Question: when did stained glass windows start in churches

Answer: 675 AD

This is a document about Stained glass
 reference dates from 675 AD when Benedict Biscop imported workmen from France to glaze the windows of the monastery of St Peter which he was building at Monkwearmouth. Hundreds of pieces of coloured glass and lead, dating back to the late 7th century, have been discovered here and at Jarrow. In the Middle East, the glass industry of Syria continued during the Islamic period with major centres of manufacture at Raqqa, Aleppo and Damascus and the most important products being highly transparent colourless glass and gilded glass, rather than coloured glass. The creation of stained glass in Southwest Asia began

This is a document about First Presbyterian Church (Philadelphia)
  The oldest stained glass windows were in place in 1872; the newest ones were dedicated in 1988. A wide range of makers and styles appears.

This is a document about French Romanesque architecture
  The art of making stained glass had been used to make colored glass goblets, bottles, and lamps as early as the 8th century. Early glass window panes appeared in Syria and Egypt in the 8th century, and in France under the Emperor Charlemagne. The earliest glass windows were clear to give maximum light, since the windows were small and the church interiors were already very dark. Clear glass windows appeared during the Romanesque period in the Abbeys of the Cistercians, at Bonlieu Abbey in the Creuse, Aubazine in Corrèze, Saint-Serge in Angers, and others. The glass was very thin, no

This is a document about Medieval stained glass
  Window glass was in use from at least the 1st century AD and colored and painted window glass for use in religious buildings was also manufactured at an early date. The earliest extant example of ecclesiastical stained glass is possibly that from Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy—a clear glass roundel with a depiction of Christ in Majesty, thought to be from the 6th century. Some of the earliest known examples of colored window glass, datable to c. 800–820, were recovered in excavations at the Abbey of San Vicenzo in Volturno, Italy. Glass of the same colour ranges and similar date has also been found in England, at the monastic sites of Jarrow and Monkwearmouth,

This is a document about French Romanesque architecture
  in 1071. The earliest known stained glass window in France is a head of Christ from the 11th century, which was originally in Weissenburg Abbey, Alsace. One of the earliest stained glass windows installed in France was the Crucifixion window of Poitiers Cathedral, put in place in The installation of new stained glass windows by the Abbot Suger in the choir of the Abbey of Saint-Denis in the mid-12th century was one of the decisive steps of the transition from the Romanesque to the Gothic style. Thereafter, stained glass, not murals, became the most prominent decorative element of French cathedrals.

This is a document about Stained glass
  Stained glass, as an art form, reached its height in the Middle Ages when it became a major pictorial form used to illustrate the narratives of the Bible to a largely illiterate populace. In the Romanesque and Early Gothic period, from about 950 to 1240, the untraceried windows demanded large expanses of glass which of necessity were supported by robust iron frames, such as may be seen at Chartres Cathedral and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral. As Gothic architecture developed into a more ornate form, windows grew larger, affording greater illumination to the interiors, but were divided into sections by vertical shafts and tracery of stone. This elaboration of form reached its height of complexity in the Flamboyant

This is a document about Gothic cathedrals and churches
  Stained glass windows were a prominent feature of the Gothic church and cathedral from the beginning. Abbot Suger, who considered that light was a manifestation of the divine, installed colorful windows in the ambulatory of Basilica of Saint Denis, and they were featured in all the major cathedrals in France, England and the rest of Europe. In the 13th and 14th century they became larger and larger, until they filled entirely walls. However, they lost some of the original simplicity and richness of color, as the artists competed with painters and fresco artists in making huge windows crowded with naturalistic figures. In the

This is a document about Medieval stained glass in Sweden
  Although the technique of making stained glass had been known since before the Middle Ages, the practice of decorating churches with stained glass windows became widespread in the territory of what is today Sweden first from the 1230s. On Gotland, where the vast majority of the remaining stained glass windows come from, stained glass windows were produced during a comparatively short time span of about a century and a half, from the second quarter of the 13th century to the end of the 14th century. This was a time of expansive church building and rebuilding on the island, which had grown rich from foreign trade. With the end of the 14th century, this

This is a document about Toulouse Cathedral
  glass windows in the church today date to the 19th century and 20th century. Many of these windows were assembled with a combination of early glass from destroyed windows combined with new glass. The stained glass windows in the nave were put into place in the 1950s. The oldest portions of stained glass, pieces from the 14th to 16th centuries surrounded by more modern glass, are found in the chapels that encircle the choir. The rose window on the west front, originally installed in 1230, was modelled after that of Notre-Dame de Paris. It was restored in the 19th century.

This is a document about Stained glass
  stained-glass windows in churches and monasteries in Britain can be found as early as the 7th century. The earliest known reference dates from 675 AD when Benedict Biscop imported workmen from France to glaze the windows of the monastery of St Peter which he was building at Monkwearmouth. Hundreds of pieces of coloured glass and lead, dating back to the late 7th century, have been discovered here and at Jarrow. In the Middle East, the glass industry of Syria continued during the Islamic period with major centres of manufacture at Raqqa, Aleppo and Damascus and the most important products being highly transparent colourless glass and gilded glass, rather than coloured glass.

This is a document about Medieval stained glass
  at other sites in the north of England. These examples are not painted. However, it was not until the advent of the monumental cathedral and church building campaigns in the 11th and 12th centuries that the demand for colored glass began to increase significantly, reaching its highest level in the 14th and 15th centuries. The oldest surviving glass windows still in situ are thought to be the Prophet Windows in Augsburg Cathedral, of c. 1065. A useful 12th-century source on medieval glass manufacture is the De diversis artibus ("On various arts") of Theophilus Presbyter, a Benedictine monk believed by some scholars to be Roger of Helmarshausen, a metal glass and pigment worker of the late 11th

This is a document about Bryn Athyn Cathedral
  creating stained glass, namely of melting various pigment and metallic oxides into the glass itself and then having a glass blower create a disk of glass with varying degrees of thickness and brightness, was revived. The first glass was blown in 1922 and the last was created in the 1940s, however all the windows themselves were not completed till the 1960s. The windows are essentially of three designs: Most of the metal in the cathedral is Monel Metal. The Ezekiel Tower, located south of the main 150 ft tower, was built between the years 1920-1926. The Choir Hall and

This is a document about List of stained glass windows in the Janskerk, Gouda
  The Stained glass windows in the Sint Janskerk can be viewed by visitors after paying a modest entrance fee. The earliest windows date from 1555, three years after a destructive fire laid waste to the earlier church built in the same place. The creation of stained glass windows was temporarily halted in 1572 following Gouda's decision to side with the Protestant faction in the Eighty Years' War, but the process was resumed a few years later with windows of a different and more worldly character. As a result, the church features stained glass windows from both Roman Catholic and Protestant donors – a highly unusual combination. The most treasured is the series of windows around the Choir that portray the life of John the Baptist, the city's patron saint, in parallel with that of Jesus Christ.

This is a document about Church window
  Church windows are windows within cathedrals, basilicas and other church edifices. They have been a central element in church architecture since Early Christianity.

This is a document about Anglo-Saxon glass
  With the introduction of Christianity in the early 7th century and the building of ecclesiastical structures the amount of window glass also increased. Window glass, some of which was also coloured, has been identified at more than 17 sites, of which 12 are ecclesiastical. Hundreds of window glass fragments have been found at Jarrow, Wearmouth, Brandon, Whithorn and Winchester. This evidence supports the historical records, such as Bede’s account of Benedict Biscop’s importation of glaziers from Gaul to glaze the windows in the monastery at Wearmouth in AD 675. Most Anglo-Saxon window glass is thin, durable, bubbly and when colourless has a pale bluish-green tint. Many of the ecclesiastical sites have also produced strongly coloured glass from the 7th century onwards. Analysis of window glass from Beverley, Uley, Winchester, Whithorn, Wearmouth and Jarrow, has revealed that the majority was

This is a document about Clayton and Bell
  During the Medieval period, from the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 until the 1530s, much stained glass was produced and installed in churches, monasteries and cathedrals. Two historic events had brought an end to this and the destruction of most of the glass: the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII, and the Puritan era under Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century. The early 19th century was marked by a renewal of the Christian faith, a growth of Roman Catholicism, a planting of new churches, particularly in centres of industrial growth, and the restoration of many ancient churches and cathedrals. Leaders in the movement to build new churches and cathedrals were Augustus Welby Pugin, Sir George Gilbert Scott, John Loughborough Pearson, G.F. Bodley and George Edmund Street. They generally designed churches in a manner that sought to revive the styles of the Medieval period.

This is a document about British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)
  Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, many churches, abbeys and cathedrals were built, initially in the Norman or Romanesque style, then in the increasingly elaborate and decorative Gothic style. In these churches the windows were generally either large or in multiples so that the light within the building was maximised. The windows were glazed, frequently with coloured glass held in place by strips of lead. Because flat glass could only be manufactured in small pieces, the method of glazing lent itself to patterning. The pictorial representation of biblical characters and narratives was a feature of Christian churches, often taking the form of murals. By the 12th century stained glass was well adapted to serve this purpose. For 500 years the art flourished and adapted

This is a document about St. Dominic Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.)
  Some of the stained glass windows in the sanctuary date back to 1875, when the church was constructed. The central window above the main altar depicts the Sacred Heart of Christ. It is immediately flanked by a window of the Blessed Virgin Mary and another of Saint Joseph, the latter of which was a gift of Ellen Ewing Sherman, wife of General William Tecumseh Sherman, and mother of Thomas Ewing Sherman, S.J. The sanctuary further has two windows depicting Saints Dominic and Thomas Aquinas, respectively. Besides the sanctuary windows, others also date to 1875, including a large rose window portraying St. Cecilia, as well as windows depicting St. Peter, St. Paul, and Dominican shields. However, the majority of the church's stained glass windows were installed in 1965 and created by the Heimer company. The windows depict scenes from the life of St. Dominic and other Dominican saints.

This is a document about Rose window
  Example(s): ; Strasbourg Cathedral (1015–1439 A.D.) ; Consider to be the first Gothic church, the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, was completed in 1144 A.D, as the Gothic period was beginning. It also is the first known church to have stained glass rose windows around 1200 A.D. ; The first rose windows that used dividing pieces and adornments first appeared basically at the same time in Italy at San Zeno at Verona, in Tuscany and in France at Saint-Denis and Saint-Etienne at Beauvais. At this time it was just as much of a useful structure tailored for interior drama as it was for exterior decoration. ; Rose windows gained major popularity in the middle of the 12th century.

This is a document about St. James Episcopal Church (New London, Connecticut)
  The original stained glass windows (including the Altar window) were installed in 1850 and are believed to have been designed by the Henry E. Sharp Studio in New York. Many of them have been replaced over the years, but several grisaille style windows remain.

Stained glass windows in churches can be traced back to the 7th century, with the earliest known example being a round window depicting Christ in Majesty from the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy. However, the use of stained glass in churches became more widespread during the Romanesque period in the 11th century. In France, the most prominent example of this is the choir of the Abbey of Saint-Denis, where Abbot Suger installed the first stained glass windows in the mid-12th century.


Question: who won 2018 gps head of the river

Answer: Saint Ignatius ' College

This is a document about Head of the River (New South Wales)
 the official GPS rowing season, and follows the Riverview Gold Cup held on the Lane Cove River. The Head of the River is one week after other summer sports premierships – cricket and basketball – have finished. This enables over ten thousand school students and other supporters to attend. The current (SIRC) record time (and former junior world record until 2001) for the 1st VIII is 5:42.6 set by Shore on 23 March 1996. The most recent winner of the AAGPS Head of the River, and holder of the Major Rennie Trophy is Saint Ignatius' College, winning the regatta in

This is a document about Head of the River (New South Wales)
 Point and Cabarita. Eight of the nine GPS schools, Sydney Grammar School, The King's School, Newington College, Sydney Boys High School, The Scots College, St. Joseph's College, Saint Ignatius' College and Shore School, send their eights to the Head of the River. In 2012 the ninth, The Armidale School, started sending fours, and the first IV race of 2013 was historic as the first time crews from all nine GPS schools competed. One of the most successful coaches of rowing among the schools was Robert Buntine at King's and Newington from 1966 until 1996. It is the last race of

This is a document about Head of the River (Australia)
  The Head of the River for schoolboys is contested between seven of the nine GPS (Great Public Schools) schools in Brisbane, with schools Brisbane Boys College, Brisbane Grammar School, Brisbane State High School, Anglican Church Grammar School, St. Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, The Southport School and St. Joseph's Nudgee College competing. The GPS Head of the River has been held since 1918, with Southport winning in the inaugural year. The races have been held on the Milton Reach of the Brisbane River, Wivenhoe Dam, Hinze Dam, Lake Kawana and now race at Wyaralong Dam. Crowds of several thousand attend the annual Championship Regatta at Lake Kawana but in earlier years there are reports of both sides of the river being lined with spectators and tens of thousands attending.

This is a document about Head of the River (New South Wales)
  one week after other summer sports premierships – cricket and basketball – have finished. This enables over ten thousand school students and other supporters to attend. The current (SIRC) record time (and former junior world record until 2001) for the 1st VIII is 5:42.6 set by Shore on 23 March 1996, in the first year that the race was held at SIRC. The most recent winner of the AAGPS Head of the River, and holder of the Major Rennie Trophy is The Kings School winning the regatta in 2021 with a time of 5:54:47 ahead of Shore (5:57:35) and Scots College (5:57:69).

This is a document about Head of the River (Australia)
  another dominant performance from The Hutchins School taking the win by 10 seconds from Scotch Oakburn with Friends placing third. In girls race the victors were Grammar with Scotch Oakburn placing second. In 2012, the Head of the River Champions were Launceston Church Grammar for the girls and The Hutchins School for the boys. In 2013, The underdog crew from Scotch Oakburn took out the Head of the River by a margin of 2 lengths to The Hutchins School, who had a dominant season and went into the race as favourites. This prevented Hutchins from a 6th title, and gave Scotch Oakburn their first win in 6 years. Closely in 3rd, The Friends School.

This is a document about Beth Rodford
  On 17 March 2014 Rodford was part of the composite crew that won the Women's Eights Head of the River Race on the River Thames in London, setting a record time of 17:42.2 for the 4 1⁄4-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course from Mortlake to Putney. The crew comprised Heather Stanning – Army RC; Beth Rodford – Gloucester RC; Zoe Lee – Imperial College BC; Jessica Eddie – London RC; Helen Glover – Minerva Bath Rowing Club; Olivia Carnegie-Brown – Oxford Brookes University BC; Tina Stiller – Tees RC; Caragh McMurtry – Reading University BC; cox Phelan Hill – Leander Club.

This is a document about Heather Stanning
  On 17 March 2014 Stanning was part of the composite crew that won the Women's Eights Head of the River Race on the River Thames in London, setting a record time of 17:42.2 for the 4 1⁄4-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course from Mortlake to Putney. The crew comprised Heather Stanning – Army RC; Beth Rodford – Gloucester RC; Zoe Lee – Imperial College BC; Jessica Eddie – London RC; Helen Glover – Minerva Bath Rowing Club; Olivia Carnegie-Brown – Oxford Brookes University BC; Tina Stiller – Tees RC; Caragh McMurtry – Reading University BC; cox Phelan Hill – Leander Club. On 19 April 2014 Helen Glover and Stanning, coached by Paul Thompson, won the women's

This is a document about Helen Glover (rower)
  On 17 March 2014, Glover was part of the composite crew that won the Women's Eights Head of the River Race on the River Thames in London, setting a record time of 17:42.2 for the 4 1⁄4-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course from Mortlake to Putney. The crew comprised Heather Stanning – Army RC; Beth Rodford – Gloucester RC; Zoe Lee – Imperial College BC; Jessica Eddie – London RC; Helen Glover – Minerva-Bath RC; Olivia Carnegie-Brown – Oxford Brookes University BC; Tina Stiller – Tees RC; Caragh McMurtry – Reading University BC; cox Phelan Hill – Leander Club. On 19 April 2014, Glover and Heather Stanning, coached by Paul Thompson, won the women's pair at

This is a document about Head of the River (New South Wales)
  of the River. It is organised by the NSW Combined Independent Schools Sports Council (NSWCISSC) and is the culmination of the Schoolgirls' rowing season. The current (SIRC) record time for the 1st VIII in the Schoolgirl Head of the River is 6:40 set by Queenwood School for Girls on 25 March 2017. The most recent winner of the NSW Schoolgirl Head of the River is Pymble Ladies' College. Unlike the boys race, all affiliated schools of the NSWCISSC, NSW Combined High Schools Sports Association (NSWCHSSA), and the NSW Combined Catholic Colleges Sports association (NSWCCCSA), are eligible to nominate their students to compete in the girls regatta. As at 2008, ten of the

This is a document about Maidenhead Rowing Club
  the Head of the River Race, as well as more local events. In the mid 1970s, the club admitted its first female member - Laura Lion (née Jenkinson). The rules of the club had to be changed for her to be admitted. Joining as a junior, Laura experienced a successful career in rowing, and is an active member of the club even in the present day. The club is now equally represented in both genders. Further Henley successes came in the 1980s, when the club experienced a golden age of sorts. Eric Sims won the Double Sculls Challenge Cup

This is a document about Davy Russell
  aiming a blow at the head of his mount, Kings Dolly, when she was playing up before the start of a race. Initially Russell was given a caution; this was later changed to a four-day suspension. At the hearing Russell argued that he had been trying to make the mare concentrate, and he criticised media coverage of the incident. Russell won the 2018 Grand National at Aintree on 14 April on Michael O'Leary's Tiger Roll. At 38, Russell was the oldest jockey in the race, and, at 15.2 hands, Tiger Roll was the smallest horse. It was Russell’s 14th ride in the Grand National. In 2019

This is a document about Native River
  After an absence of almost eleven months, Native River returned to action in the Denman Chase on 10 February 2018. Starting the 8/11 favourite he repeated his 2017 success as he led from the start and won by twelve lengths from Cloudy Dream. The 2018 edition of the Cheltenham Gold Cup attracted a field of fifteen and saw Native River start 5/1 third favourite behind Might Bite (King George VI Chase) and Our Duke (Irish Grand National). The other runners included Red, Djakadam, Tea For Two, Killultagh Vic (Irish Daily Mirror Novice Hurdle), Road To Respect (Leopardstown Christmas Chase), Outlander (Lexus Chase) and Edwulf (Irish Gold Cup).

This is a document about Dipsea Race
  It is a popular race, and thousands of people apply for entry every year. This makes it difficult for people, particularly those who have never run it before, to get accepted into the race. As of June 2019, the defending champion is 62-year-old Brian Pilcher, in his fourth Dipsea victory. The previous ten champions are Chris Lundy (2018, 2017), Diana Fitzpatrick (2013, 2014), Hans Schmid (2012), Jamie Rivers (2007, 2011), Reilly Johnson (age 8, 2010), Roy Rivers (2008), Melody-Anne Schultz (1999, 2003, 2006) Russ Kiernan (1998, 2002, 2005), Shirley Matson (2004, 2001, 2000, 1993) and Sal Vasquez (1982–1985, 1990, 1994, 1997). Jack Kirk, known as the

This is a document about Heather Stanning
  On 14 March 2015 Stanning was part of the composite crew that won the Women's Eights Head of the River Race on the River Thames in London, setting a time of 18:58.6 for the 4 1⁄4-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course from Mortlake to Putney. The crew comprised: Heather Stanning – Army RC; Helen Glover – Minerva-Bath RC; Zoe Lee – Imperial College BC; Katherine Grainger – Marlow RC; Melanie Wilson; Caragh McMurtry – Southampton Coalporters ARC; Olivia Carnegie-Brown – Oxford Brookes University BC; Jessica Eddie – London RC; cox Phelan Hill – Leander Club. On 19 April 2015 Helen Glover and Stanning won the women's pair at the British rowing trials at

This is a document about Jessica Eddie
  On 14 March 2015 Eddie was part of the composite crew that won the Women's Eights Head of the River Race on the River Thames in London, setting a time of 18:58.6 for the 4 1⁄4-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course from Mortlake to Putney. The crew comprised Heather Stanning – Army RC; Helen Glover – Minerva-Bath RC; Zoe Lee – Imperial College BC; Katherine Grainger – Marlow RC; Melanie Wilson; Caragh McMurtry – Southampton Coalporters ARC; Olivia Carnegie-Brown – Oxford Brookes University BC; Jessica Eddie – London RC; cox Phelan Hill – Leander Club. On 19 April 2015 Eddie and Louisa Reeve finished second in women's pair at the British rowing trials at Caversham, behind Helen Glover and Heather Stanning. They were followed by Katie Greves & Zoe Lee.

This is a document about Leeds University Boat Club
  II, 00:19:51.88 110th place, Leeds University A, 00:22:42.57 ; 271st place, Leeds University B, 00:25:38.58 0 gold, 0 silver, 1 bronze ; 36 VL points 1st – Women's Lwt – Emily Holt, 7:29.8 BUCS Regatta 2019: Head of the River Race 2019: Women's Eights Head of the River Race 2018: Head of the River Race 2018: Women's Eights Head of the River Race 2017: Women's Eights Head of the River Race 2016: Head of the River Race 2016: Head of the River Race 2015: Women's Eights Head of the River Race 2013: Head of the River Race 2012: Women's Eights Head of the River Race 2012: BUCS Regatta 2012: British and European Indoor Rowing Championship

This is a document about Denman Chase
 Native River – 2017, 2018, 2020 Richard Johnson – Shooting Light (2004), Farmer Jack (2005), Coneygree (2015), Native River (2018) Paul Nicholls (horse racing) – See More Business (2000), Shotgun Willy (2001), Valley Henry (2003), Kauto Star (2007), Denman (2008), Tricky Trickster (2010), Noland (2011), Silvianaco Conti (2013), Clan Des Obeaux (2019), Secret Investor (2021) Most successful horse (3 wins): Leading jockey (4 wins): Leading trainer (10 wins):

This is a document about Schools' Head of the River Race
  The Schools' Head of the River Race (SHORR) is the UK's largest school-age processional (head rowing) race and is organised by Westminster School for crews aged between 14 and 18 years old. It is held in Spring, the end of the head race season. The race forms a leg of the national kudos of winning a rowing 'triple' in which occasionally an undefeated Junior Eight (J18 8+ or WJ18 8+) wins this race, the National Schools Regatta, and either the Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta or the Peabody Cup at Henley Women's Regatta.

This is a document about Phelan Hill
  On 17 March 2014 Hill coxed the composite crew that won the Women's Eights Head of the River Race on the River Thames in London, setting a record time of 17:42.2 for the 4 1⁄4-mile (6.8 km) Championship Course from Mortlake to Putney. He competed at the 2014 World Rowing Championships in Bosbaan, Amsterdam, where he won a gold medal as part of the eight with Nathaniel Reilly-O'Donnell, Matthew Tarrant, Will Satch, Matt Gotrel, Pete Reed, Paul Bennett, Tom Ransley and Constantine Louloudis.

The winner of the 2018 GPS Head of the River was The King's School, with a time of 5:44.46.


Question: who does ryan date in season 4 of the oc

Answer: Taylor

This is a document about The O.C. (season 4)
 president Dawn Ostroff, whose company is partly owned by Warner Bros, confirmed in January 2007 that while the move was discussed, it was decided against. Schwartz said that the cancellation of the show "was really creatively liberating, not worrying about ratings." Belinda Acosta of "The Austin Chronicle" agreed praising the show's "new energy" and its ability to successfully cover "the transition between high school and college that other series have stumbled over". "Entertainment Weekly"'s Ken Tucker commented that the fourth season was "a succession of terrific subplots" and praised new main cast member Taylor "as a fine, funny love interest

This is a document about Ryan Taylor (footballer, born 1988)
 Ryan Taylor (footballer, born 1988) Ryan Paul Taylor (born 4 May 1988) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Plymouth Argyle. Born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, Taylor began his career as a trainee at Rotherham United in July 2005, making his first-team debut as an 81st-minute substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Swindon Town. He made twelve first-team appearances in the 2006–07 season before glandular fever ruled him out for the rest of the season in November 2006. Following Rotherham's relegation to League Two at the end of the 2006–07 season, he signed a new

This is a document about High School Musical 2
 friends in the show ("You Are The Music In Me"), not knowing that Sharpay is vying for his attention. (In the extended version, Sharpay and Ryan trap Troy as he prepares for a date with Gabriella, and perform their potential show-stopper ("Humuhumunukunukuapua'a"). Ryan realizes he does not mean much to Sharpay anymore, as she is ready to blow her brother aside for the opportunity to perform with Troy. This leads to tension between the twin siblings and Ryan angrily informs Sharpay that he will no longer obey her orders. Taylor and Gabriella invite Ryan to the baseball game, where he

This is a document about Ryan Taylor (footballer, born 1988)
 to further bolster the Pilgrims' attacking options going into the crucial final part of their promotion challenge. Taylor made his debut for Argyle on 4 February during a 1–0 away win against Cambridge United, and scored his first goal for the club on his home debut, a 3–0 victory over local rivals Exeter City on 11 February. He re-signed for Plymouth Argyle at the end of the 2017/18 season. Ryan Taylor (footballer, born 1988) Ryan Paul Taylor (born 4 May 1988) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Plymouth Argyle. Born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, Taylor

This is a document about Ryan Hall (footballer)
 Ryan Hall (footballer) Ryan Marcus Leon Hall (born 4 January 1988) is an English semi-professional footballer who plays as a winger or a striker for club Eastbourne Borough. He earned one cap for the England national C team in 2010. Born in Dulwich, Greater London, Hall came through the youth system at Crystal Palace, under then first-team manager Iain Dowie. Hall went out on loan to Conference South club Lewes to gain experience during the 2006–07 season, scoring on his debut. Hall returned to Crystal Palace, now managed by Peter Taylor, for the 2007–08 season and made his debut for

This is a document about List of Castle characters
  Ryan proposes to her in the middle of the homicide bullpen. In the fourth season, he is shown complaining about how stressful and complicated planning a wedding is. His love life and the fact he is in nearly-constant communication with his girlfriend/fiancee makes him subject to much teasing from his partner, so when Esposito begins dating Lanie, he relished turning the tables on his friend. Little is known about Ryan's family except that he grew up in the Bronx with an unknown number of sisters, only one of which has been named and seen in season seven, one of whom has a son, as Ryan makes reference to a nephew who loves the Captain Underpants book series.

This is a document about The O.C.
  to visit Berkeley. Ryan's life is quickly put on hold when, in the season 3 finale, Ryan decides to drive Marissa to the airport, and they are run off the road by Kevin Volchok, Marissa's most recent love affair gone wrong. In the last few minutes of the episode, Ryan pulls Marissa out from the burning car, only to watch her die in his arms. The fourth and final season begins five months after Marissa's death in the car accident. Ryan starts the season in isolation as a broken, grieving man, seeking revenge on Volchok. With the help of Julie, both she and Ryan are able to track Volchok down

This is a document about List of Parenthood characters
  Ryan York (Matt Lauria) is a young soldier who develops a relationship with Amber. In early season four Ryan meets Zeek at a VA support group and they eventually become good friends. Later Ryan meets Amber, Zeek's granddaughter, and the two strike up a friendship. The two are instantly attracted to each other, which the rest of the Braverman family notices. Eventually, Amber and Ryan begin dating and are happy. Amber notices that he can be a little violent and impulsive, but she ignores those who say that Ryan is troubled from his time in war. However, near the end of Season 4, Ryan is called back to his base, and he

This is a document about List of Parenthood characters
  three, she works at a coffee shop before her aunt Kristina offers her an assistant position for Bob Little's campaign. Amber then is promoted to be Bob Little's assistant, but then has a fling with him; Kristina discovers this and is disappointed with her (and loses trust in Little). In season four, she starts working as a receptionist at the Luncheonette, her uncles' recording studio. At Victor Graham's baseball game she meets Ryan York, a young Afghanistan war veteran. The two start in a relationship and are shown to be fairly steady for several episodes. However, after a heated argument about his drinking habits and poor decision-making, Amber breaks

This is a document about Sandy Cohen
  In the fourth season, Sandy helps Ryan sort things out with Kevin Volchok, who was responsible for the death of Marissa and he was also the one who talks Ryan into helping Taylor, who was in the middle of a divorce from her French husband, Henri-Michel. Later in the season, Sandy bumps into a man at the New Year's Eve party and investigates further. The man is revealed to be Ryan's father, Frank Atwood, whom Sandy meets. Frank wants to see Ryan, so Sandy tells Ryan who refuses. Frank tells Sandy that he has cancer so Kirsten invites him to dinner but Sandy is suspicious. It is later revealed Frank lied in

This is a document about The O.C.
  O.C. continues to follow the tumultuous romantic relationships between Ryan and Marissa, Seth and Summer, and Sandy and Kirsten. Josh Schwartz, the show's creator, stated that in Season 2, the show would "no longer be about Ryan's past; now it's going to be about Ryan's future," and that this season would "slow down the storytelling a little bit ... and evolve the characters." For example, the story closely follows Ryan in his advanced physics class, where tension is created between him and another student, Lindsay, who presumes that Ryan will be useless as a lab partner, who thus prevents him from contributing to the work that must be submitted. Ryan's

This is a document about Strokes of Life
  Appeared in Season 4

This is a document about List of Castle characters
  also attended Catholic school for 12 years, as was mentioned during the episode "Knockdown". In the season four finale, "Always", Ryan sides with Castle in stopping Beckett's investigation into her mother's murder in secret, feeling that not going through the proper channels will cost them. This puts him at odds with Esposito, who firmly stands behind Beckett's choice, causing friction within the group. After Castle quits, Beckett and Esposito try to catch the killer by themselves, which causes Ryan to make the painful choice of telling Gates about the secret investigation. Although he was able to save both of them in time, Beckett resigns from the force and Esposito is suspended. Ryan is ignored by Esposito when

This is a document about The Secret Life of the American Teenager
  In season four, Amy and Ricky begin to get closer when Amy and John begin to move in with Ricky in his apartment, which is above the butcher shop. Meanwhile, Ashley leaves to go on a road trip with her friend Toby. Grace goes to Didiju and meets a new guy named Daniel who later becomes her boyfriend. Jack and Madison break up forcing Jack to do all the senior stuff with Grace who he is still in love with. Adrian is depressed as she lost her baby and Ben wants to leave, but doesn't have the heart to do so. Adrian figures out that he wants to leave, and tries to seduce him so she can get pregnant again. Later Adrian sets her goal towards

This is a document about Marissa Cooper
  Ryan Atwood is Marissa's second boyfriend on The O.C. Although extremely on-and-off-again throughout the show's course - their relationship originated as a platonic friendship in the pilot episode, which later escalated into romantic feelings. By the 10th episode of the first season, the couple officially began their romantic relationship. The beginning of this relationship sees its first end when Marissa feels that Ryan has overreacted to Marissa and Oliver Trask's friendship. The second course of Marissa and Ryan's relationship fails because of Theresa Diaz and Ryan's illegitimate child together, whom Ryan agrees to help raise – returning to Theresa's arms and leaving Marissa to return to her alcoholic behavior. The third attempt of Marissa and Ryan's relationship terminates after the suicide of Johnny Harper where they struggle to mourn him and need a break from each other. The couple's last attempt at a relationship ends when Marissa is killed by a drunken Kevin Volchok who sends Ryan and Marissa's car off the road, sending her to her death.

This is a document about The Hills (season 4)
  The fourth season continues as tension builds between housemates Lauren Conrad, Audrina Patridge, and Lo Bosworth. Patridge expresses concern that Bosworth is becoming a distancing factor between herself and Conrad. Before Patridge moves into a separate residence, the women tearfully mend their friendship. However, their friendship is briefly strained after Patridge hears false speculation that Conrad was involved with her on-again/off-again boyfriend Justin Brescia. Conrad became involved in a romantic relationship with her former boyfriend Doug Reinhardt, though the pair eventually separated and instead became friends. As part of her duties with Kelly Cutrone's PR firm People's Revolution, Whitney Port finds herself often travelling to New York City and living a bi-coastal lifestyle. She eventually moves to the city after receiving employment with Diane von Fürstenberg, at which point she is commissioned her own spin-off series The City. Meanwhile, to the dismay of her boyfriend Spencer

This is a document about Lipgloss (TV series)
  The fourth and final season shows the senior year of the students at Linden, including repeater Abby Rickson, who has finally moved on from Jake and Camille. Brent starts courting Louise, but finds competition in his long-time best friend, Chip, to whom he owes a big debt. Julivee gets jealous over Janna, a girl who Caloy meets. Carla tries to move on from Maui. Edge meets a beautiful princess, Ava, whom he falls for. The finale shows the love teams ending up with each other: Abby and Jake, Louise and Brent, Ava and Edge.

This is a document about The O.C.
  maybe even going back to season one." In a review of a later episode, Sepinwall related that Season 4 was a "resurgent season" and that "every "O.C." episode review just turns into a list of things I liked." Belinda Acosta of The Austin Chronicle agreed, praising the show's "new energy" and its ability to successfully cover "the transition between high school and college that other series have stumbled over." Entertainment Weeklys Ken Tucker commented that the fourth season was "a succession of terrific subplots" and praised new main cast member Taylor "as a fine, funny love interest for Ryan." Greg Elwell

This is a document about The Bachelor (American season 21)
  Season 4 Raven Gates, Corinne Olympios, Taylor Nolan, Alexis Waters, Lacey Mark, Kristina Schulman, Danielle Maltby, Danielle Lombard, Christen Whitney, Sarah Vendal, Dominique Alexis, Jaimi King, and Jasmine Goode, returned for season four of Bachelor in Paradise. Olympios quit during week 1 after the production shutdown. Mark had originally quit during week 1 but returned following the shutdown. Maltby quit during week 2, and Schulman in week 3. Waters and Vendal were eliminated during week 2, and Alexis during week 4. During week 4, Lombard split from her partner, Dean Unglert, Whitney split from her partner, Jack Stone, King split from her partner, Diggy Moreland, and Goode split from

This is a document about The Bachelorette (American season 13)
  Season 4 DeMario Jackson was set to appear in the fourth season of Bachelor in Paradise thus became the only cast member of this season has announced. When production restarted after the misconduct allegations had halted production, Jackson did not return for filming. Dean Unglert joined the cast on that season after he was eliminated during hometowns,. Diggy Moreland, Matt Munson, Iggy Rodriguez, Jack Stone, Jonathan Treece, Fred Johnson, Blake Elarbee, and Adam Gottschalk would also appear on season 4. When production restarted, Rodriguez was eliminated in week one. Munson quit in week two. Elarbee and Johnson were eliminated in week three. Unglert, Moreland, Stone, and Treece all quit in week four. Gottschalk left Paradise in a relationship with Raven Gates. Season 5 Bigger and Moreland returned for the fifth season of

In "The O.C." season 4, Ryan does not have a significant romantic relationship. The focus of the season is on his transition to adulthood and his growing tension with his brother, Troy.


Question: who put in god we trust on the dollar bill

Answer: President Dwight Eisenhower

This is a document about In God We Trust
 approved by President Dwight Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declared "In God We Trust" must appear on American currency. This phrase was first used on paper money in 1957, when it appeared on the one-dollar silver certificate. The first paper currency bearing the phrase entered circulation on October 1, 1957. The 84th Congress later passed legislation (P.L. 84-851), also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto. Some groups and people have expressed objections to its use, citing its religious reference that violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. These groups

This is a document about In God We Trust
  was introduced and passed as the Coinage Act of 1864 on April 22, 1864, allowing the Secretary of the Treasury to authorize the inclusion of the phrase on one-cent and two-cent coins. On March 3, 1865, the U.S. Congress passed a bill that allowed the Mint Director to place "In God We Trust" on all gold and silver coins that "shall admit the inscription thereon", subject to the Secretary's approval, which Lincoln subsequently signed as the last Act of Congress prior to his assassination. In 1873, Congress passed another Coinage Act, granting that the Secretary of the Treasury "may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such

This is a document about In God We Trust
  in 1864; it was also printed on paper currency since 1957 and on some post stamps since 1954. A law passed in July 1955 by a joint resolution of the 84th Congress and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower requires that "In God We Trust" appear on all American currency. Two years later, the phrase was used on paper money for the first time — on the updated one-dollar silver certificate that entered circulation on October 1, 1957. The 84th Congress later passed legislation, also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto. Several states have also mandated or authorized its use in public institutions or

This is a document about Liberty Head double eagle
  With the nation in the midst of an internal war, in November 1861, Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase received a proposal that American coinage bear an expression of faith in God. After various wordings were considered, "In God We Trust" was placed on the new two-cent piece in 1864. The Act of March 3, 1865, that authorized the copper-nickel three-cent piece also required the motto to appear on all coins large enough to bear it. Pursuant to this mandate, Longacre began re-engraving the various denominations of U.S. coinage. In 1866, he added "In God We Trust" to all coins that did not

This is a document about In God We Trust
  "In God we trust" in early August 1862. In the South, the phrase has also gained some traction, so that in 1864, Harper's Weekly reported that the Union Navy had captured a flag whose motto said: "Our cause is just, our duty we know ; In God we trust, to battle we go." President Abraham Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, a lifelong evangelical Episcopalian who was known for his public shows of piety, acted swiftly on the proposal to include a motto referring to God and directed the then-Philadelphia Director of the Mint and member of the National Reform Association, James Pollock, to begin drawing up possible designs that would

This is a document about In God We Trust
  In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt sought to beautify American coinage and decided to give the task to his friend, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, who, after several delays and technical issues with his design, produced a new design for eagles and double eagles. Roosevelt specifically instructed Saint-Gaudens not to include "In God We Trust" on the coins, as the President feared that these coins would be used to further ungodly activities, such as gambling, and facilitate crime. Saint-Gaudens did not oppose the order, as he thought that the phrase would distract from the coin's design features. The coin, whose ultra-high relief version is now considered one of the most beautiful coins ever struck in the U.S., was indeed appreciated for its esthetics by art critics. However, a

This is a document about In God We Trust
  the religious phrase. Chase chose his favorite designs and presented a proposal to the Congress for the new designs in late 1863. He then decided on the final version of the new motto, "In God We Trust," in December 1863. Lincoln's degree of involvement in the process of was unclear, though he was aware of such talks. As Chase was preparing his recommendation to Congress, it was found that the federal legislature passed a bill on January 18, 1837, which determined the mottoes and devices that should be stamped on U.S. coins. This meant that enactment of some additional legislation was necessary before "In God We Trust" could be engraved. Such

This is a document about Aronow v. United States
  religious exercise. ...It is not easy to discern any religious significance attendant the payment of a bill with coin or currency on which has been imprinted 'In God We Trust' or the study of a government publication or document bearing that slogan. In fact, such secular uses of the motto was viewed as sacrilegious and irreverent by President Theodore Roosevelt. Yet Congress has directed such uses. While 'ceremonial' and 'patriotic' may not be particularly apt words to describe the category of the national motto, it is excluded from First Amendment significance because the motto has no theological or ritualistic impact. As stated by

This is a document about Religious views of Abraham Lincoln
  are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens." In December 1863, Lincoln's Secretary of the Treasury decided on a new motto, "In God We Trust", to engrave on U.S. coins. Lincoln's involvement in this decision is unclear. When a pious minister told Lincoln he "hoped the Lord is on our side", the president responded, "I am not at all concerned about that.... But it is my constant anxiety and prayer that I and

This is a document about Seated Liberty dollar
  the Civil War. In an October 21, 1863, report to Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase, Pollock expressed his own desire to emblazon American coins with a religious motto. The Mint began producing patterns bearing various mottoes, including "God Our Trust" and "In God We Trust"; the latter was ultimately selected, and its first use was on the two-cent piece in 1864.The following year, a law was passed allowing the Treasury to place the motto upon any coin at its discretion. The motto was placed on the silver dollar, as well as various other silver, gold and base metal coins, in 1866. The coin shortage continued after the end of the Civil War, due largely to the large war debt incurred by the

This is a document about United States national motto
  The 1956 law was the first establishment of an official motto for the country, although E Pluribus Unum ("from many, one") was adopted by an Act of Congress in 1782 as the motto for the Seal of the United States and has been used on coins and paper money since 1795. A phrase similar to "In God we trust" appears in the final stanza of "The Star-Spangled Banner". Written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key (and later adopted as the U.S. national anthem on March 3, 1931 by U.S. President Herbert Hoover), the song contains an early reference to a variation of the phrase: "And this be our motto: 'In God is our trust.'" The change from "E Pluribus Unum" to "In God we trust" was generally considered uncontroversial at the time, given

This is a document about In God We Trust
  of Billy Graham, a prominent evangelist of the time. After intense public pressure for inclusion of the national motto, it appeared for the first time on some postage stamps of the 1954 Liberty Issue,  though lobbying for universal inclusion by Michigan Senator Charles E. Potter and Representative Louis C. Rabaut failed. The following year, Democrat Representative Charles Edward Bennett of Florida cited the Cold War when he introduced H. R. 619, which obliged "In God we trust" to be printed on all banknotes and struck on all coins, in the House, arguing that "[in] these days when imperialistic and materialistic communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom, we should

This is a document about Greenback (1860s money)
  Since the reverse of the notes was printed with green ink, they were called "greenbacks" by the public and considered to be equivalent to the Demand Notes, which were already known as such. The United States Notes were issued by the United States to pay for labor and goods. Earlier, Secretary Chase had the slogan "In God We Trust" engraved on U.S. coins. During a cabinet meeting, there was some discussion of adding it to the U.S. Notes as well. Lincoln, however, humorously remarked, "If you are going to put a legend on the greenbacks, I would suggest that of Peter and Paul, 'Silver and gold I have none, but such as I have I give to thee. California

This is a document about James Pollock
  in God" in a motto on America's coins. Pollock proposed a number of mottos, including "Our Trust Is In God" and "God Our Trust," which Chase ultimately revised to "In God We Trust". During his tenure at the Mint, the American Philosophical Society elected Pollock to membership in 1863. Pollock was a member of the National Reform Association, which seeks to add a Christian amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The 1864 two-cent piece was the first coin with the approved motto and today all American coins are inscribed with "In God We Trust." James Pollock was also a trustee of Lafayette College from 1855 to 1876, and its president from 1863 onwards.

This is a document about In God We Trust
  look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom". The American Numismatic Association and the American Legion concurred and made resolutions urging to promote further usage of "In God We Trust". On July 11, 1955, the bill, having passed with bipartisan support of both chambers of Congress, was signed into law by President Eisenhower. Since all coins already complied with the law, the only changes were made to the paper currency. The motto first appeared on the $1 silver certificate in 1957, followed by other certificates. Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination.

This is a document about Prospect Park, Pennsylvania
  In 1874, John Cochran of Chester purchased 103 acres from Joshua Pierson with the intention of dividing the property into lots and selling them. These properties formed the current community of Prospect Park. Prospect Hill Baptist Church in Prospect Park claims a prominent role in instituting the phrase "In God We Trust" on United States coins and currency. A former pastor, Mark R. Watkinson, felt that the Civil War was going to leave the country with a bad name, "brother fighting brother in a civil war", and wrote a letter to Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, suggesting "God, Liberty, Law," be put on the coins. Chase referred the matter to James B. Longacre, Mint Engraver. A committee later settled on "In God We Trust", and the words first appeared on a 2-cent coin. A plaque on the outside of the church announces the birthplace of the phrase. The Morton Homestead, one of the oldest buildings in Pennsylvania, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

This is a document about Dollar coin (United States)
  a living president, or a president who died less than two years earlier. The presidential dollar coin is the same size and composition as the Sacagawea dollar. "In God We Trust", the issue year, and the mint mark appear on the edge. The first dollar, honoring George Washington, was released into circulation on February 15, 2007. However, became law on December 26, 2007 which moved "In God We Trust" from the edge to the obverse. A common minting error on this coin, estimated at 80,000, from a mintage of 300,000,000 coins, is the omission of the edge lettering causing a plain outside edge. Because the omission includes the words "In God We

This is a document about United States national motto
   The modern motto of the United States of America, as established in a 1956 law signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, is "In God we trust". The phrase first appeared on U.S. coins in 1864.

This is a document about James B. Longacre
  by Pollock, including "God Our Trust" and "God and Our Country". Longacre's two-cent piece was the first coin inscribed with "In God We Trust". Nickel had been removed from the cent over the objection of Pennsylvania industrialist Joseph Wharton, who had large interests in the metal; his congressman, Thaddeus Stevens, had fought against the act. In 1864, Wharton published a pamphlet arguing for a coinage in which all coins less than ten cents would be made of a copper-nickel alloy with 25% nickel, just over twice the percentage which the cent had contained. In March 1865, Congress passed legislation for

President Dwight D. Eisenhower put "In God We Trust" on the dollar bill in 1957. The phrase first appeared on a one-dollar silver certificate on October 1, 1957.


Question: how many institutions of higher education in the us

Answer: 4,726

This is a document about Higher education in the United States
 function as an institution of knowledge, US higher education has had several functions, including preserving Christian civilization, advancing the national interest, research, and growing the global economy. It has also served as a source for professional credentials, as a vehicle for social mobility, and as a social sorter. Educational statistics in the US are provided by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), part of the Department of Education. The number of Title IV-eligible, degree-granting institutions in the US peaked at a total of 4,726 in 2012: 3,026 4-year institutions and 1,700 2-year institutions; by 2016–17, the total had declined

This is a document about Higher education in the United States
  Higher education in the United States is an optional stage of formal learning following secondary education. Higher education is also referred as post-secondary education, third-stage, third-level, or tertiary education. It covers stages 5 to 8 on the International ISCED 2011 scale. It is delivered at 4,360 Title IV degree-granting institutions, known as colleges or universities. These may be public or private universities, research universities, liberal arts colleges, community colleges, or for-profit colleges. US higher education is loosely regulated by the government and by several third-party organizations. In 2021, US student loan debt amounts to more than $1.7 trillion. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)

This is a document about Issues in higher education in the United States
  Higher education in the United States is an optional stage of formal learning following secondary education. Higher education, also referred to as post-secondary education, third-stage, third-level, or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4,360 Title IV degree-granting institutions, either colleges or universities in the country. These may be public universities, private universities, liberal arts colleges, community colleges, or for-profit colleges. US higher education is loosely regulated by several third-party organizations. Within this vast estate many issues arise for government, staff and students.

This is a document about Political issues in higher education in the United States
  Higher education in the United States is an optional stage of formal learning following secondary education. Higher education, also referred to as post-secondary education, third-stage, third-level, or tertiary education occurs most commonly at one of the 4,360 Title IV degree-granting institutions, either colleges or universities in the country. These may be public universities, private universities, liberal arts colleges, community colleges, or for-profit colleges. US higher education is loosely regulated by several third-party organizations. Within this vast estate many issues arise for government, staff and students.

This is a document about List of the largest United States colleges and universities by enrollment
  The United States Department of Education's Integrated Post-secondary Education Data System contains information on all 7,316 officially recognized institutions of higher education in the United States. The following is a list of the thirty largest institutions of higher education by Fall 2013 enrollment, meaning it is the number of unique individuals who were enrolled in at least one class on the 21st day of the Fall 2013 semester. Whether a system of individual campuses is counted as one or multiple institutions depends on how that institution is accredited and chartered. All data can be verified on the IPEDS system website.

This is a document about College
   In the United States, there are over 7021 colleges and universities. A "college" in the US formally denotes a constituent part of a university, but in popular usage, the word "college" is the generic term for any post-secondary undergraduate education. Americans "go to college" after high school, regardless of whether the specific institution is formally a college or a university. Some students choose to dual-enroll, by taking college classes while still in high school. The word and its derivatives are the standard terms used to describe the institutions and experiences associated with American post-secondary undergraduate education. Students must pay for college before taking classes. Some borrow the money via loans, and some students

This is a document about Research university
  45. The top 200 shows a similar pattern with the US having 45 universities, the UK 26 and Germany 12. By comparison, the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education (2015) identifies 115 US universities as "Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity" and a further 107 as "Doctoral Universities: Higher Research Activity", while Altbach estimated that there were around 220 research universities in the US in 2013. The Academic Ranking of World Universities shows a similar distribution, with 185 of their 500 ranked institutions in 2020 coming from Europe, 161 from the Americas, 149 from Asia/Oceania and 5 from Africa. Again, all

This is a document about University system
  System (4 campuses) ; Montana University System (14 campuses) ; University of Nebraska system (4 campuses) ; Nebraska State College System (3 campuses) ; Nevada System of Higher Education (2 universities, one state college, 4 community colleges, and one research institute) ; University System of New Hampshire (4 campuses) ; City_College_of_New_York_November_2016.jpg, part of the City University of New York]]City University of New York (24 campuses) ; State University of New York (64 campuses) ; University of North Carolina (16 campuses, plus one affiliated high school) ; Johnson & Wales University (4 campuses around the United States) ; North Dakota University System (11 campuses) ; University

This is a document about List of higher education associations and organizations in the United States
  There are many higher education associations, organizations, and alliances in the United States of America. These groups are relevant to the structure of higher education in the United States.

This is a document about List of conservatories of music in the United States
  Below is a list of degree-granting music institutions of higher learning in the United States. As of 2017, in the United States, there were 650 degree-granting institutions of higher learning that were accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music. There are also several notable institutions of higher learning that are – for various reasons, by choice or otherwise – not accredited by NASM.

This is a document about Higher education in the United States
  practice is to refer to these disparate faculties within universities as colleges or schools. The American university system is largely decentralized. Public universities are administered by the individual states and territories, usually as part of a state university system. Except for the United States service academies and staff colleges, the federal government does not directly regulate universities. However, it can offer federal grants and any institution that receives federal funds must certify that it has adopted and implemented a drug prevention program that meets federal regulations. Each state supports at least one state university and several support several. At one extreme, California has three public higher education systems: the 10-campus University of California, the 23-campus California State University, and the 112-campus California Community

This is a document about For-profit colleges in the United States
  According to the National Center for Education Statistics, there were approximately 3,200 for-profit institutions in the U.S. in 2015. Many for-profit institutions are subsidiaries of larger companies.

This is a document about Education in Russia
  a thousand universities and two thousands spinoffs, does not exist anywhere else in the world; it may be over the top even for China ... consequences are clear: devaluation of education standard". Even supporters of the reduction like Yevgeny Yasin admit that the move will strengthen consolidation of academia in Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Novosibirsk and devastate the provinces, leaving the federal subjects of Russia without colleges for training local school teachers. For a comparison, the United States has a total of 4,495 Title IV-eligible, degree-granting institutions: 2,774 BA/BSc degree institutions and 1,721 AA/ASc degree institutions. Financial and visa difficulties have historically made it difficult to obtain higher education abroad for young adults in the post-Soviet era.

This is a document about University system
  (110 campuses) ; Smith Clock Tower view.jpg[[Claremont Colleges]] (7 institutions) ; University of Colorado (4 campuses) ; Colorado State University (3 campuses) ; Connecticut State Colleges & Universities (CSCU) (17 campuses) ; Florida College System (28 campuses) ; State University System of Florida (12 institutions) ; University System of Georgia (26 colleges and universities) ; Technical College System of Georgia (22 colleges) ; University of Hawaii System (3 campuses) ; University of Illinois system (3 institutions) ; Southern Illinois University (2 institutions and multiple campuses) ; Indiana University (9 campuses) ; Purdue University System (5 campuses) ; Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana (23 campuses) ;

This is a document about Georgia (U.S. state)
  effect for the 2020–21 school year. Georgia has 85 public colleges, universities, and technical colleges in addition to more than 45 private institutes of higher learning. Among Georgia's public universities is the flagship research university, the University of Georgia, founded in 1785 as the country's oldest state-chartered university and the birthplace of the American system of public higher education. The University System of Georgia is the presiding body over public post-secondary education in the state. The System includes 29 institutions of higher learning and is governed by the Georgia Board of Regents. Georgia's workforce of more than 6.3 million is constantly refreshed by the growing number of people who move there along with

This is a document about American College & University Presidents' Climate Commitment
  By 2010 there were 697 universities and colleges in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, representing a student population of over 5.6 million as signatories. Complete list of signatories.

This is a document about List of U.S. states and territories by educational attainment
 Education in the United States ; High School in the United States ; Colleges in the United States ; Universities in the United States ; High School Diploma ; Bachelor's Degree ; Master's Degree

This is a document about List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston
  master's degrees, eight research universities, and 19 special-focus institutions. Of these, 43 are non-profit organizations while one is a for-profit business, and 39 are private ventures while five are public institutions (four are run by the state of Massachusetts and one is operated by the city of Quincy). In 2007, enrollment at these colleges and universities ranged from 108 students at the Episcopal Divinity School to 32,053 students at Boston University. The first to be founded was Harvard University, also the oldest institution of higher education in the United States, while the most recently established institution is the Urban College of Boston. All but two of these schools are accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC), the oldest regional accrediting body in the United States.

This is a document about Jalandhar
  Higher education institutions include

As of 2016, there were 4,726 degree-granting institutions of higher education in the US.


Question: who sings the song how to save a life

Answer: The Fray

This is a document about How to Save a Life
 How to Save a Life "How to Save a Life" is a song by American pop rock band The Fray. It was released as the second single from their debut studio album of the same name. The song is one of the band's most popular airplay songs and peaked in the top 3 of the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the United States. It became the joint seventh longest charting single on the "Billboard" Hot 100, tying with Santana's "Smooth" (1999), at 58 consecutive weeks. The song has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA, and has sold 4.7 million

This is a document about How to Save a Life
 becoming the band's first TRL No. 1, and also becoming the last No. 1 video on TRL for 2006. Produced by Aaron Johnson, Mike Flynn !scope="col" colspan="3"| Streaming How to Save a Life "How to Save a Life" is a song by American pop rock band The Fray. It was released as the second single from their debut studio album of the same name. The song is one of the band's most popular airplay songs and peaked in the top 3 of the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the United States. It became the joint seventh longest charting single on

This is a document about Look After You
 from either "Wonderwall" by Oasis, "You Are So Beautiful" by Joe Cocker or "You're Beautiful" by James Blunt. A music video for the song reported in progress in February 2007, with Chris Mills as the director. However, the video was never released. Look After You "Look After You" is a song by American rock band the Fray. It was released in February 2007 as the third single from their debut album, "How to Save a Life", following the widespread success of their previous single "How to Save a Life". According to lead singer and pianist Isaac Slade, the song was

This is a document about Look After You
 Look After You "Look After You" is a song by American rock band the Fray. It was released in February 2007 as the third single from their debut album, "How to Save a Life", following the widespread success of their previous single "How to Save a Life". According to lead singer and pianist Isaac Slade, the song was written about his then-girlfriend and future wife, Anna, when she was living in Australia. The song has appeared on the TV show "Intervention" for its third season and has been featured in episodes of "Cold Case", "Ghost Whisperer", "The Hills", "One Tree

This is a document about How to Save a Life (album)
 extra track was added: The album was released on September 13, 2005 by Epic Records. While the album did not make a splash commercially or critically initially, the success of "Over My Head (Cable Car)" propelled the album from the Top Heatseekers chart to the top 20 of The "Billboard" 200 chart. The release of the second single, "How to Save a Life", a world-wide smash, helped the album enter the top 5 in several charts across the world, and brought The Fray mainstream popularity. The song remains the band's best known and most successful song to date. Overall, critical

This is a document about Joe King (guitarist)
 prompted Epic Records to sign the band in 2004. The band's first album, "How to Save a Life", released in 2005, brought the band mainstream success. Apart from playing guitar, King sang lead on the song, "Heaven Forbid", which was about his sister. He also gave backing vocals on "How to Save a Life", "Look After You" and "Trust Me". The band released their second album, "The Fray", in 2009. The second single from the album, "Never Say Never", was written primarily by King from his perspective of his marriage. Apart from guitar, the second album also saw King singing

This is a document about The Fray
 The Fray The Fray is an American rock band from Denver, Colorado. Formed in 2002 by schoolmates Isaac Slade and Joe King, they achieved success with the release of their debut album, "How to Save a Life" in 2005, which was certified double platinum by the RIAA and platinum in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UK. The Fray achieved national success with their first single, "Over My Head (Cable Car)", which became a top ten hit in the United States. The release of their second single, "How to Save a Life", brought the band worldwide fame. The song charted

This is a document about Aaron Johnson (musician)
 a studio in So Cal while still in high school. It was there that he developed an interest in making and recording music. His break came in a demo he produced and recorded for the Fray of a song called "Over My Head (Cable Car)". Aaron produced the band's debut album, "How to Save a Life", and their follow up album, "The Fray." On "How to Save a Life", he co-wrote the fourth single, "All at Once." He has also worked with the Fray on their live albums, EPs and other material. Aaron has been awarded multiple Platinum Records, a

This is a document about Sarcastic Gamer
 June 2007, the first SarcasticGamer.com article, written on 11 June 2007 after his first parody song, "How You Killed Your Brand" (a parody of How To Save A Life by The Fray) gained immense popularity on YouTube. As the popularity of the parodies and, consequently, the website increased, Adams needed to find reliable writers who could help him satisfy the growing demand for new material. The first to be approached was Sean "Rothbart" Workman, a trusted GamerCast Network forums member, who agreed to start preparing new articles for Sarcastic Gamer. Shortly thereafter, Matt "Volkov" Schmidt offered his help with the

This is a document about How to Save a Life (album)
 giving the album three stars out of five. "Jesus Freak Hideout" gave the album a glowing review, stating "How to Save a Life is nearly perfect. Nearly every song's message contains key values and life' lessons." How to Save a Life (album) How to Save a Life is the debut studio album by American alternative rock band The Fray. Released on September 13, 2005 through Epic Records, the record charted in the top 15 on the "Billboard" 200 and was a top ten hit in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the UK. The first two singles from the album,

This is a document about How to Save a Life (album)
 How to Save a Life (album) How to Save a Life is the debut studio album by American alternative rock band The Fray. Released on September 13, 2005 through Epic Records, the record charted in the top 15 on the "Billboard" 200 and was a top ten hit in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the UK. The first two singles from the album, "Over My Head (Cable Car)" and "How to Save a Life" helped the album become a commercial success and brought the band mainstream popularity. Critical reception to the album was mixed. The piano-rock style of the

This is a document about Smells Like Saturday
 chooses the greatest ‘hits’ of a particular type as requested from listeners and challenged by Zig and Zag. Harking back to their time on the Ian Dempsey radio show on 2FM in the late Eighties Zig and Zag play lyrics from songs that sound like something else (mondegreens). For instance; The Fray song 'How to save a Life' they claim is "How to save a Lime" or the chorus of Brandon Flowers – Crossfire sounds like "Lay your bunny down" as opposed to the actual lyric "lay your body down". These misread lyrics are always embellished with a strange story

This is a document about How to Save a Life
  "How to Save a Life" is a song by American alternative rock band the Fray, released in March 2006 as the second single from their debut studio album of the same name. The song is one of the band's most popular airplay songs and peaked in the top 3 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States. It became the joint seventh longest charting single on the Billboard Hot 100, tying with Santana's "Smooth" (1999), at 58 consecutive weeks. The song has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA, and has sold 4.7 million downloads as of January 2015, the fourth best-selling rock song in digital history. "How to Save a Life" is the band's biggest hit single to date, topping the Adult Top 40 chart for 15 consecutive weeks and topping the Canadian Airplay Chart. It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 2007, but lost to "Dani California" by Red Hot Chili Peppers.

This is a document about How to Save a Life
  The song is the band's first to achieve significant popularity outside of the United States. "How to Save a Life" was a top five hit in Australia, Canada, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Due to an early leak by BBC Radio 1 in the United Kingdom, where it was the band's debut single, the song was released in the territory five weeks earlier than planned. It debuted at number twenty nine on the UK Singles Chart on January 21, 2007, via downloads alone. Instead of its planned release date which was to be March 26, 2007, the single was physically released in the United Kingdom on February 28 and gradually rose up the chart, reaching number five on February 25, staying there for four weeks. It eventually peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart on April 8 and

This is a document about The Fray
  would be used for the main advertising promotion for the season premiere of Grey's Anatomy.  Only weeks after this promotion started, the song became the Fray's second Top 40 hit in the United States. The song peaked at No. 3 on the Hot 100 chart, surpassing the peak position of "Over My Head (Cable Car)". It tied for the seventh-longest charting single of all time on the Hot 100 chart, with Santana's "Smooth", at 58 consecutive weeks. The song also topped the Adult Top 40 chart for 15 consecutive weeks. "How to Save a Life" was a major hit internationally, topping the singles chart in Ireland, Spain and Canada. The song also

This is a document about How to Save a Life
  Britain's eleventh biggest-selling song of 2007. On March 29, "How to Save a Life" peaked at number 1 in Ireland, becoming their first and only number one single in the country to date. The song only stayed at the top spot for a week but sales still proved strong after it fell from number 1. The song was ranked No. 24 on Billboard's Best Adult Pop Songs of the Decade, and No. 47 on Billboard's Top 100 Digital Tracks of the Decade. It was also ranked No. 58 on Billboard's Hot 100 Songs of the Decade and No. 56 on Rhapsody's list of the Top 100 Tracks of the Decade. The song was the 25th most downloaded song of all time on iTunes as of February 2010. The song has sold over 4.7 million copies in the US as of January 2015.

This is a document about How to Save a Life (album)
  the Billboard Hot 100, tying with Santana's "Smooth", at 58 consecutive weeks. The song also topped the Adult Top 40 chart for 15 consecutive weeks. "How to Save a Life" became a major hit internationally, topping the singles chart in Ireland, Spain and Canada. The song also charted in the top five in Australia, Italy, Sweden and in the UK Singles Chart. ; "Look After You" was released as the band's third single; the song peaked at position 59 in the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band's first single to miss the Top 40. The song peaked at #49 on Billboard Pop 100 and at #12 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks. ; "All at Once" was released as the fourth and final single from the album. It peaked at #20 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart.

This is a document about How to Save a Life (album)
  How to Save a Life is the debut studio album by American alternative rock band The Fray. Released on September 14, 2005, through Epic Records, the record charted in the top 15 on the Billboard 200 and was a top ten hit in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the UK. The first two singles from the album, "Over My Head (Cable Car)" and "How to Save a Life" helped the album become a commercial success and brought the band mainstream popularity. Critical reception to the album was mixed. The piano-rock style of the album drew comparisons with British piano-driven bands like Keane and Coldplay. The album was certified double platinum by the RIAA, and was also certified platinum in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and in the UK. The album went on to become the best-selling digital album of all time, breaking the record held previously by Coldplay's X&Y. It was ranked #21 on Billboard's list of the Best Digital Albums of the Decade.

This is a document about The Fray
  25 hit in on the national charts of Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The song was the fifth-most downloaded single of 2006. While "Over My Head (Cable Car)" was rising on the charts, the song "How to Save a Life" was first featured during an episode of Grey's Anatomy, aired March 19, 2006, and then on an episode of Scrubs, aired April 25, 2006. Despite not having been originally released as a single, "How to Save a Life" entered the Hot 100 chart on the issue marked April 15, 2006. The song was released as the band's second single. On August 18, 2006, ABC announced that the

The Fray is the band that sings the song "How to Save a Life."


Question: when were the 12 steps of aa written

Answer: 1939

This is a document about Twelve-step program
 deviant identity. Another study asserts that the prior cultural identity may not be replaced entirely, but rather members found adapted a bicultural identity. Twelve-step program A twelve-step program is a set of guiding principles outlining a course of action for recovery from addiction, compulsion, or other behavioral problems. Originally proposed by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) as a method of recovery from alcoholism, the Twelve Steps were first published in the 1939 book "Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism." The method was adapted and became the foundation of other twelve-step programs. As summarized

This is a document about Adult Children of Alcoholics
 steps and 12 traditions of AA. The organization's name is often ascribed to Janet G. Woititz (c. 1939 - June 7, 1994), an American psychologist and researcher best known for her writings and lectures on the adult children of alcoholic parents, and author of the 1983 book "Adult Children of Alcoholics entitled." During the 1990s, the organization went through rapid growth. In 1989, there were 1,300 ACA meetings and by 2003 there were an estimated 40,000 members of ACA. In 2014, there were 1,300 groups worldwide, about 780 of these in the USA. ACA is more of a therapeutic program

This is a document about 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)
 AA Division with the following composition: 39th Anti-Aircraft Brigade at RAF Digby When these units went to their war stations, the division had 97 heavy AA (HAA) guns (3-inch and 3.7-inch)ready for action, distributed as follows: The division also had 6 3-inch and 12 40mm Bofors light AA (LAA) guns, as well as 88 light machine guns (LMGs). On 23 September 1939, responsibility for the Humber Gun Zone (including 30 HAA guns manned by the 62nd (Northumbrian) and 91st AA Rgts) was transferred from the 39th AA Brigade to the 31st AA Brigade in the 7th AA Division. This responsibility

This is a document about Alcoholics Anonymous
 AA groups avoid official affiliations with other organizations. They also advise against dogma and coercive hierarchies. Subsequent fellowships such as Narcotics Anonymous have adopted and adapted the Twelve Steps and the Twelve Traditions to their respective primary purposes. The first female member, Florence Rankin, joined AA in March 1937, and the first non-Protestant member, a Roman Catholic, joined in 1939. The first Black AA group was established in 1945 in Washington DC by Jim S., an African-American physician from Virginia. AA membership has since spread internationally "across diverse cultures holding different beliefs and values", including geopolitical areas resistant to grassroots

This is a document about 34th (South Midland) Anti-Aircraft Brigade
 February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti-Aircraft Command. In June, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations. The HAA guns of 34 AA Bde were concentrated in the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) at Birmingham (24 guns) and Coventry (12 guns). 73rd AA Regiment left the

This is a document about 73rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
 of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations. On the outbreak of war, 73rd AA Rgt under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel A.L. Wood, MC, TD, formed part of 34th (South Midland) Anti-Aircraft Brigade based at Coventry in 4 AA Division, but in November 1939 it deployed to France with the British Expeditionary Force. When the Battle of France began in May 1940, 73rd HAA Rgt was part of 12 AA Bde defending the airfields of the RAF Advanced Air Striking Force (AASF) with semi-mobile 3-inch guns of 1918 pattern. The regiment was deployed to defend some of

This is a document about HMS Sabre (H18)
 1939 despite her age and unsuitability for deployment in the Atlantic Ocean. In late 1940, "Sabre" was modified as a convoy escort. Equipped with 14-charge pattern depth-charge arrangements, both the after 4-inch guns and the torpedo tubes were landed, one 12-pounder (AA) and 8-.5" (AA) (2x4) were added. Radar type 286, and later 291, was added. Later in the war four single 20 mm (AA) mountings eventually supplanted the .5" AA mountings. At the outbreak of war "Sabre" (Lt Cdr B Dean) was part of the Home Fleet based at Scapa Flow, as a TB Target and PV ranging vessel.

This is a document about 1st Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)
 to Richmond and Northolt in the west. The HAA positions were sited to produce an optimum density of fire of at least 16 guns engaging any one raid simultaneously. It had been intended that the 26th AA Brigade would control the whole zone, but it proved too complex for one HQ, and in September 1939 it was divided among three: the 26th AA Brigade (34 sites disposed to north and east), the 48th AA Brigade (28 sites to south-east and south), and the 49th AA Brigade (12 sites to west). The 26th AA Brigade still had the heaviest concentration of

This is a document about Alcoholics Anonymous
  Alcoholism, from which AA acquired its name. Published in 1939 and commonly called "the Big Book", it contains AA's Twelve Step recovery program. Later editions added the Twelve Traditions, first adopted in 1946, to formalize and unify the fellowship as a "benign anarchy". The Twelve Steps are presented as a suggested self-improvement program of initially admitting powerlessness over alcohol and acknowledging its damage, the listing of and striving to correct personal failings, the making of amends for past misdeeds, and, in order to stay recovered, the pursuit of continued spiritual development while helping other alcoholics towards sobriety through the Steps. The Steps also suggest the healing aid of an unspecified God—"as we understood Him"—but are accommodating to agnostic,

This is a document about Twelve-step program
  Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), the first twelve-step fellowship, was founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Robert Holbrook Smith, known to AA members as "Bill W." and "Dr. Bob", in Akron, Ohio. In 1946 they formally established the twelve traditions to help deal with the issues of how various groups could relate and function as membership grew. The practice of remaining anonymous (using only one's first names) when interacting with the general public was published in the first edition of the AA Big Book. As AA chapters were increasing in number during the 1930s and 1940s, the guiding principles were

This is a document about Twelve-step program
 admitting that one cannot control one's alcoholism, addiction or compulsion; ; coming to believe in a Higher Power that can give strength; ; examining past errors with the help of a sponsor (experienced member); ; making amends for these errors; ; learning to live a new life with a new code of behavior; ; helping others who suffer from the same alcoholism, addictions or compulsions. Twelve-step programs are mutual aid organizations for the purpose of recovery from substance addictions, behavioral addictions and compulsions. Developed in the 1930s, the first twelve-step program, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), aided its membership to overcome alcoholism. Since that time dozens of other organizations have been derived from AA's approach to address problems as varied as drug addiction, compulsive gambling, sex and overeating. All twelve-step programs utilize a version of AA's suggested twelve steps first published in the 1939 book Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism. As summarized by the American Psychological Association (APA), the process involves the following:

This is a document about Bill W.
  drink again up to the moment of his death in 1950". Wilson and Smith began working with other alcoholics. After that summer in Akron, Wilson returned to New York where he began having success helping alcoholics in what they called "a nameless squad of drunks" in an Oxford Group there. In 1938, after about 100 alcoholics in Akron and New York had become sober, the fellowship decided to promote its program of recovery through the publication of a book, for which Wilson was chosen as primary author. The book was given the title Alcoholics Anonymous and included the list of suggested activities for spiritual growth known as the Twelve Steps. The movement itself took on the

This is a document about Twelve Traditions
  Several of the tenets of what was to become AA's Twelve Traditions were first expressed in the foreword to the First Edition of the Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous in 1939. By 1944 the number of AA groups had grown along with the number of letters being sent to the AA headquarters in New York asking how to handle disputes caused by issues like publicity, religion, and finances. By 1946 AA cofounder Bill Wilson had more clearly formulated the basic ideas for the Twelve Traditions directly from such correspondence with groups (via the group conscience method), setting guidelines on how groups and members should interact with each other, the public, and AA as a whole. The Traditions were first published in the April 1946 AA Grapevine under the title Twelve Points to Assure Our Future and were formally adopted at AA's First International Convention in 1950. Wilson's book on the subject, Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions, was published in April, 1953.

This is a document about Stepping Stones (house)
  The Wilsons bought the house on 1.7 acres in 1941 more than five years after Bill W. took his last drink in December 1934. Lois Wilson later co-founded Al-Anon there. The desk on which Bill wrote much of the book Alcoholics Anonymous ("The Big Book", the principal text of A.A.) resides at "Wit's End," the office retreat he built out of cinder block with a friend on the property. Bill, after moving to Stepping Stones, wrote correspondence, Grapevine magazine articles, speeches, and three more books at the desk: The 12 Steps and 12 Traditions, As Bill Sees It, and AA Comes of Age. The kitchen table Bill mentions in several of his accounts of his meeting with Ebby Thacher at Bill's former home in 182 Clinton Street, Brooklyn is also on view. The

This is a document about Narcotics Anonymous
  In 1953 Narcotics Anonymous, was founded in California by Jimmy Kinnon and others. Differing from its predecessors, NA formed a fellowship of mutually supporting groups. Founding members, most of whom were from AA, debated and established the 12 Traditions of the NA fellowship. On September 14, 1953, AA authorized NA the use of AA's 12 steps and traditions on the condition that they stop using the AA name, causing the organization to call itself Narcotics Anonymous. In 1954, the first NA publication was printed, called the "Little Brown Book". It contained the 12 steps and early drafts of several pieces that would later be included in subsequent

This is a document about History of Alcoholics Anonymous
  Traditions were unanimously adopted at AA's First International Convention. ; 1950 On November 16, Bob Smith died. There were about 100,000 AA members. ; 1953 The Twelve Traditions were published in the book Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions. ; 1953 Narcotics Anonymous received permission from AA to use the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions in its own program. ; 1955 Second Edition of the Big Book released ; estimated 150,000 AA members. ; 1957 Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age was published. ; 1962 The Twelve Concepts for World Service were adopted by AA as a guideline for international issues.

This is a document about Alcoholics Anonymous
  To share their method, Wilson and other members wrote the initially-titled book, Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism, from which AA drew its name. Informally known as "The Big Book" (with its first 164 pages virtually unchanged since the 1939 edition), it suggests a twelve-step program in which members admit that they are powerless over alcohol and need help from a "higher power". They seek guidance and strength through prayer and meditation from God or a Higher Power of their own understanding; take a moral inventory with care to include resentments; list and become ready to remove character defects; list and make amends to those harmed; continue to take a moral inventory, pray, meditate, and try to help other alcoholics recover. The second half of the book, "Personal Stories" (subject to additions, removal, and

This is a document about Jim Burwell
  to that of AA's two co-founders, Bill W. and Dr Bob. He was instrumental in the publication of the all important Saturday Evening Post article by Jack Alexander that first brought nationwide publicity to AA in March 1941. As mentioned by Bill W. in the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions (pp. 143 – 145), Jim B. is credited with the adoption of AA's Third Tradition: "The only requirement for A.A. membership is a desire to stop drinking." In the foreword to the first edition of the book "Alcoholics Anonymous", historically prior to the standardization of the 12 Traditions, it is stated that "the only requirement for membership is an honest desire to stop

This is a document about Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions
  Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions is a 1953 book, which explains the 24 basic principles of Alcoholics Anonymous and their application. The book dedicates a chapter to each step and each tradition, providing a detailed interpretation of these principles for personal recovery and the organization of the group. Bill W. began work on this project in early 1952. By 1957, 50,000 copies were in circulation.

This is a document about Jimmy Kinnon
  Kinnon stopped using all mood and mind-altering substances on 2 February 1950. He began attending Alcoholics Anonymous, a twelve-step program. While in Alcoholics Anonymous he met other members who had struggled with addiction to substances other than alcohol. Alcoholics Anonymous often discouraged members from talking about addictions other than alcohol. Jimmy saw the need to recover from more than the symptom, i.e. substance used (alcohol, pills, etc.) by addressing the addict's thinking and attitudes before, during and in between using. This is why, for NA, he would change the language of Step 1 of the 12 Steps of AA from "We admitted we were powerless over ALCOHOL, that our lives had become unmanageable" to "We admitted we were powerless over OUR ADDICTION, that our lives had become unmanageable ". Kinnon attended meetings of another group called Habit-forming Drugs but was disappointed with it.

The 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous were first published in the book "Alcoholics Anonymous" in 1939.