Question: where does calcium ion storage occur in a cell

Answer: endoplasmic reticulum

This is a document about Calcium in biology
 physiological significance in humans is dubious. Calcium storages are intracellular organelles, that constantly accumulate Ca ions and release them during certain cellular events. Intracellular Ca storages include mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Characteristic concentrations of calcium in model organisms are: in "E. coli" 3mM (bound), 100nM (free), in budding yeast 2mM (bound), in mammalian cell 10-100nM (free) and in blood plasma 2mM. In vertebrates, calcium ions, like many other ions, are of such vital importance to many physiological processes that its concentration is maintained within specific limits to ensure adequate homeostasis. This is evidenced by human plasma calcium, which is

This is a document about Dyadic space (cell biology)
 Dyadic space (cell biology) The dyadic space is the name for the volume of cytoplasm between pairs (dyads) of areas where the cell membrane and an organelle such as the endoplasmic reticulum (or sarcoplasmic reticulum) come into close contact (within 10-12 nanometers) of each other, creating what are known as "dyadic clefts". The space is important for ionic signalling. For example, the phenomenon of "calcium-induced calcium release", when extracellular calcium enters the cell through ion channels in T-Tubules, leading to a rapidly increased calcium concentration in the dyadic space, triggering ryanodine receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release more calcium

This is a document about Calmodulin
 It does this by binding various targets in the cell including a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins. Calmodulin is expressed in many cell types and can have different subcellular locations, including the cytoplasm, within organelles, or associated with the plasma or organelle membranes, but it is always found intracellularly. Many of the proteins that Calmodulin binds are unable to bind calcium themselves, and use calmodulin as a calcium sensor and signal transducer. Calmodulin can also make use of the calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calmodulin can undergo post-translational modifications, such

This is a document about Dyadic space (cell biology)
 and trigger cardiac myocyte contraction - the heart beat. Dyadic space (cell biology) The dyadic space is the name for the volume of cytoplasm between pairs (dyads) of areas where the cell membrane and an organelle such as the endoplasmic reticulum (or sarcoplasmic reticulum) come into close contact (within 10-12 nanometers) of each other, creating what are known as "dyadic clefts". The space is important for ionic signalling. For example, the phenomenon of "calcium-induced calcium release", when extracellular calcium enters the cell through ion channels in T-Tubules, leading to a rapidly increased calcium concentration in the dyadic space, triggering ryanodine

This is a document about Drosophila melanogaster
 DAG causes a calcium-selective ion channel known as transient receptor potential (TRP) to open and calcium and sodium flows into the cell. IP is thought to bind to IP receptors in the subrhabdomeric cisternae, an extension of the endoplasmic reticulum, and cause release of calcium, but this process does not seem to be essential for normal vision. Calcium binds to proteins such as calmodulin (CaM) and an eye-specific protein kinase C (PKC) known as InaC. These proteins interact with other proteins and have been shown to be necessary for shut off of the light response. In addition, proteins called arrestins

This is a document about Sarcoplasmic reticulum
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is to store calcium ions (Ca). Calcium ion levels are kept relatively constant, with the concentration of calcium ions within a cell being 100,000 times smaller than the concentration of calcium ions outside the cell. This means that small increases in calcium ions within the cell are easily detected and can bring about important cellular changes (the calcium is said to be a second messenger; see calcium in biology for

This is a document about Sarcoplasmic reticulum
 more details). Calcium is used to make calcium carbonate (found in chalk) and calcium phosphate, two compounds that the body uses to make teeth and bones. This means that too much calcium within the cells can lead to hardening (calcification) of certain intracellular structures, including the mitochondria, leading to cell death. Therefore, it is vital that calcium ion levels are controlled tightly, and can be released into the cell when necessary and then removed from the cell. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules that extend throughout muscle cells, wrapping around (but not in direct contact with) the myofibrils

This is a document about Exertional rhabdomyolysis
 high force production causes a high influx of calcium into the muscle fibers increasing calcium permeability. Calcium ions build up in the mitochondria, impairing cellular respiration. The mitochondria are unable to produce enough ATP to power the cell properly. Reduction in ATP production impairs the cells ability to extract calcium from the muscle cell. The ion imbalance causes calcium-dependent enzymes to activate which break down muscle proteins even further. A high concentration of calcium activates muscle cells, causing the muscle to contract while inhibiting its ability to relax. The increase of sustained muscle contraction leads to oxygen and ATP depletion

This is a document about VDAC1
 function in calcium ion transport has also been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. In PD, VDAC1 increases calcium ion levels within the mitochondria, resulting in increased mitochondrial permeability, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, elevated ROS production, cell death, and neuronal degeneration. VDAC1 has been shown to interact with Amyloid β (Aβ) leading to increased conductance of the channel and eventually apoptosis of the cell. VDAC1 acts as a scaffold for many proteins as well as allows for the flux of ions and metabolites through interactions within the pore. A major metabolite that moves through this channel is ATP. A low affinity binding

This is a document about Calcium concentration microdomains
 Ca and potential storage in the endoplasmic reticulum. A Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) is also involved in regulating the amount of calcium in cells. The NCX switches the intra- and extra-cellular amounts of Na and Ca. NCX works together with Na-K-ATPase to create calcium concentration microdomains in certain cells like astrocytes discussed above. Specific forms of Na-K-ATPase, the α2 or α3 isoforms, actually interact with the NCX in the formation of the calcium microdomains in astrocytes. Calcium concentration microdomains Calcium concentration microdomains (CCMs) are sites in a cell's cytoplasm with a localised high calcium ion (Ca) concentration. They are found immediately

This is a document about Mitochondrion
  The concentrations of free calcium in the cell can regulate an array of reactions and is important for signal transduction in the cell. Mitochondria can transiently store calcium, a contributing process for the cell's homeostasis of calcium. Their ability to rapidly take in calcium for later release makes them good "cytosolic buffers" for calcium. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the most significant storage site of calcium, and there is a significant interplay between the mitochondrion and ER with regard to calcium. The calcium is taken up into the matrix by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter on the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is primarily driven by the mitochondrial membrane potential. Release of this calcium back into the cell's interior can occur via a sodium-calcium exchange protein or via "calcium-induced-calcium-release" pathways.

This is a document about Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is to store calcium ions (Ca2+). Calcium ion levels are kept relatively constant, with the concentration of calcium ions within a cell being 10,000 times smaller than the concentration of calcium ions outside the cell. This means that small increases in calcium ions within the cell are easily detected and can bring about important cellular changes (the calcium is said to be a second messenger; see calcium in biology for more details). Calcium is used to make calcium carbonate (found in chalk) and calcium phosphate, two compounds that the body uses to make teeth and bones. This means that too much calcium within the cells can lead to hardening (calcification) of certain intracellular structures, including the mitochondria, leading to cell death. Therefore, it is vital that calcium ion levels are controlled tightly, and can be released into the cell when necessary and then removed from the cell.

This is a document about Cardiac action potential
  this is known as repolarization. Another important ion is calcium (Ca2+), which can be found outside of the cell as well as inside the cell, in a calcium store known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Release of Ca2+ from the SR, via a process called calcium-induced calcium release, is vital for the plateau phase of the action potential (see phase 2, below) and is a fundamental step in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. There are important physiological differences between the cells that spontaneously generate the action potential (pacemaker cells; e.g. SAN) and those that simply conduct it (non-pacemaker cells; e.g. ventricular myocytes). The specific differences in the types of ion channels expressed and mechanisms by which they are activated results in differences in the configuration of the action potential waveform, as shown in figure 2.

This is a document about Calcium in biology
  cellular functions. The intracellular calcium level is kept relatively low with respect to the extracellular fluid, by an approximate magnitude of 12,000-fold. This gradient is maintained through various plasma membrane calcium pumps that utilize ATP for energy, as well as a sizable storage within intracellular compartments. In electrically excitable cells, such as skeletal and cardiac muscles and neurons, membrane depolarization leads to a Ca2+ transient with cytosolic Ca2+ concentration reaching around 1 uM. Mitochondria are capable of sequestering and storing some of that Ca2+. It has been estimated that mitochondrial matrix free calcium concentration rises to the tens of micromolar levels in situ during neuronal activity.

This is a document about Calcium in biology
  The effects of calcium on human cells are specific, meaning that different types of cells respond in different ways. However, in certain circumstances, its action may be more general. Ca2+ ions are one of the most widespread second messengers used in signal transduction. They make their entrance into the cytoplasm either from outside the cell through the cell membrane via calcium channels (such as calcium-binding proteins or voltage-gated calcium channels), or from some internal calcium storages such as the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Levels of intracellular calcium are regulated by transport proteins that remove it from the cell. For example, the sodium-calcium exchanger uses energy from the electrochemical gradient of

This is a document about Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  Located within the SR is a protein called calsequestrin. This protein can bind to around 50 Ca2+, which decreases the amount of free Ca2+ within the SR (as more is bound to calsequestrin). Therefore, more calcium can be stored (the calsequestrin is said to be a buffer). It is primarily located within the junctional SR/luminal space, in close association with the calcium release channel (described below).

This is a document about Spine apparatus
   Synaptic activity triggers Ca2+ influx into dendritic spines via NMDA receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels. Free Ca2+ ions are rapidly removed from the cytoplasm through Na+/Ca2+ exchangers in the plasma membrane and by sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPases (SERCA pumps) that mediate Ca2+ uptake into the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER). The spine apparatus, as a sub-compartment of the sER, has a large surface area and is thought to act as an efficient calcium buffer inside the spine (Figure 2). Recent studies have shown that the spine apparatus is also able to release Ca2+ through inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) or ryanodine receptors (RyRs). The calcium-sensitive nature of IP3Rs and RyRs makes both receptors capable of regenerative calcium-induced calcium release (CICR). In dendritic shafts and spines of hippocampal neurons the presence of both RyRs and IP3Rs has been shown by immunostaining. Ca2+ release is triggered by glutamate release, activating Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). The downstream signaling cascade leads to elevated IP3 levels inside the spine (Figure 2) which trigger Ca2+ release events only in those spines that contain sER.

This is a document about Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  Calcium ion release from the SR, occurs in the junctional SR/terminal cisternae through a ryanodine receptor (RyR) and is known as a calcium spark. There are three types of ryanodine receptor, RyR1 (in skeletal muscle), RyR2 (in cardiac muscle) and RyR3 (in the brain). Calcium release through ryanodine receptors in the SR is triggered differently in different muscles. In cardiac and smooth muscle an electrical impulse (action potential) triggers calcium ions to enter the cell through an L-type calcium channel located in the cell membrane (smooth muscle) or T-tubule membrane (cardiac muscle). These calcium ions bind to and activate the RyR, producing a larger increase in intracellular calcium. In skeletal muscle, however, the L-type calcium channel is bound to the

This is a document about Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate
  The ER and acidic Ca2+ stores have similarities as well as key differences. Both transport Ca2+ into their lumina where it is stored, and is subsequently released in response to stimuli by opening resident Ca2+ channels. Indeed, the free [Ca2+] of each is broadly similar (~0.5-1.0 mM). However, they differ in the cohort of transporters, their luminal pH and their total volume per cell. The total amount of Ca2+ that is stored in each is a product of the volume and concentration; since the [Ca2+] is the same for each, the total amount of releasable Ca2+ is directly proportional to the organellar volume and therefore lysosomes can release

This is a document about Calcium in biology
  the parathyroid gland regulates the resorption of Ca2+ from bone, reabsorption in the kidney back into circulation, and increases in the activation of vitamin D3 to calcitriol. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3, promotes absorption of calcium from the intestines and bones. Calcitonin secreted from the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland also affects calcium levels by opposing parathyroid hormone; however, its physiological significance in humans is dubious. Intracellular calcium is stored in organelles which repetitively release and then reaccumulate Ca2+ ions in response to specific cellular events: storage sites include mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Characteristic concentrations of calcium in model organisms are: in E. coli 3mM (bound), 100nM (free), in budding yeast 2mM (bound), in mammalian cell 10-100nM (free) and in blood plasma 2mM.

Calcium ions are stored in intracellular organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. In the context of the dyadic space, calcium ions are stored in the endoplasmic reticulum and can be released into the cytoplasm for signaling purposes.


Question: who wrote the song when i get where i 'm going

Answer: Rivers Rutherford

This is a document about When I Get Where I'm Going
 When I Get Where I'm Going "When I Get Where I'm Going<nowiki>'</nowiki>" is a song written by George Teren and Rivers Rutherford, and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley. It was released in October 2005 as second single from his album "Time Well Wasted" and is his 14th career single (not counting album cuts). The song features harmony vocals from Dolly Parton. The song was Parton's 24th "Billboard" Number One (and her first since 1991's "Rockin' Years"), and Paisley's fifth. The video of this song was directed by Jim Shea, and features footage of Paisley singing in a

This is a document about When I Get Where I'm Going
 9). The song debuted at number 50 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week ending October 8, 2005. It has sold 1,021,000 digital copies in the US as of October 2015. When I Get Where I'm Going "When I Get Where I'm Going<nowiki>'</nowiki>" is a song written by George Teren and Rivers Rutherford, and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley. It was released in October 2005 as second single from his album "Time Well Wasted" and is his 14th career single (not counting album cuts). The song features harmony vocals from Dolly Parton.

This is a document about When I Get Where I'm Going
  "When I Get Where I'm Going " is a song written by George Teren and Rivers Rutherford, and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley. It was released in October 2005 as second single from his album Time Well Wasted and is his 14th career single (not counting album cuts). The song features harmony vocals from Dolly Parton. The song was Parton's 25th Billboard No. 1 (and her first since 1991's "Rockin' Years"), and Paisley's fifth.

This is a document about Dolly Parton
  Parton earned her second Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song for "Travelin' Thru", which she wrote specifically for the feature film Transamerica. (2005) Due to the song's (and film's) acceptance of a transgender woman, Parton received death threats. She returned to number one on the country chart later in 2005 by lending her distinctive harmonies to the Brad Paisley ballad, "When I Get Where I'm Going". In September 2007, Parton released her first single from her own record company, Dolly Records, titled, "Better Get to Livin'", which eventually peaked at number 48 on Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. It

This is a document about Speak to Me (album)
  The song "When I Get Where I'm Going" peaked at No. 14 on Billboard's Christian Songs chart.

This is a document about When I Get Home
  "When I Get Home" is a song written by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney), and recorded by the English rock band the Beatles on 2 June 1964, during the last session for their third studio album A Hard Day's Night (1964). Its first US release was on the Something New LP. Influenced somewhat by the Shirelles, "When I Get Home" is essentially a rock and roll number, but with unusual chord progressions. Lennon liked this particular ploy, and used it on many of his songs at the time. Typical also of this period of the Beatles is the vocal leap into falsetto.

This is a document about Live at the Royal Festival Hall (Glen Campbell album)
  Brel, Rod McKuen) – 3:23 ; 5) "Sunflower" (Neil Diamond) – 2:51 Side 3 ; 1) "By The Time I Get To Phoenix" (Jimmy Webb) – 2:51 ; 2) "Galveston" (Jimmy Webb) – 3:05 ; 3) "Wichita Lineman" (Jimmy Webb) – 2:47 ; 4) "MacArthur Park" (Jimmy Webb) – 7:00 ; 5) "This is Sarah's Song" (Jimmy Webb) – 2:22 Side 4 ; 1) "Classical Gas" (Mason Williams) – 2:41 ; 2) "William Tell Overture" (Gioachino Rossini) – 2:34 ; 3) "Soliloquy from Carousel" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) – 7:12 ; 4) "That's When The Music Takes Me" (Neil Sedaka) – 2:46 ; 5) "Amazing Grace" (John Newton) – 3:51

This is a document about Bud Green
  River" ; "Swingy Little Thingy" ; "Blue Fedora" ; "More Than Ever" ; "You Showed Me the Way" (Ella Fitzgerald; Billie Holiday; Tony Bennett on Here's to the Ladies, 1995) ; "Tia Juana" ; "Once in a While" ; "The Man Who Comes Around" ; "Flat Foot Floogie (with a Floy Floy)" (Mills Brothers and Louis Armstrong; Slam Stewart, 1938) ; "Sentimental Journey" (Doris Day and Les Brown's band, 1944) ; "Speed Limit" ; "Who Can Tell" ; "All the Days of Our Years" ; "My Number One Dream Came True" (Doris Day, 1946) ; "On Account I Love You" Bud Green wrote or co-wrote a number of songs, including:

This is a document about She & Him
  Deschanel and Ward met on the set of the film The Go-Getter, in which Deschanel had a starring role. Martin Hynes, the director, introduced them to each other and asked them to sing a duet for the film's end credits. They performed the song "When I Get to the Border" by Richard and Linda Thompson. The two bonded over a shared interest in albums produced by George Martin and Phil Spector, as well as certain Ralph Peer groups such as the Carter Family. Ward heard Deschanel sing in the film Elf. He was surprised to learn that although she wrote songs she hadn't pursued a career in music. Deschanel commented in an interview with Venus Zine: "I always thought I would be able to

This is a document about 2005 in country music
 Entertainer of the Year – Kenny Chesney ; Song of the Year – "Believe", Ronnie Dunn and Craig Wiseman ; Single of the Year – "Jesus, Take the Wheel", Carrie Underwood ; Album of the Year – Time Well Wasted, Brad Paisley ; Top Male Vocalist – Keith Urban ; Top Female Vocalist – Sara Evans ; Top Vocal Duo – Brooks & Dunn ; Top Vocal Group – Rascal Flatts ; Top New Male Vocalist – Jason Aldean ; Top New Female Vocalist – Carrie Underwood ; Top New Duo or Group – Sugarland ; Video of the Year – "When I Get Where I'm Going", Brad Paisley and Dolly Parton (Director: Jim Shea) ; Vocal Event of the Year – "When I Get Where I'm Going", Brad Paisley and Dolly Parton ; ACM/Home Depot Humanitarian of the Year – Vince Gill ; Pioneer Awards – Little Jimmy Dickens, Kris Kristofferson, Bill Monroe and Earl Scruggs (presented May 23, 2006 in Las Vegas)

This is a document about List of songs about New York City
  Moon Comes Over Madison Square" by Bing Crosby • "When the Revolution Comes" by The Last Poets • "When the Stars Go Blue" by Ryan Adams • "When the Whip Comes Down" by The Rolling Stones • "When You Got to New York" by Saturday Looks Good to Me • "When You're Far Away From New York Town" (from Jennie (musical)) • "Where Broadway Meets Fifth Avenue" by Lester Keith and John Kemble (from Ludwig Englander and Harry B. Smith's 'The White Cat'.) • "Where Brooklyn At?" by Notorious B.I.G. • "Where I'm From" by Digable Planets • "Where I'm From" by Jay-Z •

This is a document about When I Get Where I'm Going
  This song was covered by contemporary Christian music artist Geoff Moore in 2007 on his album Speak to Me. Moore's version was a Top 15 hit on the Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian Adult Contemporary charts. In 2007, Christian contemporary trio 33Miles covered "When I Get Where I'm Going" on their self titled debut album. This song was also covered by Susie McEntire on her latest album Passages in 2010. In 2015, Chris Crump and Krista Hughes make a song choice selected covered the battle song in The Voice (U.S. season 9).

This is a document about By the Time I Get to Phoenix
  "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" is a song written by Jimmy Webb. Originally recorded by Johnny Rivers in 1965, it was covered by American country music singer Glen Campbell on his album of the same name. Released on Capitol Records in 1967, Campbell's version topped RPM Canada Country Tracks, reached number two on Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, and won two awards at the 10th Annual Grammys. Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) named it the third most performed song from 1940 to 1990. The song was ranked number 20 on BMI's Top 100 Songs of the Century. Frank Sinatra called it "the greatest torch song ever written."

This is a document about List of train songs
 "Happy Go Lucky Local" (Duke Ellington) by Duke Ellington ; "Hard Travelin'" (Woody Guthrie) by Dave & Phil Alvin, The Brothers Four, Lonnie Donegan, Bob Dylan, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Flatt & Scruggs, Lester Flatt, Beppe Gambetta, Arlo Guthrie, Woody Guthrie, Cisco Houston, Kingston Trio, Jimmy LaFave, Pete Seeger ; "Harmonica Train" (Sonny Terry) by Sonny Terry & His Night Owls ; "Harvard Student, The", also titled "The Pullman Train", (attributed to Louis Shreve Osborne, 1871) by Doney Hammontree ; "He Is Coming to Us Dead" (Gussie Davis), published 1899 by Dry Branch Fire Squad (2005), G. B. Grayson & Henry Whitter (1928),

This is a document about Ethel Waters
  "white time" Keith Vaudeville Circuit, a vaudeville circuit performing for white audiences and combined with screenings of silent movies. They received rave reviews in Chicago and earned the unheard-of salary of US$1,250 in 1928. In September 1926, Waters recorded "I'm Coming Virginia", composed by Donald Heywood with lyrics by Will Marion Cook. She is often wrongly attributed as the author. The following year, Waters sang it in a production of Africana at Broadway's Daly's Sixty-Third Street Theatre. In 1929, Waters and Wright arranged the unreleased Harry Akst song "Am I Blue?", which was used in the movie On with the Show and became a hit and her signature song.

This is a document about List of train songs
  by The Altar Billies, written by Michael W Stand (ASCAP), ; "When My Train Pulls In" by Gary Clark Jr. ; "When the Golden Train Comes Down" (Bob Nolan) by The Sons of the Pioneers ; "When the Midnight Choo-Choo Leaves for Alabam'" (Irving Berlin), published 1912, by Arthur Collins & Byron G. Harlan (1912). Performed in films by the following artists: Alice Faye, Alexander's Ragtime Band, 1938; Fred Astaire & Judy Garland, Easter Parade, 1948; Ethel Merman, Dan Dailey, Mitzi Gaynor & Donald O'Connor, There's No Business Like Show Business, 1954 ; "When the Train Comes Along" by Henry Thomas ; "Whiskey

This is a document about List of train songs
  Hank Thompson, Randy Travis, The Verlaines, Bunny Wailer, Elder Roma Wilson, Buckwheat Zydeco ; "This Train Don't Stop There Anymore" (Elton John, Bernie Taupin) by Elton John ; "This Train's a Clean Train" (Traditional, related to "This Train") by Joe Glazer ; "Ticket Agent, Ease Your Window Down" (Clarence Williams) by Bessie Smith ; "Ticket Agent Blues" (Blind Willie McTell) by Blind Willie McTell ; "Time Flies By (When You’re A Driver Of A Train)" by Half Man Half Biscuit ; "Timetable Blues" (Traditional), sheet music published 1911, by Captain Appleblossom (1929), New Lost City Ramblers (1968) ; "To Morrow" (Lew Sully), published 1898

This is a document about Paint Your Wagon (film)
 1) "I'm on My Way" – Chorus ; 2) "I Still See Elisa" – Pardner ; 3) "The First Thing You Know" (Lerner/Previn) – Ben ; 4) "Hand Me Down That Can o' Beans" – Chorus including the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band ; 5) "They Call the Wind Maria" – Rotten Luck Willie, Chorus ; 6) "Whoop-Ti-Ay!" – Chorus ; 7) "A Million Miles Away Behind the Door" (Lerner/Previn) – Elizabeth ; 8) "I Talk to the Trees" – Pardner ; 9) "There's a Coach Comin' In" – Rotten Luck Willie, Chorus ; 10) "The Gospel of No Name City" (Lerner/Previn) – Parson ; 11) "Best Things" (Lerner/Previn) – Ben, Mad Jack, Pardner ; 12) "Wand'rin' Star" – Ben, Chorus ; 13) "Gold Fever" (Lerner/Previn) – Pardner, Chorus ; 14) "Finale (I'm on My Way)" – Ben, Mad Jack, Chorus All songs written by Lerner and Loewe unless otherwise noted.

This is a document about List of songs about Oklahoma
  E. Daniels, recorded by Johnny Seay, 1968. ; "Going to Scotland" – The Mountain Goats, 1996. ; "Good Old Oklahoma" – written by Bob Wills and Tommy Duncan, lead singer with Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys, and recorded by them in 1935. More recently recorded by JD McPherson and Pokey Lafarge, 2013. ; "Goodbye Oklahoma" – written by Eberhard (Lo) Faber, recorded by God Street Wine, 1997. ; "Gotta Get to Oklahoma ('Cause California's Gettin' to Me)" – The Hagers; written by Rodney Lay and Buck Owens, 1969. ; "(Gotta Get To) Oklahoma City" – Written by Don Reed and Dan Franklin, recorded by Luke Wills' Rhythm Busters, 1947. ; "The Great State of Oklahoma" – Ali Harter, 2012. ; "Guthrie" – Hank Thompson, 1969.

The song "When I Get Where I'm Going" was written by George Teren and Rivers Rutherford.


Question: who is the greatest horse that ever lived

Answer: Secretariat

This is a document about Secretariat (horse)
 Secretariat (horse) Secretariat (March 30, 1970 – October 4, 1989) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who, in 1973, became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years. His record-breaking victory in the Belmont Stakes, which he won by 31 lengths, is widely regarded as one of the greatest races of all time. During his racing career, he won five Eclipse Awards, including Horse of the Year honors at ages two and three. He was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974. In the List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century,

This is a document about Hollie Hughes (horse trainer)
 "New York Times" wrote that Ron Turcotte, Secretariat's jockey, had often told a story about meeting Hollie Hughes just before the 1973 Belmont Stakes. Hughes told him: "Son, you're riding the greatest horse that ever looked through a bridle. I have seen them all, including Man o' War. Secretariat is the best I've ever seen. You will win the Belmont. Don't fall off." Hollie Hughes passed away in January 1981 at age 92. He is buried with his wife, Anne Mitchell Hughes, at Saint Mary's Cemetery in Fort Johnson, New York, about 3 miles from the Sanford Stud in Amsterdam.

This is a document about Secretariat (horse)
  Secretariat (March 30, 1970 – October 4, 1989), also known as Big Red, was a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse who is the ninth winner of the American Triple Crown, setting and still holding the fastest time record in all three races. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest racehorses of all time. He became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years and his record-breaking victory in the Belmont Stakes, which he won by 31 lengths, is widely regarded as one of the greatest races in history. During his racing career, he won five Eclipse Awards, including Horse of the Year honors at ages two and three. He was nominated to the National Museum of Racing and

This is a document about Kelso (horse)
  Kelso (April 4, 1957 – October 16, 1983) was a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse who is considered one of the greatest racehorses in history. He ranks fourth on the Top 100 Racehorses of the 20th Century. He defeated more champions and Hall of Fame horses than any other racehorse, and he often carried great handicaps. Some of the champions he defeated are Carry Back, Gun Bow, Bald Eagle, Tompion, Never Bend, Beau Purple, Quadrangle, Roman Brother, Crimson Satan, Jaipur, Ridan and Pia Star.

This is a document about Gallant Man
  According to the most up-to-date records on past racehorses, Gallant Man is the longest-lived racehorse ever to win any Triple Crown race, surpassing Count Fleet, who lived for 33 years and 8 months, on November 30, 1987. His longevity genes continued throughout the generations. Nearly 20 years to the day of his death, his granddaughter Genuine Risk, who lived 31 1⁄2 years, died naturally from similar health problems, but also became the longest-lived filly ever to win a Triple Crown race. His grandson Lord Avie became one of the few thoroughbred racehorses to place third or better in all of his races and is the longest-lived horse with this distinction. In 2012, Lord Avie at 34 surpassed his grandfather in longevity by approximately 2 1⁄2 months.

This is a document about Vincent O'Brien
  horses and John Magnier's business mind propelled Coolmore Stud to the top of the racing world, boasting greater assets than any other racing stud in Europe, the Middle East, or America. The key to the success was through use of the bloodline of a Canadian-bred horse named Northern Dancer, who had won a Kentucky Derby. One son of Northern Dancer was the British Triple Crown winner, Nijinsky, probably the best horse O'Brien ever trained. Nijinsky was ranked the best ever winner of the Epsom Derby by a panel of experts assembled by the Daily Telegraph in 2018. He was ridden to

This is a document about Prove It (horse)
  Prove It's death date is uncertain as he is reported for have died in 1982, but his last offspring, Ladies Quote, was foaled in 1987. One of his notable offspring, Bargain Day, set the thoroughbred stallion sire standard for longevity at 37 years and 17 days early in the 21st century. Bargain Day was foaled on June 7, 1965 at Rex Ellsworth's Chino Ranch and died of natural causes in his sleep the night of June 24, 2002, becoming the longest lived known horse to have produced offspring.

This is a document about Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)
  using the term Triple Crown to refer to the three races as early as 1923, but it was not until Gallant Fox won the three events in 1930 that Charles Hatton of the Daily Racing Form put the term into common use. In the history of the Triple Crown, 13 horses have won all three races: Sir Barton (1919), Gallant Fox (1930), Omaha (1935), War Admiral (1937), Whirlaway (1941), Count Fleet (1943), Assault (1946), Citation (1948), Secretariat (1973), Seattle Slew (1977), Affirmed (1978), American Pharoah (2015), and Justify (2018). As of May 2021, American Pharoah and Justify are the only living Triple Crown winners. James E. "Sunny Jim" Fitzsimmons was the first trainer to win the Triple Crown more than

This is a document about List of Canadian sports personalities
 Ted Atkinson, Hall of Fame jockey ; Russell Baze (born 1958), Hall of Fame jockey; currently #2 winningest jockey in history ; Big Ben, world show-jumping champion ; Billyjojimbob, distinguished aged trotter; winner of the Elitlopp ; John Campbell, harness racing driver ; Dance Smartly, Canadian Triple Crown, Breeders' Cup champion ; Jim Day, Olympic equestrian gold medallist, champion thoroughbred trainer ; Laetitia du Couëdic, equestrian rider ; Stewart Elliott, thoroughbred racing jockey ; Hervé Filion, harness racing driver ; Sandy Hawley, Hall of Fame thoroughbred jockey ; John Hayes (1917–1998), harness racing driver ; Johnny Longden (1907–2003), Hall of Fame jockey ; Ian Millar (born 1947), owner and rider of Big Ben ; Nijinsky II, last English Triple Crown winner ; Northern Dancer, Canada's most successful and beloved race horse ; Red Pollard (1909–1981), Seabiscuit's jockey ; Strike Out, harness racing champion ; Ron Turcotte (born 1941), Hall of Fame jockey of Secretariat ; George Woolf (1910–1946), Hall of Fame jockey

This is a document about Equus giganteus
  The giant horse (Equus giganteus) is an extinct species of horse which lived in North America starting in the Blancan, and died out about 12,000 years ago near the end of the Pleistocene around the same time as most of the other megafauna of the Americas. Standing up to 2.25 m tall at the shoulder and weighing 1200–1500 kg (2600- 3300 lb), this species was as large as or larger than most draft horses.

This is a document about Old Billy
  Old Billy (AKA: Billy or Ol' Billy) was the longest-living horse on record. Old Billy was verified to be 62 at his death. Born in England in 1760, billy adventured and became a barge horse that pulled barges up and down canals. Old Billy was said to look like a big cob/shire horse, and was brown with a white blaze. Billy died 27 November 1822. Billy's skull now resides in the Manchester Museum. A lithograph was published, showing Old Billy with Squire Henry Harrison, who had "known the animal for fifty-nine years", and a portrait of him is held at the Warrington Museum & Art Gallery.

This is a document about Flyingbolt
  tell them that I saw Arkle and I saw Flyingbolt - and that Flyingbolt was the best." In an interview with the Racing Post in November 2020, Walsh further expressed his thoughts on the Arkle/Flyingbolt debate. "Flyingbolt was the greatest National Hunt horse I ever saw. I've never seen a horse since or before who would have beaten him. He never took on Arkle because they were in the same yard, but I have no doubt he would have eaten Arkle." In an article in the Racing Post in March 2009, John Randall wrote, "In any era except that of Arkle, Flyingbolt would have reigned supreme, but

This is a document about Horse racing in Great Britain
  the number of caricatures of jockeys that feature in Victorian society magazine, Vanity Fair, alongside Members of Parliament (MPs), aristocrats and other national figures. Three figures dominate the flat racing scene of the 20th century too – Steve Donoghue, Gordon Richards and Lester Piggott. Richards is often regarded as the greatest jockey ever and set many records which still stand, including most flat race victories and most flat jockey championships. Piggott is descended from the great racing families of the 19th century, the Days and the Cannons, and for many is the greatest jockey still living. In the modern day, Frankie Dettori is the jockey with the widest public profile beyond racing,

This is a document about List of historical horses
 Bamboo Harvester, portrayed a talking horse in the title role of the TV series Mister Ed, retired in Shasta County ; Brooklyn Supreme, said to be the largest horse in history ; Burmese, favourite mount of Queen Elizabeth II; a gift from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ; Buttermilk, Dale Evans' horse ; Champion, Gene Autry's horse ; Clever Hans, a smart horse ; Darley Arabian, Godolphin Arabian and Byerly Turk, stallions from whom all Thoroughbreds are descended ; Figure (also known by the name of one of his owners, Justin Morgan), the foundation sire of the Morgan horse breed ; Gun Rock, the offspring of Man O' War used in the

This is a document about Hollie Hughes (horse trainer)
  The May 2, 1998 issue of the New York Times wrote that Ron Turcotte, Secretariat's jockey, had often told a story about meeting Hollie Hughes just before the 1973 Belmont Stakes. Hughes told him: "Son, you're riding the greatest horse that ever looked through a bridle. I have seen them all, including Man o' War. Secretariat is the best I've ever seen. You will win the Belmont. Don't fall off."

This is a document about Big Star (horse)
  Nick Skelton believes that Big Star is the best horse he has ever ridden, thanks to the power of his action, his expansion, and his beating temperament. Interviewed shortly after the victory of the British Show Jumping Team for the 2012 Olympics, Skelton said his horse is "a monster" and further described Big Star as an "amazing" horse.

This is a document about List of historical horses
  Hall of Fame horse in barrel racing for hall of fame rider Charmayne James. They won the National Finals Rodeo a consecutive 10 times in a row, a record that still stands today. ; Seldom Seen, pony who successfully competed in dressage despite being unusually small ; Snowman, former plough horse rescued from being butchered by rider Harry de Lyer; won the 1958 National Horse Show Open Jumper championship against professional and Olympic level competition; twice named the American Horse Shows Association Horse of the Year ; Totilas, first horse to score above a 90 in dressage ; Touch of Class, bay TB mare, ridden by Joe Fargis, won two gold medals in the 1984 Olympics ; Valegro, current world record holder in dressage with 94,3% Royal Dutch Sport Horse, ridden by Charlotte Dujardin

This is a document about Kentucky Horse Park
  has a permanent collection of horse history and memorabilia, along with a rotating historical collection focused on a particular theme. Past themes include A Gift from the Desert (Arabia), Imperial China, and All the Queen's Horses (Britain). Beginning with the 1979 arrival of Forego, one of the leading handicap horses of the 1970s, the Kentucky Horse Park has been home to some of the world's greatest competition horses, including John Henry, Horse of the Decade for the 1980s and the top money-winning Thoroughbred gelding in racing history. With the exception of a few months in 1986, John Henry lived at the park from 1985 until his death in 2007, alongside other racing greats such as Forego and his fellow 1970s champion Bold

This is a document about The Grasshopper (horse)
  horse is most known to be one of only five horses in the sport to have competed in six or more CCIOs (Official International Team Competitions). He shares this honor with another great American horse, Kilkenny, as well as three British horses: The Poacher, Random Light and Priceless. Grasshopper's final rider said of him: "Grasshopper was neither very big nor very handsome, but such was his toughness, mentally and physically, that he never started an international event in which he was not expected to produce the fastest time cross-country... I don't expect ever to see another horse like him." Michael O. Page

This is a document about List of historical horses
  of solving cubic roots ; Popcorn Deelites, the main horse who played Seabiscuit in the Oscar Nominated film Seabiscuit ; Prometea, born May 28, 2003, the first cloned horse and the first to be born from and carried by its cloning mother ; Rugged Lark, famous quarter horse owned by Carol Harris, in the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame ; Sampson, the tallest horse ever recorded; a Shire; stood 21.2½ hands high ; Thunder, Red Ryder's horse ; Traveler, mascot of the University of Southern California ; Trigger, Roy Rogers' Palomino ; Zippo Pine Bar Inducted into American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame and National Snaffle Bit Association Hall of Fame

The greatest horse that ever lived is a subjective question and can depend on various factors such as racing records, influence on the sport, and personal opinions. Based on the provided information, Secretariat is considered one of the greatest horses in history due to his record-breaking racing career, including his 31-length victory in the Belmont Stakes, and his influence on the sport. However, other horses like Kelso and Gallant Man also hold significant places in horse racing history for their achievements and longevity.


Question: when did the records take over the production of the phonographs

Answer: 1881

This is a document about Phonograph
 late 1870s and early 1880s. The oldest surviving example is a copper electrotype of a recording cut into a wax disc in 1881. The commercialization of sound recording technology was initially aimed at use for business correspondence and transcription into writing, in which the cylindrical form offered certain advantages, the storage of large numbers of records seemed unlikely, and the ease of producing multiple copies was not a consideration. In 1887, Emile Berliner patented a variant of the phonograph which he named the Gramophone. Berliner's approach was essentially the same one proposed, but never implemented, by Charles Cros in 1877.

This is a document about Sound recording and reproduction
   Sound recording began as a purely mechanical process. Except for a few crude telephone-based recording devices with no means of amplification, such as the telegraphone, it remained so until the 1920s. Between the invention of the phonograph in 1877 and the first commercial digital recordings in the early 1970s, arguably the most important milestone in the history of sound recording was the introduction of what was then called electrical recording, in which a microphone was used to convert the sound into an electrical signal that was amplified and used to actuate the recording stylus. This innovation eliminated the "horn sound" resonances characteristic of the acoustical process, produced clearer and

This is a document about Phonograph record
  be called vinyl disc records, also known as vinyl records or vinyl for short. The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction throughout the 20th century. It had co-existed with the phonograph cylinder from the late 1880s and had effectively superseded it by around 1912. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as the compact cassette were mass-marketed. By the 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the record left the mainstream in 1991. Since the 1990s, records continue to be manufactured and sold on

This is a document about Gábor Kornél Tolnai
  expanded on the principles of the phonautograph. Perfected by Thomas Edison in 1878, the phonograph was a device with a cylinder covered with an impressionable material such as tin foil, lead, or wax on which a stylus etched grooves. The advent of electrical recording made it possible to use microphones to capture the sound of the performance. The leading record labels switched to the electric microphone process in 1925, and most other record companies followed their lead by the end of the decade. Magnetic recording was demonstrated in principle as early as 1898 by Valdemar Poulsen in his telegraphone. Magnetic wire recording, and its successor, magnetic tape recording, involve the use of a magnetizable medium which moves with a constant speed past

This is a document about Mass communication
  Recordings, developed in the 1870s, became the first non-print form of mass communication. The invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in the late 19th century, the graphophone by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Tainter, and the gramophone by The Victor Talking Machine Company were the first competing mass media forms that brought recorded music to the masses. Recording changed again in the 1950s with the invention of the LP (long play) vinyl record, then eight track-tapes, followed by vinyl, and cassettes in 1965. Compact discs (CDs) followed and were seen as the biggest invention in recorded arts since Edison.

This is a document about Phonograph
  waves which were coupled to the open air through a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s and introduced the graphophone, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a zigzag groove around the record. In the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near the center, coining the term gramophone for disc record players, which is predominantly used in many languages. Later improvements through the years

This is a document about History of sound recording
 The Acoustic era (1877–1925) ; The Electrical era (1925–1945) ; The Magnetic era (1945–1975) ; The Digital era (1975–present). The history of sound recording - which has progressed in waves, driven by the invention and commercial introduction of new technologies — can be roughly divided into four main periods: Experiments in capturing sound on a recording medium for preservation and reproduction began in earnest during the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s. Many pioneering attempts to record and reproduce sound were made during the latter half of the 19th century – notably Scott's phonautograph of 1857 – and these efforts culminated in the invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in 1877. Digital recording emerged in the late 20th century and has since flourished with the popularity of digital music and online streaming services.

This is a document about Music technology (electric)
   Between the invention of the phonograph in 1877 and the advent of digital media, arguably the most important milestone in the history of sound recording was the introduction of what was then called electrical recording, in which a microphone was used to convert the sound into an electrical signal that was amplified and used to actuate the recording stylus. This innovation eliminated the "horn sound" resonances characteristic of the acoustical process, produced clearer and more full-bodied recordings by greatly extending the useful range of audio frequencies, and allowed previously unrecordable distant and feeble sounds to be captured. Sound recording began as a purely mechanical process. Except for a few crude telephone-based recording devices with no

This is a document about Phonograph record
  The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008. Along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. Unlike the phonautograph, it

This is a document about History of sound recording
   The phonograph, invented by Thomas Edison in 1877, could both record sound and play it back. The earliest type of phonograph sold recorded on a thin sheet of tinfoil wrapped around a grooved metal cylinder. A stylus connected to a sound-vibrated diaphragm indented the foil into the groove as the cylinder rotated. The stylus vibration was at a right angle to the recording surface, so the depth of the indentation varied with the audio-frequency changes in air pressure that carried the sound. This arrangement is known as vertical or "hill-and-dale" recording. The sound could be played back by tracing the stylus along the recorded groove and

This is a document about Volta Laboratory and Bureau
  one of which became the first dictation machine, the 'Dictaphone'. After the Volta Associates gave several demonstrations in the City of Washington, businessmen from Philadelphia created the American Graphophone Company on March 28, 1887, in order to produce the machines for the budding phonograph marketplace. The Volta Graphophone Company then merged with American Graphophone, which itself later evolved into Columbia Records (co-founded CBS, and now part of the Sony media empire). Bell's portion of the share exchange at that time had an approximate value of US$200,000 (half of the total received by all of the Associates), $100,000 of which he soon

This is a document about Phonograph
  the machines for the budding phonograph marketplace. The Volta Graphophone Company then merged with American Graphophone, which itself later evolved into Columbia Records. Shortly after American Graphophone's creation, Jesse H. Lippincott used nearly $1 million of an inheritance to gain control of it, as well as the rights to the Graphophone and the Bell and Tainter patents. Not long later Lippincott purchased the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company. He then created the North American Phonograph Company to consolidate the national sales rights of both the Graphophone and the Edison Speaking Phonograph. In the early 1890s Lippincott fell victim to the unit's mechanical

This is a document about List of phonograph manufacturers
  This is a list of phonograph manufacturers. The phonograph, in its later forms also called a gramophone, record player or turntable, is a device introduced in 1877 for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound.

This is a document about Walcutt and Leeds
  Graphophone sued Walcutt and Leeds in February 1897 and were granted an injunction in January 1898. In December 1897, before the case was finalized, Walcutt and Leeds incorporated a new company, Walcutt and Leeds Limited, in association with George Tewksbury of the United States Phonograph Company and continued doing business in that name, and as the "Consolidated Phonograph Company" despite the injunction. Since the organization of the National Phonograph Company, Edison had focused on manufacturing phonographs and blanks, and had left record manufacture to the United States Phonograph Company. In August 1898, National began purchasing from Walcutt and Leeds instead, because the

This is a document about Dictation machine
  recording sound, in 1877, he thought that the main use for the new device would be for recording speech in business settings. (Given the low audio frequency of earliest versions of the phonograph, recording music may not have seem to be a major application.) Some early phonograph were indeed used this way, but this did not become common until the production of reusable wax cylinders in the late 1880s. The differentiation of office dictation devices from other early phonographs, which commonly had attachments for making one's own recordings, was gradual. The machine marketed by the Edison Records company was trademarked as the "Ediphone". Following

This is a document about Phonograph
  recording could be played. With some later improvements the flat discs of Berliner could be produced in large quantities at much lower cost than the cylinders of Edison's system. In May 1889, in San Francisco, the first "phonograph parlor" opened. It featured a row of coin-operated machines, each supplied with a different wax cylinder record. The customer selected a machine according to the title that it advertised, inserted a nickel, then heard the recording through stethoscope-like listening tubes. By the mid-1890s, most American cities had at least one phonograph parlor. The coin-operated mechanism was invented by Louis T. Glass and William S. Arnold. The cabinet contained an Edison Class M or Class

This is a document about Music
  one of the watershed moments in music notation being the invention of the printing press in the 1400s, which meant music scores no longer had to be hand copied. In the 19th century, music technology led to the development of a more powerful, louder piano and led to the development of new valves brass instruments. In the early 20th century (in the late 1920s), as talking pictures emerged in the early 20th century, with their prerecorded musical tracks, an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work. During the 1920s, live musical performances by orchestras, pianists, and theater organists were common at first-run theaters. With

This is a document about Berliner Gramophone
  United States Gramophone Company and began to manufacture machines and 7-inch hard rubber discs in 1894. Some celluloid discs were also made. In 1895, hard rubber was replaced by a shellac compound, which in various formulations remained the standard disc record material until the first vinyl records – initially made only for radio use and other special applications – were introduced in the 1930s. Beginning in 1896, Berliner's gramophones were made by Philadelphia-based machinist Eldridge Johnson, who added a spring motor to drive the previously hand-rotated turntable. Berliner also opened an office in New York City, staffed by Frank Seaman and O. D. LaDow and organized as the

This is a document about Timeline of music in the United States (1880–1919)
  Marcy Raymond's Dovetta and Emma Roberts Steiner's Fleurette. ; John Philip Sousa's "The Washington Post" establishes his reputation as the country's foremost composer of marches. ; Ethnologist J. Walter Fewkes becomes the first to use a phonograph, a treadle-run machine, to record Native American music and speech ; Harriett Gibbs Marshall becomes the first African American woman to graduate with a degree in music from Oberlin College. She will go on to found the Washington Conservatory of Music. ; Louis Glass installs a coin-operated phonograph in a saloon in San Francisco, the first predecessor of the jukebox. ; Columbia Records releases the first catalog of recordings, consisting of ten pages worth of cylinder recordings. The catalog is intended primarily for jukeboxes.

This is a document about Sound recording and reproduction
  The next major technical development was the invention of the gramophone record, generally credited to Emile Berliner and patented in 1887, though others had demonstrated similar disk apparatus earlier, most notably Alexander Graham Bell in 1881. Discs were easier to manufacture, transport and store, and they had the additional benefit of being marginally louder than cylinders. Sales of the gramophone record overtook the cylinder ca. 1910, and by the end of World War I the disc had become the dominant commercial recording format. Edison, who was the main producer of cylinders, created the Edison Disc Record in an attempt to regain his market. The

The records took over the production of phonographs around the late 1880s to early 1890s. This was when the use of cylindrical records became dominant over the earlier flat discs, and the phonograph became the primary medium for recorded music.


Question: where does winterbourne take daisy on their first date

Answer: Château de Chillon

This is a document about Daisy Miller
 the Millers have with their Eugenio. She also thinks Daisy is a shameless girl for agreeing to visit the Château de Chillon with Winterbourne after they have known each other for only half an hour. Two days later, the two travel to Château de Chillon and although Winterbourne had paid the janitor for privacy, Daisy is not quite impressed. Winterbourne then informs Daisy that he must go to Geneva the next day. Daisy feels disappointment and chaffs him, eventually asking him to visit her in Rome later that year. In Rome, Winterbourne and Daisy meet unexpectedly in the parlor of

This is a document about Daisy Miller
  Annie "Daisy" Miller and Frederick Winterbourne first meet in Vevey, Switzerland, in a garden of the grand hotel, where Winterbourne is allegedly vacationing from his studies (an attachment to an older lady is rumoured). They are introduced by Randolph Miller, Daisy's nine-year-old brother. Randolph considers their hometown of Schenectady, New York, to be absolutely superior to all of Europe. However, Daisy is absolutely delighted with the continent, especially the high society she wishes to enter. Winterbourne is at first confused by her attitude, and though greatly impressed by her beauty, he soon determines that she is nothing more than a young flirt. He continues his pursuit of Daisy in spite of the disapproval of his aunt, Mrs. Costello, who spurns any family with so close a relationship to their courier as

This is a document about Daisy Miller
  Daisy's increasing intimacy with a young Italian of questionable society, Giovanelli, as well as the growing scandal caused by the pair's behaviour. Daisy is undeterred by the open disapproval of the other Americans in Rome, and her mother seems quite unaware of the underlying tensions. Winterbourne and Mrs. Walker attempt to persuade Daisy to separate from Giovanelli, but she refuses. One night, Winterbourne takes a walk through the Colosseum and sees a young couple sitting at its centre. He realises that they are Giovanelli and Daisy. Infuriated with Giovanelli, Winterbourne asks him how he could dare to take Daisy to a place where she runs the risk of catching "Roman fever" (malaria). Daisy says she does not care and Winterbourne leaves them. Daisy falls ill and dies a few days later.

This is a document about A Woman of Substance (TV series)
  whom they name Daisy after Paul's mother. However, Emma has never forgiven the Fairley family for the way in which she and her own family were treated by them. Now rich and powerful, she buys up all of the Fairley's holdings, including Fairley Hall, which she intends to have demolished and the grounds used as a public park. In February 1939, seeing a new war on the horizon, Paul goes to Australia to convince his wife to give him a divorce so that he can marry Emma. While there, he is seriously injured in a car crash and almost dies. He

This is a document about The Gate of Angels
  and she puts them into the same bed to recover. On coming round, Fred immediately falls in love with Daisy, but she leaves without giving an address and he has no way of locating her. Daisy is in fact an impoverished young woman from South London, who has been working towards a nursing position at Blackfriars Hospital. She is single but wears a wedding ring to fend off unwanted male attention. At the time of the accident she was cycling with Thomas Kelly, a seedy journalist, who quickly made himself scarce. While Fred is recuperating in a nursing home, Daisy returns

This is a document about Daisy Miller
  Millers have with their Eugenio. She also thinks Daisy is a shameless girl for agreeing to visit the Château de Chillon with Winterbourne after they have known each other for only half an hour. Two days later, the two travel to Château de Chillon, and although Winterbourne had paid the janitor for privacy, Daisy is not quite impressed. Winterbourne then informs Daisy that he must go to Geneva the next day. Daisy feels disappointment and chaffs him, eventually asking him to visit her in Rome later that year. In Rome, Winterbourne and Daisy meet unexpectedly in the parlor of Mrs. Walker, an American expatriate, whose moral values have adapted to those of Italian society. Rumors about Daisy meeting with young Italian gentlemen make her socially exceptionable under these criteria. Winterbourne learns

This is a document about Daisy Miller (film)
  The title character is a beautiful, flirtatious, nouveau riche young American visiting a Swiss spa with her nervously timid, talkative mother and spoiled, xenophobic younger brother Randolph. There she meets upper class expatriate American Frederick Winterbourne, who is warned about her reckless ways with men by his dowager aunt Mrs. Costello. When the two are reunited in Rome, Winterbourne tries to convince Daisy that her keeping company with suave Italian Mr. Giovanelli, who has no status among the locals, will destroy her reputation with the expatriates, including socialite Mrs. Walker, who is offended by her behavior and vocal about her disapproval. Daisy is too carelessly naive to take either

This is a document about Hannah Baxter
  first season, Hannah has met Stephanie in various locations, one being the Floridita restaurant, the site of the old Marquee Club, which hosted music legends like Pink Floyd and David Bowie, but was converted to the Floridita in 2004 and in 2017 was closed and re-opened as 100 Wardour Street restaurant in Soho. During the first three seasons, Hannah lives at flat 23 somewhere in Stephenson Street but the exterior was near the Trellick Tower in Kensal Town in the Royal Bourough of Kensington and Chelsea. From the interior of Hannah's flat, the view was towards the north from the Southbank near the vicinity of Coin Street

This is a document about List of Neighbours characters (2010)
  date each week. Michael and Ruby return and Michael asks Poppy what Natasha said. Poppy and Ruby go to Ramsay Street, so Ruby can meet Michael for her date. Michael tells Natasha that she and Poppy can stay in and have a DVD night. Poppy says that Ruby and Michael are sweet together before asking Natasha about her day. The next day, Natasha sees Poppy and Ruby in Charlie's and calls Poppy over to talk. She asks her about what she misses about England and then she asks if Poppy and Ruby want to go shopping with her and Summer Hoyland (Jordy Lucas). Poppy and Ruby spot Natasha outside

This is a document about Spaced
  Daisy Steiner and Tim Bisley are two London based twenty-somethings who meet by chance in a café while both are flat-hunting. Despite barely knowing each other, they conspire to pose as a young professional couple in order to meet the requisites of an advertisement for a relatively cheap flat in the distinctive building at 23 Meteor Street, Tufnell Park, owned by resident landlady Marsha Klein. Also in the building is Brian Topp, an eccentric conceptual artist who lives and works on his various pieces in the ground-floor flat. Frequent visitors are Daisy's best friend Twist Morgan and Tim's best friend Mike Watt. The latter ends up becoming a lodger after Marsha's daughter Amber Weary "flies the nest". The series largely concerns the surreal and awkward adventures of Tim and Daisy as they navigate through life, come to terms with affairs of the heart, and try to figure out new and largely unproductive ways of killing time. Tim and Daisy repeatedly clarify that they are not a couple to everyone but Marsha, but despite this, romantic tension develops between them, particularly during the second series.

This is a document about Daisy Fay and the Miracle Man
  her boyfriend, Mustard Smoot, marries her to give the baby a father. She eventually gives birth to a son, Lemuel, named after her brother, and they have another child. Daisy Fay goes to Summer School in Jackson (she briefly stays with her grandmother) and later becomes involved in a community theater in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, where she and her father and Jimmy Snow had moved to. She manages the spotlight, then becomes an actor in the various plays and musicals they put on. Her closest friend at this point in her life, is a gay man named Mr. Cecil. Mr. Cecil,

This is a document about The Bachelor (Australian season 1)
  Original airdate: 9 September 2013 One-on-one date: Sarah was whisked away by private jet to go horse riding on the beach, at Byron Bay, New South Wales, one of Australia's most beautiful coastal towns, for the first single date of the series. Sarah received the first rose. Group date: Ali, Anna, Ashlee, Bianca, Danielle, Elizabeth, Emma, Katherine, Laura, Rochelle, Sherri and Stacey are invited on the group date. The group of girls go on a date with Tim to an elaborate photo shoot for a national magazine. With period costume, hair and make-up, it's a glamorous affair that has the girls looking their best. Danielle received a rose for the group date. Emma withdrew from the show before the Rose Ceremony took place. Rose ceremony: Amy and Elizabeth are eliminated.

This is a document about Quadrille (play)
  Serena, Lady Heronden has returned from the country with her friend, Lady Harriet Ripley. The butler tells her that the Marquess has left a note for her. She opens it but does not reveal its contents to her inquisitive friend. Harriet leaves as an unexpected visitor, Axel Diensen, arrives. He reveals that his wife and the Marquess have eloped. He suggests the both follow the eloping couple; Serena is reluctant at first but he persuades her and they agree to take the night train for the Continent.

This is a document about Daisy Miller
  Daisy Miller is a novella by Henry James that first appeared in The Cornhill Magazine in June–July 1878, and in book form the following year. It portrays the courtship of the beautiful American girl Daisy Miller by Winterbourne, a sophisticated compatriot of hers. His pursuit of her is hampered by her own flirtatiousness, which is frowned upon by the other expatriates when they meet in Switzerland and Italy.

This is a document about Daisy Miller (film)
  them seriously. Winterbourne is torn between his feelings for Daisy and his respect for social customs, and he is unable to tell how she really feels about him beneath her facade of willful abandon. When he meets her and Giovanelli in the Colosseum one night, he decides such behavior makes him unable to love her and lets her know it. Winterbourne warns her against the malaria, against which she has failed to take precautions. She becomes ill, and dies a few days later. At her funeral, Giovanelli tells Winterbourne that she was the most "innocent". Winterbourne wonders whether his ignorance of American customs may have contributed to her fate.

This is a document about Dead Like Me
  Daisy Adair (Laura Harris): (before 1915–1938) A spoiled actress who often tells stories about her (alleged) sexual escapades with classic film stars. She died on December 13, 1938, of asphyxiation/smoke inhalation in Marietta, Georgia, though she originally claimed this occurred on the set of Gone with the Wind. Her last thought before she died was, "Why has no one ever loved me?" Daisy is sent from New York City to Seattle in episode six as a replacement when Betty leaves. She is traumatically affected by the violent deaths of defenseless women by abusive men, and although Roxy yelled at her for tampering with a crime scene after such

This is a document about Disillusion (Upstairs, Downstairs)
  It is spring 1924, and Georgina returns from New York City, having stayed with Elizabeth. Meanwhile, Daisy gets annoyed when Lily is given time off to go shopping by Mr Hudson. A few days later, while at the Wembley Exhibition, Georgina spots Hudson and Lily together holding hands. That evening she tells Virginia what she saw, and Virginia then asks Rose if Lily is seeing any one. Rose says she knows nothing, but then goes to see Lily and asks her if she is going out with Mr Hudson. Lily confirms this and tells Rose how he has taken her to concerts and museums. Very soon the whole house knows what has been going on. Hudson explains to Mrs Bridges that Lily brings him hope and joy, and he tells Virginia that he has "very deep feelings" for her. Mrs Bridges is

This is a document about Daisy Kenyon
  Daisy Kenyon is a Manhattan commercial artist having an affair with an arrogant and overbearing, but successful lawyer named Dan O'Mara, who is married and has two children. He breaks a date with Daisy one night and she goes out with a widowed war veteran named Peter Lapham. O'Mara and his wife Lucille fight constantly, about his job, the upbringing of their two daughters, and his cheating. That same night, Dan turns up at New York's Stork Club with his wife and older daughter, where Daisy and Peter are waiting to be seated. Daisy and Peter leave immediately. At the end of the date, Peter announces that he loves Daisy,

This is a document about Robin Scherbatsky
  After moving to New York City in April 2005, Robin became a news anchor for a New York cable news channel, Metro News 1, and later became a host of her own early-morning talk show. Robin lives in the Park Slope area of Brooklyn. In September 2005 she meets Ted Mosby, the show's main character, and they are immediately attracted to each other. They go on a date in which Ted steals a blue French Horn for her, but Ted spoils his chances with her by impulsively saying he is in love with her. They resolve to be friends, but their relationship is complicated

Winterbourne takes Daisy to the Chillon Castle for their first date.


Question: who plays pip in lord of the rings

Answer: Billy Boyd

This is a document about Billy Boyd (actor)
 Pictures Online Film Critics Society Screen Actors Guild Awards Billy Boyd (actor) Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor and musician. He played Peregrin "Pippin" Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy "The Lord of the Rings" (2001–2003), Barret Bonden in "" (2003) and Glen in "Seed of Chucky". Boyd was born in Glasgow, Scotland to William and Mary Boyd, who both died a year apart when Boyd was in his early teens. He worked as a bookbinder for six years before pursuing an acting career. After graduating from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama,

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
  Frodo on his quest. ; Billy Boyd as Peregrin Took: Better known as Pippin, a hobbit mistakenly captured by the Uruk-hai. ; Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc Brandybuck: Better known as Merry, a distant cousin of Frodo's who is mistakenly captured along with Pippin by the Uruk-hai. ; John Rhys-Davies as Gimli: A dwarf warrior and one of Aragorn's companions. ; Also voices Treebeard: The leader of the ents, who is roused to anger after seeing that Saruman had decimated a large part of Fangorn Forest. ; Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf: An elven archer and one of Aragorn's companions. ; Bernard Hill as Théoden: The King of Rohan, who

This is a document about Pippin Took
  In Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of The Lord of the Rings, Pippin was voiced by Dominic Guard. In the 1980 Rankin/Bass animated version of The Return of the King, made for television, the character was voiced by Sonny Melendrez. In the 1981 BBC radio serial of The Lord of the Rings, Pippin was played by John McAndrew. Jari Pehkonen played Peregrin Took in the 1993 Finnish miniseries Hobitit. In Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Pippin is played by Scottish actor Billy Boyd.

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings (film series)
  Connery for the part (both declined), and put a veto against Richard Harris when his name came up. When von Sydow inquired for the part later, his agent told him they were looking for an English actor. While casting, Jackson looked for backup options for the various parts, including Lucy Lawless and Nicole Kidman for Galadriel; Anthony Hopkins or Sylvester McCoy (eventually recast as Radagast) for Bilbo; Paul Scofield, Jeremy Irons, Malcolm McDowell or Tim Curry for Saruman. For Gandalf, they looked into Tom Baker, Tom Wilkinson, Sam Neil, Bernard Hill (who was instead cast as Theoden) and Peter O'Toole, and into several older actors who auditioned for other parts, such as Patrick McGoohan and Anthony Hopkins. Miramax and Jackson discussed Sir Daniel Day-Lewis for Aragorn, starting "fanciful internet speculation"

This is a document about Billy Boyd (actor)
  William Nathan Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor and musician. He played Peregrin "Pippin" Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001–2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen/Glenda in Seed of Chucky (2004).

This is a document about John Rhys-Davies
  John Rhys-Davies (born 5 May 1944) is a Welsh actor. Rhys-Davies portrayed Gimli in The Lord of the Rings trilogy and Sallah in the Indiana Jones films. His other roles include Michael Malone in the 1993 TV series The Untouchables, Vasco Rodrigues in the mini-series Shōgun, Professor Maximillian Arturo in Sliders, King Richard I in Robin of Sherwood, General Leonid Pushkin in the James Bond film The Living Daylights, and Macro in I, Claudius. In voice acting, Rhys-Davies portrayed Treebeard in The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Cassim in Aladdin and the King of Thieves, Ranjan's father in The Jungle Book 2, Macbeth in Gargoyles, Man Ray in SpongeBob SquarePants, Hades in Justice League, and Tobias in Freelancer.

This is a document about Pip (Great Expectations)
 Jack Pickford (1917) ; Phillips Holmes (1934) ; John Mills (1946) ; Dinsdale Landen (1959) ; Gary Bond (1967) ; Simon Gipps-Kent (1974) ; Michael York (1974) ; Gerry Sundquist (1981) ; Todd Boyce (1986) ; Anthony Calf (1989) ; Ethan Hawke (1998) ; Ioan Gruffudd (1999) ; Douglas Booth (2011) ; Jeremy Irvine (2012) The novel has been adapted into films often. The character of Pip has been played in films and television (in order by year through 2012) by:

This is a document about Pip Carter
  Pip Carter is an English actor.

This is a document about British Fantasy Award
 Peter Jackson (for The Lord of the Rings films)

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)
 Frodo – Christopher Guard ; Gandalf – William Squire ; Sam – Michael Scholes ; Aragorn – John Hurt ; Merry – Simon Chandler ; Pippin – Dominic Guard ; Bilbo – Norman Bird ; Boromir – Michael Graham Cox ; Legolas – Anthony Daniels ; Gimli – David Buck ; Gollum – Peter Woodthorpe ; Saruman – Fraser Kerr ; Théoden – Philip Stone ; Wormtongue – Michael Deacon ; Elrond – André Morell ; Innkeeper – Alan Tilvern ; Galadriel – Annette Crosbie ; Treebeard – John Westbrook The cast of the film was:  This primary cast was supported by a large cast of animation doubles, who were not credited on screen; the matter went to guild arbitration.

This is a document about The Hobbit (film series)
  Thorin and his kindred. The films feature an ensemble cast that includes James Nesbitt, Ken Stott, Evangeline Lilly, Lee Pace and Luke Evans, with several actors reprising their roles from The Lord of the Rings, including Cate Blanchett, Orlando Bloom, Ian Holm, Christopher Lee, Hugo Weaving, Elijah Wood, and Andy Serkis. The films feature Manu Bennett, Sylvester McCoy, Mikael Persbrandt, Lawrence Makoare, and Stephen Fry. Returning for production, among others, were illustrators John Howe and Alan Lee, art director Dan Hennah, cinematographer Andrew Lesnie, and composer Howard Shore, while props were again crafted by Weta Workshop, with visual effects managed by Weta Digital. The first film in the trilogy premiered at the Embassy Theatre in

This is a document about Andy Serkis
  Andrew Clement Serkis (born 20 April 1964) is an English actor, producer, and director. He is best known for his performance capture roles comprising motion capture acting, animation, and voice work for such computer-generated characters as Gollum in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001–2003) and The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012), King Kong in the eponymous 2005 film, Caesar in the Planet of the Apes reboot series (2011–2017), Captain Haddock / Sir Francis Haddock in Steven Spielberg's The Adventures of Tintin (2011), and Supreme Leader Snoke in the Star Wars sequel trilogy films The Force Awakens (2015) and The Last Jedi (2017).

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
  hobbits) and now guides Frodo and Sam into Mordor. The first scene in the film portrays him in his former life as Sméagol, his murder of his relative Déagol for possession of the Ring, as well as his degeneration into Gollum. ; Billy Boyd as Peregrin Took: Better known as Pippin, a hobbit who looks into the palantír and later becomes an esquire of Gondor. ; Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc Brandybuck: Better known as Merry, a cousin of Frodo's who becomes an esquire of Rohan. ; John Rhys-Davies as Gimli: A dwarf warrior and companion to Aragorn along with Legolas. ; Rhys-Davies also voices Treebeard: The

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
  The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers is a 2002 epic fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson, based on the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. The film is the second instalment in the Lord of the Rings trilogy and was produced by Barrie M. Osborne, Fran Walsh and Jackson, from a screenplay by Walsh, Philippa Boyens, Stephen Sinclair and Jackson. The film features an ensemble cast including Elijah Wood, Ian McKellen, Liv Tyler, Viggo Mortensen, Sean Astin, Cate Blanchett, John Rhys-Davies, Bernard Hill, Christopher Lee, Billy Boyd, Dominic Monaghan, Orlando Bloom, Hugo Weaving, Miranda Otto,

This is a document about Christopher Guard
  In 1978, Guard and his brother, Dominic both voiced characters in an animated film version of The Lord of the Rings (1978). Chris voiced Frodo Baggins and Dominic voiced Pippin. The late seventies and early eighties were a busy time for Guard with appearances in Shoestring, The Professionals and leading roles in period costume dramas such as My Cousin Rachel by Daphne du Maurier (1983) and A Woman of Substance (1984). In A Woman of Substance (1985) written by Barbara Taylor Bradford, Guard worked alongside Jenny Seagrove, Deborah Kerr and Liam Neeson. The actor's next project was with Brian Blessed, playing the lead character of Jim Hawkins in Return

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
  protective manner, which mirrored Sam's relationship with Frodo. ; Sean Bean as Boromir: A son of the Stewards of Gondor who journeys with the Fellowship towards Mordor. Bruce Willis, a fan of the book, expressed interest in the role, while Liam Neeson was sent the script, but passed. ; Billy Boyd as Peregrin Took: Better known as Pippin, a hobbit who travels with the Fellowship on their journey to Mordor. ; Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc Brandybuck: Better known as Merry, a distant cousin of Frodo. Monaghan was cast as Merry after auditioning for Frodo. ; John Rhys-Davies as Gimli: A dwarf warrior who accompanies

This is a document about Great Expectations (2012 film)
 Jeremy Irvine as Pip, an orphan. Irvine gained the role of Pip, having previously starred in Steven Spielberg's adaptation of War Horse, which Irvine described as his big break, having previously appeared in minor roles with the Royal Shakespeare Company. Irvine found the role intimidating, but said that he "wanted to make my character Pip stronger and more driven than how he's been played in adaptations before". ; Toby Smith, the younger brother of Jeremy Irvine, as young Pip. ; Helena Bonham Carter as Miss Havisham, wealthy spinster who has taken up a life of seclusion following the loss of her love and whom Pip suspects is his benefactor. Bonham Carter was concerned about playing

This is a document about Lord of the Rings (musical)
  The significantly re-written show, shortened to three hours, began previews at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on May 9, 2007, with its official premiere June 19, 2007. The same creative team as the Toronto production was involved in the London production, with only four cast members reprising their roles from Toronto—James Loye (Frodo), Owen Sharpe (Pippin), Peter Howe (Sam) and Michael Therriault (Gollum). The production featured a cast of 50 actors and reportedly cost £12 million (approximately US$25 million), making it one of the most expensive musicals ever produced in the West End. The London production reintroduces the characters Glorfindel and Denethor (known as the "Steward of the Lands of Men"), who were both omitted from the Toronto production, into the narrative. Glorfindel in particular is portrayed as

This is a document about The Return of the King (1980 film)
  Huston came back as well, as the wizard Gandalf, and co-starring with them were: William Conrad as Denethor, Roddy McDowall as Samwise Gamgee, Theodore Bikel as Aragorn, and reprising his role of Gollum, Brother Theodore. Rankin/Bass stalwart Paul Frees replaced the late Cyril Ritchard as the voice of Elrond; Casey Kasem was Merry, with Sonny Melendrez as Pippin; Nellie Bellflower as Éowyn; and Glenn Yarbrough returned as principal vocalist, billed here as simply "the Minstrel of Gondor". Thurl Ravenscroft served in the chorus. Once the character voices were recorded, along with background music by Maury Laws, with Jules Bass writing songs and

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)
 Narrator (UK version): Gerard Murphy ; Narrator (American version): Tammy Grimes ; Frodo Baggins: Ian Holm ; Gandalf the Grey/Gandalf the White: Michael Hordern ; Aragorn (Strider): Robert Stephens ; Sam Gamgee: Bill Nighy (credited as William Nighy) ; Meriadoc Brandybuck (Merry): Richard O'Callaghan ; Peregrin Took (Pippin): John McAndrew ; Legolas: David Collings ; Gimli: Douglas Livingstone ; Boromir: Michael Graham Cox ; Galadriel: Marian Diamond ; Celeborn: Simon Cadell ; Arwen Evenstar: Sonia Fraser ; Saruman the White: Peter Howell ; Elrond: Hugh Dickson ; Bilbo Baggins: John Le Mesurier ; Gollum/Sméagol: Peter Woodthorpe ; Théoden: Jack May ; Gríma Wormtongue: Paul Brooke ; Éowyn: Elin

Billy Boyd plays Pippin in "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy.


Question: who believed science should be brought to bear in writing history

Answer: Thucydides

This is a document about Thucydides
 Thucydides Thucydides (; "" ; BC) was an Athenian historian and general. His "History of the Peloponnesian War" recounts the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of impartiality and evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the deities, as outlined in his introduction to his work. He also has been called the father of the school of political realism, which views the political behavior of individuals and the subsequent

This is a document about World history
  XII (1731) and The Age of Louis XIV (1751), instead choose to focus economics, politics and culture. These aspects of history were mostly unexplored by his contemporaries and would each develop into their own sections of world history. Above all else, Voltaire regarded truth as the most essential part of recording world history. Nationalism and religion only subtracted from objective truth, so Voltaire freed himself for their influence when he recorded history. Giambattista Vico (1668–1744) in Italy wrote Scienza nuova seconda (The New Science) in 1725, which argued history as the expression of human will and deeds. He thought that men are historical entities

This is a document about Objectivity (science)
  The scientific method was argued for by Enlightenment philosopher Francis Bacon, rose to popularity with the discoveries of Isaac Newton and his followers, and continued into later eras. In the early eighteenth century, there existed an epistemic virtue in science which has been called truth-to-nature. This ideal was practiced by Enlightenment naturalists and scientific atlas-makers, and involved active attempts to eliminate any idiosyncrasies in their representations of nature in order to create images thought best to represent "what truly is." Judgment and skill were deemed necessary in order to determine the "typical", "characteristic", "ideal", or "average." In practicing, truth-to-nature naturalists

This is a document about Gateway to the Great Books
  Thomas Babington Macaulay, "Machiavelli" ; Voltaire, "English Men and Ideas" from Letters on the English ; Dante, "On World Government" from De Monarchia ; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, "A Lasting Peace through the Federation of Europe" ; Immanuel Kant, "Perpetual Peace" ; Carl von Clausewitz, "What Is War?" from On War ; Thomas Robert Malthus, "The Principle of Population" from Population: The First Essay Francis Bacon, "The Sphinx" ; John Tyndall, "Michael Faraday" from Faraday as a Discoverer ; Ève Curie, "The Discovery of Radium" from Madame Curie ; Charles Darwin, "Autobiography" ; Jean-Henri Fabre, "A Laboratory of the Open Fields"; "The Sacred Beetle" ; Loren

This is a document about Philosophy of history
   After Hegel, who insisted on the role of great men in history, with his famous statement about Napoleon, "I saw the Spirit on his horse", Thomas Carlyle argued that history was the biography of a few central individuals, heroes, such as Oliver Cromwell or Frederick the Great, writing that "The history of the world is but the biography of great men." His view of heroes included not only political and military figures, the founders or topplers of states, but artists, poets, theologians and other cultural leaders. His history of great men, of geniuses good and evil, sought to organize change in the advent of greatness. Explicit defenses of Carlyle's position

This is a document about History
  amidst this worthless debris, lie utterly neglected. Cumbrous volumes of rubbish are greedily accumulated, while those masses of rich ore, that should have been dug out, and from which golden truths might have been smelted, are left untaught and unsought" By the "rich ore" Spencer meant scientific theory of history. Meanwhile, Henry Thomas Buckle expressed a dream of history becoming one day science: "In regard to nature, events apparently the most irregular and capricious have been explained and have been shown to be in accordance with certain fixed and universal laws. This have been done because men of ability and, above all, men of patient, untiring

This is a document about Technical writing
  While technical writing has only been recognized as a profession since World War II, its roots can be traced to classical antiquity. Critics cite the works of writers like Aristotle as the earliest forms of technical writing. Geoffrey Chaucer's work, Treatise on the Astrolabe, is an early example of a technical document. The earliest examples of technical writing date back to the Old English period. With the invention of the mechanical printing press, the onset of the Renaissance and the rise of the Age of Reason, documenting findings became a necessity. Inventors and scientists like Isaac Newton and Leonardo da Vinci

This is a document about Natural History (Pliny)
  history to express opinions about the ideology of the state". Paula Findlen, writing in the Cambridge History of Science, asserts that "Natural history was an ancient form of scientific knowledge, most closely associated with the writings of the Roman encyclopedist Pliny the Elder ... His loquacious and witty Historia naturalis offered an expansive definition of this subject. [It] broadly described all entities found in nature, or derived from nature, that could be seen in the Roman world and read about in its books: art, artifacts, and peoples as well as animals, plants, and minerals were included in his project."Findlen contrasts Pliny's approach with that of his intellectual predecessors Aristotle and Theophrastus, who sought general causes of natural phenomena,

This is a document about Francis Bacon
  Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. His works are seen as developing the scientific method and remained influential through the scientific revolution. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. He argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive reasoning and careful observation of events in nature. Most importantly, he argued science could be achieved by the use of a sceptical and methodical approach whereby scientists aim to avoid misleading themselves. Although his most specific proposals about such a method, the

This is a document about Early modern philosophy
  of speech, and the abolition of religious authority. A second, more moderate kind, championed by René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, and Isaac Newton, aimed to strike a balance between reform and old power and religious institutions. Science eventually began to dominate Enlightenment speech and thinking. Numerous Enlightenment authors and intellectuals came from scientific backgrounds and equated scientific progress with the downfall of religion and conventional authority in favour of the growth of free speech and ideas. In general, Enlightenment science placed a high premium on empiricism and logical reasoning, and was inextricably linked to the Enlightenment ideal of progression

This is a document about 1784 in literature
 Hannah Adams – A View of Religions ; Thomas Astle – The Origin and Progress of Writing ; George Berkeley – Works ; Edmund Burke – Speech on the East India Bill ; Thomas Chatterton – Supplement to the Miscellanies ; James Cook – A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean ; George Bubb Dodington – Diary ; Antoine Court de Gébelin – Le Monde primitif (publication completed) ; William Godwin – Sketches of History ; Samuel Horsley – Letters from the Archdeacon of St. Albans ; Immanuel Kant – What is Enlightenment? ; William Mitford – The History of Greece ; Antoine de Rivarol – Sur l'Universalité de la langue française ; Ebenezer Sibly – A New and Complete Illustration of the Celestial Science of Astrology (publication commences) ; Emanuel Swedenborg – A Hieroglyphic Key to Natural and Spiritual Arcana by Way of Representation and Correspondences (published, written in 1741). ; Michel Augustin Thouret – Recherches et doutessur le magnétisme animal ; Arthur Young – Annals of Agriculture

This is a document about Benedetto Croce
  Croce also had great esteem for Vico, and shared his opinion that history should be written by philosophers. Croce's On History sets forth the view of history as "philosophy in motion", that there is no "cosmic design" or ultimate plan in history, and that the "science of history" was a farce.

This is a document about Historical materialism
  Attempts at analyzing history in a scientific, materialist manner originated in France during the Age of Enlightenment with thinkers such as the philosophes Montesquieu and Condorcet and the physiocrat Turgot. Inspired by these earlier thinkers, especially Condorcet, the Utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon formulated his own materialist interpretation of history, similar to those later used in Marxism, analyzing historical epochs based on their level of technology and organization and dividing them between eras of slavery, serfdom, and finally wage labor. According to the socialist leader Jean Jaurès, the French writer Antoine Barnave had priority in first developing the theory that economic forces are the driving factors in history. Karl Marx never used the words "historical materialism" to describe his theory of history; the term first appears in Friedrich Engels'

This is a document about Precursors to anarchism
  The Scientific Revolution had given thinkers of the time the confidence that humans could reason for themselves and when nature was tamed through science, society could be set free. Developing from the earlier thought of the Renaissance, the Age of Enlightenment saw a further eruption of secular and humanistic thought, spurred on by the foundation of rationalism by René Descartes. The prevailing mood of rationalism at the time was summed up by philosopher Denis Diderot, when he declared: "everything must be examined, everything must be shaken up, without exception and without circumspection." Central to the thought of this new generation of philosophers was the idea of

This is a document about Empiricism
  British empiricism, a retrospective characterization, emerged during the 17th century as an approach to early modern philosophy and modern science. Although both integral to this overarching transition, Francis Bacon, in England, advised empiricism at 1620, whereas René Descartes, in France, upheld rationalism around 1640, a distinction drawn by Immanuel Kant, in Germany, near 1780. (Bacon's natural philosophy was influenced by Italian philosopher Bernardino Telesio and by Swiss physician Paracelsus.) Contributing later in the 17th century, Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza are retrospectively identified likewise as an empiricist and a rationalist, respectively. In the Enlightenment during the 18th century, both George Berkeley, in England, and

This is a document about Human nature
  discovery of the formal is despaired of. The efficient and the material (as they are investigated and received, that is, as remote causes, without reference to the latent process leading to the form) are but slight and superficial, and contribute little, if anything, to true and active science."This line of thinking continued with René Descartes, whose new approach returned philosophy or science to its pre-Socratic focus upon non-human things. Thomas Hobbes, then Giambattista Vico, and David Hume all claimed to be the first to properly use a modern Baconian scientific approach to human things. Hobbes famously followed Descartes in describing humanity as matter in motion,

This is a document about Pliny the Elder
  Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 – 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic Naturalis Historia (Natural History), which became an editorial model for encyclopedias. He spent most of his spare time studying, writing, and investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field. His nephew, Pliny the Younger, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus: "For my part I deem those blessed to whom, by favour of the gods, it has been granted either to do what is worth writing of, or to write what is worth reading; above measure blessed are those on whom both gifts have been conferred. In the latter number will be my uncle, by virtue of his own and of your compositions." Among Pliny's greatest

This is a document about List of Shakespeare authorship candidates
  writer of all time. Shakespeare's pre-eminence seemed incongruous with his humble origins and obscure life, arousing suspicion that he was not the author of the works attributed to him. At the same time, the influence of biblical higher criticism led some authors to take the view that Shakespeare's works could be the product of the collaborative efforts of many authors. Public debate and a prolific body of literature date from the mid-19th century, and numerous historical figures, including Francis Bacon, the Earl of Oxford, Christopher Marlowe and the Earl of Derby, have since been nominated as the true author. Promoters of various authorship theories assert

This is a document about Criticism of atheism
  the time of the Enlightenment, mechanical philosophy was developed by Christians such as Isaac Newton, René Descartes, Robert Boyle and Pierre Gassendi who saw a self-sustained and autonomous universe as an intrinsically Christian belief. The mechanical world was seen as providing strong evidence against atheism since nature had evidence of order and providence, instead of chaos and spontaneity. However, since the 19th century both atheists and theists have said that science supports their worldviews. Historian of science John Henry has noted that before the 19th century science was generally cited to support many theological positions. However, materialist theories in natural philosophy became

This is a document about History
  have studied events with the view of discovering their regularity, and if human events were subject to a similar treatment, we have every right to expect similar results" Contrary to Buckle's dream, the 19th-century historian with greatest influence on methods became Leopold von Ranke in Germany. He limited history to “what really happened” and by this directed the field further away from science. For Ranke, historical data should be collected carefully, examined objectively and put together with critical rigor. But these procedures “are merely the prerequisites and preliminaries of science. The heart of science is searching out order and regularity in the data being examined and

Thucydides, a Greek historian, is considered the father of strict history and is known for his impartial and evidence-based approach to recording events. He believed that truth was essential in recording history and that science could be used to enhance historical accuracy. Voltaire, a French philosopher and historian, also emphasized the importance of truth in recording history and believed that science could be used to understand historical events. Thomas Babington Macaulay, a British historian, believed that history should be written from the perspective of great individuals and their actions, and he saw science as a valuable tool in understanding historical events.