Question: when do you need a medallion signature guarantee

Answer: for the transfer of securities

This is a document about Medallion signature guarantee
 Medallion signature guarantee In the United States, a medallion signature guarantee is a special signature guarantee for the transfer of securities. A medallion signature guarantee is a guarantee by the transferring financial institution that the signature is genuine and the financial institution accepts liability for any forgery. A medallion signature guarantee protects shareholders by preventing unauthorized transfers and possible investor losses. A medallion signature guarantee also limits the liability of the transfer agent who accepts the certificates. A medallion signature guarantee is a binding warranty, issued by an agent of the authorized guarantor institution, that: (a) the signature was genuine;

This is a document about Medallion signature guarantee
  In the United States, a medallion signature guarantee is a special signature guarantee used primarily when a client transfers or sells US securities. It is an assurance by the financial institution granting the guarantee that the signature on the transaction is genuine and that the guarantor accepts liability for any forgery.

This is a document about Medallion signature guarantee
  A medallion signature guarantee is a guarantee by the transferring financial institution that the signature is genuine and the financial institution accepts liability for any forgery. A medallion signature guarantee protects shareholders by preventing unauthorized transfers and possible investor losses. A medallion signature guarantee also limits the liability of the transfer agent who accepts the certificates. A medallion signature guarantee is a binding warranty, issued by an agent of the authorized guarantor institution, that: (a) the signature was genuine; (b) the signer was an appropriate person to endorse, and (c) the signer had legal capacity to sign. A medallion signature guarantee is not equivalent to a US notarial Acknowledgment.

This is a document about Medallion signature guarantee
  While some banks no longer provide this service, many still do so, as do some other financial institutions such as savings and loan associations (a thrift) and credit unions. These institutions may provide the medallion signature guarantee at their discretion. These institutions provide clarification on their requirements for providing the stamp. Each of these institutions may have different requirements for documentation necessary.

This is a document about Medallion signature guarantee
  Not all medallion signature guarantee stamps are of equal value. A special coded prefix is given to each stamp, and this prefix determines how much monetary value can be guaranteed. For instance if the medallion signature guarantee is required for US$400,000 worth of value, at least a C prefix is required, which is good for up to $500,000 value. If a D prefix stamp is submitted, the transaction will be rejected, because a D stamp is only good for guarantee up to $250,000.

This is a document about Stock transfer agent
  Stock transfer agents in the United States verify that owners of stock are genuine through the use of signature guarantees. This is often referred to as a "Medallion Signature Guarantee". A signature guarantee is a warranty by the signature guarantor that the endorser of a stock certificate or stock power form is an appropriate person to endorse and thus transfer the security. Signatures on a stock certificate or stock power must have the medallion guarantee. A medallion guarantee is also used to validate the genuineness of a securities transaction document (typically a stock certificate). It is backed by a bond and protects the issuer of the security and their transfer agent from fraudulently transferred securities. A medallion guarantee may be obtained from most major banks, brokerage firms or credit unions. Stock transfer agents operating in the U.S. are required to register with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or a banking regulator.

This is a document about Medallion signature guarantee
  When United States citizens are outside the United States, they are typically unable to obtain a medallion signature guarantee stamp. Some financial institutions may accept the seal of a United States embassy in its place if given prior notice of the substitution. US embassies do not provide Medallion Signature Guarantees. Some financial institutions outside the United States offer a medallion signature guarantee to existing customers if the financial institution has a correspondence relationship with a United States bank.

This is a document about Medallion signature guarantee
  The medallion signature guarantee program has existed since February 24, 1992, when Securities and Exchange Commission's Rule 17 Ad-15 went into effect. The medallion signature guarantee program was implemented in order to protect investors, treat financial institutions equitably, increase the efficiency of transferring securities, and reduce risk. Until then, financial institutions had cumbersome and inconsistent policies regarding certificates presented to a transfer agent to change ownership. At the time of its establishment, there were three signature guarantee programs, namely the New York Stock Exchange Medallion Signature Program, the Stock Exchanges Medallion Program, and the Securities Transfer Agents Medallion Program, each of which were administered by different entities.

This is a document about Medallion signature guarantee
  Different institutions have various policies as to what type of identification they require to provide the guarantee and whether they charge a fee for such service, usually nominal. Very few guarantor institutions will guarantee the signature of a person who is not a known, established customer.

This is a document about Guarantee
  are, in England, prescribed firstly by the statute of frauds, which provides in section 4 that "no action shall be brought whereby to charge the defendant upon any special promise to answer for the debt, default or miscarriages of another person, unless the agreement upon which such action shall be brought, or some memorandum or note thereof, shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or some other person thereunto by him lawfully authorized". This in effect means that the guarantee are not invalid but are merely unenforceable through a chose in personam. The requirement for a signature in writing was clarified in Elpis

This is a document about Little Miller Act
 {| class="wikitable" ; Performance Bond Required: || Full contract amount (§34-222(A)(1)); Bond language specified (§34-222(G)) ; Payment Bond Required: || Full contract amount (§34-222(A)(2)); Bond language specified (§34-222(F)) ; Entitlement to Copy of Bond: || Upon representation of non-payment or participation in litigation(§34-223(C)) ; Enforcement: || Suit if unpaid 90 days after last work (§34-223(A)); Attorney's fees (§34-222(B)) ; Limitations: || One year from last work (§34-223(C)) ; Notice Requirements: || Second tier subs must give 20-day notice within 90 days of last work (§34-223(A)) ; Other: || Bond surety cannot be individual and must be license by the Dept. of Insurance (§34-222(C) and bond placed on

This is a document about Statute of frauds
  for the sale of goods totaling $500.00 or more. ; Contracts in which one party becomes a surety (acts as guarantor) for another party's debt or other obligation. The statute of frauds typically requires a signed writing in the following circumstances: In an action for specific performance of a contract to convey land, the agreement must be in writing to satisfy the statute of frauds. The statute is satisfied if the contract to convey is evidenced by a writing or writings containing the essential terms of a purchase and sale agreement and signed by the party against whom the contract is to be enforced. If there

This is a document about Consumer Credit Act 1974
  mortgage, bond, indemnity, guarantee or other right provided by the debtor as "security" to the consumer credit or hire-purchase agreement being conducted with the creditor. This covers both "real" securities such as mortgages and personal securities such as bonds. The only requirement is that the security must be given at the request of the debtor. Any security must be expressed in writing, and in some cases are part of the original hire agreement. This is distinct from previous law, which required a written note of the agreement but allowed the agreement to be conducted orally. Certain other formalities must be observed; under Section 105, a security is not considered properly executed unless a document is signed on or on behalf of the

This is a document about United States contract law
  states, notably Illinois, contracts requiring performance for a lifetime are covered by the Statute. The statute of frauds requires the signature of the party against whom enforcement is sought (the party to be sued for failure to perform). For example, Bob contracts with the Smith Company for two years of employment. The employer would need to sign the writing. Moreover, the writing for purposes of satisfying the statute of frauds does not need to be the actual contract. It might be a letter, memorializing and formalizing an oral arrangement already made over the phone. Therefore, the signed writing does not need to contain all of the terms

This is a document about Taxi medallion
  A taxi medallion, also known as a CPNC (Certificate of Public Necessity and Convenience), is a transferable permit in the United States allowing a taxicab driver to operate. Several major cities in the US use these in their taxi licensing systems, including New York City, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. The medallion system is a government-created intentional constraint on the supply of taxicabs, and because cities have historically increased the number of medallions at a slower rate than the growth in demand for taxis, medallions have generally been considered a valuable investment; though recently the increased supply of cars for hire created by ridesharing companies has been eroding the value of medallions.

This is a document about International litigation
  Some states of the US require foreign corporations to deposit "security" when filing suit in their courts. Some other states require foreign corporations to register to do business as a condition to suing. In cases in federal court, a witness based outside the United States may execute an affidavit (or declaration) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. section 1746 without having his/her signature notarized. This procedure makes federal court more attractive to a litigant that expects to need to rely upon witnesses who are not based in the United States.

This is a document about Statute of Frauds
 1) Contracts by the executor of a will to pay a debt of the estate with his own money. ; 2) Contracts in which one party becomes a surety (acts as guarantor) for another party's debt or other obligation. ; 3) Contracts in consideration of marriage. ; 4) Contracts for the transfer of an interest in land. ; 5) Contracts that cannot be performed within one year. Section 4 of the Statute of Frauds provided that an action may not be brought on the following types of contracts unless there is a written note or memorandum signed by the party being charged or a person authorized by them: This section now provides that contracts of guarantee (surety for another's debt) are unenforceable unless evidenced in writing. This requirement is

This is a document about Entrust
  suit the corporate environment and be automatically enforced at the boundary, and are aimed at compliance with privacy and securities laws including HIPAA, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act and various U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations. Entrust acquired Orion Security Solutions, a supplier of public key infrastructure services, in June 2006. In July 2006, Entrust acquired Business Signatures Corporation, a supplier of non-invasive fraud detection solutions, for $50 million (USD). From a GAAP accounting perspective, the total purchase price was approximately $55.0 million, including assumed stock options, transaction expenses and net asset value. Business Signatures was founded

This is a document about Pre-existing duty rule
  must be complied with. Thus, a written contract is necessary if the contract as modified comes within the scope of that statute. For purposes of the UCC, a contract must be in writing if it is for the sale of goods where the price exceeds $500. UCC § 2-201. The pre-existing duty rule has been abrogated under the Restatement, Second of Contracts § 89, which does not require independent consideration if the parties mutually and voluntarily agree to the modification (see Angel v. Murray for an early application of the Restatement). The restatement, however, will not always be followed, as evidenced by the decision in Labriola v. Pollard Group, Inc..

A medallion signature guarantee is typically required when transferring or selling securities, such as stocks or bonds, in the United States. It is a guarantee issued by a financial institution that the signature on the transfer document is genuine and that the transfer is authorized by the account holder. This guarantee protects the investor and the transfer agent from potential forgeries and unauthorized transfers.


Question: what does dc stand for in washigton dc

Answer: District of Columbia

This is a document about Washington, D.C
 Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States. Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country, Washington was named after George Washington, first President of the United States and Founding Father. Washington is the principal city of the Washington metropolitan area, which has a population of 6,131,977. As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations, Washington is an important world political capital. The city is also one of the most visited cities

This is a document about Washington, D.C.
  Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or just D.C., is the capital city of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its remaining sides. The city was named for George Washington, the first president of the United States and a Founding Father, and the federal district is named after Columbia, a female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world

This is a document about Outline of Washington, D.C.
 Names ; Common name: Washington, D.C. ; Official name: District of Columbia ; Abbreviations and name codes ; Postal symbol: DC ; ISO 3166-2 code: US-DC ; Internet second-level domain: .dc.us ; Adjectivals: ; District of Columbia ; District ; DC ; Demonym: Washingtonian

This is a document about Vehicle registration plates of South Africa
  Diplomatic vehicles used the letters DC as a prefix, followed by a sequential number. For example:  DC 4321

This is a document about List of acronyms: D
 DC ; (i) da capo ; Italian Democrazia Cristiana ; Digital Compass ; Direct Current ; (s) District of Columbia (postal symbol) ; (i) Douglas Aircraft Company ; Dublin Core ; Duty Cycle ; Disconnected ; DCA ; (i) Defensive Counter Air ; Drum Corps Associates ; (p) DiChloroAcetate ; (s) Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (IATA code) ; DCAA – (i) (U.S.) Defense Contract Audit Agency ; DCAS – (i) Devon and Cornwall Archery Society ; DCC ; (i) Dallas Christian College ; Digital Command Control (model railroading) ; Direct Client-to-Client (Internet Relay Chat) ; Dismounted Close Combat ; DCCP – (i) Datagram Congestion Control Protocol ; DCD – (i) [Organ] Donation after Cardiac Death ; DCDC

This is a document about WDCW
  On January 24, 2006, Time Warner and CBS Corporation announced that The WB and UPN would shut down that September and be replaced by a new network that would include some of the two networks' higher-rated programs called The CW. WBDC was named as the D.C. area's CW affiliate as Tribune signed a 10-year affiliation agreement for 16 of the company's 19 WB stations. On May 1, WBDC's call letters were changed to the current WDCW to reflect the pending switch. On July 20, 2006, the station began to run on-air promotions that featured a new logo and branding as "The CW Washington". WDCW joined The CW when the network launched nationwide on September 18, 2006. In August 2008, WDCW began to be branded on-air as "DC50" reducing the

This is a document about District of Columbia voting rights
  "New Columbia." However, the Council of the District of Columbia passed legislation making the proposed name "State of Washington, D.C." Under this proposed name "D.C." stands for "Douglass Commonwealth," a reference to the historic abolitionist Frederick Douglass. District residents voted overwhelmingly in favor of statehood, in an advisory referendum, but statehood legislation is unlikely to be enacted. On June 26, 2020, during the 116th Congress, the House of Representatives passed a bill to grant statehood to the District by a vote of 232–180. H.R. 51 never received a vote in the Senate during the 116th Congress. The Office of Management and Budget said President Donald Trump's advisors would've recommended he veto H.R. 51 if it was passed by Congress. H.R. 51 has been introduced in the 117th Congress.

This is a document about Index of Washington, D.C.–related articles
   The following is a list of articles related to the District of Columbia, commonly known as Washington, D.C.

This is a document about Index of United States–related articles
 Wake Island ; Wall Street ; Wall Street Crash of 1929 ; War on Drugs ; War crimes committed by the United States ; Washington, District of Columbia – capital of the United States since 1800 ; Washington (state) ; Water supply and sanitation in the United States ; West Virginia ; Wet feet, dry feet policy ; White House ; List of U.S. state portals ; Will it play in Peoria? ; Wind power in Texas ; Wind power in the United States ; Wisconsin ; Wyoming Wyoming

This is a document about List of place names in Maryland of Native American origin
  originally the name of Mount Rainier, from Lushootseed (earlier ), 'snow-covered mountain'. The location on the boundary of DC and Maryland was named Takoma in 1883 by DC resident Ida Summy, who believed it to mean 'high up' or 'near heaven'. ; Tuxedo - Tuxedo may derive from the Lenape epithet Tùkwsit 'the Wolf Clans', or from Munsee Delaware p'tuck-sepo 'crooked river'. ; Tuscarora - named for the Tuscarora people, an Iroquoian tribe. ; Wilson-Conococheague - the word Conococheague is translated from the Lenape language to mean "Water of many turns". ; West Pocomoke - derived from Algonquian words for "broken (or pierced) ground,"

This is a document about List of The CW affiliates (by U.S. state)
 Washington, D.C. – WDCW 507

This is a document about International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
  The headquarters of this organization is located in Washington D.C., United States.

This is a document about District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority
  Drinking water and sewage treatment services were initially provided by the District of Columbia government. DC Water was established as an independent agency in 1996 by the District Government and the U.S. federal government. In 2010, under new leadership, the Authority underwent a rebranding effort. The rebranding included a new logo, a new color palette, and a new name. Since its inception, the Authority had been doing business as DC Water. The legal name of the agency remains the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority.

This is a document about Washington, D.C.
  unequal area: Northwest (NW), Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), and Southwest (SW). The axes bounding the quadrants radiate from the U.S. Capitol building. All road names include the quadrant abbreviation to indicate their location and house numbers generally correspond with the number of blocks away from the Capitol. Most streets are set out in a grid pattern with east–west streets named with letters (e.g., C Street SW), north–south streets with numbers (e.g., 4th Street NW), and diagonal avenues, many of which are named after states. The City of Washington was bordered by Boundary Street to the north (renamed Florida Avenue in 1890), Rock Creek to the west, and the Anacostia River to the east.

This is a document about 2006 NCAA Division I Women's Golf Championship
 DC = Defending champion

This is a document about Washington, Tyne and Wear
  Another of the popular origin theories is that Washington is in fact derived from the Old English verb wascan and the noun dūn meaning "hill"; thus making the name Wascandūn, meaning "washing hill". This theory likely originates from the proximity of the river Wear to the actual Anglo-Saxon hall at the time (most likely where Washington Old Hall stands today). This idea is not backed by linguistic evidence. Combining the two Old English words "wascan" and "dūn" would actually have meant "washed hill" and not "washing hill". Also, the Old English "dūn" meant a range of gently rolling hills, as evidenced by the naming of the North and South Downs in southern England.

This is a document about Index of Washington, D.C.–related articles
 David A. Clarke School of Law ; DC – United States Postal Service postal code for the District of Columbia ; Demographics of Washington, D.C. ; District of Columbia website ; Government of the District of Columbia ; commons:Category:Government of the District of Columbia ; District of Columbia Air National Guard ; District of Columbia Alcoholic Beverage Control Board ; District of Columbia Army National Guard ; District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics ; District of Columbia City Hall ; District of Columbia Court of Appeals ; District of Columbia Democratic State Committee ; District of Columbia Financial Control Board ; District of Columbia home rule ; District of Columbia Home Rule Act ; District of Columbia National Guard ; District of Columbia Office of Campaign Finance ; District

This is a document about List of national capital city name etymologies
 Kampala (1890–1905; 1958–present): Derived from Impala, which means "gazelle" in a number of Ugandan Bantu languages, including Luganda which is spoken by the Ganda people whose kingdom included all the area on which the whole Kampala metropolitan area sits. Entebbe (1905–1958): "A Seat" in Luganda. Kyiv: From Ukrainian Київ, meaning "Belonging to Kyi." Abu Dhabi: From Arabic أبو ظبي Abū ẓabī, meaning "Father of Gazelle". London : See Etymology of London. Washington, D.C. (1800–present): Named after George Washington. The D.C. Stands for District of Columbia, which was named in honor of Christopher Columbus. ; Philadelphia (1774–1776, 1778–1783, and 1790–1800): From Greek Φιλαδέλφεια, meaning

This is a document about Abbreviation
  U.N. for United Nations. There are some house styles, however—American ones included—that remove the periods from almost all abbreviations. For example: Acronyms that were originally capitalized (with or without periods) but have since entered the vocabulary as generic words are no longer written with capital letters nor with any periods. Examples are sonar, radar, lidar, laser, snafu, and scuba. Today, spaces are generally not used between single-letter abbreviations of words in the same phrase, so one almost never encounters "U. S." When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, only one period is used: The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C.

This is a document about Capital districts and territories
  As provided by Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution, the seat of the United States government is a federal district known as the District of Columbia. When created in 1790, the District comprised 100 sqmi of land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia. Columbia was a poetic name for the United States used at the time. The City of Washington was built in the center of the District, but other towns were also located in the territory such as Georgetown and Alexandria. The United States Congress returned the Virginia portion of the District back to that state in 1846. The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 revoked the charters of the individual cities of Washington and Georgetown, and instead created a single government for the whole District of Columbia. The City of Washington no longer

DC stands for the District of Columbia, which is the name of the capital city of the United States located in Washington, D.C.


Question: who did the voice of kovu in lion king 2

Answer: Jason Marsden

This is a document about The Lion King II: Simba's Pride
 trilogy. Nunka was renamed Kovu, and voiced by Jason Marsden. Then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner urged for Kovu's relationship to Scar to be changed during production as being Scar's son would make him Kiara's first cousin once-removed. According to Rooney, the final draft gradually became a variation of "Romeo and Juliet". "It's the biggest love story we have," he explained. "The difference is that you understand the position of the parents in this film in a way you never did in the Shakespeare play." Because none of the original animators were involved in the production, the majority of the animation was

This is a document about The Lion King II: Simba's Pride
  Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Nuka. ; Jennifer Lien as Vitani, Zira's daughter and Nuka and Kovu's sister. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for Vitani. ; Lacey Chabert voiced young Vitani while Crysta Macalush provided her singing voice. ; James Earl Jones as Mufasa, Simba's father, Kiara's grandfather, Nala's father-in-law and the previous King of the Pride Lands. ; Jim Cummings as Scar, Mufasa's younger brother, Sarabi's brother-in-law, Simba's uncle, Kiara's great-uncle, and Kovu's mentor who appears in a brief cameo. He was voiced by Jeremy Irons in the original film, but Cummings briefly provided the voice during a section of the song "Be Prepared."

This is a document about The Lion King II: Simba's Pride
  pride that was once loyal to Simba's evil uncle, Scar. Separated by Simba's prejudice against the banished pride and a vindictive plot planned by Kovu's mother Zira, Kiara and Kovu struggle to unite their estranged prides and be together. Most of the original cast returned to their roles from the first film with a few exceptions. Rowan Atkinson, who voiced Zazu in the first film, was replaced by Edward Hibbert for both this film and The Lion King 1½. Jeremy Irons, who voiced Scar in the first film, was replaced by Jim Cummings, who briefly provided his singing voice in the first film.

This is a document about The Lion King 1½
  current King of the Pride Lands. ; Matt Weinberg voices Simba as a cub, replacing Jonathan Taylor Thomas. ; Moira Kelly as Nala, Simba's childhood friend and eventual wife. Most of her dialogue is archived from the original film. She only has one scene with newly-recorded dialogue. ; Robert Guillaume as Rafiki, a mandrill who teaches Timon Hakuna Matata, as well as giving him faith in himself to do what he dreams of doing. ; Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin and Jim Cummings as Shenzi, Banzai and Ed, a trio of spotted hyenas who act as the local predators of Timon's meerkat colony before their allegiance with Scar. ; Edward Hibbert as Zazu, a red-billed hornbill and the majordomo to Mufasa and later Simba. Hibbert reprises his role again as Zazu from The Lion King II: Simba's Pride replacing Rowan Atkinson. ; Jason Rudofsky as Flinchy, a meerkat.

This is a document about Scar (The Lion King)
  Fortune, may not be much of a father figure, but he's certainly great fun.""  A film that features the voices of several well-known A-list actors, namely Irons as Scar, Matthew Broderick as Simba, James Earl Jones as Mufasa, Nathan Lane as Timon, and Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi, The Lion King has since gone on to be acclaimed as "one of the most impressive arrays of voice talents ever utilized in an animated film." Critics have repeatedly singled out Irons's performance, praising it extensively: Cindy White of IGN called Irons's performance "deliciously smarmy," while Andy Patrizio of IGN wrote that Irons voices

This is a document about List of The Lion King (franchise) characters
  Kovu (voiced by Jason Marsden as a young adult, as well as both a cub and an adult in The Lion Guard; Ryan O'Donohue as Kovu when he is a cub) is the youngest child of Zira, the brother of Nuka and Vitani, Scar's adoptive son and chosen heir, Kiara's mate, Simba and Nala's son-in-law, Kion and Rani’s brother-in-law, Sarafina’s maternal grandson-in-law and Mufasa and Sarabi’s paternal grandson-in-law. His name means "scar" in Swahili, similar to his adoptive father Scar. In his childhood, Kovu befriends Kiara, though this didn't last long as they are separated by their feuding parents. However, Kovu's newfound

This is a document about The Lion King II: Simba's Pride
  from the first film, but the character was ultimately cut from the sequel. In December 1996, Matthew Broderick was confirmed to be returning as Simba while his wife, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Jennifer Aniston were in talks to voice Aisha, Simba's daughter. Andy Dick was also confirmed to have signed on to voice Nunka, the young villain-in-training-turned hero, who attempts to romance Aisha. Ultimately, the character was renamed Kiara (after it was discovered that Aisha was the name of a female Power Ranger), and voiced by Neve Campbell, from the Scream film series. Nunka was renamed Kovu, and voiced by Jason Marsden. Then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner urged for Kovu's relationship to Scar to be changed during production as being Scar's son would make

This is a document about The Lion King II: Simba's Pride
  and Kiara's love interest and later husband. Gene Miller provided Kovu's singing voice. Andrew Collins served as the supervising animator for Kovu. ; Ryan O'Donohue provided the voice of young Kovu. ; Suzanne Pleshette as Zira, the leader of the Outsiders, Scar's most loyal follower, and the mother of Nuka, Vitani, and Kovu. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for Zira. ; Moira Kelly as Nala, Queen of the Pride Lands, Simba's mate, daughter-in-law of Mufasa and Sarabi, and Kiara's mother. Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Nala. ; Nathan Lane as Timon, a wise-cracking and self-absorbed yet somewhat loyal meerkat who is Pumbaa and Simba's best

This is a document about The Lion King II: Simba's Pride
 Matthew Broderick as Simba, son of Mufasa and Sarabi, King of the Pride Lands, Nala's mate, and Kiara's father. Cam Clarke provided his singing voice after previously voicing the character in the Timon & Pumbaa television series. Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Simba. ; Neve Campbell as Kiara, daughter of Simba and Nala and Kovu's love interest and later wife. Liz Callaway provided older Kiara's singing voice. Lianne Hughes served as the supervising animator for Kiara. ; Michelle Horn voiced young Kiara, while Charity Sanoy provided her singing voice and Ashley Edner provided her lion growls. ; Jason Marsden as Kovu, Zira's son, Nuka and Vitani's younger

This is a document about The Lion King (2019 film)
  The Lion King is a 2019 American musical drama film directed and produced by Jon Favreau, written by Jeff Nathanson, and produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Fairview Entertainment. It is a photorealistic computer-animated remake of Disney's traditionally animated 1994 film of the same name. The film stars the voices of Donald Glover, Seth Rogen, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Alfre Woodard, Billy Eichner, John Kani, John Oliver, Florence Kasumba, Eric André, Keegan-Michael Key, JD McCrary, Shahadi Wright Joseph, and Beyoncé Knowles-Carter, as well as James Earl Jones reprising his role from the original film. The plot follows Simba, a young lion who must embrace his role as the rightful king of his homeland following the murder

This is a document about Vittorio Gassman
 Mufasa in The Lion King (1994), dubbing James Earl Jones

This is a document about The Lion Guard
  original film and sequel. ; Zazu (voiced by Jeff Bennett ) – A hornbill who is Simba's majordomo and supplies news via the Morning Report of the Pride Lands. Bennett replaces Edward Hibbert, who, in turn, replaced Rowan Atkinson as the voice of Zazu in Simba's Pride. ; Mufasa (voiced by James Earl Jones in Return of the Roar, reprising his role from The Lion King and its sequels, Gary Anthony Williams in later episodes) – Simba's father and Kion and Kiara's paternal grandfather who was the original king of the Pride Lands and was killed in the original

This is a document about The Lion King (2019 film)
  inspires little girls [...] She's a great role model". ; James Earl Jones as Mufasa: The King of the Pride Lands, Sarabi's husband and the father of Simba. Jones reprises his role from the original 1994 animated film. According to Favreau, Jones' lines remain mostly the same from the original film. Ejiofor said that "the comfort of [Jones reprising his role] is going to be very rewarding in taking [the audience] on this journey again. It's a once-in-a-generation vocal quality". Favreau saw Jones' return as "carrying the legacy across" the original film and the remake, and felt that his voice's change

This is a document about Ido Mosseri
  the films and he also served as the voice director for the first film. He made his first dubbing contribution as a child voicing Oliver in Oliver & Company. His other roles include Crane in Kung Fu Panda, Marty in Madagascar, Jim Hawkins in Treasure Planet, Alpha in Up, Syndrome in The Incredibles, Krusty, Professor Frink, Otto and others in The Simpsons Movie, Kovu in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride, The Fish in The Cat in the Hat, Terry McGinnis in Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker, Donatello in TMNT, Duke Caboom in Toy Story 4 and more.

This is a document about Khumba
  Khumba is a South African computer-animated comedy film directed and co-produced by Anthony Silverston and written by Silverston and Raffaella Delle Donne. The film stars the voices of Jake T. Austin, Steve Buscemi, Loretta Devine, Laurence Fishburne, Richard E. Grant, AnnaSophia Robb, Catherine Tate, and Liam Neeson with other voices including Anika Noni Rose and Ben Vereen. Khumba was the second movie made by Triggerfish Animation Studios and is distributed by Millennium Entertainment in the US. The International distribution rights are being licensed by Cinema Management Group. The film is about Khumba, a zebra who is half-striped like a quagga and

This is a document about Criticism of The Walt Disney Company
  in a scene from The Simpsons episode 'Round Springfield", where a parody of Mufasa (voiced by Harry Shearer) in the clouds tells Lisa Simpson, "You must avenge my death, Kimba...dah, I mean Simba!". Matthew Broderick has said that when he was hired as the voice of adult Simba in The Lion King, he presumed the project was related to Kimba the White Lion. "I thought he meant Kimba, who was a white lion in a cartoon when I was a little kid," said Broderick. "So I kept telling everybody I was going to play Kimba. I didn't really know anything

This is a document about List of The Lion King (franchise) characters
  in the pilot episode, but the character was voiced by Gary Anthony Williams in subsequent appearances. Lion King Directors Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff have described Jones's voice as powerful and similar to the roar of a lion. Jones reprises his role in the 2019 remake of the film directed by Jon Favreau. According to Favreau, Jones's lines remain mostly the same from the original film. Chiwetel Ejiofor, who plays Scar in the film, said that "the comfort of [Jones reprising his role] is going to be very rewarding in taking [the audience] on this journey again. It's a once-in-a-generation vocal quality". In August 2021, it got announced that Aaron Pierre will voice young Mufasa in Barry Jenkins follow-up to 2019 film.

This is a document about Emmanuel Curtil
 Voice of adult Simba (originally voiced by Matthew Broderick) in Le Roi lion ; Voice of Jim Carrey in almost all of his films, except Batman Forever, and The Number 23 ; Voice of Moses (originally voiced by Val Kilmer) in Le Prince d'Égypte ; Voice of Raoul Duke/Hunter S. Thompson (actor Johnny Depp) in Las Vegas Parano ; Voice of Dimitri (originally voiced by John Cusack) in Anastasia ; Voice of Garret in Quest for Camelot ; Voice of Buck in Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs and Ice Age: Collision Course ; Voice of Zucchini in Mune: Guardian of the Moon (2014) ; Voice of Kronk in The Emperor's New Groove and Kronk's New Groove ; Voice of Surly in The Nut Job ; Voice of Mike Myers in The Cat in the Hat

This is a document about James Earl Jones
  series Star Wars Rebels and the live-action film Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016),  as well as for a brief voice cameo in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019). In 2019, he reprised his voice role of Mufasa for the CGI remake of The Lion King, directed by Jon Favreau, in which he was the only original cast member to do so. According to Favreau, Jones's lines remained mostly the same from the original film. Chiwetel Ejiofor, who voiced Mufasa's evil brother Scar in the remake, said that "the comfort of [Jones reprising his role] is going to be very rewarding in taking [the audience] on this journey again. It's a once-in-a-generation vocal quality."

Jason Weaver provided the voice of Kovu in "The Lion King II: Simba's Pride."


Question: during the constitutional convention which plan of government proposed a bicameral legislature

Answer: The Virginia Plan

This is a document about Virginia Plan
 Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan (also known as the Randolph Plan, after its sponsor, or the Large-State Plan) was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch. The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The Virginia Plan was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature. The Constitutional Convention gathered in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. The Virginia delegation took

This is a document about Edmund Randolph
 Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts. The following year, as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention, at age 34 Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government. He argued against importation of slaves and in favor of a strong central government, advocating a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country. The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature, both houses of which comprising delegates chosen based on state population. Randolph additionally proposed, and was supported by unanimous approval by the Convention's delegates, "that a

This is a document about Constitutional Convention (United States)
 largely from Madison's suggestions, came up with what came to be known as the Virginia Plan, also known as the Large State Plan. For this reason, James Madison is sometimes called the Father of the Constitution. Presented by Virginia governor Edmund Randolph on May 29, 1787, the Virginia Plan proposed a very powerful bicameral legislature. Both houses of the legislature would be determined proportionately. The lower house would be elected by the people, and the upper house would be elected by the lower house. The executive would exist solely to ensure that the will of the legislature was carried out

This is a document about Virginia Plan
 judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature. The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house

This is a document about Virginia Plan
 The Virginia Plan and the debate surrounding it are prominently featured in the 1989 film "A More Perfect Union", which depicts the events of the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Presented largely from the viewpoint and words of James Madison, the movie was mainly filmed in Independence Hall. Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan (also known as the Randolph Plan, after its sponsor, or the Large-State Plan) was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch. The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The Virginia Plan was

This is a document about Connecticut
 as the Connecticut Compromise, or the Great Compromise. This plan combined the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan to form a bicameral legislature, a form copied by almost every state constitution since the adoption of the federal constitution. Variations of the bicameral legislature had been proposed by Virginia and New Jersey, but Connecticut's plan was the one that was in effect until the early 20th century, when Senators ceased to be selected by their state legislatures and were instead directly elected. Otherwise, it is still the design of Congress. The nickname also might refer to the Fundamental Orders of

This is a document about Roger Sherman
 constitution. Sherman saw no reason for a bicameral legislature, as proposed by the Virginia Plan. "The problem with the old government was not that it had acted foolishly or threatened anybody's liberties, but that it had simply been unable to enforce its decrees". Sherman further advanced the idea that the national government simply needed a way to raise revenue and regulate commerce. Sherman was a big defender of a unicameral legislature. He defended the unicameral legislature of the Articles of Confederation by stating that the large states had not "suffered at the hands of small states on account of the

This is a document about Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution
 to address this problem. The first proposal for a method of amending the Constitution offered in the Constitutional Convention, contained in the Virginia Plan, sought to circumvent the national legislature, stating that "the assent of the National Legislature ought not to be required." This was subsequently modified by the Committee of Detail to include a process whereby Congress would call for a constitutional convention on the request of two-thirds of the state legislatures. During the debate on the Committee of Detail's report, James Madison expressed concern about the lack of detail in the article regarding how the convention amendment process

This is a document about Constitutional Convention (United States)
 that the purpose of the convention was to discuss and draft improvements to the existing Articles of Confederation, and would have not agreed to participate otherwise. Once the Convention began, however, most of the delegates – though not all – came to agree in general terms that the goal would be a new system of government, not simply a revised version of the Articles of Confederation. Several broad outlines were proposed and debated, most notably James Madison's Virginia Plan and William Paterson's New Jersey Plan. The Virginia Plan was selected as the basis for the new government, but several issues

This is a document about Council of Revision
 state legislature. At the U.S. Constitutional Convention in 1787, the Virginia Plan contained a similar Council of Revision for the national government. It would have been composed of the national executive (the President) and some number of the national judiciary, who jointly would have the power to veto bills from the national legislature. Although this idea was repeatedly pressed for by James Madison and James Wilson, it was narrowly defeated at the convention. Some were concerned that it would have given the judiciary too much power over the legislature, since they also expected federal judges to have the power to

This is a document about Constitutional Convention (United States)
 The Pinckney plan was not debated, but it may have been referred to by the Committee of Detail. The Connecticut Compromise, forged by Roger Sherman from Connecticut, was proposed on June 11. In a sense it blended the Virginia (large-state) and New Jersey (small-state) proposals. Ultimately, however, its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate, and thus retaining a federal character in the constitution. Sherman sided with the two-house national legislature of the Virginia Plan, but proposed "That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st. branch [house] should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants;

This is a document about New Jersey Plan
 New Jersey Plan The New Jersey Plan (also known as the Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan) was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787. The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan, which called for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population. The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the more populous states, and so proposed an alternative plan that would have kept the one-vote-per-state representation

This is a document about Independence National Historical Park
 trade and the structure of the government. This resulted in the Philadelphia Convention, which met from May 14 to September 17, 1787 at the Pennsylvania State House. The Convention was dominated by controversies and conflicting interests, but the delegates forged a Constitution that has been called a "bundle of compromises". At the convention, delegate James Madison presented the Virginia Plan, which proposed a national government with three branches with proportional representation. Large states supported this plan, but smaller states feared losing substantial power under the plan. In response, William Paterson designed the New Jersey Plan, which proposed a one-house (unicameral)

This is a document about History of the United States Congress
  In May 1787, a Convention met in the Philadelphia State House for the purpose of resolving problems with the Articles of Confederation. Instead, the Articles were scrapped entirely and a new Constitution was drafted. All states agreed to send delegates, except Rhode Island. One of the most divisive issues facing the Convention was the way which structure of Congress would be defined. The practice of having "two-house" bicameral legislatures (bicameral from the Latin camera meaning chamber) was well established in state governments by 1787. Edmund Randolph's Virginia Plan argued for a bicameral Congress; the lower house would be elected directly by the people whereas the upper house would be elected by the lower house. The plan attracted support of delegates from large states as

This is a document about James Madison
   Before a quorum was reached at the Philadelphia Convention on May 25, 1787, Madison worked with other members of the Virginia delegation, especially Edmund Randolph and George Mason, to create and present the Virginia Plan. This Plan was an outline for a new federal constitution; it called for three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial), a bicameral Congress (consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives) apportioned by population, and a federal Council of Revision that would have the right to veto laws passed by Congress. Reflecting the centralization of power envisioned by Madison, the Virginia Plan granted

This is a document about Connecticut Compromise
  On May 29, 1787, Edmund Randolph of the Virginia delegation proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature. Under his proposal, membership in both houses would be allocated to each state proportional to its population. Candidates for the lower house would be nominated and elected by the people of each state, while candidates for the upper house would be nominated by the state legislatures of each state and then elected by the members of the lower house. This proposal was known as the Virginia Plan. Less populous states like Delaware were afraid that such an arrangement would result in their voices and interests being drowned out by the larger states.

This is a document about United States House of Representatives
  Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body with equal representation for each state, any of which could veto most actions. After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles, numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which received the Confederation Congress's sanction to "amend the Articles of Confederation". All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates. Congress's structure was a contentious issue among the founders during the convention. Edmund Randolph's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress: the lower house would be "of

This is a document about History of the United States House of Representatives
  Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented, and in which each state had a veto over most action. States could, and did, ignore what did pass. The ineffectiveness of the federal government under the Articles led Congress to summon the Convention of 1787. One of the most divisive issues facing the Convention was the structure of Congress. James Madison's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress; the lower house would be elected directly by the people, and the upper house would be elected by the lower

This is a document about Connecticut
  Connecticut is known as the "Constitution State". The origin of this nickname is uncertain, but it likely comes from Connecticut's pivotal role in the federal constitutional convention of 1787, during which Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth helped to orchestrate what became known as the Connecticut Compromise, or the Great Compromise. This plan combined the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan to form a bicameral legislature, a form copied by almost every state constitution since the adoption of the federal constitution. Variations of the bicameral legislature had been proposed by Virginia and New Jersey, but Connecticut's plan was the one that was in effect until the early 20th century, when Senators ceased to be selected by their state legislatures and were instead directly elected. Otherwise, it is still the design of Congress. The

The Virginia Plan, proposed by James Madison, called for a bicameral legislature with two houses.


Question: what is the leading source of energy used in china

Answer: Coal

This is a document about Energy policy of China
 coal production was equivalent to 3,576 Mt*0.522 toe/Mt*11.630 TWh/toe = 21,709 TWh. Assuming the same caloric value for the imported coal, the net coal energy available would be 22,784 TWh. Equally calculated available coal was 17,000 TWh in 2008 and 22,800 TWh in 2011, with increase of 5,800 TWh in three years. Total renewable energy in China was 3,027 TWh in 2008 and 2,761 TWh in 2005, with increase of 266 TWh in three years. Same period from 2005 to 2008 annual coal use increased 3,341 TWh. China's coal supply was in 2009 18,449 TWh which was 47% of the

This is a document about Africa–China economic relations
 China has been attacked for its increasingly close relationship with rogue states, such as Sudan and Angola, countries known for their human rights abuses, political censorship, and widespread corruption. China's world image has suffered from the critiques, leading the nation to move to a more diplomatic approach, avoiding crisis areas, such the Niger Delta. Nevertheless, as a consumer country and budding powerhouse, China has little choice in choosing its source of supply. Chinese access to international oil markets has satisfied the country's immediate thirst. But despite its large coal-based energy system, China is a key part of the vicious cycle

This is a document about World energy consumption
 the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (up from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total. Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008, the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil

This is a document about Energy policy of China
 has the goal of achieving an integrated nationwide grid in the period between 2015 and 2020. In 2015, China generated 73% of its electricity from coal-fired power stations, which has been dropping from a peak of 81% in 2007. China is the world's leading renewable energy producer, with an installed capacity of 152 GW. China has been investing heavily in the renewable energy field in recent years. In 2007, the total renewable energy investment was $12 billion USD, second only to Germany. In 2012, China invested $65.1 billion USD in clean energy (20% more than in 2011), fully 30% of

This is a document about String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)
 foreign sources of energy will prove even more critical to the continued growth of the Chinese economy. The sea lines of communication that link the Chinese mainland with ports throughout the Middle East and coasts of Africa, have become a major source of conflict with respect to China's future energy security. China is the world's largest oil consumer and the largest oil importer. Oil imported from the Gulf States and Africa comprises 70% of total Chinese oil imports, and remains China's most critical source of energy apart from domestic coal production. In order to meet future demand, China has signed

This is a document about Shale oil extraction
 coal mining such as at Fushun China, produce specialty chemicals as by Viru Keemia Grupp in Estonia, co-generate electricity from the waste heat and process high grade oil shale that yields more oil per shale processed. A possible measure of the viability of oil shale as an energy source lies in the ratio of the energy in the extracted oil to the energy used in its mining and processing (Energy Returned on Energy Invested, or EROEI). A 1984 study estimated the EROEI of the various known oil shale deposits as varying between 0.7–13.3; Some companies and newer technologies assert an

This is a document about Treethanol
 source that promises to power houses in the future, but rather it can be taken advantage of in applications where combustion engines are used. Approximately 85% of US energy consumption is produced from fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, and oil. With China, India, and other rapidly developing nations increasing their demand for fossil fuels, the world’s total energy use is expected to grow by 57% over the next 20 years. It is estimated that the U.S. alone uses 140 billion gallons of fuel per year for transportation alone. Not only can Treethanol be mixed with ordinary fuels, it

This is a document about Energy policy of the United States
 since 1978. Most electricity (52% in 2000) in the country is generated from coal-fired power plants: in 2006, more than 90% of coal consumed was used to generate electricity. In 1950, about 19% percent of the coal consumed was for electricity generation. In terms of the production of energy from domestic sources, from 1885 through 1951, coal was the leading source of energy in the United States. Crude oil and natural gas then vied for that role until 1982. Coal regained the position of the top domestic resource that year and again in 1984, and has retained it since. The

This is a document about Fossil fuel power station
 is the most abundant fossil fuel on the planet, and widely used as the source of energy in thermal power stations. It is a relatively cheap fuel, with some of the largest deposits in regions that are stable politically, such as China, India and the United States. This contrasts with natural gas, the largest deposits of which are located in Russia, Iran, Qatar, Turkmenistan and the US. Solid coal cannot directly replace natural gas or petroleum in most applications, petroleum is mostly used for transportation and the natural gas not used for electricity generation is used for space, water and

This is a document about Hydroelectricity in China
 considered a renewable and clean energy source. However large dams, such as the Three Gorges Dam or the Xiluodu Dam have had environmental impacts on the areas surrounding dam reservoirs. Typical problems have been erosion, flooding of farmland and destruction of fish breeding habitats. Flooding of large areas for reservoirs also forced about 15 million people to be relocated since 1949. Hydroelectricity in China Hydroelectricity is currently China's largest renewable energy source and the second overall after coal. China's installed hydro capacity in 2015 was 319 GW, up from 172 GW in 2009, including 23 GW of pumped storage hydroelectricity

This is a document about Coal in China
 coal mines in the northeast. Coal is the main source of energy in China. In 2011 the Chinese coal production was equivalent to 3,576 Mt × 0.522 toe/t × 11.630 MWh/toe = 21,709 TWh. Assuming the same caloric value for the imported coal the net coal energy available would be evaluated as 22,784 TWh. Assuming imported coal equal to domestic one, available coal (IEA) was about 17,000 TWh in 2008 and 22,800 TWh in 2011, with increase of 5,800 TWh in three years. Total renewable energy in China was 3,027 TWh in 2008 and 2,761 TWh in 2005, with increase

This is a document about Coal companies of Australia
 operations. Idemitsu Australia Resources Pty Ltd and its Australian subsidiary, Bligh Coal Limited together own 85% of the joint venture. The operator of the mine, Ensham Resources Pty Limited, together with the company's marketing arm, Ensham Coal Sales are based in Brisbane. Ensham Resources produces around 9 million tonnes per annum of high-energy low-ash thermal coal and small quantities of semi-soft coking coal. The coal is exported to leading energy producers in Japan, Korea, India and China and other countries. Illawarra Coal produces premium-quality, hard coking coal (used in the production of steel) and some energy coal. Based in Wollongong

This is a document about Bioaugmentation
 wastewater in China. Coal in China is used as a main energy source and the contaminated water contains harmful toxic contaminants like ammonia, thiocyanate, phenols and other organic compounds, such as mono- and polycyclic nitrogen-containing aromatics, oxygen and sulfur-containing heterocyclics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Previous measures to treat this problem was an aerobic-anoxic-oxic system, solvent extractions, stream stripping, and biological treatment. Bioaugmentation has been reported to remove 3-chlorobenzoate, 4-methyl benzoate, toluene, phenol, and chlorinated solvents. The anaerobic reactor was packed with semi-soft media, which were constructed by plastic ring and synthetic fiber string. The anoxic reactor is a completely mixed

This is a document about Coal in China
 than 15% of plants have desulphurization systems. China's energy consumption is mostly driven by the industry sector, the majority of which comes from coal consumption. One of the principal users is the steel industry in China. In cities the domestic burning of coal is no longer permitted. In rural areas coal is still permitted to be used by Chinese households, commonly burned raw in unvented stoves. This fills houses with high levels of toxic metals leading to bad Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). In addition, people eat food cooked over coal fires which contains toxic substances. Toxic substances from coal burning

This is a document about Nuclear power in the European Union
 NPP units in the EU over the coming years. The EU-27 in 2005 satisfied its primary energy consumption with 36.7% oil, 24.6% gas, 17.7% coal, 14.2% nuclear, 6.7% renewables and 0.1% industrial waste. In 2006, nuclear energy provided the largest source (29.5%) of electricity with a production of 990 TWh, and an installed capacity of 134 GWe (17.6% of all installed capacity). It was the leading electric power source in Belgium, France, Hungary, Lithuania and Slovakia. France, where nuclear is also the largest "primary" energy source, produced 450 TWh in 2006 – 45% of the EU's total. Denmark, Estonia, Ireland,

This is a document about 2013 Eastern China smog
 China's cabinet announced that government will implement a series of measures aimed at shifting the primary energy source from coal to natural gas and renewables. Pricing mechanisms will be used to favor cleaner alternatives to coal. Financial incentives will be offered to encourage green energy companies. The government will place tougher controls over emissions and better support for developing clean technologies. It will also set up a 10 billion renminbi (US$1.7 billion) fund to help companies to meet new environmental standards. PM, a particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less, is one of the major components of

This is a document about Hydroelectricity in China
 Hydroelectricity in China Hydroelectricity is currently China's largest renewable energy source and the second overall after coal. China's installed hydro capacity in 2015 was 319 GW, up from 172 GW in 2009, including 23 GW of pumped storage hydroelectricity capacity. In 2015, hydropower generated 1,126 TWh of power, accounting for roughly 20% of China's total electricity generation. Due to China's insufficient reserves of fossil fuels and the government's preference for energy independence, hydropower plays a big part in the energy policy of the country. China's potential hydropower capacity is estimated at up to 600 GW, but currently the technically exploitable

This is a document about Renewable energy in China
 personnel and distribution in China. According to China's "Energy Blue Paper" recently written by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the average rate of recovery of coal from mining in China is only 30%, less than one-half the rate of recovery throughout the world; the rate of recovery of coal resources in the U.S., Australia, Germany and Canada is ~80%. The rate of recovery of coal from mining in Shanxi Province, China's largest source of coal is approximately 40%, though the rate of recovery of village and township coal mines in Shanxi Province is only 10%-20%. Cumulatively over the course

This is a document about Net energy gain
 Net energy gain Net Energy Gain (NEG) is a concept used in energy economics that refers to the difference between the energy expended to harvest an energy source and the amount of energy gained from that harvest. The net energy gain, which can be expressed in joules, differs from the net financial gain that may result from the energy harvesting process, in that various sources of energy (e.g. natural gas, coal, etc.) can be priced differently for the same amount of energy. A net energy gain is achieved by expending less energy acquiring a source of energy than is contained

This is a document about History of coal mining
 In recent decades has become the main energy source of what (from 2010) is the world's second largest economy. Thus China is by far the largest producer of coal in the world, producing over 2.8 billion tons of coal in 2007, or approximately 39.8 percent of all coal produced in the world during that year. For comparison, the second largest producer, the United States, produced more than 1.1 billion tons in 2007. An estimated 5 million people work in China's coal-mining industry. As many as 20,000 miners die in accidents each year. Most Chinese mines are deep underground and do

The leading source of energy used in China is coal, which accounted for 67% of China's total energy consumption in 2009.


Question: who played the black widow in the avengers

Answer: Scarlett Johansson

This is a document about Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)
 the Avengers. Scarlett Johansson portrays the character Black Widow (Natasha Romanoff) in films as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The Black Widow's first appearances were as a recurring, non-costumed, Russian-spy antagonist in the feature "Iron Man", beginning in "Tales of Suspense" #52 (April 1964). Five issues later, she recruits the besotted costumed archer and later superhero Hawkeye to her cause. Her government later supplies her with her first Black Widow costume and high-tech weaponry, but she eventually defects to the United States after appearing, temporarily brainwashed against the U.S., in the superhero-team series "The Avengers" #29 (July 1966). The

This is a document about Combat in film
 who also wields a karambit. Both fighters fight close quarters until Cha Tae-Shik gains the upper hand and stabs the hired assassin in the heart. In "The Avengers", Hawkeye (played by Jeremy Renner) fights Black Widow (played by Scarlett Johansson) while under the influence of Loki. When deprived of his bow, Hawkeye draws his knife and continues the fight until he is disarmed and incapacitated. In "", during the first encounter between Steve Rogers (played by Chris Evans and the titular antagonist (played by Sebastian Stan), the Winter Soldier uses multiple knives against Rogers in their melee along with various

This is a document about Black Widow (Marvel Comics)
 is the first character to take on the Black Widow codename in the modern mainstream Marvel Comics. She was created by editor and plotter Stan Lee, scripter Don Rico and artist Don Heck, and first appeared in "Tales of Suspense" #52 (April 1964). The character has been associated with several superhero teams in the Marvel Universe, including the Avengers, the Defenders, the Champions, S.H.I.E.L.D., and the Thunderbolts. She has appeared in many other forms of media, including the major motion pictures "Iron Man 2", "The Avengers", "", "", "", "", and "", wherein she is portrayed by actress Scarlett Johansson.

This is a document about Production of Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame
 signed on to reprise the role of Clint Barton. After the announcement of "Infinity War" and its sequel, many established MCU actors were confirmed to be joining Downey and Brolin, including previous members of the Avengers Chris Hemsworth as Thor, Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk, Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America, Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow, Don Cheadle as James "Rhodey" Rhodes / War Machine, Paul Bettany as Vision, Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch, and Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon. "Infinity War" also sees the Avengers unite with

This is a document about Marvel's Wastelanders
 Susan Sarandon as Black Widow

This is a document about Black Widow (2021 film)
  Black Widow is a 2021 American superhero film based on Marvel Comics featuring the character of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the 24th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Cate Shortland from a screenplay by Eric Pearson, and stars Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow alongside Florence Pugh, David Harbour, O-T Fagbenle, Olga Kurylenko, William Hurt, Ray Winstone, and Rachel Weisz. Set after the events of Captain America: Civil War (2016), the film sees Romanoff on the run and forced to confront her past. Lionsgate Films began developing a

This is a document about Scarlett Johansson
   Continuing her work in the MCU, Johansson reprised her role as Black Widow in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014). In the film, she joins forces with Captain America (Chris Evans) and Falcon (Anthony Mackie) to uncover a conspiracy within S.H.I.E.L.D., while facing a mysterious assassin known as the Winter Soldier. Johansson and Evans wrote their own dialogue for several scenes they had together. Johansson was attracted to her character's way of doing her job, employing her feminine wiles and not her physical appeal. The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $714million worldwide. Critic Odie Henderson saw "a

This is a document about Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
  Natalia Alianovna "Natasha" Romanoff (portrayed by Scarlett Johansson), known by her alter ego Black Widow, is a founding member of the Avengers and spy highly trained in hand-to-hand combat. She trained in the Red Room in Russia from childhood, until she joined the counter-terrorism agency S.H.I.E.L.D.. In 2011, she was sent to spy on Tony Stark by Nick Fury under the alias Natalie Rushman, and the next year, she was recruited by Fury to become one of the formative members of the Avengers. Eleven years later, she sacrifices herself on Vormir in order for Hawkeye to retrieve the Soul Stone. , the character has appeared in ten films: Iron Man 2, The Avengers, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Captain America: Civil War, Thor: Ragnarok (archival footage), Avengers: Infinity War, Captain Marvel (mid-credits cameo), Avengers: Endgame, and Black Widow; as well as the Disney+ series Loki (archival footage) and What If...?, in which she is voiced by Lake Bell.

This is a document about Black Widow (2021 film)
 Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow: Florence Pugh as Yelena Belova / Black Widow: David Harbour as Alexei Shostakov / Red Guardian: O-T Fagbenle as Rick Mason: Olga Kurylenko as Antonia Dreykov / Taskmaster: William Hurt as Thaddeus Ross: The United States Secretary of State and a former U.S. Army general. ; Ray Winstone as Dreykov: Rachel Weisz as Melina Vostokoff / Black Widow: An Avenger, highly trained former-KGB assassin and former agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Johansson said she was "going out on a high note" and was proud of the film, feeling that her work portraying Romanoff was now complete. She described

This is a document about Scarlett Johansson on screen and stage
  Hinds, and voiced an artificially intelligent virtual assistant in Spike Jonze's Her with Joaquin Phoenix. Johansson appeared as Black Widow in the MCU superhero film Captain America: The Winter Soldier, its sequel Captain America: Civil War, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Avengers: Infinity War, and Avengers: Endgame—the lattermost is the second-highest grossing film of all time. Johansson played a woman going through a divorce in Noah Baumbach's comedy-drama Marriage Story with Adam Driver, and a mother who hides a Jewish girl in Nazi Germany in Taika Waititi's satirical black comedy Jojo Rabbit (both in 2019). She received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the former and a nomination in the Best Supporting Actress category for the latter.

This is a document about Iron Man 2
  character in up to nine films. Downey and Rourke discussed his part during a roundtable discussion with David Ansen at the 2009 Golden Globes, and Rourke met with Favreau and Theroux to discuss the role. Rourke almost dropped out because of Marvel's initial salary offer of $250,000, but the studio raised the offer, and in March, Rourke signed on. Later that same day, Scarlett Johansson signed on to play the Black Widow. Her deal included options for multiple films, including potentially The Avengers. Prior to her casting, Johansson had also researched other Marvel characters she could play, including the Blonde Phantom and the Wasp. In April, Garry Shandling, Clark Gregg, and Kate Mara joined the cast.

This is a document about Hope van Dyne
   Joss Whedon, the writer and director of The Avengers, originally intended to have the Wasp appear in the film due to potential scheduling conflicts preventing Scarlett Johansson from appearing in the film as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow. Whedon wanted Zooey Deschanel to play the role of Wasp. Evangeline Lilly was originally cast as the character in 2014, when Edgar Wright was slated to direct Ant-Man. When Wright left the film later in the year and was replaced by Peyton Reed, Lilly was reluctant to take the role until she read the revised script and got a chance to meet with Reed. Reed also offered contributions to the revised script,

This is a document about Captain America: The Winter Soldier
  Poots, and Alison Brie were being considered for Rogers' love interest in the film, and Scarlett Johansson was brought back to reprise her role as Black Widow. Later in the month, Frank Grillo was testing for the role of the villain Crossbones in the film, and by the end of the month, Grillo closed a deal to portray the character and Cobie Smulders signed on to reprise her role as Maria Hill from The Avengers. In January 2013, Hayley Atwell, who played Peggy Carter in Captain America: The First Avenger, said that she would not appear in the sequel. However,

This is a document about WMAC Masters
 The Black Widow

This is a document about Scarlett Johansson
  her performance. Johansson learned some Russian from a former teacher on the phone for her role as Black Widow in The Avengers (2012), another entry from the MCU. The film received mainly positive reviews and broke many box office records, becoming the third highest-grossing film both in the United States and worldwide. For her performance, she was nominated for two Teen Choice Awards and three People's Choice Awards. Later that year, Johansson portrayed actress Janet Leigh in Sacha Gervasi's Hitchcock, a behind-the-scenes drama about the making of Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 film Psycho. Roger Ebert wrote that Johansson did not look much like Leigh, but conveyed her spunk, intelligence, and sense of humor.

This is a document about Joss Whedon
  would pursue production of more such franchises. However, critics noted an almost stereotypical lack of feminist ideals in his writing decisions and portrayal of Black Widow, one of two female protagonists in Marvel's 2015 Avengers: Age of Ultron, played by Scarlett Johansson. In August 2017, Whedon's ex-wife, Kai Cole, published an essay on an industry trade site accusing Whedon of 15 years of multiple infidelities and the hypocrisy of touting feminist ideals while using their marriage "as a shield" for his misuse of power. A Whedon spokesperson said the essay contained "inaccuracies and misrepresentations," but did not clarify what those were.

This is a document about Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)
  Black Widow (Natalia Alianovna "Natasha" Romanova; Russian: Наталья Альяновна "Наташа" Романова) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by editor and plotter Stan Lee, scripter Don Rico, and artist Don Heck, the character debuted in Tales of Suspense #52 (April 1964). The character was introduced as a Russian spy, an antagonist of the superhero Iron Man. She later defected to the United States, becoming an agent of the fictional spy agency S.H.I.E.L.D. and a member of the superhero team the Avengers. The character has appeared in numerous forms of media, such as animated television series, video games, and films; with Scarlett Johansson portraying the character in several Marvel Cinematic Universe films including Iron Man 2 (2010), The Avengers (2012), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), a cameo in Captain Marvel (2019), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and Black Widow (2021). Ever Anderson portrayed a young Natasha in Black Widow. Lake Bell voices alternate reality versions of the character in the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021).

This is a document about Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
  to develop the project, but Hayter "never felt comfortable that we had found a place that was willing to take the movie, and the character, seriously." This left Hayter "heartbroken", but he hoped the film would be made "some day". In January 2009, Marvel entered early talks with Emily Blunt to play Black Widow in Iron Man 2, though she was unable to take the role due to a previous commitment to star in Gulliver's Travels. In March 2009, Scarlett Johansson signed on to play Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow, with her deal including options for multiple films. Johansson then

This is a document about List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors
  portrays Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the Spider-Man films and returns in Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) where he is joined by Cumberbatch. Brie Larson portrays Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel, and will appear in The Marvels (2023), along with Teyonah Parris as Monica Rambeau and Iman Vellani as Kamala Khan / Ms. Marvel. Scarlett Johansson stars as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow in Black Widow (2021), after appearing in a supporting role in the Infinity Saga. Simu Liu stars as Shang-Chi in Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021), while Gemma Chan headlines as Sersi in the ensemble film Eternals

Scarlett Johansson played the Black Widow in the Avengers films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.


Question: new york times co v sullivan held that there must be proof of

Answer: actual malice

This is a document about New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
 truth or falsity)." The decision allowed newspapers more freedom to report on the widespread chaos and police abuse during the Civil Rights Movement. In "Sullivan", the Supreme Court adopted the term "actual malice" and gave it constitutional significance. The Court held that a public official suing for defamation must prove that the statement in question was made with actual malice. In his concurring opinion, Justice Black explained, "'Malice,' even as defined by the Court, is an elusive, abstract concept, hard to prove and hard to disprove. The requirement that malice be proved provides at best an evanescent protection for the

This is a document about New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that established the actual malice standard, which has to be met before press reports about public officials can be considered to be libel; and hence allowed free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern United States. It is one of the key decisions supporting the freedom of the press. The actual malice standard requires that the plaintiff in a defamation case, if that person is a public official or public figure, prove that the

This is a document about New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
 1960," with Fiss noting that the decision helped cement "the free-speech traditions that have ensured the vibrancy of American democracy." New York Times Co. v. Sullivan New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that established the actual malice standard, which has to be met before press reports about public officials can be considered to be libel; and hence allowed free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern United States. It is one of the key decisions supporting the freedom of the press. The actual malice standard requires

This is a document about Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc
 Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc., , was a product disparagement case ultimately decided by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Court held, on a 6-3 vote, in favor of Consumers Union, the publisher of "Consumer Reports" magazine, ruling that proof of "actual malice" was necessary in product disparagement cases raising First Amendment issues, as set out by the case of "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan" (1963). The Court ruled that the First Circuit Court of Appeals had correctly concluded that Bose had not presented

This is a document about Westmoreland v. CBS
 At the onset, the presiding judge ruled that under "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan" and the First Amendment, Westmoreland, as a public figure, must prove by "clear and convincing evidence" that CBS acted with actual malice in gathering the evidence and putting it together in the documentary. This is legally a heavy burden of proof and a higher standard than a nonpublic figure would need to sue for defamation. A conservative public-interest law firm, Capital Legal Foundation, brought the suit on September 13, 1982 on Westmoreland's behalf, and its president, Dan Burt, served as Westmoreland's "pro bono" attorney. The

This is a document about New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
 right critically to discuss public affairs and certainly does not measure up to the sturdy safeguard embodied in the First Amendment." The term "malice" came from existing libel law, rather than being invented in the case. In many jurisdictions, including Alabama, proof of "actual malice" was required for punitive damages or other increased penalties. Since a writer's malicious intent is hard to prove, proof the writer knowingly published a falsehood was generally accepted as proof of malice, under the assumption that only a person with ill intent would knowingly publish something false. In "Hoeppner v. Dunkirk Printing Co.", 254 N.Y.

This is a document about False statements of fact
 the Supreme Court's decision "New York Times v. Sullivan" (1964). That case concerned an allegation of libel by L.B. Sullivan, a supervisor of the Montgomery, Alabama police department. Sullivan argued that a full-page advertisement in the New York Times incorrectly asserted that his police department let civil rights violations against blacks occur. The Court held that even if the advertisement was incorrect, the fact that there was no intent to harm Sullivan by the newspaper ("actual malice") meant that the lawsuit could not proceed. This specific standard of mens rea is specifically to be used in cases where such speech

This is a document about Public figure
 actual malice by knowing the falsity or by reckless disregard for the truth. The legal burden of proof in defamation actions is thus higher in the case of a public figure than in the case of an ordinary person. The controlling precedent in the United States was set in 1964 by the United States Supreme Court in "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan", which is considered a key decision in supporting the First Amendment and freedom of the press. A fairly high threshold of public activity is necessary to elevate people to a public figure status. Typically, they must either

This is a document about Rosenblatt v. Baer
 York Times Co. v. Sullivan", in which they held that a State cannot award damages to a public official for a defamatory falsehood relating to official conduct unless the official can show actual malice. The New Hampshire Supreme Court had affirmed the award in the original case. In an 8-1 decision, the Court reversed the decision of the New Hampshire Supreme Court. It argued that there was a probability that Baer was a public official and therefore would be required to show actual malice in the depictions presented by the newspaper. It was left to the trial judge to decide

This is a document about Time, Inc. v. Hill
 public interest in the absence of proof that the defendant published the report with knowledge of its falsity or reckless disregard of the truth". This decision had the impact of elaborating on the "actual malice" standard of the Court's prior holding in "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan", to also include cases involving false light. Although the Court reversed a judgment for compensatory damages, it recognized a clear right not to be spoken about. A dissent written by Justice Fortas was joined by Justice Tom C. Clark as well as Chief Justice Earl Warren. In addition to Justice Fortas, Justice

This is a document about Actual malice
 Actual malice Actual malice in United States law is a legal requirement imposed upon public officials or public figures when they file suit for libel (defamatory printed communications). Unlike other individuals who are less well-known to the general public, public officials and public figures are held to a higher standard for what they must prove before they may succeed in a defamation lawsuit. This term was adopted by the Supreme Court in its landmark 1964 ruling in "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan", in which the Court held that: Although defined within the context of a media defendant, the rule

This is a document about New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
 Loeb, a partner at the firm of Lord Day & Lord who served as chief counsel to the "Times" from 1948 to 1967, was among the authors of the brief of the "Times". Loeb later called the libel cases he argued for "The New York Times" "the heaviest responsibility I've ever had since I began practicing law." The Supreme Court held that news publications could not be sued for libel by public officials unless the plaintiffs were able to establish actual malice in the false reporting of a news story. The Court ruled for "The Times", 9–0. The rule of

This is a document about Defamation
 special rules apply in the case of statements made in the press concerning public figures, which can be used as a defense. A series of court rulings led by "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan", 376 U.S. 254 (1964) established that for a public official (or other legitimate public figure) to win a libel case in the United States, the statement must have been published knowing it to be false or with reckless disregard to its truth (also known as actual malice). Under United States law, libel generally requires five key elements: the plaintiff must prove that the information was

This is a document about Hutchinson v. Proxmire
 made by Congressmen in press releases and newsletters are not protected by the Speech and Debate Clause. In the course of their analysis, they determined that, under the precedents of the court, a member of Congress may be held liable for republishing defamatory statements that were originally made during floor speeches. They also found that Hutchinson was not a public figure and that the "actual malice" standard established by "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan" for defamation claims brought by public figure did not apply to Hutchinson's case. Although Hutchinson did have access to the news media, the facts of

This is a document about Westmoreland v. CBS
 was overwhelming." Westmoreland's decision to dismiss the case before the jury reached a decision prevented an appeal that might have created a legal landmark. Instead, this high-profile case provided a practical demonstration of what many already understood: That any public figure seeking damages for libel must follow the stringent standards set in the precedent of 376 U.S. 254. Further, a public figure must prove actual malice, as required by "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan", even in the face of allegations of media misconduct. Finally, the case demonstrated an old adage: bringing a libel suit is generally a poor way

This is a document about Canadian defamation law
 of the common law of defamation and the "Charter". The Court rejected the "actual malice" test outlined in the U.S. Supreme Court decision "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan", citing criticism of it not only in the United States but in other countries as well. The Court held that the "Charter" guarantee of freedom of expression did not require any significant changes to the common law of libel. Very controversially, it was held that there was no evidence of libel chill in Canada. 2006-2011 saw significant developments in Canadian jurisprudence, with many important issues being clarified and the law changing

This is a document about Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto
 adopt the "actual malice" standard of libel from American jurisprudence. In refusing to change Canadian law and bringing it more into line with "actual malice" standard applied in the US law (following the "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan" case) "Cory J.", writing for the majority, stated (at ¶ 138): In L'Heureux-Dubé's concurring reasons, her analysis of the Charter issue applying to common law is succinctly stated: (at ¶ 206): As in all actions for libel, the factual background is extremely important and must be set out in some detail. At the time the defamatory statement were made, Casey Hill

This is a document about Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
 Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton Harte-Hanks Communications Inc. v. Connaughton, 491 U.S. 657 (1989), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States supplied an additional journalistic behavior that constitutes actual malice as first discussed in "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan" (1964). In the case, the Court held that departure from responsible reporting and unreasonable reporting conduct alone were not sufficient to award a public figure damages in a libel case. However, the Court also ruled that if reporters wrote with reckless disregard for the truth, which included ignoring obvious sources for their report, plaintiffs could

The New York Times Co. v. Sullivan held that there must be proof of actual malice for a public official to bring a successful defamation lawsuit against a media outlet.