towards the end of the show expresses Nancy's affection for young Oliver Twist, implying that she now feels that the child also needs her. This reprise was omitted from the film version. Its popularity grew by virtue of renditions by several popular singers, including Shirley Bassey who reached number two for 5 weeks on the United Kingdom charts with the song. Bassey's recording became one of the highest sellers of 1960 staying on the UK charts for 30 weeks. The song has also been sung as "As Long as She Needs Me", when sung by a male singer. In 1963 Sammy Davis Jr. recorded the song, reaching #19 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart.

This is a document about Kerry Ellis
  Voices – which was dedicated to the 80th birthday of composer and lyricist Stephen Sondheim – at the Royal Albert Hall in May, A Weekend with the Stars where she performed "Somebody to Love" with Only Men Aloud! at the Wales Millennium Centre, and at an event celebrating the 80th anniversary of the birth of composer Lionel Bart at the Hackney Empire where she sang the Oliver! song "As Long as He Needs Me". The last two performances were later broadcast in December on British television channel S4C and on BBC Radio 2 respectively. She also lent her voice to

This is a document about I'd Do Anything (2008 TV series)
  spending time in an authentic Victorian home and speaking Nancy's love ballad, "As Long as He Needs Me" in front of Barry Humphries. ; Olivers: Performing as Oliver in a West End theatre singing "Where is Love?" with advice from actor Jon Lee. Panel's verdict on who was not Nancy: ; John Barrowman: Jessie Buckley ; Denise Van Outen: Jessie Buckley ; Barry Humphries: Jodie Prenger ; Cameron Mackintosh: Jodie Prenger Andrew Lloyd Webber expressed severe disappointment with the result, saying "Last night Cameron and I were both saying that we thought both of you would be fantastic Nancys and now here am I

This is a document about Over the Rainbow (Canadian TV series)
 Group performances: ; "The Merry Old Land of Oz" (from the musical The Wizard of Oz) ; "Anything You Can Do" (from the musical Annie Get Your Gun) Sing-off: ; Jessie Munro and Julia Gartha were in the sing-off, and performed "As Long as He Needs Me" from the musical Oliver!. ; Arlene Phillips chose to save Jessie and send Julia home. The show performances were:

This is a document about Shirley Bassey
  In the early and mid-1960s, Bassey had numerous hits in the UK, and five albums in the top 15. Her 1960 recording of "As Long As He Needs Me" from Lionel Bart's Oliver! reached number two, and had a chart run of 30 weeks. Bassey made her American television début on 13 November 1960, when she performed on The Ed Sullivan Show. Her collaboration with Nelson Riddle and his orchestra, the album Let's Face the Music (1962), reached number 12 in the UK album chart; and the single, "What Now My Love" made it to number five. Other UK top

This is a document about I'd Do Anything (2008 TV series)
  two Nancys went head-to-head before the winner was announced as Jodie. The three finalists were taken to Paris in the week leading up to the show. In London they met and had a "Master Class" with Liza Minnelli. All twelve Nancy finalists and all twelve Oliver finalists also performed. Lee Mead also performed on Show One. In Show two both Jessie and Jodie performed Nancy's love ballad "As Long as He Needs Me". The show performances were:  The final vote was then announced and it was revealed that the winner was Jodie Prenger with Andrew Lloyd Webber saying, "The people's Nancy. Jodie was always going to be the people's choice." Cameron Mackintosh added, 'I'm thrilled for Jodie, congratulations!'

This is a document about Let's Face the Music
  Bassey, Riddle, and Bassey's music director Raymond Long discussed what form the album should take. Shortly after the tour was completed, the recording sessions began. This album was issued in the US as ''Shirley Bassey Sings The Hit Song From "Oliver!" '' on the United Artists label, with a slightly different track listing and alternative recordings. "I Can't Get You Out of My Mind" was replaced by "As Long As He Needs Me", and "Imagination", "All of Me" and "All the Things You Are" appear on Oliver! in alternative versions. The alternative versions have not yet been released in the UK and are still not available on CD. The album entered the U.K. album chart in December 1962 and spent seven weeks on the charts

This is a document about Oliver!
  Music Direction. The Broadway production was revived shortly after the original production closed. The revival opened in 1965 and was directed by Peter Coe. It ran at the Martin Beck Theatre for 64 performances, featuring Victor Stiles as Oliver, Robin Ramsay as Fagin, Maura K. Wedge as Nancy, Joey Baio as The Artful Dodger, Dominic Chianese as Mr. Sowerberry, Alan Crofoot as Mr. Bumble, Danny Sewell as Bill Sikes, Bram Nossen as Mr. Brownlow, and Dodi Protero as Mrs. Bedwin. Georgia Brown, Davy Jones, Ronnie Kroll, Joan Lombardo, and Robin Ramsay appeared performing two musical numbers from Oliver! ("I'd Do Anything" and the Act II reprise of "As Long as He Needs Me") on The Ed Sullivan Show on the evening of February 9, 1964, the same evening that the Beatles made their first U.S. television appearance on that show.

Nancy, a character in the musical "Oliver!", sings the song "As Long as He Needs Me."


Question: who pays for the building of the presidential libraries

Answer: private and non-federal public sources

This is a document about Presidential library
 this library since its opening. In 1950, Harry S. Truman decided that he, too, would build a library to house his Presidential papers and helped to galvanize congressional action. In 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries. The Act encouraged other Presidents to donate their historical materials to the government and ensured the preservation of Presidential papers and their availability to the American people. Under this and subsequent acts, nine more libraries have been established. In each case, funds from private and non-federal public sources provided the funds

This is a document about Presidential library
  In 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries. The Act encouraged other presidents to donate their historical materials to the government and ensured the preservation of presidential papers and their availability to the people of the United States. Under this and subsequent acts, nine more libraries have been established. In each case, private and non-federal public sources provided the funds to build the library. Once completed, the private organization turned over the libraries to the National Archives and Records Administration to operate and maintain. Until 1978, presidents, scholars, and legal professionals held the view dating back to George Washington that the records created by the president or his staff while in office remained the personal property of the president and were his to take with him when he left office. The first presidential libraries were built on this concept. NARA successfully persuaded presidents to donate their historical materials to the federal government for housing in a presidential library managed by NARA.

This is a document about Donald J. Trump Presidential Library
  As with other presidential libraries, a building for Trump would need to be privately financed and organized before the possible involvement of the NARA. During Trump's presidency, it had been speculated that floors in Trump Tower may be dedicated for use to a future presidential library. The Washington Post reported in the final week of his presidency that two sources close to Trump said he plans to build a library and museum in Florida run by Dan Scavino, funded by raising $2 billion from grassroots supporters.

This is a document about Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
  18, 2004. With the opening of the 90000 sqft Air Force One Pavilion in October 2005, the Reagan Library reclaimed the title in terms of physical size; however, the Clinton Library remains the largest presidential library in terms of materials (documents, artifacts, photographs, etc.). Like all presidential libraries since that of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Reagan Library was built entirely with private donations, at a cost of $60 million (equivalent to $ in ). Major donors included Walter Annenberg, Lew Wasserman, Lodwrick Cook, Joe Albritton, Rupert Murdoch, Richard Sills, and John P. McGovern. For fiscal year 2007, the Reagan Library had 305,331 visitors, making it the second-most-visited presidential library, following the Lyndon B.

This is a document about Presidential library
  In 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government. At the same time, Roosevelt pledged part of his estate at Hyde Park, New York to the United States, and friends of the president formed a non-profit corporation to raise funds for the construction of the library and museum building. Roosevelt's decision stemmed from his belief that presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and should be accessible to the public. He asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library. On June 30, 2013, new interactive and multimedia exhibits developed by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) opened to the public as part of the first renovation of this library since its opening. In 1950, Harry S. Truman decided that he, too, would build a library to house his presidential papers and helped to galvanize congressional action.

This is a document about Barack Obama Presidential Center
  amounts. While the Chicago city government has not promised that the Foundation's endowment details will be disclosed publicly, its agreement with the Foundation requires that the Foundation may not proceed with construction of the Center until the building endowment is secured. On June 3, 2019, it was announced that a $5 million grant had been issued to the city of Chicago by the MacArthur Foundation for plans to build the new Chicago Public Library branch at the site of the proposed Obama Presidential Center. Construction began in August 2021. On September 28th, 2021, the Obamas, Illinois Governor J.B. Pritzker and Lightfoot participated in the groundbreaking ceremony.

This is a document about Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
  Built by Philadelphia contractor John McShain, it was constructed on 16 acre of land donated by the President and his mother, Sara Delano Roosevelt. The library resulted from the President's decision that a separate facility was needed to house the vast quantity of historical papers, books, and memorabilia he had accumulated during a lifetime of public service and private collecting. Margaret Suckley, who acted as Roosevelt's personal archivist during his life, was involved in the establishment of the library and served as its archivist for its first two decades.

This is a document about Presidential library
  For every president since Herbert Hoover, presidential libraries have been established in each president's home state in which documents, artifacts, gifts of state and museum exhibits are maintained that relate to the former president's life and career both political and professional. Each library also provides an active series of public programs. When a president leaves office, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) establishes a presidential materials project to house and index the documents until a new presidential library is built and transferred to the federal government. The first presidential library is the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, dedicated on June 30, 1941. The George W. Bush Presidential Center became the thirteenth on May 1, 2013.

This is a document about National Archives facilities
  William J. Clinton Presidential Library in Little Rock, Arkansas ; George W. Bush Presidential Library in University Park, Texas NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system, a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover. The Presidential Libraries include: Libraries and museums have been established for other presidents, but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system, and are operated by private foundations, historical societies, or state governments, including the Abraham Lincoln, Rutherford B. Hayes, William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge libraries. For example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois.

This is a document about Herbert Hoover National Historic Site
  In 1939, Franklin D. Roosevelt established the first Presidential library, a collection of his Presidential papers. He donated land and memorabilia to the government and built the structure with private funds. The recently developed National Archives and Records Administration was tasked with its oversight. President Truman followed suit in 1945, announcing that he intended to build a similar library. In response, the United States Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of Presidential libraries. Hoover originally intended to simply donate his papers to his alma mater, Stanford University, and set up a small museum of memorabilia in West Branch. However, as the

This is a document about Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library
  The library is a resemblance of the presidential library system from the United States. The concept of Presidential Library started in 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt of America who donated his official documents for national use. The country passed into law in 1955, the Presidential Libraries Act to formalize this project for national archive of all American Presidential documents and materials in office. The Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library was conceived in 1988 to immortalize him and it was actualized after he became the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.

This is a document about Presidential library
  The made additional changes to presidential libraries, requiring private endowments linked to the size of the facility. NARA uses these endowments to offset a portion of the maintenance costs for the library.

This is a document about President of the United States
   Every president since Herbert Hoover has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers, records, and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources. There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education, such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by the State of Illinois; the George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by Southern Methodist University; the George H. W. Bush Presidential

This is a document about Post-presidency of George Washington
   During the post-World War II patriotic-era of the 20th Century, Congress became concerned over the preservation of Presidential history and documents. The Presidential Libraries Act (1955) established presidential libraries for Presidents to be privately constructed and federally maintained. The Presidential Records Act (1978) established that document records of Presidents are the property of the United States. The Presidential Libraries Act (1986) required that private endowments be linked to the Presidential Libraries and to help pay the maintenance costs. In 1986, the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association (MVLA), sought to educate the world of Washington's importance and life history. In 2010, MVLA planned the building of Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington, to further the appreciation of Washington. The groundbreaking for the Library was in April 2011. The Library was completed and opened on September 27, 2013, to the public. The Library facility is 45,000 square feet and contains Washington's books, manuscripts, newspapers, and documents and also is a scholarly retreat and place of education.

This is a document about Presidential library
  1933–1945) proposed to leave his papers to the public in a building donated by him on his Hyde Park estate. Since then a series of laws established the public keeping of documents and the presidential library system. While not officially sanctioned and maintained by NARA, libraries have also been organized for several presidents who preceded Hoover and the official start of the Presidential Library Office. The library sites are sometimes referred to as presidential centers. The Barack Obama Presidential Center (44th president, 2009–2017) will operate under a new model, whereby the Barack Obama Presidential Library is fully digitized, preserved, and administered by NARA with archival materials lent to the privately operated Presidential Center for display.

This is a document about List of libraries in Turkey
 Presidential Library ; National Library

This is a document about Presidential library
  This is a list of the presidential libraries.

This is a document about Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
   Discussions for a Presidential library for President Johnson began soon after his 1964 election victory. In February 1965, the chairman of the Board of Regents at the University of Texas at Austin, William H. Heath, proposed building the library on the university campus, along with funds to construct the building and the establishment of the Johnson School of Public Affairs on the campus. The agreement was formally reached on September 6, 1966. While past Presidential libraries were funded by private donations, the publicly-funded University of Texas paid $15 million of the $18 million needed to construct the complex and donated the land for the library, which was formerly a low-income neighborhood acquired by the university using eminent domain. First Lady Lady Bird Johnson toured existing Presidential libraries and university campuses to consult the design of the library. Lady Bird presented three potential architects

This is a document about Presidential library
   In the United States, the presidential library system is a nationwide network of 13 libraries (with a fourteenth in progress) administered by the Office of Presidential Libraries, which is part of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). These are repositories for preserving and making available the papers, records, collections and other historical materials of every president of the United States from Herbert Hoover (31st president, 1929–1933) to George W. Bush (43rd president, 2001–2009). In addition to the library services, museum exhibitions concerning the presidency are displayed. Although recognized as having historical significance, before the mid-20th century presidential papers and effects were generally understood to be the private property of the president. Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd

The building of presidential libraries is primarily funded by private donations. The Presidential Libraries Act of 1955 established a system of privately erected and maintained presidential libraries, with the federal government providing funds to ensure their availability to the public and the preservation of historical materials. The libraries are built and operated by non-profit organizations, and the federal government provides funds to maintain and preserve the materials once they are turned over to the National Archives and Records Administration.


Question: how many ford gts are in the world

Answer: 4,038

This is a document about Ford GT
 2005, and just over 1,600 in 2006, for a grand total of 4,038 cars. The final 11 car bodies manufactured by Mayflower Vehicle Systems were disassembled, and the frames and body panels were sold as service parts. The Wixom Assembly Plant has stopped production of all models as of May 31, 2007. Sales of the GT continued into 2007, from cars held in storage and in dealer inventories. When the Ford GT was first announced, the demand outpaced supply, and the cars initially sold for premium prices. The first private sale of Ford's new mid-engine sports car was completed on

This is a document about Ford Falcon (XW)
  Production of the XW Falcon range totalled 105,785 vehicles. 2,287 XW Falcon GTs and 662 XW GT-HOs were built.

This is a document about Nissan GT-R
 Notes From 2007 to 2017 Nissan produced over 37,315 GT-R units and sold for various different markets worldwide. This makes it one of the highest sales for a standalone generation production sportscar. These are the sales figures as of June 2021.

This is a document about Ford of Britain
 Ford GT40 (1966–1968) ; Ford GT70 (1970–1973) ; Ford GT90 (1995) ; Ford GT (2003–2007, 2016–present)

This is a document about Ford Torino
  for a credit. Although the Torino GT could be optioned to include all of the Cobra's performance features, the GT was a more upscale vehicle which had the more deluxe Torino trim. Ford added one more special high-performance vehicle to its intermediate line-up, the Torino Talladega. See the NASCAR Inspired Torinos section for a detailed information on this model. Ford Torino production decreased for 1969, and a total of 129,054 units were produced. Including Fairlane production, 366,911 cars were produced, slightly down from the 1968 numbers. Torino GTs were the majority of Torinos produced, accounting for 81,822 units produced. Ford did not provide separate production number for the Cobra.

This is a document about Ford GT
  car. The active spoiler has been replaced by a much larger fixed wing, which in combination with a larger diffuser and new aerodynamic elements results in a 400% increase in downforce over the road car. The GT Mk II uses smaller 19-inch wheels and Michelin Pilot Sport GT slick racing tires, although it shares the GT's carbon ceramic brakes. As a result of these changes, the GT Mk II is not street legal. Only 45 will be built, and at a unit price of US$1.2 million it is the most expensive new Ford ever sold. The Mk II, however, is not sold by Ford but rather directly to customers by Multimatic, the Canadian manufacturer of all GT cars.

This is a document about McLaren Automotive
  McLaren GT is the GT racing arm of McLaren Automotive, established in 2011 to develop, build and support all McLaren track and GT race activities. The division is currently responsible for the design, development and production of the 720S GT3 and 570S GT4. The first car developed by McLaren GT was the 12C GT3, which was launched in 2011, and following a development year, 25 examples were delivered to customers for racing throughout Europe in 2012. The debut season saw 13 McLaren GT customer teams visit 14 countries and between them, the teams claimed a total of 19 race victories in the FIA GT1 World Championship, Blancpain Endurance Series,

This is a document about Ford GT
  The Ford GT is a mid-engine two-seater sports car manufactured and marketed by American automobile manufacturer Ford for the 2005 model year in conjunction with the company's 2003 centenary. The second generation Ford GT became available for the 2017 model year. The GT recalls Ford's historically significant GT40, a consecutive four-time winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans (1966–1969), including a 1-2-3 finish in 1966.

This is a document about Ford GT
  The GT was produced for the 2005 and 2006 model years. The car began assembly at Mayflower Vehicle Systems (MVS) in Norwalk, Ohio and was painted and continued assembly at Saleen Special Vehicles (SSV) facility in Troy, Michigan, through contract by Ford. The GT is powered by an engine built at Ford's Romeo Engine Plant in Romeo, Michigan. Installation of the engine and transmission along with seats and interior finishing was handled in the SVT building at Ford's Wixom, Michigan plant. Of the 4,500 cars originally planned, approximately 100 were to be exported to Europe, starting in late 2005. An additional 200 cars were destined for sale in Canada. Production ended in September 2006 without reaching the planned production target. Approximately 550 cars were built in 2004, nearly 1,900 in 2005, and just over 1,600 in 2006, for a grand total of 4,038 cars. The final 11 car bodies manufactured by Mayflower Vehicle Systems were disassembled, and the frames and body panels were sold as service parts. The Wixom Assembly Plant has stopped production of all models as of May 31, 2007. Sales of the GT continued into 2007, from cars held in storage and in dealer inventories.

This is a document about Ford Falcon GT
  Launched in September 1973, the XB GT was to be the last Falcon GT for almost 20 years, until the 25th Anniversary EBII GT in October 1992. The XB GT received a new aggressive front end with a twin nostril bonnet, similar to the style found on the '71-'73 Mach 1 Mustang. The XB was the most popular GT model built by Ford with a total of 2,899 (1950 sedans and 949 hardtops) sold. In August 1975, Ford introduced the John Goss Special, a limited-edition hardtop with a unique color scheme and several GT appearance and interior features, to celebrate the fact that Goss was the only driver to win both the Australian Grand Prix and the Bathurst 1000.

This is a document about Ferrari F355
  In 1995, Ferrari introduced the GTS model to the F355 family. The GTS model was based on the Berlinetta but offered a removable "targa-style" hardtop roof, which could be stored behind the seats. Other specifications were identical to the Berlinetta. A total of 2,577 GTS models were produced, with 2,048 delivered with the 6-speed manual transmission and another 529 with the F1 transmission.

This is a document about Holden Commodore (VS)
  The GTS sedan was the flagship model until the limited edition GTS-R was launched. The latter was exclusively painted in XU-2 Yellah with matching seat colour inserts, and it featured a big race-style rear carbon-fibre wing. In total, only 75 were built for Australia and 10 for New Zealand, all using the 215i 5.7-litre HSV V8 engine, with a more powerful "blueprint" option also available.

This is a document about Ford GT
  At the 2015 North American International Auto Show and at the unveiling of the 2015 racing video game Forza Motorsport 6, the second-generation Ford GT was shown to the public with plans for production in 2016, after a decade-old hiatus from the first generation. The car marked 50 years since the GT40 won the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans and competed successfully in the 2016 24 Hours of Le Mans to better celebrate the anniversary, winning the LM GTE-Pro class, taking 1st and 3rd in class.

This is a document about Opel GT
  sold. The most collectible GTs are probably the first few hundred cars hand-assembled in 1968 and the 1968–1970 models with the 1.1 L engine, which totaled 3,573 cars. Of the later cars, 10,760 were the cheaper model (GT/J), which lacked nearly all chrome parts and offered fewer standard features. In some markets, items like a limited slip differential, front and rear anti-sway bars, heated rear window, and engine bay light were standard, although most cars were shipped without them. In North America, the GT was sold at Buick dealerships. Reasons for ending production were the need to redesign the car to remain competitive with up-and-coming sports models, such as the Datsun 240Z, as

This is a document about Holden Commodore (VX)
 Series 1 VX GTS – 112 produced ; Series 2 VX SV300 (rebadged GTS)

This is a document about Ford XY Falcon GT
  The Ford Motor Company Falcon XY GT is a sports sedan based on the Ford Falcon XY. Released in 1970 by Ford Australia, with the GTHO Phase III released in 1971. Some 1,557 units were produced from September 1970 to December 1971 with 300 GTHO Phase IIIs produced from May 1971 to November 1971. It was the fourth in the initial series of the Ford Falcon GT. A limited number were exported to South Africa, wearing Fairmont GT badging. The Fairmont GT model is starting to increase in value as Falcon GTs become harder to find and buyers beginning to see the Fairmont as a genuine GT. With the rev limiter disabled it is capable of 252 km/h and can exceed 7,000rpm (at high risk of engine failure) in fourth gear. The rev limiter is set to 6,150rpm. The engine type was a 351 Cleveland (carried over from the XW GT/GT-HO Phase II). While Ford stated an output of 300 horsepower, the engine was reputed to produce over 350 horsepower.

This is a document about Ford GT40
  Motor Company never made an offer in writing to purchase the famed GT40 trademark. Later models or prototypes have also been called the Ford GT but have had different numbering on them such as the Ford GT90 or the Ford GT70. The GT40 name and trademark is currently licensed to Superformance in the USA. A second-generation Ford GT was unveiled at the 2015 North American International Auto Show. It features a 3.5L twin-turbocharged V6 engine, carbon fiber monocoque and body panels, pushrod suspension and active aerodynamics. It entered the 2016 season of the FIA World Endurance Championship and the United SportsCar Championship, and started being sold in a street-legal version at Ford dealerships in 2017.

This is a document about Ferrari 328
  The 328 model remained in production for four years (1985 to 1989). By the time it was replaced by the 348 in the Autumn of 1989, a total of 7,412 vehicles had been made. GTS production totaled 6,068 vehicles in the chassis number range of 59301 to 83136. GTS production outnumbered the GTB version almost five to one. GTB production totaled 1,344 vehicles in the chassis range of 58735 to 83017. The early part of each series were numbered in the Ferrari odd number road car chassis sequence, and later examples (post chassis number 75000) in the continuous number sequence.

This is a document about De Tomaso Pantera
  to have been built. The GT5-S featured single piece flared steel fenders instead of the GT5's bolted-on fiberglass flares, and a smaller steel front air dam. The 'S' in the GT5-S name stood for "steel". Otherwise the GT5-S was largely identical to the GT5. The POCA 9000 series registrar's VIN analysis indicates that fewer than 183 GT5-S Panteras were built. Concurrent GTS production continued, on a custom order and very limited basis, until the late 1980s. The car continued to use a Ford V8 engine, although in 1988, when the supply of Ford 351 Cleveland engines from Australia ran out, De Tomaso began installing Ford 351 Windsor engines in the Pantera instead. In all, about 7,260 cars in total were built.

This is a document about List of Ford vehicles
  (2003) ; Ford FX-Atmos (1954) ; Ford Galaxie GT A Go-Go (1966) ; Ford HFX Aerostar (1987) ; Ford GloCar (2003) ; Ford Granada Altair (1980) ; Ford GTK (1979) ; Ford GT-P (1966) ; Ford GT40 (2002) ; Ford GT70 (1971) ; Ford GT80 (1978) ; Ford GT90 (1995) ; Ford Gyron (1961) ; Ford Indigo (1996) ; Ford Interceptor (2007) ; Ford Iosis (2005) ; Ford Iosis X (2006) ; Ford Iosis MAX (2009) ; Ford IXG (1960) ; Ford La Galaxie (1958) ; Ford La Tosca (1955) ; Ford Libre (1998) ; Ford LTD Black Pearl (1966) ; Ford LTD Berline I (1971) ; Ford LTD Berline

Based on the information provided, there is no mention of the number of Ford GTs produced or in existence. The text only mentions the production numbers for the Ford GT40, Ford Falcon XW, and Ford GT350.


Question: what was the first british colony in america

Answer: 1607 in Jamestown , Virginia

This is a document about British colonization of the Americas
 British colonization of the Americas British colonization of the Americas (including colonization by both the English and the Scots) began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia, and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas. The English, and later the British, were among the most important colonizers of the Americas, and their American empire came to surpass the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might. Three types of colonies were established in the English overseas possessions in America of the 17th century and continued into the British Empire at the height of its power in the 17th

This is a document about Impact of geography on colonial America
  The southern British colonies in North America were the Colony of Virginia, Province of North Carolina, Province of South Carolina, and Province of Georgia. The first successful English colony in N. America was Jamestown, established off the Chesapeake Bay in 1607. In 1668 King Charles II granted the Carolina charter to eight Lords Proprietor. Georgia was not established as a colony until 1732 under a charter granted to James Oglethorpe by King George II.

This is a document about British colonization of the Americas
   The British colonization of the Americas was the history of establishment of control, settlement, and colonization of the continents of the Americas by England, Scotland and Great Britain (after 1707). Colonization efforts began in the 17th century with failed attempts by England to establish permanent colonies in the North. The first permanent English colony was established in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Approximately 30,000 Algonquian peoples lived in the region at the time. Over the next several centuries more colonies were established in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Though most British colonies in the Americas eventually gained independence, some colonies have opted to remain under Britain's jurisdiction as British Overseas Territories.

This is a document about History of the United States
    The English, drawn in by Francis Drake's raids on Spanish treasure ships leaving the New World, settled the strip of land along the east coast in the 1600s. The first British colony in North America was established at Roanoke by Walter Raleigh in 1585, but failed. It would be twenty years before another attempt. The early British colonies were established by private groups seeking profit, and were marked by starvation, disease, and Native American attacks. Many immigrants were people seeking religious freedom or escaping political oppression, peasants displaced by the Industrial Revolution, or those simply seeking adventure and opportunity. In some areas, Native Americans taught colonists how to plant and harvest the native crops. In others, they attacked the settlers. Virgin forests provided an ample supply of building material and firewood. Natural inlets and harbors lined the coast, providing easy ports for essential trade with Europe. Settlements remained close to the coast due to this as well as Native American resistance and the Appalachian Mountains that were found in the interior.

This is a document about United Kingdom–United States relations
   After several failed attempts, the first permanent English settlement in mainland North America was established in 1607 at Jamestown in the Colony and Dominion of Virginia. By 1624, the Colony and Dominion of Virginia ceased to be a charter colony administered by the Virginia Company of London and became a crown colony. In 1630 the Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony; they emphasize not only a pure religiosity, but also education and entrepreneurship. Smaller colonies followed in Province of Maine (1622), Province of Maryland (1632), Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (1636) and Connecticut Colony (1636). Later came the founding of Province of Carolina (1663) (divided in 1729 into the Province of North

This is a document about European colonization of the Americas
  British colonization began with North America almost a century after Spain. The relatively late arrival meant that the British could use the other European colonization powers as models for their endeavors. Inspired by the Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs, Incas, and other large Native American populations in the 16th century, their first attempt at colonization occurred in Roanoke and Newfoundland, although unsuccessful. In 1606, King James I granted a charter with the purpose of discovering the riches at their first permanent settlement in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. They were sponsored by common stock companies

This is a document about Maritime history of England
  The first successful British colony in America was set up in 1607 at Jamestown. It languished until a new wave of colonists arrived in the late 17th century and set up commercial agriculture based on tobacco. The Mayflower sailed from Plymouth in 1620. The connection between the American colonies and Britain, with shipping as its cornerstone, would continue to grow unhindered for almost two hundred years. Several major internal political events hinged on the participation (or lack of participation) of the Navy. First, at the end of the years of the Protectorate, the English Royal Navy brought Charles II back from his exile in Holland in May 1660, aboard the hastily renamed. Again in 1688,

This is a document about Colony of Virginia
  The Colony of Virginia, chartered in 1606 and settled in 1607, was the first enduring English colony in North America, following failed proprietary attempts at settlement on Newfoundland by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583, and the subsequent farther south Roanoke Island (modern eastern North Carolina) by Sir Walter Raleigh in the late 1580s. The founder of the new colony was the Virginia Company, with the first two settlements in Jamestown on the north bank of the James River and Popham Colony on the Kennebec River in modern-day Maine, both in 1607. The Popham colony quickly failed due to a famine, disease, and conflicts with local Native American tribes in the first two years. Jamestown occupied land belonging to the Powhatan Confederacy, and was also

This is a document about Former colonies and territories in Canada
 British America (Colonial America) – (1583–1783) ; St. John's, Newfoundland (from 1583, English) ; British Arctic Territories — (from 16th century) ; Cuper's Cove, Newfoundland — (from 1610, English) ; Avalon, Newfoundland — (from 1610, English) ; Renews, Newfoundland – (from 1615, English) ; Bristol's Hope, Newfoundland — (from 1618, English) ; Nova Scotia – (1621–2, Scottish) ; Cape Breton – (1625, Scottish) ; Saint John, New Brunswick (from 1631, English) ; Port Royal Colony – (1629–1632, Scottish) ; Rupert's Land – (from 1670) ; Nova Scotia – (from 1710) ; Prince Edward Island – (from 1763) ; Cape Breton – (from 1763) ; Province of Quebec – (from

This is a document about History of Canada
  Wars) until the signing of the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701. The English, led by Humphrey Gilbert, had claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, in 1583 as the first North American English colony by royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I. In the reign of King James I, the English established additional colonies in Cupids and Ferryland, Newfoundland, and soon after established the first successful permanent settlements of Virginia to the south. On September 29, 1621, a charter for the foundation of a New World Scottish colony was granted by King James to William Alexander. In 1622, the first settlers left Scotland.

This is a document about British Overseas Territories
   Early colonies, in the sense of English subjects residing in lands hitherto outside the control of the English government, were generally known as "Plantations". The first, unofficial, colony was Newfoundland, where English fishermen routinely set up seasonal camps in the 16th century. It is now a province of Canada known as Newfoundland and Labrador. It retains strong cultural ties with Britain. After failed attempts, including the Roanoke Colony, permanent English colonisation of North America began officially in 1607 with the settlement of Jamestown, the first successful permanent colony in Virginia (a term that was then applied generally to North America). Its offshoot, Bermuda, was settled inadvertently after the wrecking

This is a document about Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón
  surviving colonists broke into warring factions and by mid-November decided to give up and sail back to Hispaniola. Of the 600-700 people whom Ayllón had brought with him, only 150 survivors reached Hispaniola that winter. San Miguel de Gualdape was the first European colony in what is now the United States, preceding the unsuccessful colony at Pensacola, Florida by 33 years, St. Augustine, Florida (the first successful colony) by 39 years, the Roanoke Colony by 61 years, and Jamestown, Virginia by 81 years. Despite repeated attempts, archaeologists have been unable to locate the site of the town or the shipwreck in Winyah Bay.

This is a document about Hampton Roads
  The first colonists arrived in 1607 when English Captain Christopher Newport landed at Cape Henry, today's City of Virginia Beach, an event now called the "First Landing." However, his party moved on, in search of a more defensible area upriver, mindful of competitors such as the Spanish, who had built a failed settlement on the Virginia Peninsula known as the Ajacán Mission. After exploring the James River, they established the first successful English colony in the New World on Jamestown Island on May 14, 1607. But the low, marshy site proved unhealthy and most of the colonists died, before a

This is a document about Timeline of music in the United States to 1819
 Jamestown, Virginia, becomes the first permanent settlement by the British in what is now the United States.

This is a document about Thirteen Colonies
  The first successful English colony was Jamestown, established May 14, 1607, near Chesapeake Bay. The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company, a joint-stock company looking for gold. Its first years were extremely difficult, with very high death rates from disease and starvation, wars with local Native Americans, and little gold. The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop. In 1632, King Charles I granted the charter for Province of Maryland to Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. Calvert's father had been a prominent Catholic official who encouraged Catholic immigration to the English colonies. The charter offered no guidelines on religion. The Province of Carolina was

This is a document about Southern Colonies
  The Colony of Virginia (also known frequently as the Virginia Colony or the Province of Virginia, and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia) was an English colony in North America which existed briefly during the 16th century, and then continuously from 1607 until the American Revolution (as a British colony after 1707 ). The name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. Jamestown was the first town created by the Virginia colony. After the English Civil War in the mid 17th century, the Virginia Colony was nicknamed "The Old Dominion" by King Charles II for its perceived loyalty to the English monarchy during the

This is a document about North America
  on the North American mainland until a hundred years after the first Spanish settlements, since it sought first to control nearby Ireland. The first permanent English settlement was in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, and then further settler colonial establishments on the east coast of the continent from is now Georgia up to Massachusetts, forming the Thirteen Colonies. The English did not establish settlements north, east of the St. Lawrence Valley in what would become Canada until well after the war of independence. English early permanent settlements were St. John's, Newfoundland in 1630 and Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1749. The first permanent French settlement was in Quebec City, Quebec in 1608. In

This is a document about British colonization of the Americas
  of North American colonization, sponsoring an expedition of 500 men to Roanoke Island. In 1584, the colonists established the first permanent English colony in North America, but the colonists were poorly prepared for life in the New World, and by 1590, the colonists had disappeared. There are a variety of theories as to what happened to the colonists there. The most popular theory is that the colonists left in search of a new area to settle in the Chesapeake, leaving stragglers to integrate with local Native American tribes. A separate colonization attempt in Newfoundland also failed. Despite the failure of these early colonies, the English remained interested in the colonization of North America for economic and military reasons.

This is a document about Roanoke Colony
  The establishment of the Roanoke Colony () was an attempt by Sir Walter Raleigh to found the first permanent English settlement in North America. The English, led by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, had claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, in 1583 as the first English territory in North America at the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I. The first Roanoke colony was founded by governor Ralph Lane in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is now Dare County, North Carolina, United States. Following the failure of the 1585 settlement, a second expedition, led by John White, landed on the same island in 1587, and set up another settlement

This is a document about Folklore of the United States
 the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke Island: In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh recruited over 100 men, women and children to journey from England to Roanoke Island on North Carolina's coast and establish the first English settlement in America under the direction of John White as governor. Virginia Dare (born August 18, 1587) was the first child born in the Americas to English parents, Ananias and Eleanor White Dare in the short-lived Roanoke Colony. The fact of her birth is known because the governor of the settlement, Virginia Dare's grandfather, John White, returned to England in 1587 to seek fresh supplies. When White eventually

The first permanent British colony in America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was established in 1607.


Question: the formula for computing the dividend yield is

Answer: Price / Dividend ratio

This is a document about Dividend yield
 Dividend yield The dividend yield or dividend-price ratio of a share is the dividend per share, divided by the price per share. It is also a company's total annual dividend payments divided by its market capitalization, assuming the number of shares is constant. It is often expressed as a percentage. Dividend yield is used to calculate the earning on investment (shares) considering only the returns in the form of total dividends declared by the company during the year. Its reciprocal is the Price/Dividend ratio. Dividend payments on preferred stocks ("preference shares" in the UK) are set out in the prospectus.

This is a document about Dividend yield
 $0.04 and the current stock price was $10.00 the forward dividend yield would be (.04*4)/10= 1.6%. The trailing dividend yield is done in reverse by taking the last dividend annualized divided by the current stock price. The reciprocal of the dividend yield is the Price/Dividend ratio. The dividend yield is related to the earnings yield via: Historically, a higher dividend yield has been considered to be desirable among many investors. A high dividend yield can be considered to be evidence that a stock is underpriced or that the company has fallen on hard times and future dividends will not be

This is a document about Dividend payout ratio
 back to investors. The dividend payout ratio is calculated as DPS/EPS. According to Financial Accounting by Walter T. Harrison, the calculation for the payout ratio is as follows: The dividend yield is given by earnings yield times the dividend payout ratio: Conversely, the P/E ratio is the Price/Dividend ratio times the DPR. Some companies choose stock buybacks as an alternative to dividends; in such cases this ratio becomes less meaningful. One way to adapt it using an augmented payout ratio: Augmented Payout Ratio = (Dividends + Buybacks)/ Net Income for the same period The data for S&P 500 is taken

This is a document about Stock duration
 Discount Model is: The numerator in the Macaulay duration formula becomes: Multiplying by formula_15: Subtracting formula_17: Applying the Dividend Discount Model to the right side: Simplifying: Combining (1), (2) and (5): For the stock market as a whole, the modified duration is the price/dividend ratio, which for the S&P 500 was about 62 in February 2004. Stock duration Stock duration of an equity stock is the average of the times until its dividends are received, weighted by their present values. As per Dividend Discount Model: Formula for the duration of stock is as follows- where The modified duration is the

This is a document about Dividend yield
  The dividend yield or dividend–price ratio of a share is the dividend per share, divided by the price per share. It is also a company's total annual dividend payments divided by its market capitalization, assuming the number of shares is constant. It is often expressed as a percentage. Dividend yield is used to calculate the earning on investment (shares) considering only the returns in the form of total dividends declared by the company during the year. Its reciprocal is the price/dividend ratio.

This is a document about Dividend yield
  Unlike preferred stock, there is no stipulated dividend for common stock ("ordinary shares" in the UK). Instead, dividends paid to holders of common stock are set by management, usually with regard to the company's earnings. There is no guarantee that future dividends will match past dividends or even be paid at all. The historic yield is calculated using the following formula: The yield for the S&P 500 is reported this way. US newspaper and web listings of common stocks apply a somewhat different calculation: They report the latest quarterly dividend multiplied by 4, divided by the current price. Others try to estimate the next year's dividend and use it to derive a prospective dividend yield. Such a scheme is used for the calculation of the FTSE UK Dividend+ Index. Estimates of future dividend yields are by definition uncertain.

This is a document about Dividend yield
  Forward dividend yield is some estimation of the future yield of a stock. This may be an analyst estimate, or just using the company's guidance. For example, if a company has announced a dividend increase, even though nothing has been paid, this may be assumed to be the payment for the next year. Similarly, if a company has said that it will suspend its dividend, the yield would be assumed to be zero. The calculation is done by taking the first dividend payment and annualizing it and then divide that number by the current stock price. In other words, if the first quarterly dividend was $0.04 and the current stock price was $10.00 the forward dividend yield would be (.04*4)/10 = 1.6%. The trailing dividend yield is done in reverse by taking the last dividend annualized divided by the current stock price.

This is a document about Dividend yield
  Trailing dividend yield gives the dividend percentage paid over a prior period, typically one year. A trailing twelve month dividend yield, denoted as "TTM", includes all dividends paid during the past year in order to calculate the dividend yield. While a trailing dividend can be indicative of future dividends, it can be misleading as it does not account for dividend increases or cuts, nor does it account for a special dividend that may not occur again in the future.

This is a document about Yield (finance)
  In finance, the yield on a security is a measure of the ex-ante return to a holder of the security. It is measure applied to common stocks, preferred stocks, convertible stocks and bonds, fixed income instruments, including bonds, including government bonds and corporate bonds, notes and annuities. There are various types of yield, and the method of calculation depends on the particular type of yield and the type of security. Dividend yield measures the past year's dividends on a stock (a share), expressed as a percentage of the share's market value. Yield to maturity is applied to a fixed income security. It is the holder's ex-ante total return, calculated assuming it is held until maturity, and assuming there is no default, using the internal rate of return (IRR) method. Because of these differences, the yields comparisons between different yields measured on different types of financial products should be treated with caution. This page is mainly a series of links to other pages with increased details.

This is a document about 30-day yield
 a = dividends and interest collected during the past 30 days ; b = accrued expenses of the past 30 days ; c = average daily number of outstanding shares that were entitled to distributions ; d = the maximum public offering price per share on the last day of the period The SEC yield calculation for a bond fund is essentially an annualized version of the interest and dividends per share earned over the last month, divided by the share price. It is not the same as the yield to maturity for the bonds in the portfolio, as it does not take into account the amortization of the premiums or discounts at which the bonds are trading. Because bond funds trade actively and prices fluctuate, the rate may not be a good indicator of future results. However, because the calculation is standardized, it provides a standard comparison measure for funds. An appropriate use is to make daily/weekly adjustments to a bond mutual fund price series to determine running total return. The formula for SEC 30-day yield is Where:

This is a document about Earnings yield
  Earning yield is the quotient of earnings per share (E), divided by the share price (P), giving E/P. It is the reciprocal of the P/E ratio. The earning yield is quoted as a percentage, and therefore allows immediate comparison to prevailing long-term interest rates (e.g. the Fed model).

This is a document about Dividend yield
 earnings yield = dividend yield · dividend cover, and ; dividend yield = earnings yield · dividend payout ratio. The reciprocal of the dividend yield is the price/dividend ratio. The dividend yield is related to the earnings yield via:

This is a document about Stock duration
  As per Dividend Discount Model: Formula for the duration of stock is as follows-  The other formula for the same is - D = saa

This is a document about Dividend yield
  Yield is sometimes computed based on the amount paid for a stock. For example, if stock X was bought for $20 per share, it split 2:1 three times (resulting in 8 total shares), it is now trading for $50 ($400 for 8 shares), and it pays a dividend of $2 per year, then the yield on cost is 80% (8 shares x $2/share = $16/yr paid over $20 invested -> 16/20 = 0.8). The yield with the current price is 4% ($2/yr over $50 share price -> 2/50 = 0.04).

This is a document about Yield (finance)
  Common shares will often pay out a portion of the earnings as dividends. The dividend yield is the total dollars (RMB, Yen, etc.) paid in a year divided by the spot price of the shares. Most web sites and reports are updated with the expected future year's payments, not the past year's. The price/earnings ratio quoted for common shares is the reciprocal of what is called the earnings yield. EarningsPerShare / SharePrice.

This is a document about Earnings yield
  Earning yield is one of the factors discussed in Joel Greenblatt's The Little Book That Beats the Market. However, Greenblatt uses an adjusted earning yield formula to account for the fact that different companies have different debt levels and tax rates. Earnings Yield = (Earnings Before Interest & Taxes + Depreciation – CapEx) / Enterprise Value (Market Value + Debt – Cash) This tells you how expensive a company is in relation to the earnings the company generates. When looking at the Earning Yield, we make certain adjustments to a company’s market capitalization to estimate what it would take to buy the entire company. This involves penalizing companies carrying much debt and rewarding those having much cash.

This is a document about Benjamin Graham formula
  Graham later revised his formula based on the belief that the greatest contributing factor to stock values (and prices) over the past decade had been interest rates. In 1974, he restated it as follows: The Graham formula proposes to calculate a company’s intrinsic value = the current yield on AAA corporate bonds.

This is a document about Mutual fund
  Mutual funds in the United States are required to report the average annual compounded rates of return for one-, five-and-ten year-periods using the following formula: P(1+T)n = ERV Where: P = a hypothetical initial payment of $1,000 T = average annual total return n = number of years ERV = ending redeemable value of a hypothetical $1,000 payment made at the beginning of the one-, five-, or ten-year periods at the end of those periods (or fractional portion).

This is a document about Holding value
 where The following formula gives the holding value (HV) for a period beginning at i through the period n.  div = dividend r = interest rate (of the money if it is kept at the bank; e.g., 0.02 or 2%) i = the period at the beginning of the estimation n = the last period considered in the window of future dividends.

The formula for computing the dividend yield is dividend per share divided by the current market price per share.


Question: who does billy russo become in the punisher comics

Answer: Jigsaw

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
 Jigsaw (Marvel Comics) Jigsaw (William "Billy" Russo, also known as Billy "The Beaut" Russo before his disfigurement) is a fictional character, gangster, and supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Len Wein and artist Ross Andru, the character made his first full appearance in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #162 (November 1976). Jigsaw was portrayed by Dominic West in the 2008 film "" and Ben Barnes in the Netflix television adaption set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Jigsaw was created by writer Len Wein and artist Ross Andru. He first appeared in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #162

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
 shot unconscious, and has his skull-face mask removed. Jigsaw takes the Punisher to his lair, and tortures him by carving a skull into the Punisher's chest. After Jigsaw mentions who helped him and Barracuda murder Frank, the Punisher escapes his bonds, and kills Jigsaw by garroting. Jigsaw (Marvel Comics) Jigsaw (William "Billy" Russo, also known as Billy "The Beaut" Russo before his disfigurement) is a fictional character, gangster, and supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Len Wein and artist Ross Andru, the character made his first full appearance in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #162

This is a document about Microchip (comics)
 Microchip is captive in Jigsaw's warehouse mansion, he is visited by Stuart Clarke, who is the Punisher's old ally. Stuart explains his girlfriend was killed by the Punisher and swears to make him accountable, but his revenge failed. Stuart walks away and tells him that the Punisher is coming. When the Punisher is captured, Jigsaw allows him to kill Microchip by slashing his throat. Jigsaw's son Henry Russo learned his father was manipulating the Punisher and helps him to escape. Microchip accompanies the Punisher to Riverdale in "Archie Meets the Punisher", and to Gotham City in "Punisher and Batman"; in

This is a document about Maggia (comics)
 Whiplash, Gladiator, etc.), and has launched open attacks on society. Its leader is always known as "Big M." With both Count Nefaria and Madame Masque now pursuing separate agendas, it is not known who, if anyone, currently heads the Nefaria Family. The following characters have been members of the Maggia's Nefaria family: The Costa Family is associated with the Maggia and was responsible for the death of Frank Castle's family which led to Frank becoming Punisher. At one point, they used Billy "the Beaut" Russo (AKA Jigsaw) as an enforcer and hitman. The following members are seen in the Costa

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
 bomb that Russo had planted in Castle's home. Hours later, the Punisher (Frank Castle) tracks Russo down to a Maggia nightclub. The Punisher guns down all of Russo's associates, but leaves him alive to send a message to organized crime after knocking him through a glass pane, an act that reduces Russo's face to a jigsaw puzzle-like mess of scars. Taking advantage of his hideous visage, the formerly handsome gangster adopts the identity of Jigsaw, and attempts to frame the Punisher for murder. However, the plan fails due to the intervention of Spider-Man and Nightcrawler; Spider-Man witnesses one of Jigsaw's

This is a document about Punisher: In the Blood
 Punisher: In the Blood Punisher: In the Blood is a five-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics. The Punisher will face in the final battle against Jigsaw. The series was released in 2010 written by Rick Remender. Following the "Dark Reign" storyline, the Punisher started hunting the Hood but without results so he went after Microchip to make him pay for murdering G.W. Bridge. Meanwhile, Microchip is knocked unconscious by Jigsaw. At their hideout, Henry Russo tells the Punisher how he hated his father because he would constantly abuse his mother and idolized the Punisher for being a

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
 to his appearances in that title, Jigsaw also starred in "Punisher War Journal" Vol. 2, #11, #18–20, and #22–23. He was then featured in the five-issue miniseries "", and made a subsequent cameo in the "Thunderbolts" Vol. 2 Annual. Jigsaw received profiles in "The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe" #6, "The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Master Edition" #10, "Marvel Encyclopedia" #4 and #5, "The New Avengers Most Wanted Files" #1, and "Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A–Z" #6. Billy Russo was born to a poor Italian-American family, kicked out and abandoned as an orphan by his

This is a document about Punisher: War Zone
 Punisher: War Zone Punisher: War Zone is a 2008 American action film based on the Marvel Comics character the Punisher, directed by Lexi Alexander. The film is a reboot that follows the war waged by vigilante Frank Castle (Ray Stevenson) on crime and corruption, in particular on the disfigured mob boss known as Billy "Jigsaw" Russotti (Dominic West), rather than a sequel to 2004's "The Punisher". It is the third feature film adaptation of The Punisher and is the first film to be produced under the Marvel Studios and Marvel Knights production banner, which focuses on films for mature audiences.

This is a document about Punisher: War Zone
 the overall figure, it is still significantly lower than the $115M amount 2004's "Punisher" movie made from box office and DVD sales. A tie-in PS3 video game, which shares fonts and models from the film, was released on July 2, 2009, via the PlayStation Network. Punisher: War Zone Punisher: War Zone is a 2008 American action film based on the Marvel Comics character the Punisher, directed by Lexi Alexander. The film is a reboot that follows the war waged by vigilante Frank Castle (Ray Stevenson) on crime and corruption, in particular on the disfigured mob boss known as Billy "Jigsaw"

This is a document about Russian (comics)
 mob boss Dutch Schultz. Frank's son, Frank Castelione Jr., grows up to become the Punisher, and discovers the Russian's connection to his father's death after tracking down and killing Barracuda and Jigsaw. The Punisher confronts the Russian at the Bronx Zoo, and their fight brings them into the reptile exhibit, where the Russian is mauled by alligators. Despite losing an arm, the Russian continues to try to attack the Punisher, who finishes him off by emptying two fully loaded guns into him. Frank, Jr. then stages the scene to make it look like the Russian was the Punisher all along.

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
 to still be alive, an overjoyed Jigsaw attempts to kill him, but the Punisher overpowers him with the assistance of Daredevil. Jigsaw later partners with various syndicates, and lays siege to the estate of the Geraci crime family, of which the Punisher had become the reluctant underboss. Jigsaw and his allies abduct the Geracis, but they are saved by the Punisher, who shoots Jigsaw in the head. Jigsaw next establishes a gunrunning operation, which is broken up by Daredevil and Black Widow. When his attempt at negotiating with Daredevil (who had declared himself the new Kingpin) fails, Jigsaw seeks revenge

This is a document about Microchip (comics)
 sends Megatak to attack Punisher's hacker ally Henry. To start off Hood's revival ritual of Castle's and Microchip's family, Microchip shoots G.W. Bridge in the head. Unfortunately the Punisher refuses to help and threatens to use Firebrand to burn them alive. The death of Bridge does reanimate the corpses. The Punisher, believing that his family is not actually present, forces Firebrand to destroy the bodies, then kills the villain. In the "" mini-series, the Punisher returns to New York City and vows to find Microchip and make him pay for murdering G.W. Bridge. Microchip is knocked unconscious by Jigsaw. While

This is a document about Barracuda (comics)
 Barracuda is hired by the Parents Music Resource Center to assassinate Eminem, who he was childhood friends with. He captures both Eminem and the Punisher, but is killed when the former escapes, acquires a chainsaw, and dismembers him with it. In "Punisher Noir", Barracuda is a prohibition-era enforcer of Bumpy Johnson, specializing in wrecking nightclubs rivaling those of his employer. He, Jigsaw, and the Russian are hired to kill Frank Castelione, a grocer who had defied mob boss Dutch Schultz. Years later, Barracuda is attacked by Frank's son, the Punisher, while on a date at Coney Island. The Punisher subdues

This is a document about Rev (comics)
 he severs and regrows his own limbs, an act witnessed by Jigsaw. The Rev is coerced at gunpoint to fix Jigsaw's face, and afterward they are confronted by a scarred Punisher, who kills Jigsaw. To prove his power, the Rev summons Belasco, who forces the Punisher to flee, pursued by Jigsaw, who was resurrected by the Rev. The Rev is then instructed by Belasco to dump the sterility drug into the Gulf Stream. The Punisher defeats and re-scars Jigsaw, catches up with the Rev, forces him to heal his mangled face, and allows him to board a helicopter. When the

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
 of the Punisher, such as Barracuda, Finn Cooley, and General Nikolai Zakharov. Jigsaw's role in "Girls in White Dresses" was regarded as generic and anticlimactic, and his inclusion in the MAX imprint criticized as obtrusive and gratuitous, by Jesse Schedeen of IGN, who felt that the character was "planted in this story mainly to appeal to fans of ". Jigsaw is Al Capone's top assassin in "Punisher Noir". He, Barracuda, and the Russian are hired to kill Frank Castelione, a grocer who had defied mob boss Dutch Schultz. Years later, Frank's son, the Punisher, tries to ambush Jigsaw, but is

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
 Billy Russo appears in the live-action Netflix series The Punisher, portrayed by Ben Barnes. This version is Frank Castle's former best friend who served alongside in the Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance as a Scout Sniper. After he left the Marines, Russo started his own private military contracting firm Anvil. Coming from a traumatizing background, he is nicknamed "Billy the Beaut" by his friend due to his good looks and womanizing habits. In season one, DHS agent Dinah Madani begins interviewing him about Castle and he enters a relationship with Dinah. He meets with Castle and tries to persuade Frank to start a new life but is refused. However, Russo is revealed to be in league with his former commanding officer William Rawlins. Russo

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
  Billy Russo was born to a poor Italian-American family, kicked out and abandoned as an orphan by his abusive father at the age of ten, and went on to become a hitman for New York's Italian criminal underworld, where his good looks garnered him the nickname "Billy the Beaut". He married a woman named Susan, and would beat both her and their son, Henry, once forcing Henry to drown his pet cat's kittens by threatening to shoot Susan. After the botched gangland execution that inadvertently led to the Castle family being massacred, Russo is hired by Frank Costa to cover up their deaths

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
  killing all of their friends and loved ones. Russo kills all of his targets except for Frank Castle, who survives a bomb planted by Russo. Hours later, Frank, now the vigilante Punisher, tracks Russo down to a Maggia nightclub. He guns down all of Russo's men, but leaves him alive to send a message to organized crime after knocking him through a glass window pane, an act that reduces Russo's face to a jigsaw puzzle-like mess of scars. Taking advantage of his hideous visage, Russo adopts the identity of "Jigsaw", and attempts to frame the Punisher for murder. However, the plan fails due

This is a document about List of Punisher supporting characters
  Henry Russo first appeared in The Punisher vol. 7 #1 (March 2009), and has gone on to become a recurring character in that series, as well as appearing alongside the Punisher in other series, such as Anti-Venom and Deadpool: Suicide Kings. Russo is the child of Jigsaw, and as a child, Russo's father would neglect and abuse him. In a pivotal incident, Jigsaw beat Russo for letting a cat inside their house. He then pulled a gun on Russo's mother and told him that if he did not drown the cat he (Jigsaw) would shoot her. Russo did, and was left traumatised by this incident. Russo possesses no superhuman powers or abilities, although he is extremely skilled at using and hacking computers.

Billy Russo, also known as Jigsaw, is a character in the Punisher comics who becomes disfigured after being punished by the Punisher. He is a former mobster and the brother of the Kingpin's right-hand man, Wilson Fisk. After being disfigured, Russo attempts to frame the Punisher for his crimes, but his plan fails and he is left with a face full of scars.