Question: when did it become mandatory to have a social security number

Answer: November 1935

This is a document about Social Security number
 A Social Security Number Card. Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program. Within three months, 25 million numbers were issued. On November 24, 1936, 1,074 of the nation's 45,000 post offices were designated "typing centers" to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington, D.C. On December 1, 1936, as part of the publicity campaign for the new program, Joseph L. Fay of the Social Security Administration selected a record from the top of the first stack of 1,000 records and

This is a document about Social Security number
  Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program. Within three months, 25 million numbers were issued. On November 24, 1936, 1,074 of the nation's 45,000 post offices were designated "typing centers" to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington, D.C. On December 1, 1936, as part of the publicity campaign for the new program, Joseph L. Fay of the Social Security Administration selected a record from the top of the first stack of 1,000 records and announced that the first Social Security number in history was assigned to John David Sweeney, Jr., of New Rochelle,

This is a document about Identity documents in the United States
   The Social Security number (SSN) and card are issued by the Social Security Administration. Almost all parents voluntarily apply for a Social Security number shortly after the birth of a child. In the absence of a national identity card (and concordant national identity number), the Social Security number has become the de facto national identifier for a large variety of purposes, both governmental and non-governmental. The SSN was created to ensure accurate reporting of a worker's wages to the Social Security Administration. Prior to 1986, it was common to apply for a SSN shortly before it might be needed, most often when a teenager. Tax reform acts of 1986, 1988, and 1990 required parents to supply the SSN of children over age 5, 2, or 1 respectively, to receive an income tax

This is a document about Social Security number
   Social Security was originally a universal tax, but when Medicare was passed in 1965, objecting religious groups in existence prior to 1951 were allowed to opt out of the system. Because of this, not every American is part of the Social Security program, and not everyone has a number. However, a Social Security number is required for parents to claim their children as dependents for federal income tax purposes, and the Internal Revenue Service requires all corporations to obtain SSNs (or alternative identifying numbers) from their employees, as described below. The Old Order Amish have fought to prevent universal Social Security by overturning rules such as a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license. Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number and card for identification. Since nearly everyone in the United States now

This is a document about Social Security (United States)
  social security number to any Federal, State, or local agency maintaining a system of records in existence and operating before January 1, 1975, if such disclosure was required under statute or regulation adopted prior to such date to verify the identity of an individual. A side effect of the Social Security program in the United States has been the near-universal adoption of the program's identification number, the Social Security number, as the de facto U.S. national identification number. The social security number, or SSN, is issued pursuant to section 205(c)(2) of the Social Security Act, codified as. The government originally stated that the SSN would not be a means of identification, but currently a multitude of U.S.

This is a document about National identification number
  In the United States, the Social Security number (SSN) is nine-digit number issued to U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and temporary (working) residents. Its purpose was to identify individuals for the purposes of Social Security, but it is now also used to track individuals for taxation purposes. There is no legal requirement to have a SSN if it is not required for Social Security or taxation purposes, but in practice one is required for many other purposes, for example to open a bank account or apply for a driving license, so that nearly all U.S. citizens and permanent residents have one. The SSN has therefore become a de facto national identification number, despite the fact that originally it was expressly not for this purpose. In fact, a valid SSN can be easily guessed, as they were issued serially prior to June 25, 2011. A Selective Service Number must be applied for by all male citizens and immigrant non-citizens turning age 18, to register for military conscription. Though the United States currently employs a volunteer military, all males are required to register in case of a potential draft.

This is a document about Social Security number
  York. However, since the Social Security numbers were not assigned in chronological order, Sweeney did not receive the lowest Social Security number, 001-01-0001. That distinction belongs to Grace D. Owen of Concord, New Hampshire. Before 1986, people often did not obtain a Social Security number until the age of about 14, since the numbers were used for income tracking purposes, and those under that age seldom had substantial income. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction. Before this act, parents claiming tax deductions were simply trusted not to lie about

This is a document about Social Security number
  Security Act [codified as ] shall, except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary [of the Treasury or his delegate], be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title [the Internal Revenue Code, title 26 of the United States Code]." The Internal Revenue Code also provides, when required by regulations prescribed by the secretary of the treasury or their delegate: According to U.S. Treasury regulations, any person who, after October 31, 1962, works as an employee for wages subject to Social Security taxes, Medicare taxes, or U.S. federal income tax withholdings is required to apply for "an account number" using Form SS-5. A taxpayer who is not eligible to have a Social Security number must obtain an alternative Taxpayer Identification Number.

This is a document about South Korean identity card
   Social Security numbers have its origins in the social security legislation in 1962. At that time its dual enrollment to citizens and residents was available so it was not performed properly. Then in 1968, after the ‘Kim Shin -jo incident’, when North Korean special forces stormed The Blue House, it amended the Social Security Act because Spy identifies were given a number to each citizen. Social security number at the time consisted of 12 digits. In November 21, it was issued by former President Park Chung-hee identity card No. 1 to No. 110101-100001, and Mrs. Yuk Young-soo, was issued a second call to a number 110101-200002. At this time the front row was made with a number of regional issues, the back has been issued Order.

This is a document about October 1961
  themselves and their claimed dependents, as President Kennedy signed public law 87-398, an amendment to the United States Tax Code. Persons who didn't have a social security number could apply to the Internal Revenue Service for a separate identifying number, and the initial failure to comply with the law in 1963 would be punishable by "a penalty of $5 for each such failure".  The Code would further be amended on October 4, 1976, to require that everyone have a social security number. ; King Mahendra of Nepal and China's President Liu Shaoqi signed an agreement in Beijing defining the border between the mountain kingdom and its large Communist neighbor. ; Died: ; Booker Little, 23, jazz musician (complications resulting from uremia) ; Don Barbour, 34, vocalist of the jazz vocal group "The Four Freshmen" (killed in an auto accident).

This is a document about Internal Revenue Service
  By the end of the Second World War, the IRS was handling sixty million tax returns each year, using a combination of mechanical desk calculators, accounting machines, and pencil and paper forms. In 1948 punch card equipment was used. The first trial of a computer system for income tax processing was in 1955, when an IBM 650 installed at Kansas City processed 1.1 million returns. The IRS was authorized to proceed with computerization in 1959, and purchased IBM 1401 and IBM 7070 systems for local and regional data processing centers. The Social Security number was used for taxpayer identification starting in 1965. By 1967,

This is a document about November 1943
 President Roosevelt's Executive Order 9397 took effect upon publication in the Federal Register. By providing that "any Federal department, establishment, or agency shall, whenever the head thereof finds it advisable to establish a new system of permanent account numbers pertaining to individual persons, utilize exclusively the Social Security Act account numbers", EO 9397 would ultimately mean that every American would need a Social Security number to qualify for any federal program. ; The Soviets withdrew from Korosten after holding it for twelve days. ; Guido Buffarini Guidi, the Minister of the Interior for the Nazi-controlled Italian Social Republic, issued the order to arrest all Jews within ISR boundaries and to deport them to concentration camps. ; Notre Dame won the mythical national college

This is a document about Tax Reform Act of 1986
  The Act required people claiming children as dependents on their tax returns to obtain and list a Social Security number for every claimed child, to verify the child's existence. Before this act, parents claiming tax deductions were on the honor system not to lie about the number of children they supported. The requirement was phased in, and initially Social Security numbers were required only for children over the age of 5. During the first year, this anti-fraud change resulted in seven million fewer dependents being claimed, nearly all of which are believed to have involved either children that never existed, or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents.

This is a document about Ghosting (identity theft)
  it was formerly the case that citizens were not issued a Social Security number until their first paid employment. Thus, in the year 1975, a man ghoster aged 25 would acquire the birth certificate of a boy who was born circa 1950 (the same age as the ghoster) but who had died at age 15 or younger. An individual who died before adulthood would not be likely to possess a Social Security number; therefore, a ghoster claiming to be this person and applying for a first-time Social Security number at age 25 would not arouse suspicion if he could explain why he waited until age 25 to begin working for wages. But a

This is a document about Social Security (United States)
  or spouse, must have a Social Security Number or Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) since the IRS is unable to process returns or post payments for anyone without an SSN or TIN. The Privacy Act of 1974 was in part intended to limit usage of the Social Security number as a means of identification. Paragraph (1) of subsection (a) of section7 of the Privacy Act, an uncodified provision, states in part:  However, the Social Security Act provides:  Further, paragraph (2) of subsection (a) of section7 of the Privacy Act provides in part:    The exceptions under section7 of the Privacy Act include the Internal Revenue Code requirement that social security numbers be used as taxpayer identification numbers for individuals.

This is a document about Social Security number
  In the United States, a Social Security number (SSN) is a nine-digit number issued to U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and temporary (working) residents under section 205(c)(2) of the Social Security Act, codified as. The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration, an independent agency of the United States government. Although the original purpose for the number was for the Social Security Administration to track individuals, the Social Security number has become a de facto national identification number for taxation and other purposes. A Social Security number may be obtained by applying on Form SS-5, Application for a Social Security Number Card.

This is a document about Service number (United States Armed Forces)
  of the United States Army Air Forces who continued to use their Army service numbers upon transfer to the Air Force in 1947. Thus, there is no established "first" enlisted service number of the U.S. Air Force since thousands of airmen simultaneously transferred into the Air Force on 18 September 1947. Service numbers were eventually phased out completely by the social security number; the Army and Air Force converted to social security numbers on 1 July 1969, the Navy and Marine Corps on 1 January 1972, and the Coast Guard on 1 October 1974. Since that time, social security numbers have become the de facto military service number for United States armed forces

This is a document about Identity documents in the United States
  corporations historically used SSNs to uniquely identify their customer or student populations. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, also known as the Buckley Amendment, required changes that eliminated the use of the SSN as an identifier for a student. Educational institutions now request the SSN at first contact as required by other federal laws and assign their own unique number to each person to maintain the individual’s privacy as required. Other laws require the SSN be associated with interest-bearing accounts, interest-paying loans, most public assistance programs, and state-issued identification, e.g. driver’s licenses. To reduce the incidence of identity theft, several states have passed laws that require institutions using the SSN to assign their own identifier numbers to individuals, and prohibit them from using the SSN as a primary key.

This is a document about United Way
  compulsory Social Security and income tax withholdings in 1942, the technology of payroll deductions became a vehicle to allow employees to give incremental gifts. The strong economy in post-war economic boom helped these campaigns to grow at a rate of 5-10% annually. United Community Funds and Council of America, the national association of United Funds, expanded its role in the 1970s. Historically, it served a similar role as a trade association to the United Funds and lacked authority in shaping their affiliates. Its thousands of affiliates went by no fewer than 137 different names and pursued thousands of different charitable objectives. To give

This is a document about Conscription in the United States
  On July 2, 1980, President Jimmy Carter issued Presidential Proclamation 4771 and re-instated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System. At that time it was required that all males, born on or after January 1, 1960, register with the Selective Service System. Those who were now in this category were male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25; they were required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday even if they were not actually eligible to join the military. The Selective Service System, still essentially what it was in 1980, describes its mission as "to serve the emergency manpower needs of the

It became mandatory for parents to report their children's Social Security numbers to the Internal Revenue Service for tax purposes in 1985. However, the Social Security number was not originally intended to be used for tax purposes and was not required for all individuals until this time. Prior to this, it was primarily used for government purposes.


Question: when did the first tube run in london

Answer: 1863

This is a document about London Underground
 London Underground The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground, or by its nickname the Tube) is a public rapid transit system serving the capital city London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The Underground has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground railway. Opened in 1863, it is now part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines; the first line to operate underground electric traction trains, the City & South London Railway in 1890, is now part of the Northern line. The network

This is a document about London Underground rolling stock
 London Underground rolling stock London Underground rolling stock includes the electric multiple units that run on the London Underground. The trains come in two sizes, smaller deep-tube trains and larger sub-surface trains that are of a similar size to those on British main lines. New trains are designed for the maximum number of standing passengers and for speed of access to the cars. Services started in 1863 when the Metropolitan Railway opened using steam locomotives hauling gas-lit wooden carriages, braked from guards' compartment. In 1890, the first tube railway opened, using electric locomotives hauling carriages with small windows, nicknamed "padded

This is a document about Subterranean London
  The London Underground was the world's first underground railway and one of its most extensive. Its construction began in 1860 with the 3.7 mi Metropolitan Railway from Farringdon to Paddington. It opened in 1863, after much disruption from the use of "cut and cover" techniques that involved digging large trenches along the course of existing roads, and then constructing a roof over the excavation to reinstate the road surface. Tube railways, which caused less disruption because they were constructed by boring a tunnel, arrived in 1890, with the opening of the City and South London Railway, a 3.5 mi line from Stockwell to King William Street. It was planned

This is a document about Timeline of the London Underground
  The transport system now known as the London Underground began in 1863 with the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground railway. Over the next forty years, the early sub-surface lines reached out from the urban centre of the capital into the surrounding rural margins, leading to the development of new commuter suburbs. At the turn of the nineteenth century, new technology—including electric locomotives and improvements to the tunnelling shield—enabled new companies to construct a series of "tube" lines deeper underground. Initially rivals, the tube railway companies began to co-operate in advertising and through shared branding, eventually consolidating under the single ownership of the Underground Electric

This is a document about History of the London Underground
   The history of the London Underground began in the 19th century with the construction of the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground railway. The Metropolitan Railway, which opened in 1863 using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, worked with the District Railway to complete London's Circle line in 1884. Both railways expanded, the Metropolitan eventually extending as far as in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 mi from Baker Street and the centre of London. The first deep-level tube line, the City and South London Railway, opened in 1890 with electric trains. This was followed by the Waterloo & City Railway in 1898, the Central London Railway in 1900, and the Great Northern and City Railway in

This is a document about 19th-century London
  With traffic congestion on London's roads becoming more and more serious, proposals for underground railways to ease the pressure on street traffic were first mooted in the 1840s, after the opening of the Thames Tunnel in 1843 proved such engineering work could be done successfully. However, reservations over the stability of underground tunneling persisted into the 1860s and were finally overcome when Parliament approved the construction of London's first underground railway, the Metropolitan Railway. Begun in 1860 and completed in 1863, the Metropolitan inaugurated the world's oldest mass transit system, the London Underground; it was created by the cut-and-cover method of excavating a trench from above, then building reinforced brick walls and vaults to form the tunnel,

This is a document about Architecture of London
  London also became the first city in the world to have an underground railway system. With traffic congestion on London's roads becoming more and more serious, proposals for underground railways to ease the pressure on street traffic were first mooted in the 1840s, after the opening of the Thames Tunnel in 1843 proved such engineering work could be done successfully. Begun in 1860 and completed in 1863, the Metropolitan Railway inaugurated the world's oldest mass transit system, the London Underground; it was created by the cut-and-cover method of excavating a trench from above, then building reinforced brick walls and vaults to form the tunnel, and filling in the trench with earth. Some of the original underground station architecture from the Metropolitan Railway still survives

This is a document about London Underground
  For the first deep-level tube line, the City and South London Railway, two 10 ft diameter circular tunnels were dug between King William Street (close to today's Monument station) and Stockwell, under the roads to avoid the need for agreement with owners of property on the surface. This opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, known as the "twopenny tube". These two ran electric trains in circular tunnels having diameters between 11 ft and 12 ft, whereas the Great Northern and City Railway, which opened in 1904, was built to

This is a document about Victorian era
  inputs needed for the railroad system itself. By 1880, there were 13,500 locomotives which each carried 97,800 passengers a year, or 31,500 tons of freight. Member of Parliament and Solicitor to the City of London Charles Pearson campaigned for an underground rail service in London. Parts of the first such railway, the Metropolitan Line, opened to the public in 1863, thereby becoming the first subway line in the world. Trains were originally steam-powered, but in 1890, the first electric trains entered service. That same year, the whole system became officially known as the Tube after the shape of the

This is a document about Baker Street and Waterloo Railway
  transport facilities" and "would therefore prove a great financial success." They were inspired by the recent success of the City and South London Railway (C&SLR), the world's first deep-tube railway, which proved the feasibility of such an endeavour. This opened in November 1890 and carried large numbers of passengers in its first year of operation. In November 1891, notice was given of a private bill that would be presented to Parliament for the construction of the BS&WR. The railway was planned to run entirely underground from the junction of New Street (now Melcombe Street) and Dorset Square west of Baker Street to James Street (now Spur Road) on the south side of Waterloo station. From

This is a document about Transport in London
  Colloquially known as the Tube, the London Underground was the first rapid transit system in the world, having begun operations in 1863. More than 3 million passengers travel on the Underground every day, amounting to over 1 billion passenger journeys per year for the first time in 2006. The Underground has 11 lines, most of which connect the suburbs to Central London and together form a dense network in central London, linking major railway stations, central business areas and icons. The Underground serves North London much more extensively than South London. This is the result of a combination of unfavourable geology, historical competition from surface railways and the historical geography of London which was focused to the north of the River Thames. South London is served primarily by surface railways (the majority of London Underground's route length is actually on the surface rather than in tunnel.) Carrying nearly 50% of London's commuters, the Tube is the most heavily used mode of public transport in the area.

This is a document about Moorgate tube crash
  London Underground—also known as the Underground or the Tube—is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire. The first line opened in 1863 and by 1975 the network contained 250 mi of route track; that year three million people used the service each day. The Tube was one of the safest methods of transport in Britain in 1975. Apart from suicides, there were only 14 deaths on the Underground between 1938 and 1975, 12 of which occurred in the 1953 Stratford crash. Moorgate station, in the City of London, was

This is a document about Hammersmith & City line
  The first line built by the Metropolitan Railway (Met) was from Paddington to near Smithfield, near London's financial heart in the City; with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. Opened on 10 January 1863, it was the world's first underground railway. The line was built mostly under the New Road using the "cut-and-cover" method between Paddington and King's Cross and then in tunnel and cuttings beside Farringdon Road. Supported by the Met and the Great Western Railway (GWR), the Hammersmith & City Railway (H&CR) was built from the GWR's main line a mile west of Paddington station to the developing suburbs of Shepherd's Bush and Hammersmith. Built

This is a document about Brill Tramway
  traffic survey, determining that each day 200,000 walked into the City, 44,000 travelled by omnibus, and 26,000 in private carriages. A Parliamentary Commission backed Pearson's proposal over other schemes. Despite concerns about vibration causing subsidence of buildings, the problems of compensating the many thousands whose homes were destroyed during digging of the tunnel, and fears that the tunnelling might break into Hell, construction began in 1860. On 9 January 1863 the line opened as the Metropolitan Railway (MR), the world's first underground passenger railway. The MR grew steadily, extending its own services and acquiring other local railways north and

This is a document about Timeline of London (1800s)
  in London, in the Brixton Road. ; July: Monet and Pissarro move to London, fleeing the Franco-Prussian War. ; 13 July: Victoria Embankment, engineered by Joseph Bazalgette, opens. ; 2 August: Official opening of the Tower Subway beneath the Thames, the world's first underground passenger "tube" railway. Although this lasts as a railway operation only until November, it demonstrates the technologically successful first use of the cylindrical wrought iron tunnelling shield devised by Peter W. Barlow and James Henry Greathead. ; 25 November: Gas Light and Coke Company begins production from Beckton Gas Works which becomes the largest in

This is a document about Trams in London
 Blackheath to Vauxhall via Peckham and Camberwell ; Brixton joining the Camberwell line at Kennington ; Whitechapel to Bow ; Kensington to Oxford Street The first generation of trams in London started in 1860 when a horse tramway began operating along Victoria Street in Westminster. This first line was operated by a somewhat eccentric American, George Francis Train. Initially, there was strong opposition as, although it was popular with its passengers, the first designs had rails that stood proud of the road surface and created an obstruction for other traffic. This came to a head in 1861 when Train was arrested for "breaking and injuring" the Uxbridge Road and his plans were put on hold. Eventually Parliament passed legislation permitting tram services, on the condition that the rails were recessed into the carriageway and that the tramways were shared with other road users. Costs of maintenance

This is a document about Oval tube station
  The City and South London Railway opened to passengers between Stockwell and King William Street on 18 December 1890, and was both the first standard gauge tube and the first railway to employ electric traction in London. To avoid disturbance of surface buildings the construction of the tube was shield-driven at deep level, and much of the work was done via shafts at station sites which later contained the passenger lifts. Oval tube station was the intended site of one of the attempted London bombings on 21 July 2005.

This is a document about Deep level underground
  were just below the street surface built by means of the cut-and-cover method. The stations were so deep they required lifts to access easily, this gave another world's first in having the first lift-accessed stations. The lifts were hydraulically operated. For the first deep-level tube line, the City and South London Railway, two 10 ft diameter circular tube tunnels were dug between King William Street (close to today's Monument station) and Stockwell, following under the roads above to avoid the need for an agreement with owners of property on the surface. This opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed "padded cells".

This is a document about London Underground
  The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground, or by its nickname the Tube) is a rapid transit system serving Greater London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The Underground has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground passenger railway. Opened in January 1863, it is now part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. The first line to operate underground electric traction trains, the City & South London Railway in 1890, is now part of the Northern line. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in

This is a document about History of London
  (1850), and St Pancras station (1863). From 1863, the first lines of the London Underground were constructed. The urbanised area continued to grow rapidly, spreading into Islington, Paddington, Belgravia, Holborn, Finsbury, Shoreditch, Southwark and Lambeth. Towards the middle of the century, London's antiquated local government system, consisting of ancient parishes and vestries, struggled to cope with the rapid growth in population. In 1855, the Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW) was created to provide London with adequate infrastructure to cope with its growth. One of its first tasks was addressing London's sanitation problems. At the time, raw sewage was pumped straight into the River Thames. This culminated

The first tube line, the City & South London Railway, opened in 1890.


Question: who is charlie writing to perks of being a wallflower

Answer: an unknown recipient

This is a document about The Perks of Being a Wallflower
 15-year-old protagonist, begins writing letters about his own life to an unknown recipient. In these letters he discusses his first year at high school and his struggles with two traumatic experiences: the suicide of his only middle-school friend, Michael Dobson, and the death of his favorite aunt, Helen. His English teacher, who encourages Charlie to call him Bill, notices Charlie's passion for reading and writing, and acts as a mentor by assigning him extracurricular books and reports. Although he is a wallflower, Charlie is befriended by two seniors: Patrick and Sam. Patrick is secretly dating Brad, a closeted football player,

This is a document about The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)
  The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a 2012 American coming-of-age drama film written and directed by Stephen Chbosky, based on his own 1999 novel of the same name. Logan Lerman stars as a teenager named Charlie who writes to an unnamed friend, and these epistles chronicle his trials, tribulations, and triumphs as he goes through his freshman year of high school. The film depicts his struggles with his, unbeknownst to him, post-traumatic stress disorder, as he goes through his journey in high school making new friends, portrayed by Emma Watson and Ezra Miller. The film's ensemble cast also includes Mae Whitman, Kate Walsh, Dylan McDermott, Joan Cusack, and Paul Rudd in supporting roles. Chbosky had always intended to adapt the novel to film, but did not rush to do so. He was hesitant to sell the rights to the film to anyone, but

This is a document about The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)
  on which he was working. In that book he wrote the sentence, "I guess that's just one of the perks of being a wallflower", which led him to realize "that somewhere in that ... was the kid I was really trying to find." Chbosky began writing the novel in the summer of 1996 while he was in college, and within ten weeks he completed the story. He rewrote it into two more drafts, concluding the published version in the summer of 1998. Charlie was loosely based on Chbosky himself. Like the novel itself, Chbosky included much of his own memories from the time he lived in Pittsburgh into the

This is a document about Stephen Chbosky
  that line. And stopped. And realized that somewhere in that [sentence] was the kid I was really trying to find." After several years of gestation, Chbosky began researching and writing The Perks of Being a Wallflower, an epistolary novel that follows the intellectual and emotional maturation of a teenager who uses the alias Charlie over the course of his first year of high school. The book is semi-autobiographical; Chbosky has said that he "relate[s] to Charlie[...] But my life in high school was in many ways different." The book, Chbosky's first novel, was published by MTV Books in 1999, and was an immediate popular success with teenage readers; by 2000, the novel

This is a document about The Perks of Being a Wallflower
  Since he wrote The Perks of Being a Wallflower, Chbosky aspired to adapt it into a film, calling this a "lifelong dream of his". After the publication of the novel, the author said he received film offers, refusing them because he "owed the fans a movie that was worthy of their love for the book". In 2010 Mr. Mudd began developing a film version, and the author was signed to write and direct the film by producers John Malkovich, Lianne Halfon and Russell Smith. The film, shot in the Pittsburgh area from May 9 to June 29, 2011, starred Logan Lerman as Charlie, Emma Watson as Sam, Ezra Miller as Patrick, and Nina Dobrev as Charlie's sister, Candace. With the announcement of a film

This is a document about The Perks of Being a Wallflower
  The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a coming-of-age epistolary novel by American writer Stephen Chbosky, which was first published on February 1, 1999, by Pocket Books. Set in the early 1990s, the novel follows Charlie, an introverted observing teenager, through his freshman year of high school in a Pittsburgh suburb. The novel details Charlie's unconventional style of thinking as he navigates between the worlds of adolescence and adulthood, and attempts to deal with poignant questions spurred by his interactions with both his friends and family. Chbosky took five years to develop and publish The Perks of Being a Wallflower, creating the characters and other aspects of the story from his own memories. The novel addresses themes permeating adolescence, including sexuality, drug use, rape, and mental health, while also making several references to other literary works, films, and pop culture in general. Because of the mentioned themes, it was banned in some American schools for its content. In 2012, Chbosky adapted and directed a film version starring Logan Lerman, Emma Watson, and Ezra Miller. The film boosted the novel's sales, and the book reached The New York Times Best Seller list.

This is a document about Logan Lerman
  described as "the most different character to me that I've ever played". The film received negative reviews, with Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune writing that "Lerman already has done solid work... but he's a blank slate here". Lerman starred in a film adaptation of Stephen Chbosky's novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower, playing the lead role, Charlie; filming took place in 2011, and the movie was released in September 2012. Lerman has described the film as a "life epic", and stated that he had been "torturing [himself] for... a few months in order to get inside Charlie's head". The movie

This is a document about The Perks of Being a Wallflower
  Throughout the 1991–1992 school year, Charlie, the 15-year-old protagonist, begins writing letters about his own life to an unknown recipient addressed, "dear friend". In these letters, he discusses his first year at high school and his struggles with two traumatic experiences: the suicide of his only middle-school friend, Michael Dobson, and the death of his favorite aunt, Helen. His caring English teacher, who encourages Charlie to call him Bill, notices Charlie's passion for reading and writing, and acts as a mentor by assigning him extracurricular books and reports. Although he is a wallflower, Charlie is befriended by two seniors: Patrick and Sam.

This is a document about Charlie (given name)
  Saving Hope ; Charlie Hesketh, from the film Kingsman: The Golden Circle ; Charlie Horse, from television series Lamb Chop's Play-Along ; Charles Hunter, from Micheal Chricton's novel "Pirate Latitudes" ; Charlie Kelly, from the Irish soap opera Fair City ; Charlie Kelly, from the television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ; Charlie Kelmeckis, in the 1999 novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower and 2012 film of the same name ; Charlie Lyndsay, from the film Just Charlie ; Charlie Magne, a character from Hazbin Hotel ; Charlie McGee, lead character in Stephen King's novel Firestarter ; Charlie McKay, a character in the

This is a document about This Side of Paradise
  In the second episode of the fifth season of 30 Rock, the character Jack Donaghy (played by Alec Baldwin) says that he was awarded the "Amory Blaine Handsomeness Scholarship" by Princeton University. The 24th episode of the first season of Star Trek is titled "This Side of Paradise" (1967). Both were inspired by Rupert Brooke's poem "Tiare Tahiti". The book is read by Charlie, the main character, in Stephen Chbosky's 1999 novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower. Alternative band Glass Animals subtly referenced the novel on their 2016 album How to Be a Human Being, with a track titled "The Other Side Of Paradise." The lyrics detail a one-sided,

This is a document about Wallflower (people)
 In the novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky, as well as in the film adaptation of the same title, the main character Charlie often finds himself alone in school or at parties. He also suffers from anxiety and depression. ; In the song "Here" by Alessia Cara, the artist describes wanting to enjoy herself at home and not attend any parties with her friends. ; Bob Dylan sings about a wallflower in the song "Wallflower" from 1971. ; Jakob Dylan, son of Bob Dylan, founded the popular band the Wallflowers in 1989. ; In the song "Wallflower" by In Flames, from the album Battles, they describe life from the perspective of a wallflower. ; In the My Little Pony spin-off Equestria Girls, the 2018 special "Forgotten Friendship" features the character Wallflower Blush who is an extreme introvert, says her only friends are the plants in her garden and who sings the song "Invisible" about nobody ever taking notice of her existence.

This is a document about Stephen Chbosky
  canceled once more in March 2008. Chbosky wrote the screenplay of and directed the film The Perks of Being a Wallflower, based on his novel. Production took place in mid-2011, and the film was released in fall 2012. The film starred Logan Lerman, Emma Watson and Ezra Miller. Chbosky was nominated in the Best Adapted Screenplay category for the 2013 Writers Guild Awards, and the film won the 2013 Independent Spirit Awards for Best First Feature, as well as the 2013 People's Choice Award for Best Dramatic Movie. Chbosky re-wrote Evan Spiliotopoulos's original script for the 2017 live action reboot of Disney's Beauty and the Beast, directed by Bill Condon and

This is a document about The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)
  best friend, which takes place before the film opens, seems glossed over too quickly" despite the event being Charlie's main character motivation in the film. Jack Wilson of The Age writes, "the script is transparently fake at almost every moment, congratulating the gang on their non-conformity while soft-pedalling any aspect of adolescent behaviour—drug use, sex, profanity—that might upset the American mainstream." Richard Corliss of Time magazine criticized the casting of actors in their twenties to play teenagers, unlike Heathers where the main actors were actual teenagers. MTV, Us Weekly and Complex named The Perks of Being a Wallflower one of the best films of the year.

This is a document about 65th Writers Guild of America Awards
 Life of Pi — Screenplay by David Magee, based on the novel by Yann Martel; 20th Century Fox ; Lincoln — Screenplay by Tony Kushner, based in part on the book Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln by Doris Kearns Goodwin; DreamWorks Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Touchstone Pictures ; The Perks of Being a Wallflower — Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky, based on his novel; Summit Entertainment ; Silver Linings Playbook — Screenplay by David O. Russell, based on the novel by Matthew Quick; The Weinstein Company Argo — Screenplay by Chris Terrio, based on a selection from The Master of Disguise by Tony Mendez and the Wired magazine article "The Great Escape" by Joshuah Bearman; Warner Bros. Pictures

This is a document about List of mental disorders in film
 The Perks of Being a Wallflower – 2012 – character of Charlie Kelmeckis played by Logan Lerman ; Iron Man 3 – 2013 – character of Tony Stark played by Robert Downey Jr.

This is a document about The Perks of Being a Wallflower
  The Perks of Being a Wallflower was first published on February 1, 1999 by Pocket Books through its MTV Books imprint. It became the subsidiary's best-selling book with 100,000 copies in print as of 2000, and was included on school reading lists and gathered a cult following. By 2012, the novel had been published in 16 countries in 13 languages, and that same year it placed at number 16 on NPR's list of the "100 Best-Ever Teen Novels". Critical response was mixed; Publishers Weekly called the novel "trite", dealing with "standard teenage issues" in which "Chbosky infuses a droning insistence on Charlie's supersensitive disposition." Although

This is a document about Proposed bans of LGBT-themed books in the United States
 The Perks of Being a Wallflower, by Stephen Chbosky

This is a document about Ezra Miller
  adapted and directed by Lynne Ramsay from American author Lionel Shriver's 2003 novel of the same name. Miller played Damien on the Showtime hit comedy series Californication. They then appeared on Royal Pains as Tucker Bryant for two seasons. In the 2012 film adaptation of the novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower, Miller played Patrick, alongside Logan Lerman and Emma Watson. Miller has been credited with singing, drumming and percussion on musical recordings by the band Sons of an Illustrious Father as early as 2011. The band is a trio that features Lilah Larson (vocals, guitar, bass and drums), Josh Aubin (bass, keyboards, guitar, vocals),

This is a document about The Perks of Being a Wallflower
   Chbosky incorporated both fictional ideas and personal experiences to the novel, making it semi-autobiographical. After five years with these elements in mind, he had the idea of writing the novel during a difficult period in his life. He was experiencing an unpleasant breakup of his own, which led him to ask why "good people let themselves get treated so badly." The author tried to answer the question with the sentence "we accept the love we think we deserve". This quote references the struggle of finding self love, encompassing one's life and hope for the future, and not just romantic love. The story began when Chbosky was in school, evolving from another book on which he was working. In that book he wrote the sentence, "I guess that's just one of the perks of being a wallflower", which led him to realize "that somewhere in that ... was the kid

Charlie is writing to an unnamed friend in "The Perks of Being a Wallflower" novel and film.


Question: who voices the bears in we bare bears

Answer: Eric Edelstein

This is a document about We Bare Bears
 We Bare Bears We Bare Bears is an American animated sitcom created by Daniel Chong for Cartoon Network. The show follows three bear siblings, Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear (respectively voiced by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin), and their awkward attempts at integrating with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area. Based on Chong's webcomic "The Three Bare Bears", the pilot episode made its world premiere at the KLIK! Amsterdam Animation Festival, where it won in the "Young Amsterdam Audience" category. The series premiered on July 27, 2015. "We Bare Bears" follows three adoptive bear brothers:

This is a document about We Bare Bears
 "modern millennial anxieties" and for representing racial minorities. Penguin Random House announced in 2014 that it would publish books based on various programs for Cartoon Network, including "We Bare Bears". The books were produced out of the company's Cartoon Network Books imprint, a division of the Penguin Young Readers Group, and is based on a partnership with the network that started in 2013. We Bare Bears We Bare Bears is an American animated sitcom created by Daniel Chong for Cartoon Network. The show follows three bear siblings, Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear (respectively voiced by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and

This is a document about Demetri Martin
 2, 2012, Martin released his second comedy album entitled "Demetri Martin. Standup Comedian". Martin also voices Ice Bear in the Cartoon Network series "We Bare Bears". Martin made his directorial debut in the film "Dean", which he also wrote, edited, and stars in. Martin is known for being an unconventional stand-up comic. He uses one-liners and drawings on a "large pad," as well as accompanying his jokes with music on either guitar, harmonica, piano, keyboard, glockenspiel, toy bells, ukulele, or tambourine, sometimes all at once. He has cited comedian Steven Wright as an important influence (both use deadpan one-liners in

This is a document about List of We Bare Bears characters
  The American animated television series We Bare Bears features a cast created by Daniel Chong. The series focuses on three bears who try to navigate the human world and make friends. The Bears are the loud and adventurous Grizz (voiced by Eric Edelstein), the kind, yet nervous Panda (voiced by Bobby Moynihan) and the quiet and mysterious Ice Bear (voiced by Demetri Martin). Despite their social ineptitude, they manage to meet a wide variety of characters recurring appearances on the show with some also making single appearances. Among them include the Korean American prodigy Chloe Park (voiced by Charlyne Yi), the selfish and angry Nom Nom (voiced by Patton Oswalt), the socially inept Bigfoot Charlie (voiced by Jason Lee) and the tough and determined Ranger Tabes (voiced by Cameron Esposito).

This is a document about We Bare Bears: The Movie
  We Bare Bears: The Movie is a 2020 American animated comedy film based on the Cartoon Network television series of the same name. Produced by Cartoon Network Studios, it was released in North American digital theater platforms by Cartoon Network on June 30, 2020. Directed by series creator Daniel Chong from a story by Mikey Heller and Kris Mukai, We Bare Bears: The Movie stars the voices of series regulars Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan and Demetri Martin as the three titular bears Grizz, Panda, and Ice Bear; joined by Marc Evan Jackson as Agent Trout and Keith Ferguson as Officer Murphy. This film serves as the series finale

This is a document about List of We Bare Bears episodes
  We Bare Bears is an American animated television series on Cartoon Network. Created by Daniel Chong and directed by Manny Hernandez, it follows the adventures of three adopted anthropomorphic bears, Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear (voiced respectively by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin), as they navigate life among humans in San Francisco. The first six episodes of the series were aired during the final week of July 2015, starting on July 27. The network renewed the series for a second season in August 2015. The first season ended on February 11, 2016, and the second season premiered on February 25, 2016. The series was renewed for a third season in October 2016 which premiered on April 3, 2017, and the second season ended a week later on April 11, 2017; the second and third-season episodes alternated between each other for the first two weeks of April. On March 8, 2018, the series was renewed for a fourth and final season.

This is a document about We Bare Bears
  We Bare Bears is an American animated television series created by Daniel Chong for Cartoon Network. The show follows three bears, Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear (respectively voiced by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin), and their awkward attempts at integrating with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area. The series was based on Chong's webcomic The Three Bare Bears, and the pilot episode made its world premiere at the KLIK! Amsterdam Animation Festival, where it won in the "Young Amsterdam Audience" category. The show premiered on July 27, 2015 and ended on May 27, 2019 and ran for four seasons and 140 episodes. A film adaptation, We Bare Bears: The Movie was released digitally on June 30, 2020 and later aired on Cartoon Network on September 7, 2020; it served as a conclusion to the narrative of the series. A television spin-off, entitled We Baby Bears and focusing on the three bears when they were cubs, was announced in May 2019 to be in development and will premiere on January 1, 2022.

This is a document about We Bare Bears: The Movie
  Cartoon Network announced the film on May 30, 2019, after the conclusion of the series' fourth season finale and final episode, alongside an untitled spin-off series focusing on the Bears as cubs. In January 2020, a short preview of the film was shown during the 2020 SF Sketchfest. On May 21, 2020, the film's trailer was presented by the series' lead voice actors Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin through a Zoom conference. Originally scheduled to be released by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment on June 8, 2020, We Bare Bears: The Movie was released in select North American digital viewing platforms on June 30, 2020 (Amazon Prime Video had accidentally released the movie on the original date before pulling it until the intended date shortly after), and premiered on Cartoon Network on September 7, 2020. The DVD was released on September 8, 2020. Bonus features includes an audio commentary, animatics, deleted scenes and more. When the film released on Cartoon Network, it was watched by 458,000 viewers. In Southeast Asia, the film was released on Cartoon Network on September 12, 2020 and it was simulcast on Boomerang, Oh!K, Warner TV, HBO, and HBO Family.

This is a document about We Bare Bears
  On May 30, 2019, Cartoon Network announced that We Bare Bears: The Movie would be released in mid-2020. On May 21, 2020, the film was announced to be released digitally on June 30, 2020 and on Cartoon Network on September 7, 2020; it served as a conclusion to the narrative of the series. The movie was directed by Daniel Chong and features the same main voice actors as the TV show. The plot follows the three bear brothers Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear having to flee a wildlife control agent by leaving the Bay Area and seeking refuge to Canada. Along the way, the Bears endure hardships while staying true to their promise of being "bros for life". Covering the film for SF Weekly, Grace Li summarized the film as "sweet and fun" and a perfect summation for

This is a document about List of We Bare Bears characters
  Agent Trout (voiced by Marc Evan Jackson) is the main antagonist of We Bare Bears: The Movie. He is a highly corrupt agent of the National Wildlife Control who is obsessed with "maintaining the natural order".

This is a document about Oren Waters
 Brother Bear - Singer/Additional Voices

This is a document about Singaporean Americans
 Ng Chin Han – Hollywood actor ; Ronny Chieng – Comedian and actor ; Ross Butler – Actor ; Neeraj Khemlani – Co-president of CBS News and CBS Television Stations ; Shin Lim – Magician ; Boon Thau Loo – Academic administrator, University of Pennsylvania ; Corrinne May – Musician, singer and songwriter ; Julia Nickson-Soul – Actress ; Sharon Tay – Journalist ; Michael Yani – Tennis player ; Gwendoline Yeo – Actress, musician and writer ; Daniel Chong – Animator, writer, director, producer and the creator of Cartoon Network's We Bare Bears ; Annabel Chong – Former adult actress

This is a document about Daniel Chong
  idea for We Bare Bears came from a webcomic that he had created in 2010 called The Three Bare Bears. The webcomic ended almost a year later, but he carried the idea with him. Chong has cited Seinfeld, Broad City, Peanuts, Aardman Animations and Wes Anderson as inspirations for the style and tone of the show. Chong directed, wrote, and executive produced a film adaptation of the series, We Bare Bears: The Movie, which was released in June 2020, thus ending the series. In December 2020, Chong revealed on Twitter he had returned to Pixar and was working on a project there.

This is a document about We Bare Bears: The Movie
  discrimination, which were darker than the lighthearted but similar themes upon which Chong, a member of the Asian American minority, had explored within the television series. Upon its release, We Bare Bears: The Movie has received a positive response from film critics, who praised the film's relevant presentation of its themes. Following the conclusion of the series and the film, a spin-off television series, now titled We Baby Bears, features the bears as cubs. The show has been in development since June 2019 and will be released on January 1, 2022 (New Year's Day). The film had its television premiere on Cartoon Network on September 7, 2020.

This is a document about We Bare Bears
  The pilot episode made its world premiere at the KLIK! Amsterdam Animation Festival at the EYE Film Institute Netherlands in 2014. The short won the KLIK! Young Amsterdam Audience Award. We Bare Bears premiered on Cartoon Network in the US and Canada on July 27, 2015. A total of 140 episodes, 15 shorts have been made, as well as a film.

This is a document about Peter Jessop
 Bear Attack – Himself/Narrator ; The Freemasons – Candidate ; The Science of Lust – Narrator

This is a document about Garfield's Fun Fest
 Frank Welker - Garfield, Jeff, Leonard, Delivery Gnome, Prop Boy ; Tim Conway - Freddy Frog, Gate Guard, Roger, Narrator ; Gregg Berger - Odie, Shecky ; Jennifer Darling - Bonita Stegman, Betty, Bonnie Bear ; Greg Eagles - Eli ; Jason Marsden - Nermal/Ramone ; Neil Ross - Walter "Wally" Stegman, Charles ; Stephen Stanton - Randy Rabbit, Stanislavsky ; Fred Tatasciore - Billy Bear, Junior Bear ; Audrey Wasilewski - Arlene, Momma Bear, Zelda ; Wally Wingert - Jon Arbuckle

This is a document about Demetri Martin
  Demetri Evan Martin (Δημήτριος Ευάγγελος Μάρτιν, Dimitrios Evangelos Martin; born May 25, 1973) is an American comedian, actor, director, cartoonist and musician. He was a contributor on The Daily Show. In stand-up, he is known for his deadpan delivery, playing his guitar for jokes, and his satirical cartoons. He starred as Ice Bear in Cartoon Network's We Bare Bears.

This is a document about List of We Bare Bears episodes
  On May 30, 2019, Cartoon Network announced We Bare Bears: The Movie. On May 21, 2020, the movie was announced to release digitally on June 30, 2020, and premiered on Cartoon Network on September 7, 2020. The film was also leaked on Amazon on its intended DVD date, June 8, but was removed shortly after.

Eric Edelstein voices Grizzly, Bobby Moynihan voices Panda, and Demetri Martin voices Ice Bear in "We Bare Bears."


Question: who is bath and body works owned by

Answer: L Brands

This is a document about Bath & Body Works
 in the Travel Body Care collection. Bath & Body Works Bath & Body Works, LLC. is an American retailer under the L Brands (formerly Limited Brands) umbrella, along with Victoria's Secret. It was founded in 1990 in New Albany, Ohio and has since expanded across the United States, Canada, Chile and Peru. In 1997, it was the largest bath shop chain in the United States. It specializes in shower gels, lotions, fragrance mists, perfumes, candles, and home fragrances. Bath & Body Works was founded in 1990 in New Albany, Ohio. The company's first store opened in a Cambridge, Massachusetts mall

This is a document about Bath & Body Works
 Bath & Body Works Bath & Body Works, LLC. is an American retailer under the L Brands (formerly Limited Brands) umbrella, along with Victoria's Secret. It was founded in 1990 in New Albany, Ohio and has since expanded across the United States, Canada, Chile and Peru. In 1997, it was the largest bath shop chain in the United States. It specializes in shower gels, lotions, fragrance mists, perfumes, candles, and home fragrances. Bath & Body Works was founded in 1990 in New Albany, Ohio. The company's first store opened in a Cambridge, Massachusetts mall in September 1990. In 1997, a

This is a document about Bath & Body Works
 secondary brand called Bath & Body Works at Home was launched. The division has since been renamed White Barn Candle Company. Bath & Body Works launched both a seasonal catalog and a website in 2006. In November 2006, the company launched its first television commercial advertisement. Net sales as of January 28, 2006 were $2.3 billion, significantly higher than all other L Brands companies other than Victoria's Secret. In July 2008, the company announced that it was opening six locations in Canada. With the company acquiring Canadian-based La Senza, they felt it was the opportunity to move into a growing

This is a document about Bath & Body Works
  Bath & Body Works, LLC. is an American retail store chain which sells soaps, lotions, fragrances, and candles. It was founded in 1990 in New Albany, Ohio and has since expanded across 6 continents. In 1997, it was the largest bath shop chain in the United States of America.

This is a document about Bath & Body Works, Inc.
  Bath & Body Works, Inc. (formerly known as L Brands, Inc., Limited Brands, Inc. and The Limited, Inc.) is an American specialty retailer based in Columbus, Ohio. It owns Bath & Body Works, posted $12.914 billion in revenue in 2019, and was listed as 248 on the 2020 Fortune 500 list of largest United States companies by revenue. In February 2020, L Brands announced the planned sale of its Victoria's Secret division to Sycamore Partners, a private equity firm. Under the agreement, Sycamore Partners would gain a 55% controlling stake in Victoria's Secret while L Brands would keep a 45% stake, leaving Bath & Body Works to become L Brand's sole business. The sale fell through in May 2020, although Wexner did step down as CEO as planned, replaced by Andrew Meslow. In March 2021, L Brands announced it would spin off Victoria’s Secret as a stand-alone publicly traded company, and then change its name to Bath & Body Works, Inc.

This is a document about Bath & Body Works
  Bath & Body Works was founded in 1990 in New Albany, Ohio. The company's first store opened in a Cambridge, Massachusetts mall in September 1990. In 1997, a secondary brand called Bath & Body Works at Home was launched. Two years later the company launched the White Barn Candle Company, a division which specializes in the sale of scented candles.  Bath & Body Works launched both a seasonal catalog and a website in 2006. In November 2006, the company launched its first television commercial advertisement. Net sales as of January 28, 2006 were $2.3 billion, significantly higher than all other L Brands companies other than Victoria's Secret. In July 2008, the company announced that it was opening six locations in Canada. With the company acquiring Canadian-based La Senza, they felt it was the opportunity to move into a growing Canadian market, with The Body Shop being its main competition. Bath & Body Works operates more than 1,900 stores. In October 2010, it opened its first stores outside of North America in Kuwait, by the franchise giant M.H. Alshaya.

This is a document about Gillette
  Gillette is an American brand of safety razors and other personal care products including shaving supplies, owned by the multi-national corporation Procter & Gamble (P&G). Based in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, it was owned by The Gillette Company, a supplier of products under various brands until that company merged into P&G in 2005. The Gillette Company was founded by King C. Gillette in 1901 as a safety razor manufacturer. Under the leadership of Colman M. Mockler Jr. as CEO from 1975 to 1991, the company was the target of multiple takeover attempts, from Ronald Perelman and Coniston Partners. In January 2005, Procter & Gamble announced

This is a document about Caswell-Massey
  The Taylors sold the company to private owners in 1988; at the time, the company had over 28 stores in the US; the company continued with modest growth under new owners for several years before taking a downturn due to rising competition from mall competitors such as Crabtree & Evelyn (founded in 1972) and Bath & Body Works (founded in 1990) which offered similar products, albeit with less history. In 1999, after struggling for several years, Anne Robinson lead a buyout of the company. Under Anne Robinson's leadership, the company experienced a brief turnaround and celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2002. Modest growth and international business continued for the company. Anne Robinson departed the company in 2003. After trading hands between various investors, the company was purchased by its current ownership in 2007.

This is a document about The Body Shop
  The Body Shop International Limited, trading as The Body Shop, is a British cosmetics, skin care and perfume company. Founded in 1976 by Dame Anita Roddick, the company currently has a range of 1,000 products sold in about 3,000 stores, divided between those owned by the company and franchised outlets in more than 65 countries. Originally trading from Brighton, the company is now based in London Bridge and Littlehampton, West Sussex, and is owned by Brazilian cosmetics company Natura as a subsidiary of the Natura & Co group. The company had been owned by the French cosmetics company L'Oréal between 2006 and 2017. In June 2017, L'Oréal agreed to sell the company to Natura for £880 million. The deal was approved in September 2017.

This is a document about Mark Constantine
  Constantine and Mo founded Lush in Poole in 1995. By 2007 there were 462 Lush stores in 46 countries, with a combined revenue of $292 million. The company was described in 2018 as "one of the world's biggest cosmetics firms". Constantine and Mo were appointed OBE in the 2011 New Year Honours List, having been recognised for their "services to the beauty industry."

This is a document about Mark Constantine
  Constantine worked in a cosmetics retailer in the 1970s after being made homeless where he was the victim of workplace sexual harassment. After several jobs in the London area, Constantine relocated back to Poole to work in the freelance cosmetics industry. During his freelance career, Constantine sent samples of his work, such as shampoo, to Dame Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop from whom he took some orders. However, due to intellectual property rights which Roddick believe she owned, Constantine sold the company to her in 1991 for a sum of £17 million.

This is a document about Harry Slatkin
  Harry Slatkin (born August 14, 1960) is an American businessman, entrepreneur and philanthropist. The New York Times called him the "king" of home fragrance and celebrities like Oprah Winfrey and Elton John use his home fragrances. Founder and creative force behind Slatkin & Co, a home fragrance brand, Slatkin is regarded as one of the country's fragrance experts. A former Bear Stearns Director, he created Slatkin & Co in 1992. Launched at Saks Fifth Avenue, the brand was picked up by specialty retailers and international stores. Fans of the brand included Martha Stewart, Ralph Lauren, Tory Burch, Elton John, the Christian Dior company, flocked to Slatkin to create

This is a document about Bed Bath & Beyond
   Bed Bath & Beyond Inc. is an American chain of domestic merchandise retail stores. The chain operates many stores in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Puerto Rico. Bed Bath & Beyond was founded in 1971. It is counted among the Fortune 500 and the Forbes Global 2000.

This is a document about Reynoldsburg, Ohio
  L Brands is the largest employer in Reynoldsburg. Subsequently, its subsidiaries Bath & Body Works and Victoria's Secret are headquartered in Reynoldsburg.

This is a document about Molton Brown
  To begin with, the founders hand-mixed their products at the salon, then moved production to their country house, Motts Hall, in 1984. During this time, they created Bath, Body, Fragrance and Colour Cosmetics. They provided their Orange Grove collection, known today as Orange & Bergamot, to the distinguished Mayfair hotel, Grosvenor House, making them one of the first British luxury toiletry houses to supply hotels. The business continued to thrive in the 1990s with Hotel and Travel collections, creating restorative Travel Spas and partnering with British Airways in 1996 to offer indulgent in-flight amenities. Japanese company, Kao Corporation, acquired Molton Brown in 2005. [5]

This is a document about Bathstore
  Bathstore was originally started in the beginning of the 1990s by Patrick Riley and Nico de Beer, with the idea to bring quality design led bathrooms into a wider retail arena. The company published one catalogue that contained all its products for the complete bathroom, with real retail prices. The ethos was to focus on the home owner, rather than the trade buyer. In June 2014, bathstore was sold as part of a management buy out led by chief executive In June 2003, bathstore was acquired by in the United Kingdom. Mr Watson announced plans to sell off Bathstore in November 2017. It launched its first television advertising campaign in December 2006. In

This is a document about Bath & Body Works, Inc.
  The company announced it would go forward with a spin off of Victoria's Secret as a stand alone company. It also announced it would close 250 Victoria Secret Stores and 50 Bath and Body Works stores. On September 14, 2020, L Brands announced that it would sell its majority stake in its Victoria's Secret UK business to Next Plc under a newly formed joint venture. The financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed. In 2021, L Brands announced it separate Victoria’s Secret and Bath & Body Works into two separate Publicly Traded Companies. It is set to be completed in August. The Current L Brands CEO Andrew Meslow will be the head of Bath & Body Works while Martin Waters will be the head of Victoria’s Secret after the split

This is a document about Bath & Body Works, Inc.
  The 1980s started a string of acquisitions. In 1982, the Victoria's Secret brand, store, and catalogue were purchased from Roy Raymond for $1 million. Also in 1982, 207 Lane Bryant stores were purchased. In 1985, the exclusive Henri Bendel store on Fifth Avenue in New York City was purchased for $10 million and 798 Lerner stores for $297 million. Finally, in 1988, 25 Abercrombie & Fitch stores were purchased for $46 million. In 1996, The Limited ended its ownership of the A&F brand, when it was spun off into a publicly traded company. The 1990s saw the initial development of the Limited Too, Bath & Body Works, Structure, and Victoria's Secret Beauty. Later in 1998, several Bath & Body Works stores were converted to The White Barn Candle Company stores to begin a home fragrance brand. In 2005, Limited Brands purchased home fragrance manufacturer Slatkin & Company.

This is a document about Caswell-Massey
  Caswell-Massey, founded in 1752, is the first fragrance and personal care product company in America. Originally, Caswell Massey started as an apothecary shop in Newport, Rhode Island, by a Scottish-born doctor named William Hunter. The main product categories include fine-fragrance, soap, bath & body products, men's shaving products and toiletries and other assorted apothecary-style personal care accessories. Its products were preferred favorites of notable historical figures such as John F. Kennedy, George Washington, Cole Porter, Alla Nazimova, John Denver, and The Rolling Stones. The company is regarded as the fourth-oldest continuously operating company in America and the oldest American consumer brand in operation. The current motto of Caswell-Massey is "America's Original". Dr. William

Bath & Body Works is owned by L Brands, Inc.


Question: who surrendered at the battle of fort sumter

Answer: Major Anderson

This is a document about Battle of Fort Sumter
 have done all that it is possible to do, and General Beauregard wants to stop this fight. On what terms, Major Anderson, will you evacuate this fort?" Anderson was encouraged that Wigfall had said "evacuate," not "surrender." He was low on ammunition, fires were burning out of control, and his men were hungry and exhausted. Satisfied that they had defended their post with honor, enduring over 3,000 Confederate rounds without losing a man, Anderson agreed to a truce at 2:00 p.m. Fort Sumter raised Wigfall's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris

This is a document about Fort Sumter
 He missed, in part because Major Anderson did not use the guns mounted on the highest tier, the barbette tier (where the guns could engage the Confederate batteries better), where the gunners would be more exposed to Confederate fire. The firing continued all day. The Union fired slowly to conserve ammunition. At night, the fire from the fort stopped, but the Confederates still lobbed an occasional shell into Sumter. On Saturday, April 13, the fort was surrendered and evacuated. During the attack, the Union colors fell. Lt. Norman J. Hall risked life and limb to put them back up, burning

This is a document about Battle of Fort Sumter
 in the so-called Iron Battery, protected by a wooden shield faced with iron bars. About 6,000 men were available to man the artillery and to assault the fort, if necessary, including the local militia, young boys and older men. On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president. He was almost immediately confronted with the surprise information that Major Anderson was reporting that only six weeks of rations remained at Fort Sumter. A crisis similar to the one at Fort Sumter had emerged at Pensacola, Florida, where Confederates threatened another U.S. fortification—Fort Pickens. Lincoln and his new cabinet struggled

This is a document about Battle of Fort Sumter
 government for the immediate evacuation of Fort Sumter, which Major Anderson refused. Beginning at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, the Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the harbor. Although the Union garrison returned fire, they were significantly outgunned and, after 34 hours, Major Anderson agreed to evacuate. There were no deaths on either side as a direct result of this engagement, although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused two Union deaths. Following the battle, there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action. Lincoln's immediate call for 75,000 volunteers

This is a document about Second Battle of Fort Sumter
  After the unsuccessful boat assault, the bombardment recommenced and proceeded with varying degree of intensity, doing more damage to Fort Sumter until the end of the war. The garrison continued to suffer casualties. The Confederates continued to salvage guns and other material from the ruins and harassed the Union batteries on Morris Island with sharpshooters. The Confederates mounted four 10 in columbiads, one 8 in columbiad rifled, and two rifled 42-pounders, in the left face, bottom tier casemates. The last Confederate commander, Major Thomas A. Huguenin, a graduate from The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, never surrendered Fort Sumter, but General William T. Sherman's advance through South Carolina finally forced the Confederates to evacuate Charleston on February 17, 1865, and abandon Fort Sumter. The Federal government formally took possession of Fort Sumter on February 22, 1865, with a flag-raising ceremony. One Union soldier was killed and another Union soldier was mortally wounded during the surrender ceremony (see above). Fifty-two Confederate soldiers were killed there during the remainder of the war. While a number of slaves were killed while working at the fort, the exact number is unknown.

This is a document about Fort Sumter
  could engage the Confederate batteries better, but where the gunners would be more exposed to Confederate fire. The firing continued all day. The Union fired slowly to conserve ammunition. At night, the fire from the fort stopped, but the Confederates still lobbed an occasional shell into Sumter. On Saturday, April 13, the fort was surrendered and evacuated. During the attack, the Union colors fell. Lt. Norman J. Hall risked life and limb to put them back up, burning off his eyebrows permanently. A Confederate soldier bled to death having been wounded by a misfiring cannon. One Union soldier died and another was mortally

This is a document about Battle of Fort Sumter
  The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 12–13, 1861) was the bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston, South Carolina by the South Carolina militia (the Confederate Army did not yet exist), and the return gunfire and subsequent surrender by the United States Army, that started the American Civil War. Following the declaration of secession by South Carolina on December 20, 1860, its authorities demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor. On December 26, Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island to Fort Sumter, a substantial fortress built on an island controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor. An attempt

This is a document about P. G. T. Beauregard
  gifts be returned. By early April, political tensions were mounting and Beauregard demanded that Sumter surrender before a planned Union expedition to re-provision the fort could arrive. Early on the morning of April 12, negotiations with Anderson had failed. Beauregard ordered the first shots of the American Civil War to be fired from nearby Fort Johnson. The bombardment of Fort Sumter lasted for 34 hours. After a heavy bombardment from batteries ringing the harbor, Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter on April 14. Biographer T. Harry Williams described the extravagant praise from throughout the Confederacy that "The Hero of Fort Sumter" received for his victory: "He was the South's first paladin."

This is a document about Fort Sumter
  The last Confederate commander, Major Thomas A. Huguenin, a graduate of The Citadel, never surrendered Fort Sumter, but General William Tecumseh Sherman's advance through South Carolina finally forced the Confederates to evacuate Charleston on February 17, 1865, and abandon Fort Sumter. The Federal government formally took possession of Fort Sumter on February 22, 1865. Anderson, now a major general, returned to Sumter with the flag he had been forced to lower four years earlier, and on April 14, 1865, raised it in triumph over the ruined fort. The Civil War was now officially over. Henry Ward Beecher was present and subsequently spoke at length about the occasion.

This is a document about Siege of Charleston
  works had advanced far enough towards the Charleston fortifications to drain the canal in front. On 7 May, Fort Moultrie surrendered without a fight. On May 8, Clinton called for Lincoln's unconditional surrender, but Lincoln attempted to negotiate for the honours of war. On May 11, Gadsden and other citizens asked Lincoln to surrender. On the same day, the British fired heated shot into the city, burning several homes, and Lincoln felt forced to call for a parlay to negotiate terms for surrender. On May 12, Lincoln formally surrendered 3,371 men to the British. When word reached the backcountry, the American troops holding Ninety-Six, South Carolina and Camden also surrendered to the British.

This is a document about Battle of Fort Sumter
  terms, Major Anderson, will you evacuate this fort?" Anderson was encouraged that Wigfall had said "evacuate," not "surrender." He was low on ammunition, fires were burning out of control, and his men were hungry and exhausted. Satisfied that they had defended their post with honor, enduring over 3,000 Confederate rounds without losing a man, Anderson agreed to a truce at 2:00 p.m. Fort Sumter raised Wigfall's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris Island, where he was hailed as a hero. The handkerchief was spotted in Charleston and a delegation of officers representing Beauregard—Stephen D.

This is a document about American Civil War
  Sherman at Bennett Place near present-day Durham, North Carolina. It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces. On May 4, all remaining Confederate forces in Alabama and Mississippi surrendered. President Johnson officially declared an end to the insurrection on May 9, 1865; Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, was captured the following day. On June 2, Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans-Mississippi Department. On June 23, Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate general to surrender his forces. The final Confederate surrender was by the Shenandoah on November 6, 1865, bringing all hostilities of the four year war to a close.

This is a document about 52nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
  led an expedition to Fort Sumter on February 18, but found it deserted. After hoisting the regimental flag over the ruins (the first U.S. flag over the fort in nearly four years), the party continued into Charleston, entering the city before the Confederates had finished evacuating it. After the capture of the city, the 52nd Pennsylvania joined the army of General William Tecumseh Sherman, and engaged with that army in various operations across the South. As a result, the members of this regiment were present at the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston at the Bennett Place near Raleigh, North Carolina. Meanwhile, John

This is a document about Fort Lyon (Virginia)
  Robert E. Lee. Following the surrender of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 14, 1861, new American president Abraham Lincoln declared that "an insurrection existed," and called for 75,000 troops to be called up to quash the rebellion. The move sparked resentment in many other southern states, which promptly moved to convene discussions of secession. The Virginia State Convention passed "an ordinance of secession" and ordered a May 23 referendum to decide whether or not the state should secede from the Union. The U.S. Army responded by creating the Department of Washington, which united all Union troops in the District of Columbia and Maryland under one command. Brigadier General Joseph K.

This is a document about Fort O'Rourke
  Following the surrender of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 14, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln declared that "an insurrection existed," and called for 75,000 troops to be called up to quash the rebellion. The move sparked resentment in many other southern states, which promptly moved to convene discussions of secession. The Virginia State Convention passed an ordinance of secession and ordered a May 23 referendum to decide whether or not the state should secede from the Union. The U.S. Army responded by creating the Department of Washington, which united all Union troops in the District of Columbia and Maryland under one command. Brigadier General J.F.K. Mansfield, commander of the Department of

This is a document about Fort Willard
  Following the surrender of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 14, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln declared that "an insurrection existed," and called for 75,000 troops to be called up to quash the rebellion. The move sparked resentment in many other southern states, which promptly moved to convene discussions of secession. The Virginia State Convention passed an ordinance of secession and ordered a May 23 referendum to decide whether or not the state should secede from the Union. The U.S. Army responded by creating the Department of Washington, which united all Union troops in the District of Columbia and Maryland under one command. Brigadier General J.F.K. Mansfield, commander of the Department of

This is a document about Floating Battery of Charleston Harbor
  arranged at a suitable angle for this purpose." The damage was considered minimal and with Maj. Anderson's surrender of Ft. Sumter, the Confederates and the crew of Hamilton's floating battery were victorious. Newspapers and magazines proliferated details of the battle and surrender. "On Friday, 12th, at 27 minutes past 4 A. M., General Beauregard, in accordance with instructions received on Wednesday from the Secretary of War of the Southern Confederacy, opened fire upon Fort Sumter. Forts Johnson and Moultrie, the iron battery at Cumming's Point, and the Stevens Floating Battery, kept up an active cannonade during the entire day, and probably during the past night. The damage done

This is a document about Fort Washington Park
  units could be sent. Taylor feared that the 40 Marines were not enough and asked for reinforcements. On January 26, 1861, a company of U.S. Army recruits relieved the Marines. On April 15, the day after Fort Sumter surrendered in Charleston harbor, the War Department sent Company D of the 1st U.S. Artillery to Fort Washington. It was commanded by Capt. Joseph A. Haskin, who had arrived in Washington from Baton Rouge, La., where he had been forced to surrender the federal arsenal and barracks to local secessionists earlier in the year. For a time Fort Washington was the only defense for

This is a document about William Moultrie
  surrender at a time when the civilian authorities in Charleston felt somewhat abandoned by the Continental Congress and were almost ready to give up. Moultrie was captured when Charleston surrendered to the British in 1780. He was left in command of the American POWs which required all of the patience and skill of a diplomat when advocating for his men against the harsh British commandant, Lt. Col. Nisbet Balfour. The British also attempted to lure him to their side, and he was absolutely indignant when he was approached by Charles Greville Montague. Moultrie was eventually exchanged for British prisoners and in the last year of the war, he was promoted to major

Major Robert Anderson surrendered at the Battle of Fort Sumter.


Question: how many europa league places does england get

Answer: five

This is a document about English football clubs in international competitions
 English teams have participated in UEFA competitions every year save for the years between 1985–1990, when in the aftermath of the Heysel Stadium disaster, all English clubs were banned from Europe by UEFA; Liverpool, who had been playing at the Heysel Stadium against Juventus, were banned for six years, until 1991. Several teams have managed to play in Europe while being outside the top flight, including more recently Birmingham City and Wigan Athletic. From the 2015–16 season, the various permutations allow for a maximum of five English clubs to qualify for the UEFA Champions League and five for the UEFA

This is a document about 2010–11 in English football
 goalscorer: Clayton Donaldson (Crewe Alexandra) – 28 During the season, the England national football team played the first five of their eight scheduled Group G qualifying matches for Euro 2012. England also participated in a number of friendly matches. These are the results of the English teams in European competitions during the 2010–11 season. (English team score displayed first) <nowiki>*</nowiki> For group games in Champions League or Europa League, score in home game is displayed <nowiki>**</nowiki> For group games in Champions League or Europa League, score in away game is displayed 2010–11 in English football The 2010–11 season was the

This is a document about Premier League
 if the winner also finished in the top five places in the Premier League, then this place reverts to the team that finished sixth. The winner of the EFL Cup qualifies for the subsequent season's UEFA Europa League second qualifying round, but if the winner already qualified for a UEFA competition via the Premier League or FA Cup, then this place reverts to the team that finished sixth in the Premier League, or seventh if the FA Cup result already caused the sixth-placed team to qualify. The number of places allocated to English clubs in UEFA competitions is dependent upon

This is a document about Premier League
  sixth in the league – qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur, who went into the Europa League. From 2015–16, the Europa League winners qualify for the Champions League, increasing the maximum number of participants per country to five. This took effect in England in 2016–17, when Manchester United finished sixth in the Premier League and won the Europa League, giving England five Champions League entrants for 2017–18. In these instances, any Europa League berth vacated will not be handed down to the next-best Premier League finisher outside a qualifying place and so the association's Europa League entrants for the following season will be reduced. If it happens that both Champions League and Europa League winners are of the same association and both finish outside the top four, then the fourth-placed team will be transferred to the Europa League.

This is a document about Premier League
  of UEFA's major tournaments, then this place reverts to the team that finished sixth. The winner of the EFL Cup qualifies for the subsequent season's UEFA Europa League second qualifying round, but if the winner already qualified for a UEFA competition via their performance in another competition, then this place reverts to the team that finished sixth in the Premier League, or seventh if the FA Cup result already caused the sixth-placed team to qualify. The number of places allocated to English clubs in UEFA competitions is dependent upon the position a country holds in the UEFA country coefficients, which are calculated based upon the performance of teams in UEFA competitions in the previous five years. Currently the ranking of England (and de facto the Premier League) is second, behind Spain.

This is a document about English football clubs in international competitions
  From the 2015–16 season, the various permutations allow for a maximum of 5 English clubs to qualify for the UEFA Champions League and 3 for the UEFA Europa League. From the 2018–19 season, the top four clubs in Europe's four highest ranked leagues qualify directly to the group stage. These nations are currently England, Germany, Italy, and Spain. The minimum quota is for four English clubs to qualify for the UEFA Champions League and three for the UEFA Europa League.

This is a document about Football in England
  From the 2015–16 season, the various permutations allow for a maximum of five English clubs to qualify for the UEFA Champions League and five for the UEFA Europa League. From the 2018–19 season, the top four clubs in Europe's four highest ranked leagues qualify directly to the group stages. These leagues are currently England, Germany, Italy, and Spain. The minimum quota is for four English clubs to qualify for the UEFA Champions League and three for the UEFA Europa League.

This is a document about 2014–15 Premier League
  position, the spot awarded to the FA Cup winners (Europa League group stage) was passed to the sixth-placed team, Liverpool, and the spot awarded to the League Cup winners (Europa League third qualifying round) was passed to the seventh-placed team, Southampton, since those teams were the first teams in the table not already qualified for any European competition. note_res_EL3Q=ELGS note_res_EL1Q=England was given an extra qualification berth for the Europa League first qualifying round as one of the top three associations in UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking. The spot was given to West Ham United after finishing on top of the Premier League Fair Play table. {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL           }}

This is a document about 2018 UEFA European Under-17 Championship
  All 55 UEFA nations entered the competition (including Kosovo who entered for the first time), and with the hosts England qualifying automatically, the other 54 teams competed in the qualifying competition to determine the remaining 15 spots in the final tournament. The qualifying competition consisted of two rounds: Qualifying round, which took place in autumn 2017, and Elite round, which took place in spring 2018.

This is a document about English football clubs in international competitions
  to win. At that time, it was noted that if the decline continued for long enough, it could in theory eventually deprive the Premier League of its entitlement to have four teams in the Champions League each year, which it has had since 2005, but the coefficient tables gave little cause for concern from an English perspective, as all England's relevant coefficients were ahead of fourth-placed Italy's, and this did not change until 2018, when the quotas were adjusted by UEFA to guarantee four Champions League places to each of the top four nations, with those clubs going into the Group stage directly rather than having to

This is a document about 2015–16 UEFA Europa League
 (FP) – Additional berth via Fair Play ranking (Netherlands, England, Republic of Ireland) ; (CL) – Additional teams transferred from Champions League ; (EL) – Vacated berth due to Europa League title holders playing in Champions League For the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League, the associations were allocated places according to their 2014 UEFA country coefficients, which took into account their performance in European competitions from 2009–10 to 2013–14. Apart from the allocation based on the country coefficients, associations may have additional teams participating in the Europa League, as noted below:

This is a document about Football in Germany
  Under current co-efficient rankings, Germany is guaranteed at least four UEFA Champions League spots and three UEFA Europa League spots. Clubs finishing first, second, third and fourth in the Bundesliga are put into the group stage of the Champions League. The fifth and sixth-place finishers enter the Europa League, respectively in the group stage and second qualifying round. The winner of the DFB-Pokal also enters the group stage of the Europa League. However, if the winner of the Cup has already been granted a place in the Champions League through league standings, then the team placed seventh in the Bundesliga is granted a place in the second qualifying round of the Europa League.

This is a document about UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying
  to the European Qualifiers revenue would be drawn into one of the groups containing six teams. They included England, Spain, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. UEFA also stated in their regulations that "the teams drawn into the group of five teams will have France added to their group for the purpose of playing centralised friendlies". For the play-offs the four ties were determined by draw, including the order of the two legs of each tie. The teams were seeded for the play-off draw according to the UEFA national team coefficient rankings updated after the completion of the group stage. Each nation's coefficient was generated by calculating:

This is a document about UEFA Europa League
  and three (two since the 2015–16 season) other teams to the UEFA Europa League qualification; all other nations sent a cup winner and two other teams, except for Andorra and San Marino (who sent a cup winner and a runner-up) and Liechtenstein (who sent only a cup winner). Since Gibraltar was accepted as a full UEFA member at the 24 May 2013 UEFA Congress in London, their cup winner also qualified for the Europa League. Although the other teams will be the next-highest-ranked clubs in each domestic league (after those qualifying for the UEFA Champions League), France and England will continue to use one spot for their

This is a document about English football clubs in international competitions
  qualifying rounds. The downward trend was reversed in 2018–19, when all four Premier League entrants (including Liverpool, who had reached the 2018 final) progressed to the quarter-finals. Despite the general decline in the levels of success from what English clubs had enjoyed a decade earlier, and the consistent high levels for other nations, particularly Spain, England remains the only nation to have four of the last eight participants in the competition, with 2018–19 joining 2007–08 and 2008–09 in that regard (Liverpool and Manchester United were involved in all three campaigns). In addition, English sides sealed all of the final places in both UEFA competitions in that season.

This is a document about UEFA Europa League
  Europa League. The 12 winners and the 12 runners-up in the group stage advance to the knockout round with eight third-place teams from the Champions League group stage. The distribution was changed in 2014 to broaden the competition's appeal, giving the Europa League champions a Champions League qualification berth; more teams automatically qualify for the group stage. If cup winners had already qualified for European competition through league performance, their place in the league is vacated and goes to the best-ranked teams not qualified for European competition; the cup runner-up is no longer qualified through the cup berth. These rules became effective for the 2015–16 season.

This is a document about UEFA Euro 2012
  eight-second placed teams contested two-legged play-offs, and the four winners qualified for the finals. Twelve of the sixteen finalists participated at the previous tournament in 2008. England and Denmark made their return to the Euro, having last participated in 2004, while Republic of Ireland returned after a twenty-four-year absence to make their second appearance at a European Championship. One of the co-hosts, Ukraine, made their debut as an independent nation (before 1992 Ukraine participated as part of the Soviet Union). With the exception of Serbia – according to UEFA's ranking at the end of the qualifying stage – Europe's sixteen highest-ranked teams all qualified for the tournament.

This is a document about Season (sports)
  three in the Europa League, the teams that finish second through fifth in the regular season enter a home-and-away "playoff" mini-league. Since one Europa League place is reserved for the country's cup winner, only three of the four teams are guaranteed a place in the next season's European competitions (unless both the cup winner and runner-up are already qualified for Europe by other means). The playoff determines the country's second Champions League participant, and the points at which the two or three Europa League entrants join that competition. Conversely, some leagues like the Premier League do not hold a postseason, and therefore these leagues' champions and relegation are instead based on the regular season records.

This is a document about 2016–17 Premier League
  stage by winning the 2016–17 FA Cup. As they had also qualified there by the virtue of their league position (5th), this spot was passed to the next-highest ranked team (6th), Manchester United. note_res_ELTH=Manchester United qualified for the Champions League group stage by winning the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League. Based on their league position (6th), they would have received the spot above to enter the Europa League group stage. This spot was vacated without replacement as per UEFA regulations. note_res_EL3Q=Manchester United, winners of the 2016–17 EFL Cup, initially attained a spot in the Europa League third qualifying round. That was passed to the next-highest ranked team in the league not already qualified for UEFA competitions (7th-placed Everton). {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL           }}

This is a document about 2011–12 UEFA Champions League
  entered the round of 32 of the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League. If two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following criteria are applied to determine the rankings (in descending order): The 32 teams contain eleven former winners of the European Cup/Champions League (40 titles combined), and five teams (Manchester City, Napoli, Trabzonspor, Viktoria Plzeň and Oțelul Galați) which made their début appearance in the group stage. Eighteen UEFA member associations are represented in this group stage: England and Spain by four clubs, Italy, Germany and France by three, Russia and Portugal by two, while eleven associations are represented by one club, which are all domestic champions except Trabzonspor, which replaced Fenerbahçe due to match-fixing allegations.

Based on the information provided, a maximum of five English clubs can qualify for the UEFA Champions League and Europa League combined each season.