Question: who was awarded the first rajiv gandhi national sadbhavana award was given to

Answer: Jagan Nath Kaul

This is a document about Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award
 award include Mother Teresa, Shenai maestro Ustad Bismillah Khan, Grameen Bank founder Muhammad Yunus of Bangladesh, Former Assam Chief Minister Hiteswar Saikia and freedom fighter Subhadra Joshi (jointly), Lata Mangeshkar, Sunil Dutt, Jagan Nath Kaul, Dilip Kumar and author Kapila Vatsyayan, Wahiuddin Khan(Islamic scholar), Kiran Seth(founder of SPIC MACAY) (2011). Other recipients are civil society activists Teesta Setalvad and Harsh Mander (jointly), S N Subbarao, Swami Agnivesh and Madari Moideen (jointly), former President K R Narayanan, Nirmala Deshpande, Hem Dutta (2007), N Radhakrishnan and Gautam Bhai. Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award (English: Rajiv Gandhi National

This is a document about Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award
  Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award (English: Rajiv Gandhi National Communal Harmony Award) is an Indian award given for outstanding contribution towards promotion of communal harmony, national integration and peace. The award was instituted by All India Congress Committee of the Indian National Congress Party (INC), in 1992 to commemorate the lasting contribution made by the former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, carries a citation and a cash award of Rs. ten lakhs. It is given on 20 August, the birth anniversary of Rajiv Gandhi, which is celebrated as Sadbhavna Diwas (Harmony Day).

This is a document about Bharat Ratna
  rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence. The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were: the last Governor-General of the Dominion of India – C. Rajagopalachari, second President and the first Vice President of India – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and Nobel Prize Laureate, Physicist C. V. Raman; who were honoured in 1954. Since then, the award has been bestowed upon 48 individuals, including 14 who were awarded posthumously. The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1955 to permit them. Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously. In 2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40, became the youngest recipient; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday.

This is a document about Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award
  The Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award is the national quality award given by the Bureau of Indian Standards to Indian organisations that show excellence in their performance. It is named after Rajiv Gandhi, the former Prime Minister of India, and was introduced in 1991 after his death. The award aims to promote quality services to the consumers and to give special recognition to organisations that contribute significantly towards the quality movement of India. The award is presented annually as per the financial year, and is similar to other national quality awards worldwide like the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award of the United States, European Quality Award of the European Union and the Deming Prize of Japan.

This is a document about Padma Vibhushan
  the state and the union territory governments, the Ministries of the Government of India, the Bharat Ratna and previous Padma Vibhushan award recipients, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the Chief Ministers and the Governors of State, and the Members of Parliament including private individuals. The committee later submits their recommendations to the Prime Minister and the President of India for the further approval. The award recipients are announced on Republic Day. The first recipients of the award were Satyendra Nath Bose, Nand Lal Bose, Zakir Hussain, Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, and V. K. Krishna Menon, who were honoured in 1954. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards but this was subsequently

This is a document about Rajiv Gandhi
  referred the case to a Constitution Bench. The report of the Jain Commission created controversy when it accused the Tamil Nadu chief minister Karunanidhi of a role in the assassination, leading to Congress withdrawing its support for the I. K. Gujral government and fresh elections in 1998. LTTE spokesman Anton Balasingham told the Indian television channel NDTV the killing was a "great tragedy, a monumental historical tragedy which we deeply regret". A memorial called Veer Bhumi was constructed at the place of Gandhi's cremation in Delhi. In 1992, the Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award was instituted by the Indian National Congress Party. Since his death, 21 May has been declared Anti-Terrorism Day in India.

This is a document about 1st National Film Awards
  The 1st National Film Awards, presented by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema censored in the year 1953. Ceremony took place at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi on 10 October 1954 and awards were given by then President of India, Dr Rajendra Prasad. Instituted as State Awards for Films, which over the years known as National Film Awards, in its first year, were given in three different categories to honour the films at national level. Films made in all Indian languages were considered for the award. Awards were instituted, in order to encourage the production of the films of a high aesthetic and technical standard and educational and culture value. Awards were

This is a document about Bharat Ratna
  B. R. Ambedkar to please the Dalits. The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians. It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor Ashoka, Mughal Emperor Akbar, Maratha Emperor Shivaji, Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore, Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda, and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao (1991–96) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who died in 1945. In 2015, the Prime

This is a document about Agnivesh
 Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award (2004) – Delhi, India (Religious and Communal Harmony Award 2004) ; Right Livelihood Award (2004) – Sweden ; M. A. Thomas National Rights Award (2006) – Bangalore, India

This is a document about Bharat Ratna
  first singer to be awarded Bharat Ratna was M. S. Subbulakshmi. Though usually conferred on India-born citizens, the Bharat Ratna has been awarded to one naturalised citizen – Mother Teresa, and to two non-Indians: Abdul Ghaffar Khan (born in British India and later citizen of Pakistan) and Nelson Mandela, born in and citizen of South Africa. On 25 January 2019, the government announced the award to social activist Nanaji Deshmukh (posthumously), singer-music director Bhupen Hazarika (posthumously) and to the former President of India, Pranab Mukherjee. The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the national government; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public-interest

This is a document about Bharat Ratna
  Narendra Modi's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, close to the elections in Uttar Pradesh met with criticism. A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition. The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year. In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The award was proposed by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to President K. R. Narayanan who agreed to the proposal.

This is a document about List of people from Uttar Pradesh
 Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India and Bharat Ratna awardee ; Lal Bahadur Shastri, second Prime Minister of India and Bharat Ratna awardee ; Indira Gandhi, fourth Prime Minister of India and Bharat Ratna awardee ; Choudhary Charan Singh, fifth Prime Minister of India ; Rajiv Gandhi, sixth prime minister of India and Bharat Ratna awardee ; Vishwanath Pratap Singh, eighth Prime Minister of India ; Chandra Shekhar, ninth Prime Minister of India ; Atal Bihari Vajpayee. eleventh Prime Minister of India and Bharat Ratna awardee

This is a document about Rugmini Gopalakrishnan
 The President's Award from the first President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad at the first AIR Competition for Veena, 1954. ; Chembai Memorial Award, 2000 ; A Recognition of Honour by Sri Chirthira Thirunal Smaraka Sangeetha Natya Kala Kendram on the occasion of The 89th Chirthira Thirunal Jayanthi Celebration held in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 2001. ; V. Sarasamma Award Navarasam Sangeetha Sabha, 2006 ; Received the title Sangeetha Ratna given by Adhi Sankara Veda Vedanga Samskritha Co-operative Educational Society, 2006 ; Jury member in the First Swaralaya Yeshudas Award Committee, Kairali, 2001 ; Recognition of Honour with ponnada by Honorable Minister for Co-operation, Shri M.V. Raghavan, on

This is a document about Padma Vibhushan
  The award is conferred for "exceptional and distinguished service", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The criteria include "service in any field including service rendered by Government servants", but excludes those working with the public sector undertakings, with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute; Aditya Nath Jha, Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq, and Vikram Sarabhai became the first recipients to be honoured posthumously in 1972. The recommendations are received from all state and union territory governments, the Ministries of the Government of India, the Bharat Ratna and previous Padma Vibhushan award recipients, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the Chief Ministers, the Governors of State, and the Members of Parliament, including private individuals. The recommendations received

This is a document about Bharat Ratna
  It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990. M. S. Subbulakshmi from Tamil Nadu became the first musician to receive the honour. Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first sportsperson to receive the honour. In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday. , the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations. The award was briefly

This is a document about S. P. Varma
  of Mahatma Gandhi, in different languages, to hundreds of high dignitaries and thousands working on grass-root level. ; Organised Jammu and Kashmir State Sadbhavana – Ke – Sipahi convention at Jammu on 20 January 2003 in which thousands of SKS volunteers from all over the state participated and which was addressed by Hon’ble Congress President Smt. Sonia Gandhi, and Jammu and Kashmir PCC President Jenab Ghulam Nabi Azad in the presence of Dr. Manmohan Singh Ji and Smt. Ambika Soni. Smt Sonia Gandhi presented "Rajiv Gandhi State Sadbhavana Awards" to outstanding individuals and organisations in appreciation of their work in the field of peace and harmony irrespective of political affiliation. ; Launched

This is a document about Bharat Ratna
  The Bharat Ratna has been mired in several controversies and award grants have been subject to multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PILs). Jawaharlal Nehru has been targeted of awarding Bharat Ratna to himself while serving as Prime Minister of India in 1955. This claim was proved partly correct by the fact check team of The Wire, as the then President of India, Rajendra Prasad himself confessed that he conferred this award to Nehru, “unconstitutionally, without any recommendation or advice from the Prime Minister or the Cabinet”, for Nehru’s successful visit of the European countries and the Soviet Union (a visit aimed for the promotion of peace as the Cold War was rapidly escalating) and Nehru’s efforts to establish India as a major player in world affairs, which found popular support outside India. Similar claims

This is a document about India Leadership Conclave
  Late Prime Minister of India Rajeev Gandhi was awarded posthumously in its first edition. Business people such as Yash Chopra, Mukesh Ambani, Uday Kotak, Sudha Murthy, and Chanda Kochhar among others received in its very first edition in 2009. Notable figures who received Awards include, Sushmita Sen, Ratan Tata, Mukesh Batra, Priyanka Chopra, Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, Kunal Bahl, Nagabhairava Jaya Prakash Narayana., Mukesh Hariawala, Anamika Khanna, Manasi Kirloskar, Huzaifa Khorakiwala, Parvathy Nair, Urvashi Rautela, Sunny Leone, Arshi Khan, Jennifer Winget, Reza Shariffi, Bhairavi Jaikishan, Shaina NC, Muffazal Lakdawala, Ashok Soota, Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Govinda, Manjula Anagani.

This is a document about Bharat Ratna
  In 1988, then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on movie actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran, in a bid to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989. The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991, respectively. While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award, the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at placating Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977. The seventh Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh was criticised for posthumously

The first Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award was given to C. Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and the last Vice President of India, Sarojini Naidu in 1954.


Question: who is the author of the book romeo and juliet

Answer: William Shakespeare

This is a document about Romeo and Juliet
 Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with "Hamlet", is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. "Romeo and Juliet" belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as "The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet" by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and

This is a document about Romeo and Juliet effect
 Romeo and Juliet effect The Romeo and Juliet effect is when of parental opposition to a relationship intensifies the romantic feelings of those in the relationship. The effect gets its name from the relationship between the protagonists in William Shakespeare's late 16th-century play, "Romeo and Juliet," whose families were opposed to their union. The term was coined by Richard Driscoll who was the first author on a research paper which first suggested a there was a real world basis for the effect. An early review of romantic love in the Western world emphasized the persistent association of obstacles or grave

This is a document about Romeo + Juliet
 Romeo + Juliet William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (often shortened to Romeo + Juliet) is a 1996 American romantic crime film directed, co-produced, and co-written by Baz Luhrmann, co-produced by Gabriella Martinelli, and co-written by Craig Pearce. It is an adaptation and modernization of William Shakespeare's tragedy "Romeo and Juliet". The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes in the leading roles of Romeo and Juliet, who instantly fall in love when Romeo crashes a party and meets her, despite being members of feuding families. Brian Dennehy, John Leguizamo, Pete Postlethwaite, Paul Sorvino, and Diane Venora star in supporting roles.

This is a document about Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)
 Nurse (Romeo and Juliet) The Nurse is a major character in William Shakespeare's classic drama "Romeo and Juliet". She is the personal servant, guardian (and former wet nurse) of Juliet Capulet, and has been since Juliet was born. She had a daughter named Susan who died in infancy, and then became wetnurse to Juliet. As the primary person to like, she is therefore Juliet's foremost confidante. She is very important to Juliet and Juliet's life. She is one of the few people, along with Friar Laurence, to be made aware of the blossoming romance between Romeo and Juliet. Her personal

This is a document about Friar Laurence
 Friar Laurence Friar Laurence is a character in William Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet". Friar Laurence is a friar who plays the part of a wise advisor to Romeo and Juliet, along with aiding in major plot developments. Alone, he foreshadows the later, tragic events of the play with his soliloquy about plants and their similarities to humans. When Romeo requests the Friar marry him to Juliet, he is shocked, because only days before, Romeo had been infatuated with Rosaline, a woman who did not return his love. Nevertheless, Friar Laurence decides to marry Romeo and Juliet in the attempt

This is a document about Romeo, Juliet and Darkness
 is discovered and Pavel is threatened, she flees into the streets in the middle of Operation Anthropoid—the Czech government-in-exile's plot to assassinate Reinhard Heydrich—and is killed. "Romeo, Juliet, and Darkness" won the Golden Seashell at the 1960 San Sebastian International Film Festival. It also won the Grand Prix at the 1960 Taormina International Film Festival. Romeo, Juliet and Darkness Romeo, Juliet and Darkness () is a 1960 Czech drama film directed by Jiří Weiss. Inspired by William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet", the film is about problems experienced by a young Jewish woman who is hidden from the Gestapo by a

This is a document about Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)
 Romeo and Juliet (1968 film) Romeo and Juliet is a 1968 British-Italian romantic drama film based on the play of the same name, written 1591–1595 by famed English playwright / author William Shakespeare (1564–1616). The film was directed and co-written by Franco Zeffirelli, and stars Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey. It won Academy Awards for Best Cinematography (Pasqualino De Santis) and Best Costume Design (Danilo Donati); it was also nominated for Best Director and Best Picture, making it the last Shakespearean film to be nominated for Best Picture to date. Sir Laurence Olivier spoke the film's prologue and epilogue and

This is a document about Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss
 Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss is a 2006 American animated romantic fantasy comedy-drama film loosely following the play "Romeo and Juliet" by William Shakespeare. The film is about two star-crossed seals, Romeo and Juliet (voiced by Daniel and Patricia Trippet respectively), who fall in love against the wishes of their warring families. It was released in Europe in mid-2006 and on October 27 in the United States. The film was written, animated, and directed entirely by one man, former Disney animator Phil Nibbelink. The film, created on an estimated budget of

This is a document about Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)
 text whether he is addressing the Nurse or Lady Capulet. A short sample of famous Nurses follows: Nurse (Romeo and Juliet) The Nurse is a major character in William Shakespeare's classic drama "Romeo and Juliet". She is the personal servant, guardian (and former wet nurse) of Juliet Capulet, and has been since Juliet was born. She had a daughter named Susan who died in infancy, and then became wetnurse to Juliet. As the primary person to like, she is therefore Juliet's foremost confidante. She is very important to Juliet and Juliet's life. She is one of the few people, along

This is a document about Romeo and Juliet (1964 film)
 harmed Shakespeare more than Zeffirelli". Romeo and Juliet (1964 film) Romeo and Juliet () is a 1964 film directed and written by Riccardo Freda. Riccardo Freda maintained that it was himself who had the idea to adapt "Romeo and Juliet", having been an admirer of William Shakespeare since his youth and that he convinced Goffredo Lombardo who had gone bankrupt after the production of "Sodom and Gomorrah" to create the production company Imprecine and set up a co-production deal with Spain for this film and "Genoveffa di Brabante". Other sources such as Stefano Della Casa state that Freda was commissioned

This is a document about Romeo and Juliet (1964 film)
 Romeo and Juliet (1964 film) Romeo and Juliet () is a 1964 film directed and written by Riccardo Freda. Riccardo Freda maintained that it was himself who had the idea to adapt "Romeo and Juliet", having been an admirer of William Shakespeare since his youth and that he convinced Goffredo Lombardo who had gone bankrupt after the production of "Sodom and Gomorrah" to create the production company Imprecine and set up a co-production deal with Spain for this film and "Genoveffa di Brabante". Other sources such as Stefano Della Casa state that Freda was commissioned to shoot a Shakespeare adaptation

This is a document about Romeo, Juliet and Darkness
 Romeo, Juliet and Darkness Romeo, Juliet and Darkness () is a 1960 Czech drama film directed by Jiří Weiss. Inspired by William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet", the film is about problems experienced by a young Jewish woman who is hidden from the Gestapo by a student lover. In 1997 a TV adaptation of the same name was directed by Karel Smyczek. In Nazi-occupied Prague in May 1942, Pavel (Ivan Mistrík) hides the young Jew Hanka (Daniela Smutná) to keep her from being sent to a concentration camp. Over the following three weeks the two fall in love. But when Hanka

This is a document about Characters in Romeo and Juliet
 History of Romeus and Juliet", which Shakespeare later used to create "Romeo and Juliet". Brooke's version made Mercutio a rival for Juliet's love. Shakespeare's addition of Valentine as Mercutio's brother diffuses this rivalry. Thus, because the first time we hear of Mercutio he is associated with Valentine, rather than Juliet, he is changed from a rival to a friend and brotherly figure of Romeo. Characters in Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet" contains a diverse cast of characters. In addition to the play's eponymous protagonists, Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet, the play contains roles for members of

This is a document about Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)
 Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev) Romeo and Juliet (), Op. 64, is a ballet by Sergei Prokofiev based on William Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet". Prokofiev reused music from the ballet in three suites for orchestra and a solo piano work. Based on a synopsis created by Adrian Piotrovsky (who first suggested the subject to Prokofiev) and Sergey Radlov, the ballet was composed by Prokofiev in September 1935 to their scenario which followed the precepts of "drambalet" (dramatised ballet, officially promoted at the Kirov Ballet to replace works based primarily on choreographic display and innovation). Following Radlov's acrimonious resignation from the

This is a document about Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)
 made two recordings with Kirov Orchestra in 2001 and London Symphony Orchestra in 2011. Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev) Romeo and Juliet (), Op. 64, is a ballet by Sergei Prokofiev based on William Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet". Prokofiev reused music from the ballet in three suites for orchestra and a solo piano work. Based on a synopsis created by Adrian Piotrovsky (who first suggested the subject to Prokofiev) and Sergey Radlov, the ballet was composed by Prokofiev in September 1935 to their scenario which followed the precepts of "drambalet" (dramatised ballet, officially promoted at the Kirov Ballet to replace

This is a document about Warm Bodies
 Warm Bodies Warm Bodies is a novel by author Isaac Marion. The book was described as a "zombie romance" by the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" and makes allusions to William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet". The author, based in Seattle, originally wrote a short story titled "I Am a Zombie Filled with Love". Atria Books, a division of Simon & Schuster, acquired the publishing rights to the full novel in early 2010. In a post-apocalyptic future, a male zombie still in the early stages of decay lives in a community of the Dead in an abandoned airport near the city. He refers to

This is a document about Warm Bodies
 books, making the series four books in total. The first of these, titled "The Burning World", was released in February 7, 2017, and Marion has launched an elaborate campaign to encourage preordering through his own web store, creating original story materials as rewards. Warm Bodies Warm Bodies is a novel by author Isaac Marion. The book was described as a "zombie romance" by the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" and makes allusions to William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet". The author, based in Seattle, originally wrote a short story titled "I Am a Zombie Filled with Love". Atria Books, a division of Simon &

This is a document about Romeo and Juliet (1916 Metro Pictures film)
 Romeo and Juliet (1916 Metro Pictures film) Romeo and Juliet is a lost 1916 American silent film based on William Shakespeare's play, "Romeo and Juliet". John W. Noble is credited as director and Francis X. Bushman and Beverly Bayne star as the lovers. This film was produced in 1916, the 300th anniversary of Shakespeare's death, and was released amongst many other commemorations of his works. This film was produced and released in direct competition with another film, "Romeo and Juliet" produced by William Fox, starring Theda Bara, and released three days later. Bushman later claimed, in an interview, that he

This is a document about Romeo
 by several actors, including: Romeo Romeo Montague is the protagonist of William Shakespeare's tragedy, "The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet". The son of Lord Montague and his wife, Lady Montague, he secretly loves and marries Juliet, a member of the rival House of Capulet, through a priest named Friar Laurence. Forced into exile after slaying Juliet's cousin, Tybalt, in a duel, Romeo commits suicide upon hearing falsely of Juliet's death. The character's origins can be traced as far back as Pyramus, who appears in Ovid's "Metamorphoses", but the first modern incarnation of Romeo is Mariotto in the 33rd of Masuccio

This is a document about Romeo
 Romeo Romeo Montague is the protagonist of William Shakespeare's tragedy, "The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet". The son of Lord Montague and his wife, Lady Montague, he secretly loves and marries Juliet, a member of the rival House of Capulet, through a priest named Friar Laurence. Forced into exile after slaying Juliet's cousin, Tybalt, in a duel, Romeo commits suicide upon hearing falsely of Juliet's death. The character's origins can be traced as far back as Pyramus, who appears in Ovid's "Metamorphoses", but the first modern incarnation of Romeo is Mariotto in the 33rd of Masuccio Salernitano's "Il Novellino" (1476).

William Shakespeare wrote the play "Romeo and Juliet."


Question: when was the channel tunnel first thought of

Answer: as early as 1802

This is a document about Channel Tunnel
 for a cross-Channel fixed link appeared as early as 1802, but British political and press pressure over the compromising of national security stalled attempts to construct a tunnel. An early attempt at building a Channel Tunnel was made in the late 19th century, on the English side, "in the hope of forcing the hand of the English Government". The eventual successful project, organised by Eurotunnel, began construction in 1988 and opened in 1994. At £5.5 billion (1985 prices), it was at the time the most expensive construction project ever proposed. The cost finally amounted to £9 billion ($21 billion), well

This is a document about Channel Tunnel
  In 1919, during the Paris Peace Conference, the British prime minister, David Lloyd George, repeatedly brought up the idea of a Channel tunnel as a way of reassuring France about British willingness to defend against another German attack. The French did not take the idea seriously, and nothing came of Lloyd George's proposal. In the 1920s, Winston Churchill had advocated for the Channel Tunnel, using that exact name in an essay entitled "Should Strategists Veto The Tunnel?" The essay was published on 27 July 1924 in the Weekly Dispatch, and argued vehemently against the idea that the tunnel could be used by a

This is a document about Channel Tunnel
  enemy in an invasion of Britain. Churchill expressed his enthusiasm for the project again in an article for the Daily Mail on 12 February 1936, "Why Not A Channel Tunnel?" There was another proposal in 1929, but nothing came of this discussion and the idea was shelved. Proponents estimated the construction cost at US$150 million. The engineers had addressed the concerns of both nations' military leaders by designing two sumps—one near the coast of each country—that could be flooded at will to block the tunnel. But this did not appease military leaders, and other concerns about hordes of tourists who would disrupt English

This is a document about Channel Tunnel
  In 1802, Albert Mathieu-Favier, a French mining engineer, put forward a proposal to tunnel under the English Channel, with illumination from oil lamps, horse-drawn coaches, and an artificial island positioned mid-Channel for changing horses. Mathieu-Favier's design envisaged a bored two-level tunnel with the top tunnel used for transport and the bottom one for groundwater flows. In 1839, Aimé Thomé de Gamond, a Frenchman, performed the first geological and hydrographical surveys on the Channel, between Calais and Dover. Thomé de Gamond explored several schemes and, in 1856, he presented a proposal to Napoleon III for a mined railway tunnel from Cap Gris-Nez to East Wear

This is a document about Dartford Crossing
  The idea of a tunnel crossing was first proposed by the Ministry of Transport in 1924. Initial reports at the start of the year suggested a crossing between Tilbury and Gravesend, replacing a ferry service, but this had been rejected by July in favour of a route further upstream, near Dartford. By 1929, the total cost of building the tunnel had been estimated at £3 million (equivalent to £ million in ). The tunnel was planned to be part of a general orbital route around London and was provisionally known as part of the "South Orbital Road". The first engineering

This is a document about Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links
  There is no public highway connection between Great Britain and the European mainland; only a rail connection, the Channel Tunnel. A cross channel tunnel was first proposed in 1802 and construction actually started in 1881 before being abandoned. Roll-on Roll-off ferry services provided links across the channel for vehicles. A road tunnel was proposed in 1979, but not considered viable. Construction of the Channel Tunnel started in 1988 and the tunnel opened in 1994. Automobiles and lorries/transport trucks are loaded onto the Eurotunnel Shuttle's enclosed railway cars (similar to auto rack/motorail railway cars) for the trip through the tunnel, however. A service road tunnel runs the entire length of the crossing, but is closed to general use and used only during emergencies and for maintenance. Cyclists - both amateur and professional - have crossed the channel via the tunnel during special occasions. There have been proposals at various times for a second channel tunnel of some kind.

This is a document about Channel Tunnel
  with a port/airshaft on the Varne sandbank at a cost of 170 million francs, or less than £7 million.  In 1865, a deputation led by George Ward Hunt proposed the idea of a tunnel to the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the day, William Ewart Gladstone. Around 1866, William Low and Sir John Hawkshaw promoted ideas, but apart from preliminary geological studies none were implemented. An official Anglo-French protocol was established in 1876 for a cross-Channel railway tunnel. In 1881, the British railway entrepreneur Sir Edward Watkin and Alexandre Lavalley, a French Suez Canal contractor, were in the Anglo-French Submarine Railway Company that conducted

This is a document about List of long tunnels by type
 Channel Tunnel

This is a document about Channel Tunnel
  it unanimously in June. In Britain, select committees examined the proposal, making history by holding hearings away from Westminster, in Kent. In February 1987, the third reading of the Channel Tunnel Bill took place in the House of Commons, and passed by 94 votes to 22. The Channel Tunnel Act gained Royal assent and passed into law in July. Parliamentary support for the project came partly from provincial members of Parliament on the basis of promises of regional Eurostar through train services that never materialised; the promises were repeated in 1996 when the contract for construction of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link was awarded.

This is a document about Tunnelling shield
  The first successful rectangular tunnelling shield was developed by Marc Isambard Brunel and patented by him and Lord Cochrane in January 1818. Brunel and his son Isambard Kingdom Brunel used it to excavate the Thames Tunnel beginning in 1825 (though the tunnel was not opened until 1843). Brunel is said to have been inspired in his design by the shell of the shipworm, a mollusc whose efficiency at boring through submerged timber he observed while working in a shipyard. The shield was built by Maudslay, Sons & Field of Lambeth, London, who also built the steam pumps for de-watering the tunnel. In 1840, Alfred Ely Beach, editor of

This is a document about John Hawkshaw
  and South Dock (formerly the City Canal) of the West India Docks in London), in river-engineering, in drainage and sewerage, in water-supply, etc. He was engineer, with Sir James Brunlees, of the original Channel Tunnel Company from 1872, but many years previously he had investigated for himself the question of a tunnel under the Strait of Dover from an engineering point of view, and had come to a belief in its feasibility, so far as that could be determined from borings and surveys. Subsequently, however, he became convinced that the tunnel would not be to the advantage of Great Britain, and thereafter would have

This is a document about Shakespeare Cliff Halt railway station
  Shakespeare Cliff near Dover was the location of the first attempt to construct a tunnel under the English Channel in the late 1870s, when a 7 ft diameter Beaumont-English boring machine dug a 1893 m pilot tunnel from the location. The project was abandoned in May 1882, owing to British political and press campaigns claiming that a tunnel would compromise Britain's national defences. A further shaft was made in 1890 and coal was struck about 1100 ft below the surface; Shakespeare Colliery was opened on the site in 1896 and was producing 8 LT of coal per day by 1907. In 1913, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway opened a halt primarily for the use of miners at Dover Colliery, who worked

This is a document about English Channel
  Many travellers cross beneath the Channel using the Channel Tunnel, first proposed in the early 19th century and finally opened in 1994, connecting the UK and France by rail. It is now routine to travel between Paris or Brussels and London on the Eurostar train. Freight trains also use the tunnel. Cars, coaches and lorries are carried on Eurotunnel Shuttle trains between Folkestone and Calais.

This is a document about France–United Kingdom relations
  The Channel Tunnel (Le tunnel sous la Manche; also referred to as the Chunnel) is a 50.5-kilometre (31.4 mi) undersea rail tunnel (linking Folkestone, Kent, in the United Kingdom with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais, near the city of Calais in northern France) beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. Ideas for a cross-Channel fixed link appeared as early as 1802, but British political and press pressure over compromised national security stalled attempts to construct a tunnel. The eventual successful project, organised by Eurotunnel, began construction in 1988 and was opened by British Queen Elizabeth II and French President François Mitterrand in a ceremony held in Calais on 6 May 1994. The same year the American Society of Civil Engineers elected the Channel Tunnel as one of the seven modern Wonders of the World.

This is a document about Channel Tunnel
  work on both sides of the Channel. On the English side a 2.13 m diameter Beaumont-English boring machine dug a 1893 m pilot tunnel from Shakespeare Cliff. On the French side, a similar machine dug 1669 m from Sangatte. The project was abandoned in May 1882, owing to British political and press campaigns asserting that a tunnel would compromise Britain's national defences. These early works were encountered more than a century later during the TML project. A 1907 film, Tunnelling the English Channel by pioneer filmmaker Georges Méliès, depicts King Edward VII and President Armand Fallières dreaming of building a tunnel under the English

This is a document about LGV Nord
   The line was designed to facilitate European connections. The foreseen opening of the Channel Tunnel made it a project of the utmost urgency, leading to an acceleration of work. It opened in 1993, a year before the tunnel, from Arnouville to Fréthun; the Belgian section followed in 1997.

This is a document about Proposed British Isles fixed sea link connections
  a tunnel under the Irish Sea had been discussed "for some time back". In 1890, engineer Luke Livingston Macassey outlined a Stranraer–Belfast link by tunnel, submerged "tubular bridge", or solid causeway. In 1897 a British firm applied for £15,000 towards the cost of carrying out borings and soundings in the North Channel to see if a tunnel between Ireland and Scotland was viable. The link would have been of immense commercial benefit, was significant strategically and would have meant faster transatlantic travel from the United Kingdom, via Galway and other ports in Ireland. When Hugh Arnold-Foster asked in the Commons in 1897 about a North Channel tunnel, Arthur Balfour said "the financial aspects ... are not of a very promising character".

This is a document about 19th-century London
  19th century London was the site of unprecedented engineering marvels. One of these was the Thames Tunnel, declared the "Eighth Wonder of the World" when it opened in 1843. Designed by Marc Isambard Brunel, it was the first tunnel in the world to be successfully built under a navigable river and took 18 grueling years to complete. Laborers employed to dig the tunnel, with the protection of Brunel's tunneling shield, endured five serious floods and multiple gas and sewage leaks, which caused numerous casualties and long delays. Although it was intended as an underground artery for the movement of goods between Rotherhithe and Wapping, it opened as a pedestrian tunnel during

This is a document about Ralph Dodd
  Having been employed to undertake surveys of canals, coal mines, harbours and other civil engineering works of the late eighteenth century Dodd turned his attention to tunnels, proposing the first under water tunnel in the United Kingdom in 1796. The Tynemouth proposal was for a tunnel between North Shields and South Shields, which was inspired by local undersea mining activities in Wylam and Whitehaven and was based on estimating parameters used for tunnel costings for the Grand Junction Canal.

This is a document about Tunnel boring machine
   The first successful tunnelling shield was developed by Sir Marc Isambard Brunel to excavate the Thames Tunnel in 1825. However, this was only the invention of the shield concept and did not involve the construction of a complete tunnel boring machine, the digging still having to be accomplished by the then standard excavation methods. The first boring machine reported to have been built was Henri-Joseph Maus's Mountain Slicer. Commissioned by the King of Sardinia in 1845 to dig the Fréjus Rail Tunnel between France and Italy through the Alps, Maus had it built in 1846 in an arms factory near Turin. It consisted of more than 100

The Channel Tunnel was first seriously considered in the late 19th century, but the idea can be traced back to at least 1802 with Albert Mathieu-Favier's proposal.


Question: who ruled the soviet union with sole power in a regime of terror

Answer: Stalin

This is a document about Rise of Joseph Stalin
 reopened the case. Kamenev and Zinoviev were interrogated again, and the exiled Trotsky was now accused of being the leading mastermind in Kirov's murder. In July 1936, Stalin promised Kamenev and Zinoviev (through NKVD chief, Genrikh Yagoda) that there would be no executions or persecution of their families if they confessed to conspiring with Trotsky. Stalin's promise was soon broken. A few weeks later, after a show trial, Kamenev and Zinoviev were both executed on 25 August 1936. Spearheading Stalin's purges was a Commissar called Nikolai Yezhov, a fervent Stalinist and a believer in violent repression. Nikolai Yezhov continued to

This is a document about Revolutionary terror
 Purge refers collectively to several related campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the 1930s, which removed all of his remaining opposition from power. It involved the purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, both occurring within a period characterized by omnipresent police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment and killings. In the Western World, this was referred to as "the Great Terror". Revolutionary terror Revolutionary terror (also referred to as revolutionary terrorism, or a reign of terror) refers to the institutionalized application of

This is a document about Socialist Party of America
 was seen as particularly galling by the "Call"'s editor."" Things turned out no better with the official Communist Party, devoted as it was to the Stalin regime in the Soviet Union. The February–March 1937 joint plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party in the Moscow, which green-lighted a massive avalanche of secret police terror known to history as the Great Purge, changed everything. Baby steps towards multi-candidate elections and the rule of law in the Soviet Union crumbled instantly as show trials, spy mania, mass arrests and mass executions swept the land. The

This is a document about The Science of Success
 book with influencing his own thinking; most notably: W. Edwards Deming, Michael Polanyi, and his father, Fred Koch. After being unable to find contracts in the U.S., his father had spent time developing petroleum cracking plants in the Soviet Union in the 1920s under the communist regime of Joseph Stalin. He came back from his experience with great contempt for the totalitarian regime, having found the USSR to be "a land of hunger, misery, and terror." At least in part, the horrors of the totalitarian, communist regime made Fred Koch a staunch anti-communist, and a true believer in the merits

This is a document about Market-Based Management Institute
 by his father's experiences. His father (and co-founder of Koch Industries), Fred C. Koch, had spent time developing petroleum cracking units in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin's regime between 1929 and 1932, and came back with a deep disdain for the communist regime's totalitarianism. He described the nation as "a land of hunger, misery, and terror," and later, lamented the fact that many of the engineers he had worked with there had been purged by Stalin's regime, along with a great many other "intellectuals". The Kochs saw the "necessity" of freedom to the success of societies, and translated that

This is a document about Koba the Dread
 mended. Koba the Dread Koba the Dread: Laughter and the Twenty Million is a 2002 non-fiction book by British writer Martin Amis. The book is a study of the depredations of the regime of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s. The title alludes to Stalin's nickname "Koba", and the estimated 20 million deaths in the Soviet Union during Stalin's rule due to starvation, torture, gulags, and the purges and confessions of Stalin's Great Terror. The estimate of deaths under Stalin comes from Robert Conquest's work, a key source for Amis. The book received a

This is a document about Koba the Dread
 Koba the Dread Koba the Dread: Laughter and the Twenty Million is a 2002 non-fiction book by British writer Martin Amis. The book is a study of the depredations of the regime of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s. The title alludes to Stalin's nickname "Koba", and the estimated 20 million deaths in the Soviet Union during Stalin's rule due to starvation, torture, gulags, and the purges and confessions of Stalin's Great Terror. The estimate of deaths under Stalin comes from Robert Conquest's work, a key source for Amis. The book received a mixed

This is a document about Robert Conquest
 In 1962–63, Conquest was literary editor of "The Spectator", but resigned when he found the job interfered with his historical writing. His first books on the Soviet Union were "Common Sense About Russia" (1960), "The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities" (1960) and "Power and Policy in the USSR" (1961). His other early works on the Soviet Union included "Courage of Genius: The Pasternak Affair" (1961) and "Russia After Khrushchev" (1965). In 1968, Conquest published what became his best-known work, "The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties", the first comprehensive research of the Great Purge, which took place in the Soviet

This is a document about Soviet Union
 republics, for most of its history had no republican branch of the CPSU, being ruled directly by the union-wide party until 1990. Local authorities were organized likewise into party committees, local Soviets and executive committees. While the state system was nominally federal, the party was unitary. The state security police (the KGB and its predecessor agencies) played an important role in Soviet politics. It was instrumental in the Stalinist terror, but after the death of Stalin, the state security police was brought under strict party control. Under Yuri Andropov, KGB chairman in 1967–1982 and General Secretary from 1982 to 1984,

This is a document about Chance for Peace speech
 left office in 1961, he felt it necessary to warn of the military-industrial complex. Eisenhower took office in January 1953, with the Korean War winding down. The Soviet Union had detonated an atomic bomb, and appeared to reach approximate military parity with the United States. Political pressures for a more aggressive stance toward the Soviet Union mounted, and calls for increased military spending did as well. Stalin's demise on March 5, 1953 briefly left a power vacuum in the Soviet Union and offered a chance for rapprochement with the new regime, as well as an opportunity to decrease military spending.

This is a document about Communism
 re-emerged in a new form, rather than the dictatorship of the proletariat. Trotsky and his supporters, struggling against Stalin for power in the Soviet Union, organized into the Left Opposition and their platform became known as Trotskyism. Stalin eventually succeeded in gaining control of the Soviet regime and Trotskyist attempts to remove Stalin from power resulted in Trotsky's exile from the Soviet Union in 1929. While in exile, Trotsky continued his campaign against Stalin, founding in 1938 the Fourth International, a Trotskyist rival to the Comintern In August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico City on Stalin's orders. Trotsky's politics

This is a document about Communist Party of Western Ukraine
 Communist Party of Western Ukraine Communist Party of Western Ukraine (; ) was a political party in eastern interwar Poland. Until 1923 it was known as the Communist Party of Eastern Galicia (Komunistyczna Partia Zachodniej Galicji). Young Communist League of Western Ukraine was the youth league of the party. The party was more influential during the NEP era in the Bolshevist Russia and the Soviet Union, and the Ukrainization in the Soviet Ukraine. Its influence faded away in 1930s due to Stalin's terror regime in the USSR and execution of his policies in Ukraine by Lazar Kaganovich. At times, the

This is a document about Communist Party of Western Ukraine
 Poland. Communist Party of Western Ukraine Communist Party of Western Ukraine (; ) was a political party in eastern interwar Poland. Until 1923 it was known as the Communist Party of Eastern Galicia (Komunistyczna Partia Zachodniej Galicji). Young Communist League of Western Ukraine was the youth league of the party. The party was more influential during the NEP era in the Bolshevist Russia and the Soviet Union, and the Ukrainization in the Soviet Ukraine. Its influence faded away in 1930s due to Stalin's terror regime in the USSR and execution of his policies in Ukraine by Lazar Kaganovich. At times,

This is a document about Soviet dissidents
 foreign governments, and there was a result. Soviet dissidents Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features in the embodiment of Soviet ideology and who were willing to speak out against them. The term "dissident" was used in the Soviet Union in the period following Joseph Stalin's death until the fall of communism. It was used to refer to small groups of marginalized intellectuals whose modest challenges to the Soviet regime met protection and encouragement from correspondents. Following the etymology of the term, a dissident is considered to "sit apart" from the regime. As dissenters began self-identifying as "dissidents",

This is a document about Soviet dissidents
 Soviet dissidents Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features in the embodiment of Soviet ideology and who were willing to speak out against them. The term "dissident" was used in the Soviet Union in the period following Joseph Stalin's death until the fall of communism. It was used to refer to small groups of marginalized intellectuals whose modest challenges to the Soviet regime met protection and encouragement from correspondents. Following the etymology of the term, a dissident is considered to "sit apart" from the regime. As dissenters began self-identifying as "dissidents", the term came to refer to an

This is a document about Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
 Suppressed research in the Soviet Union Suppressed research in the Soviet Union refers to scientific fields which were banned in the Soviet Union. All humanities and social sciences were additionally tested for strict accordance with historical materialism. These tests were alleged to serve as a cover for political suppression of scientists who engaged in research labeled as "idealistic" or "bourgeois". In several cases the consequences of ideological influences were dramatic. The suppression of research began during the Stalin era and continued after his regime. Certain scientific fields in the Soviet Union were suppressed primarily after being labeled as ideologically suspect.

This is a document about Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941
 dismissed by many others. During this period, trade between Germany and the Soviet Union declined as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted its power and as the abandonment of post-World War I military control decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports, such that Soviet imports fell to 223 million Reichsmarks by 1934. Few questions concerning the origins of the Second World War are as controversial as the issue of pre-war Soviet policy toward Nazi Germany, especially due to the absence of a complete opening of the Politburo, Joseph Stalin's and Vyacheslav Molotov's papers on foreign affairs. German documents pertaining to their

This is a document about Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
 or lacking documentation for much of Soviet statistical data is also a significant problem. Suppressed research in the Soviet Union Suppressed research in the Soviet Union refers to scientific fields which were banned in the Soviet Union. All humanities and social sciences were additionally tested for strict accordance with historical materialism. These tests were alleged to serve as a cover for political suppression of scientists who engaged in research labeled as "idealistic" or "bourgeois". In several cases the consequences of ideological influences were dramatic. The suppression of research began during the Stalin era and continued after his regime. Certain scientific

This is a document about Communist Party of the Soviet Union
 further frustrating the Soviet government. These tensions led to a Tito–Stalin Split which marked the beginning of international sectarian division within the world communist movement. After Stalin's death, Khrushchev rose to the top post by overcoming political adversaries, including Lavrentiy Beria and Georgy Malenkov, in a power struggle. In 1955, Khrushchev achieved the demotion of Malenkov and secured his own position as Soviet leader. Early in his rule and with the support of several members of the Presidium, Khrushchev initiated the Thaw, which effectively ended the Stalinist mass terror of the prior decades and reduced socio-economic oppression considerably. At the

This is a document about Collective leadership in the Soviet Union
  Richard Löwenthal, a German professor, believed that the Soviet Union had evolved from being a totalitarian state under the rule of Joseph Stalin into a system that he called "post-totalitarian authoritarianism", or "authoritarian bureaucratic oligarchy", in which the Soviet state remained omnipotent in theory and highly authoritarian in practice. However, it did considerably reduce the scale of repression and allowed a much greater level of pluralism into public life. In a 1960 paper, Löwenthal wrote that one-man leadership was "the normal rule of line in a one-party state". The majority of First World observers tended to agree with Löwenthal on the grounds that a collective leadership

Joseph Stalin ruled the Soviet Union with sole power during the regime of terror known as the Great Purge in the late 1930s. He orchestrated the persecution and removal of political opposition, resulting in mass arrests, show trials, and executions. The purge was a campaign of political repression aimed at removing all remaining opposition to Stalin's power.


Question: according to ncf 2005 the role of a teacher has to be

Answer: develops multidisciplinary curriculum

This is a document about National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005)
 activities without any bias. Policy of inclusion has to be part of the school where differently abled and children from marginalized section get equal opportunities. The schools should also be well equipped with libraries, laboratories and educational technology laboratories. The NCF has aimed at bringing about reforms in the education system to bring about a curriculum that is learner centric, has a flexible process, provide learner autonomy, teacher plays a role of a facilitator, supports and encourages learning, involves active participation of learners, develops multidisciplinary curriculum, focuses on education, brings about multiple and divergent exposure, multifarious, continuous appraisal in educational

This is a document about National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005)
  The NCF has aimed at bringing about reforms in the education system to bring about a curriculum that is learner centric, has a flexible process, provide learner autonomy, teacher plays a role of a facilitator, supports and encourages learning, involves active participation of learners, develops multidisciplinary curriculum, focuses on education, brings about multiple and divergent exposure, multifarious, continuous appraisal in educational system.

This is a document about Educational essentialism
  The role of the teacher as the leader of the classroom is a very important tenet of Educational essentialism. The teacher is the center of the classroom, so they should be rigid and disciplinary. Establishing order in the classroom is crucial for student learning; effective teaching cannot take place in a loud and disorganized environment. It is the teacher's responsibility to keep order in the classroom. The teacher must interpret essentials of the learning process, take the leadership position and set the tone of the classroom. These needs require an educator who is academically well-qualified with an appreciation for learning and development. The teacher must control the students with distributions of rewards and penalties.

This is a document about National Conference of University Professors
  NCUP (2018) The Role of the Professoriate

This is a document about National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005)
  The National Curriculum Framework 2005 (NCF 2005) is the fourth National Curriculum Framework published in 2005 by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) in India. Its predecessors were published in 1975, 1988, 2000. The NCF 2005 serves as a guideline for syllabus, textbooks, and teaching practices for the schools in India. The NCF 2005 has based its policies on previous government reports on education, such as Learning Without Burden and National Policy of Education 1986–1992, and focus group discussion. After multiple deliberations 21 National Focus Group Position Papers have been published to provide inputs for NCF 2005. NCF 2005 and its offshoot textbooks have come under different forms of

This is a document about Teacher in role
  The Teacher in Role is an educational technique used especially in the teaching of drama and dramatic literature, however its applications can span across the entire subject spectrum. Educators utilising the technique adopt a character or 'role', with the intent of engaging typically younger students in a fictional or historically-inspired setting to convey desired concepts, attitudes and ideals.andfor our life skill

This is a document about Glossary of language education terms
  Aspects of culture that affect communication with others; examples: social class, education level, age, gender, ethnicity. Also, see “communicative competence”. Strategic competence: See “communicative competence”. Student and teacher: Teachers have eight roles in the classroom. They are authorities and sources of knowledge; entertainers; caregivers; role models; counsellors and sometimes friends; classroom disciplinarians; directors and managers; facilitators, coaches and guides. The most important person in the classroom is the student. The teacher’s primary focus must be on effective ways to have the student practice using his or her language. Classes should be planned so they enable the student to use just a little more language than they are comfortable with. This is known as “i+1” – an idea

This is a document about Florida Teacher Certification Examinations
  The federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) requires that, in order for states to receive federal funding, all teachers must be "highly qualified" as defined in the law by the end of the 2006-07 school year. The Florida Department of Education has defined a highly qualified teacher to be one who has (1) fulfilled the state's certification and licensing requirements, (2) obtained at least a bachelor's degree, and (3) demonstrated subject matter expertise. The procedure for demonstrating subject matter knowledge depends on a teacher's tenure and level of instruction. As a result, the FTCE began in 2002 to replace the College Level Academic Skills Test (CLAST). The test satisfies Florida Statutes 1012.56.2 (g), (h), and (i) to be certified as a teacher. The specific implementation is according to the Florida Administrative Code 6A-4.0021

This is a document about Groener v Minister for Education
  applied must not bring about discrimination against nationals of other Member States. 20 The importance of education for the implementation of such a policy must be recognized. Teachers have an essential role to play, not only through the teaching which they provide but also by their participation in the daily life of the school and the privileged relationship which they have with their pupils. In those circumstances, it is not unreasonable to require them to have some knowledge of the first national language. 21 It follows that the requirement imposed on teachers to have an adequate knowledge of such a language must, provided that

This is a document about National Education Policy 2020
  The NEP 2020 puts forward many policy changes when it comes to teachers and teacher education. To become a teacher, a 4-year Bachelor of Education will be the minimum requirement needed by 2030. The teacher recruitment process will also be strengthened and made transparent. The National Council for Teacher Education will frame a National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education by 2021 and a National Professional Standards for Teachers by 2022. The policy aims to: "ensure that all students at all levels of school education are taught by passionate, motivated, highly qualified, professionally trained, and well equipped teachers."

This is a document about Drama teaching techniques
  key to involving teacher participation. This strategy can take on many forms.  The teacher may take on the role of a character or figure from the event, scene or story.  The primary objective of this strategy is to allow students to ask questions and help discover answers to any unresolved issues.  The teacher may also choose to immerse themselves in the scene and take on a role while interacting with other characters.  The primary role in this situation is to further the evolving drama. ; Expert panel: Students themselves become an expert. In order to prepare for this role students

This is a document about Paraprofessional educator
 1) Provide one-on-one tutoring if such tutoring is scheduled at a time when a student would not otherwise receive instruction from a teacher, ; 2) Assist with classroom management, such as by organizing instructional materials, ; 3) Provide instructional assistance in a computer laboratory, ; 4) Conduct parental involvement activities, ; 5) Provide instructional support in a library or media center, ; 6) Act as a translator, or ; 7) Provide instructional support services under the direct supervision of a highly qualified teacher. In the United States, the No Child Left Behind federal legislation requires that educational paraprofessionals be "highly qualified". The definition of highly qualified is left to

This is a document about Prince Henry's High School
  In April 2014, Prince Henry's High School was selected by the National College for Teaching and Leadership (NCTL) to become a national teaching school – an important role in raising standards. Teaching Schools take a leading role in recruiting and training new entrants to the profession, identifying leadership potential and providing support for other schools. Prince Henry's High School was one of only 200 schools in England to be granted teaching school status in the latest designation round.

This is a document about Teacher
  A teacher, also called a schoolteacher or formally an educator, is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge, competence or virtue. Informally the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone (e.g. when showing a colleague how to perform a specific task). In some countries, teaching young people of school age may be carried out in an informal setting, such as within the family (homeschooling), rather than in a formal setting such as a school or college. Some other professions may involve a significant amount of teaching (e.g. youth worker, pastor). In most countries, formal teaching of students is usually carried out by paid professional teachers. This article focuses on those who are employed, as their main role, to teach others in a formal education context, such as at a school or other place of initial formal education or training.

This is a document about Teachers Service Commission
 Register trained teachers ; Recruit and employ registered teachers ; Assign teachers employed by the commission for service in any public school or institution ; Promote and transfer teachers ; Exercise disciplinary control over teachers ; Terminate the employment of teachers Review the standards of education and training of persons entering the teaching service ; Review the demand for and the supply of teachers ; Advise the national government on matters relating to the teaching profession. The role of the commission as defined in the constitution are: Other Roles are:

This is a document about Teacher education
  While schools and school teachers are often in the news and in political debate, research shows that the teacher educator profession is largely absent from such public discussions and from policy discourse in Education which often focuses exclusively on teachers and school leaders. Some research suggests that, while most countries have policies, and legislation, in place concerning the teaching profession, few countries have a clear policy or strategy on the teacher educator profession. Caena (2012) found that some of the consequences of this situation can include a teacher educator profession that is poorly organised, has low status or low formal recognition, has few regulations, professional standards – or even minimum qualifications, and no coherent approach to the selection, induction, or continuing professional development of Teacher Educators. In India, the National Council of Teacher Education (NCTE) released the 'National Curricular Framework for Teacher Education, 2010 (NCFTE), which aims to remedy many of the ills of teacher training in India. It calls for preparing a 'humane and reflective practitioner' and for fostering the agency and autonomy of the teacher, who can interpret the curriculum meaningfully to the contextual needs of the learners, than merely focus on 'teaching the text book'.

This is a document about Teacher
  A teacher's role may vary among cultures. Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills. Formal teaching tasks include preparing lessons according to agreed curricula, giving lessons, and assessing pupil progress. A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities. In some education systems, teachers may be responsible for student discipline.

This is a document about Teacher education
  identify those teachers that should be required to leave the profession. In some countries, teachers are required to re-apply periodically for their license to teach, and in so doing, to prove that they still have the requisite skills. But still there are countries (e.g. Sri Lanka) where teaching cannot be considered as a profession as the teachers are not provided with a license to teach. Feedback on the performance of teachers is integral to many state and private education procedures, but takes many different forms. The 'no fault' approach is believed by some to be satisfactory, as weaknesses are carefully identified, assessed and then addressed through the provision of in house or school based training. These can, however, be seen as benefiting the institution and not necessarily fully meeting the continuing professional development needs of the individual as they lack educational gravitas.

This is a document about Certified teacher
  In India, the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) determines the qualifications required for being a school teacher (e.g. B.Ed., B.El.Ed., D.El.Ed., etc. for different types and levels of teaching) and the Right to Education Act requires that all teachers have to hold one of these qualifications. State governments as well as school chains under the Central Government (for example, Kendriya Vidyalayas, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas) generally insist on teachers holding these qualifications. However, many private schools recruit teachers without these qualifications, often citing the poor quality of the qualification as a reason. In-service training of government teachers is done by the District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs). In colleges, faculty appointment is based on the national / state level examinations and qualifications decided by University Grants Commission India (UGC). Private market-based teacher certification is an emerging concept in India with several teachers starting to take up independent certifications such as those offered by Centre for Teacher Accreditation (CENTA) or the training followed by certification offered by Cambridge.

According to the NCF 2005, the role of a teacher is to facilitate learning, develop multiple perspectives, and bring about a learner-centric approach in the classroom. The teacher is expected to be learner-centric, learner-active, and learner-appreciative, and to develop a multidisciplinary curriculum that encourages active participation and continuous assessment. The teacher's role is also to bring about a flexible and participative curriculum, and to develop a learner-centric approach in the classroom.


Question: how many teams get into the college world series

Answer: 64 teams

This is a document about College World Series
 The currently binding contract began in 2011, the same year the tournament moved from Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium to TD Ameritrade Park Omaha, a new ballpark across from CenturyLink Center Omaha. College World Series The College World Series (CWS) is an annual June baseball tournament held in Omaha, Nebraska. The CWS is the culmination of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Baseball Championship tournament—featuring 64 teams in the first round—which determines the NCAA Division I college baseball champion. The eight participating teams are split into two, four-team, double-elimination brackets, with the winners of each bracket playing in a best-of-three

This is a document about College World Series
 College World Series The College World Series (CWS) is an annual June baseball tournament held in Omaha, Nebraska. The CWS is the culmination of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Baseball Championship tournament—featuring 64 teams in the first round—which determines the NCAA Division I college baseball champion. The eight participating teams are split into two, four-team, double-elimination brackets, with the winners of each bracket playing in a best-of-three championship series. Since 1950, the College World Series (CWS) has been held in Omaha, Nebraska. It was held at Rosenblatt Stadium from 1950 through 2010; starting in 2011, it has

This is a document about NCAA Division I Baseball Championship
 moving onto the College World Series, also double-elimination. Subsequently, the tournament field expanded to 38 teams in 1985, 40 teams in 1986, and 48 teams in 1987. From 1988 through 1998, the NCAA tournament featured 48 teams, which contested in eight regionals of six teams each for the right to go to the College World Series. The four-team regional format and the best-of-three super regional format debuted in 1999, with the expansion of the tournament to 64 teams. The best-of-three championship series at the College World Series debuted in 2003 after CBS ceased coverage of the "one-off" College World Series

This is a document about Kent State Golden Flashes baseball
 the Flashes' run, giving them a national fifth-place finish. Kent State's appearance in the College World Series marked the first appearance by any Mid-American Conference team since the 1976 Eastern Michigan Eagles and first ever by a MAC team at both the Super Regional round and College World Series since the NCAA tournament expanded to 64 teams. The Flashes were also the first team from the state of Ohio to appear in the College World Series since the 1970 Ohio Bobcats. The Flashes have also continued to have multiple players drafted into the major leagues. In 1994, seven Kent State

This is a document about College baseball
 known as the College World Series; one is held on each of the three levels of competition sanctioned by the NCAA. The College World Series for Division I takes place in Omaha, Nebraska in June, following the regular season. The playoff bracket for Division I consists of 64 teams, with four teams playing at each of 16 regional sites (in a double-elimination format). The 16 winners advance to the Super Regionals at eight sites, played head-to-head in a best-of-three series. The eight winners then advance to the College World Series, a double elimination tournament (actually two separate four-team brackets) to

This is a document about 1986 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1986 season. The NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Four regionals of four teams and four of six each competed in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 25 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 15 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1992 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1992 season. The NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Each of the eight regionals consisted of six teams competing in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 24 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 24 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1977 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1977 season. The NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Seven regionals of four teams and one of six each competed in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 20 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 14 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1991 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1991 season. The NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Each of the eight regionals consisted of six teams competing in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 25 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 23 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1993 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1993 season. The NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Each of the eight regionals consisted of six teams competing in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 24 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 24 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1987 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1987 season. The NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Each of the eight regionals consisted of six teams competing in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 26 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 22 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1976 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1976 season. The NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Seven regionals of four teams and one of six each competed in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 18 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 16 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1988 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1988 season. The NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Each of the eight regionals consisted of six teams competing in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 27 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 21 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1989 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1989 season. The NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Each of the eight regionals consisted of six teams competing in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 27 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 21 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1978 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1978 season. The NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Seven regionals of four teams and one of six each competed in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 21 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 13 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1980 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1980 season. The NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Seven regionals of four teams and one of six each competed in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 21 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 13 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1975 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1975 season. For the first time, the NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Eight regionals of four teams each competed in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 15 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 17 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1983 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1983 season. The NCAA sponsored regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Six regionals of four teams and two of six each competed in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to Omaha. 24 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 12 teams earned at-large selections.

This is a document about 1999 NCAA Division I baseball season
  This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1999 season. The NCAA sponsored regional and super regional competitions to determine the College World Series participants. Each of the sixteen regionals consisted of four teams competing in double-elimination tournaments, with the winners advancing to eight best of three Super Regionals. The winners of each Super Regional advanced to Omaha. 29 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 35 teams earned at-large selections.

Eight teams get into the College World Series.


Question: how many times have penguins won stanley cup

Answer: five times

This is a document about Pittsburgh Penguins
 league's original expansion from six to twelve teams. The Penguins played in the Civic Arena, also known as The Igloo, from the time of their inception through the end of the 2009–10 season, when they moved to the PPG Paints Arena. The 1992–93 Penguins won the franchise's first-ever Presidents' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season. In addition to their eight division titles, they have qualified for six Stanley Cup Finals, winning the Stanley Cup five times – in 1991, 1992, 2009, 2016, and 2017. Along with the Edmonton Oilers, the

This is a document about Pittsburgh Pirates
 the city's other 2 more relevant sports franchises. While the team's recent struggles compared to Pittsburgh's other two teams can be partly to blame (since the Pirates last World Series championship in 1979, the Steelers have won the Super Bowl 3 times (XIV, XL, and XLIII) and the Penguins the Stanley Cup five times in 1991, 1992, 2009, 2016, and 2017, including both in 2009), distractions off the field have also caused the team's popularity to slip in the city. While the team was ranked first in Pittsburgh as recent as the late 1970s, the Pittsburgh drug trials in 1985

This is a document about Pittsburgh Penguins
  winning the Stanley Cup five times—in 1991, 1992, 2009, 2016, and 2017. Along with the Edmonton Oilers, the Penguins are tied for the most Stanley Cup championships among the non-Original Six teams and sixth overall. With their Stanley Cup wins in 2016 and 2017, the Penguins became the first back-to-back champions in the salary cap era. Several of the team's former members have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, including co-owner Mario Lemieux, who purchased the Penguins in 1999 and brought the club out of bankruptcy. Lemieux, Jaromir Jagr, Sidney Crosby, and Evgeni Malkin have won the Hart Memorial Trophy while playing for the franchise.

This is a document about Mario Lemieux
  Stanley Cup title, this time as an owner as the Penguins won a rematch with the Red Wings in the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals, in seven games. In 2015, Lemieux and Ron Burkle hired Morgan Stanley to explore the possibility of selling the Penguins. On June 12, 2016, the Penguins defeated the San Jose Sharks in the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals, in six games, to give Lemieux his fourth Stanley Cup, his second as an owner. Almost exactly a year later, on June 11, 2017, Lemieux won his third Stanley Cup as an owner upon the Penguins six-game defeat of the Nashville Predators.

This is a document about 1967 NHL expansion
  win their division until the 1990–91 season, but accumulated draft picks and built a strong team that would win two consecutive Stanley Cups in 1991 and 1992. In 2009, the Penguins became the first of the 1967 expansion teams to win three Cups. Then in 2016, Pittsburgh tied the New York Rangers (an Original Six team) and the New York Islanders (a 1972 expansion team) with four Cups. After successfully defending their title the following year, the franchise tied the Edmonton Oilers (at five Cups), with the Oilers joining the league in the 1979 merger with the WHA. The Los Angeles Kings

This is a document about Mario Lemieux
  led Pittsburgh to consecutive Stanley Cup championships in 1991 and 1992. Under his ownership, the Penguins won additional titles in 2009, 2016, and 2017. He is the only man to have his name on the Cup both as a player and owner. He also led Team Canada to an Olympic gold medal in 2002, a championship at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey, and a Canada Cup in 1987. He won the Lester B. Pearson Award as the most outstanding player voted by the players four times, the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player (MVP) during the regular

This is a document about Edmonton Oilers
  four franchises absorbed through the NHL–WHA merger. After joining the NHL, the Oilers went on to win the Stanley Cup on five occasions: 1983–84, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88, and 1989–90. Along with the Pittsburgh Penguins, they are tied for the most championships won by any team since the NHL-WHA merger, as well as the most won by any team that joined the league in or after 1967. Among all NHL teams, only the Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times since the league's 1967 expansion. For their success in the 1980s, the Oilers team of this era has been honoured

This is a document about Pittsburgh Penguins
  Eastern Conference Championship, advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals against the San Jose Sharks. On June 12, 2016, the Penguins defeated the Sharks in a 4–2 series to win their fourth Stanley Cup title. Captain Sidney Crosby was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy. The Penguins opened their 50th anniversary season in the NHL as defending Stanley Cup champions, raising their commemorative banner on October 13, 2016, in a shootout victory over Washington. The Penguins faced the Columbus Blue Jackets in the opening round of the 2017 playoffs, defeating them in five games. In the second round, they played against their divisional rival, Washington, and faced them for

This is a document about National Hockey League rivalries
  These two teams played in the Patrick Division together from 1981–1993, and have been part of the Metro Division since 2013. In total, the two teams have met 11 times in the playoffs. Despite trailing in nine of the eleven series, Pittsburgh has won all but the 1994 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals and the 2018 Eastern Conference Second Round. The teams first met in the 1991 Patrick Division Finals, when the Penguins defeated the Capitals in 5 en route to capturing the Stanley Cup. In fact, all 6 Stanley Cups championship seasons combined between Washington and Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh has 5 of them), have involved a round against

This is a document about Pittsburgh Pirates
  recent struggles compared to Pittsburgh's other two teams can be partly to blame (since the Pirates last World Series championship in 1979, the Steelers have won the Super Bowl 3 times (XIV, XL, and XLIII) and the Penguins the Stanley Cup five times in 1991, 1992, 2009, 2016, and 2017, including both in 2009), distractions off the field have also caused the team's popularity to slip in the city. While the team was ranked first in Pittsburgh as recent as the late 1970s, the Pittsburgh drug trials in 1985 and two relocation threats since are believed to have also seen the team's popularity dipped. The team's standing among fans has, however, improved along with the team on the field

This is a document about Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins
  in reference to the team's first season, in 1999. The Penguins have gone to the Calder Cup final three times but have never won the championship. The team went all the way to the finals in their second season, losing to the Saint John Flames in six games. The Penguins returned to the finals in their fifth season, but were swept by the Milwaukee Admirals. They most recently made it to the finals in 2008 by way of beating the Portland Pirates in a seven-game series in the Eastern Conference finals. They went on to play the Chicago Wolves in the final, but lost the series in six games. The WBS Penguins

This is a document about Sports in Pittsburgh
 1991 ; 1992 ; 2009 ; 2016 ; 2017 5 Stanley Cup titles

This is a document about Sports in Pennsylvania
 1991 ; 1992 ; 2009 ; 2016 ; 2017 5 Stanley Cup titles

This is a document about List of Stanley Cup champions
  annual series for the Stanley Cup. After a series of league mergers and folds, it became the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926, though it was nominally still subject to external challenge. After 1947, the Cup became the de jure NHL championship prize. From 1914 to the end of the 2021 season, the trophy has been won 105 times. 25 teams have won the cup, 20 of which are still active in the NHL. Prior to that, the challenge cup was held by nine teams. The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times and made the Finals an additional eleven times. There were two years when the Stanley Cup was not awarded: 1919, because of the Spanish flu pandemic, and 2005, because of the NHL lockout.

This is a document about Curse of 1940
  Six teams had won Stanley Cups since 1940 (the Canadiens 20 times, the Maple Leafs 10 times, the Red Wings five times, the Bruins three times, and the Black Hawks once), as had four other post-1967 expansion teams besides the Islanders (the Edmonton Oilers five times, the Penguins and Philadelphia Flyers twice, and the Calgary Flames once). The Rangers stormed through the 1993–94 regular season, scoring 112 points en route to clinching their second Presidents' Trophy in three years. They swept aside the Islanders in the first round of the playoffs and defeated the Washington Capitals in five games in the second round before meeting the Devils (whom they

This is a document about History of the National Hockey League (1992–present)
  The introduction of the salary cap in 2005 encouraged parity in the NHL, making it harder for teams to compete for the Stanley Cup every year. Nevertheless, three franchises emerged to win Stanley Cups each during this period. During the decade from 2008 to 2017, the Chicago Blackhawks, Los Angeles Kings and Pittsburgh Penguins combined for eight Stanley Cup wins. At least one of the three teams or the Boston Bruins appeared in every Stanley Cup Final in that time frame, but only faced one another once in 2013 when the Blackhawks defeated the Bruins in six games. The Pittsburgh Penguins lost to the Red Wings for the 2008 Stanley Cup, but returned in for a rematch with the defending champions. The Penguins would return

This is a document about Stanley Cup
  in order to prevent the Stanley Cup from growing, and a new blank band added to the bottom. The first winning team engraved on the newest band is thus, in theory (see Engraving section below), displayed on the trophy for the next 65 years. It has been referred to as The Cup, Lord Stanley's Cup, The Holy Grail, or facetiously as Lord Stanley's Mug. The Stanley Cup is surrounded by numerous legends and traditions, the oldest of which is the winning team drinking champagne from it. Since the 1914–15 season, the Cup has been won a combined 103 times by 20 current NHL teams and five teams no longer in existence. It

This is a document about Stanley Cup playoffs
  the players feel that the Stanley Cup is the true championship trophy and thus it should be the only trophy that they should be hoisting. However, there have been many exceptions to this. 19 of the conference champions since 1997 have touched the trophy, of which 8 teams went on to win the Stanley Cup – Scott Stevens of the Devils in 2000 and 2003; Sidney Crosby of the Penguins in 2009, 2016, and 2017; Alexander Ovechkin of the Capitals in 2018; and Steven Stamkos of the Lightning in 2020. In recent years, the captain of the winning team poses (usually looking

This is a document about List of Pittsburgh Penguins award winners
  This is a list of Pittsburgh Penguins award winners.

The Pittsburgh Penguins have won the Stanley Cup a total of five times: in 1991, 1992, 2009, 2016, and 2017.