Question: who became chief justice of the supreme court after serving as president

Answer: William Howard Taft

This is a document about William Howard Taft
 William Howard Taft William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for re-election by Woodrow Wilson in 1912 after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position in which he served until a month before his death. Taft was

This is a document about Herbert Hoover Supreme Court candidates
 Herbert Hoover Supreme Court candidates During his only term in office, President Herbert Hoover appointed three members of the Supreme Court of the United States: Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, and Associate Justices Owen Roberts and Benjamin Cardozo. Additionally, with his failed nomination of John J. Parker, Hoover became the first president since Grover Cleveland to have a Supreme Court nomination rejected by the United States Senate. Chief Justice William Howard Taft retired on February 3, 1930, and the same day Hoover nominated former Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes to fill the vacancy. Hughes was confirmed by the United States

This is a document about Nasim Hasan Shah
  Elected President following his time as Chief Justice of The Supreme Court

This is a document about Solicitor General of the United States
  are granted review by the Court. Other than the justices themselves, the solicitor general is among the most influential and knowledgeable members of the legal community with regard to Supreme Court litigation. Six solicitors general have later served on the Supreme Court: William Howard Taft (who served as the 27th president of the United States before becoming Chief Justice of the United States), Stanley Forman Reed, Robert H. Jackson, Thurgood Marshall, and Elena Kagan. Some who have had other positions in the Office of the Solicitor General have also later been appointed to the Supreme Court. For example, Chief Justice John

This is a document about Chief Justice of Ireland
  The chief justice is the president of the Supreme Court.

This is a document about Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices
  the increasingly conservative Chief Justices Harlan Stone and Fred Vinson, the Court shifted in a more conservative direction through the early 1950s. President Dwight Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren to be Chief Justice in 1953, and both graphs indicate that the Court then turned in a more liberal direction as Warren grew substantially more liberal and especially when he was joined by strong liberal justices William Brennan, Arthur Goldberg, Abe Fortas, and Thurgood Marshall (though Justices Black and Felix Frankfurter became more conservative over time). In the 1970s, the Court shifted in a more conservative direction when President Richard Nixon appointed Chief Justice Warren Burger and strong conservative Justices

This is a document about William Howard Taft
  White House, and his conservatism of thought and doctrine have an element of truth, but they fail to do justice to a shrewd commentator on the political scene, a man of consummate ambition, and a resourceful practitioner of the internal politics of his party." Anderson deemed Taft's success in becoming both president and chief justice "an astounding feat of inside judicial and Republican party politics, played out over years, the likes of which we are not likely to see again in American history". Taft has been rated among the greatest of the chief justices; later Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia noted that this was "not so

This is a document about Supreme Court of the United States
  to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor (though Roberts' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of chief justice after Rehnquist died). Despite the variability, all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice. William Henry Harrison died a month after taking office, although his successor (John Tyler) made an appointment during that presidential term. Likewise, Zachary Taylor died 16 months after taking office, but his successor (Millard Fillmore) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Andrew Johnson, who

This is a document about Fred M. Vinson
  q.v., discussion of Brown in Felix Frankfurter. Upon his death, Earl Warren was appointed to the Court and the case was heard again. As Chief Justice, he swore in Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower as President. , Vinson is the last Chief Justice to have been appointed by a Democratic president, namely Truman. His successors, Earl Warren, Warren Burger, William Rehnquist and John Roberts were all appointed by Republican presidents (Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and George W. Bush, respectively). Of his predecessors, only three – Roger Taney, Melville Fuller and Harlan F. Stone – had been appointed by Democratic presidents. Jay, Rutledge and Ellsworth were appointed by non-partisan George Washington,

This is a document about John Roberts Supreme Court nomination
   On September 5, 2005, President George W. Bush announced that he would nominate Judge John Roberts for the position of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to succeed William H. Rehnquist, who had died two days earlier. In July 2005, Roberts had been nominated to replace retiring Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor; however, following Rehnquist's death, that still-pending nomination was withdrawn (Samuel Alito would ultimately be O'Connor's successor). The Senate Judiciary Committee commenced hearings on Roberts's nomination on September 12, 2005. Later that month, on September 29, Roberts was confirmed by the Senate as the 17th

This is a document about Edward Douglass White
  President William Howard Taft nominated White to the position of Chief Justice of the United States in December 1910, following the death of Melville Fuller. Although White had served for sixteen years on the Court, the appointment was controversial, first because White was a Democrat while Taft was a Republican, and second because White was the first incumbent associate justice to be appointed as chief justice. (John Rutledge, a former associate justice, had been given a recess appointment as chief justice in 1795). His selection was quickly confirmed by the U.S. Senate, and he took the judicial oath of office on December 19, 1910. As chief justice at a time when the Court's work was

This is a document about Phi Alpha Delta
 U.S. Presidents ; William H. Taft (1909–1913) ; Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) ; Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) ; Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) ; Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) ; Bill Clinton (1993–2001) ; Joe Biden (2021-present) U.S. Supreme Court Justices ; William H. Taft (1921–1930) ; Tom C. Clark (1949–1967) ; Warren E. Burger (1969–1986) ; Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1993–2020) ; Stephen G. Breyer (1994–present) ; Samuel Alito (2006–present) ; Sonia Sotomayor (2009–present) ; Elena Kagan (2010–present) U.S. Vice Presidents ; Joseph Biden (2009–2017)

This is a document about June 1968
 Earl Warren, the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, met with U.S. President Lyndon Johnson, and announced his intention to retire so that Johnson could appoint a successor. Warren was 77 and, after the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, believed that it was likely that the Republican Party nominee would win the presidential election. Warren's strategy would fail after Johnson's nomination of Associate Justice Abe Fortas as the next Chief Justice, and Fortas would do poorly in the confirmation hearings before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee.  By the time of Johnson's withdrawal of the nomination, there would be only one month left until the election; Richard M. Nixon would choose Warren Burger as Earl

This is a document about List of Columbia Law School alumni
  Chief Justice of the United States (1930–41); Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1910–16); Secretary of State (1921–29); Governor of New York (1907); Republican nominee for President of the United States (1916) ; John Jay (1764)¹, First Chief Justice of the United States (1789–95) ; Stanley Forman Reed, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1938–57); United States Solicitor General (1935–38) ; Harlan Fiske Stone (1898), Chief Justice of the United States (1941–46); Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1925–41); Attorney General (1924–25); professor (1902–05) and dean (1910–23) at Columbia Law School ; Joseph McKenna (studied at the law school), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1892–97)

This is a document about William Rehnquist
 George H. W. Bush in 1989 ; Bill Clinton in 1993 and 1997 ; George W. Bush in 2001 and 2005  When Burger retired in 1986, President Ronald Reagan nominated Rehnquist for Chief Justice. Although Rehnquist was to Burger's right, "his colleagues were unanimously pleased and supportive", even his "ideological opposites". The nomination "was met with 'genuine enthusiasm on the part of not only his colleagues on the Court but others who served the Court in a staff capacity and some of the relatively lowly paid individuals at the Court. There was almost a unanimous feeling of joy.'" Justice Thurgood Marshall later called

This is a document about Chief Justice of the United States
  method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court. Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as chief justice: Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, and William Rehnquist in 1986. A fourth, Abe Fortas, was nominated to the position in 1968 but was not confirmed. As an associate justice does not have to resign his or her seat on the court in order to be nominated as chief justice, Fortas remained an associate justice. Similarly, when Associate Justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as chief

This is a document about William Howard Taft
  William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth chief justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for reelection by Woodrow Wilson in 1912 after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position he held until a month before his death. Taft was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1857. His father, Alphonso Taft, was a U.S. attorney general and secretary of war. Taft attended Yale and joined the Skull

This is a document about Edward Douglass White
  whites) that withstood Court scrutiny. In 1918, the Selective Draft Law Cases upheld the Selective Service Act of 1917, and more generally, upheld conscription in the United States, which President Taft said was "one of his great opinions." During his tenure as chief justice, White swore in presidents Woodrow Wilson (twice) and Warren G. Harding. At the time of his death on May 21, 1921, he had served on the Court for a total of 26 years, 10 of them as chief justice. He was succeeded by former President Taft, who had long-desired the chief justiceship, thus making White the only chief justice to be followed in office by the president who appointed him.

This is a document about John Roberts Supreme Court nomination
   President George W. Bush announced that he would nominate Judge John Roberts as the Supreme Court's 17th chief justice on September 5, 2005, two days after the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist, and five weeks after selecting him as an associate justice to succeed retiring Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. The following day, Bush officially nominated Roberts to be the next chief justice, and simultaneously withdrew Roberts's still-pending associate justice nomination. Confirmation hearings on the Roberts associate justice nomination, set to begin on September 6, were canceled, and rescheduled hearings, on the chief justice nomination, began on September 12. When announcing Roberts's nomination, Bush noted that the Court's next term began in but a few weeks (October

This is a document about Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates
  With the advice and consent of the United States Senate, the president of the United States appoints the members of the Supreme Court of the United States, which is the highest court of the federal judiciary of the United States. Following his victory in the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump took office as president on January 20, 2017, and faced an immediate vacancy on the Supreme Court due to the February 2016 death of Associate Justice Antonin Scalia. During the 2016 campaign, Trump had released two lists of potential nominees to the Supreme Court. After taking office, he nominated Neil Gorsuch to succeed Scalia, and Gorsuch was confirmed in April 2017. In November 2017, five more names were added to the previous lists of potential nominees. In June 2018, Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy announced his retirement, creating a second vacancy on the

William Howard Taft is the person who became the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after serving as President. He served as President from 1909 to 1913 and was then appointed as Chief Justice in 1921.


Question: name of the present governor general of canada

Answer: Julie Payette

This is a document about Governor General of Canada
 governor general, although, as a matter of law, the governor general is not in the same constitutional position as the sovereign; the office itself does not independently possess any powers of the Royal Prerogative. In accordance with the Constitution Act, 1982, any constitutional amendment that affects the Crown, including the office of the Governor General, requires the unanimous consent of each provincial legislature as well as the federal parliament. The current governor general is Julie Payette, who has served since 2 October 2017; Prime Minister Justin Trudeau recommended her to succeed David Johnston. The Government of Canada spells the title

This is a document about Canada
 is a separate legal institution from the monarchy of the United Kingdom, though the two offices are held by the same individual. The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who is also monarch of 15 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's 10 provinces. As such, the Queen's representative, the Governor General of Canada (at present Julie Payette), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada. The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited. In practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of

This is a document about Scouts Canada
 coordinated through the Committee on Cooperation. The Patron Scout of Canada is Julie Payette, the current Governor General of Canada. From 1910 to 1946, the position of Chief Scout "for" Canada and, from 1946 to 2013, the position of Chief Scout "of" Canada were held by successive Governors General of Canada. On 19 April 2013, the Scouts Canada Board of Governors appointed Terry Grant as Chief Scout of Canada and the honorary title held by the Governor General was renamed to Patron Scout. The organization divides programs by participant age. The Beaver program is for participants from five to seven.

This is a document about Governor General of Canada
  powers of the royal prerogative. In accordance with the Constitution Act, 1982, any constitutional amendment that affects the Crown, including the office of Governor General, requires the unanimous consent of each provincial legislature as well as the Parliament of Canada. The 30th and current governor general is Mary Simon, who was sworn in on 26 July 2021. An Inuk leader from Nunavik in Quebec, Simon is the first Indigenous person to hold the office. She was nominated on 6 July 2021 to replace Julie Payette, who had resigned in January; Richard Wagner, the chief justice of Canada, had served as Administrator of the Government of Canada in the interim.

This is a document about List of 2001 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General – Adrienne Clarkson

This is a document about List of 2004 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General - Adrienne Clarkson

This is a document about List of 2002 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General - Adrienne Clarkson

This is a document about List of 2003 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General - Adrienne Clarkson

This is a document about List of 2000 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General - Adrienne Clarkson

This is a document about 2020–2021 Rideau Hall workplace review
  On July 13, 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced his recommendation of scientist and former astronaut Julie Payette to succeed David Johnston as the 29th governor general of Canada. Payette was formally appointed by Queen Elizabeth II on October 2, 2017. The role of the governor general is to represent the monarch of Canada when he or she is not in the country and includes granting royal assent to legislation passed by Parliament and dissolving Parliament for an election on the advice of the Prime Minister. As such, the role is considered the de facto Head of State of Canada. Trudeau's method of selection for the

This is a document about Premiership of Justin Trudeau
   On July 13, 2017, Trudeau announced his recommendation of Julie Payette to succeed David Johnston as the 29th governor general of Canada. Payette was formally appointed by the Queen on October 2, 2017. The role of the governor general is to represent the monarch of Canada, Queen Elizabeth II when she is not in the country and includes granting royal assent to legislation passed by Parliament, and dissolving Parliament for an election on the advice of the Prime Minister. Trudeau's method of selection for the role was criticized for failing to appropriately vet candidates, as the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments established in 2012, was left dormant following Trudeau taking office in 2015. In 2020, allegations surfaced

This is a document about List of 1997 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General – Roméo LeBlanc

This is a document about List of 1996 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General – Roméo LeBlanc

This is a document about List of 1994 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General – Ray Hnatyshyn

This is a document about List of 1993 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General – Ray Hnatyshyn

This is a document about List of 2006 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General - Michaëlle Jean

This is a document about List of 2007 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General - Michaëlle Jean

This is a document about List of 2009 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General - Michaëlle Jean

This is a document about List of 2008 Canadian incumbents
 Governor General - Michaëlle Jean

 Julie Payette

Question: Who is the present Governor General of Canada and what is their role?
Answer: Julie Payette is the present Governor General of Canada. The role of the Governor General is largely ceremonial, representing the monarch in Canada, and they have limited direct involvement in the executive powers of the federal government.


Question: when did us troops start fighting in vietnam

Answer: 8 March 1965

This is a document about Vietnam War
 remained in the field for four days. Tellingly, South Vietnamese forces were again defeated in June 1965 at the Battle of Đồng Xoài. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were unilaterally dispatched to South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war. U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment. The Marines' initial assignment was defensive. The first deployment of 3,500 in March 1965 was increased to nearly 200,000 by December. The U.S. military had long been schooled in offensive warfare. Regardless of political policies, U.S. commanders were institutionally and psychologically unsuited to a defensive mission. General William

This is a document about James William Lair
 jets soon began "armed reconnaissance" missions. The Tonkin Gulf incident, as well as the expanding Ho Chi Minh Trail, moved the focus of US military action away from Laos and toward Vietnam. Lair was dismayed when he learned on 8 March 1965 that US Marine Corps infantry had landed at Danang. Lair believed that if American troops were being committed to combat, they should attack Hanoi to win the war. He also believed that US troops would move from training into combat operations, and that the increasing US role would sap the fighting spirit of the South Vietnamese forces. About

This is a document about Operation Starlite
  The United States had been providing material support to South Vietnam since its foundation in 1954. The Vietnam War effectively began with the start of the North Vietnamese backed VC insurgency in 1959/60 and the U.S. increased its military aid and advisory support to South Vietnam in response. With the worsening military and political situation in South Vietnam, the U.S. increasingly became directly involved in the conflict. U.S. Marines were the first ground troops deployed to South Vietnam, landing at Da Nang on 8 March 1965. In May the Marines and ARVN forces secured the Chu Lai area to establish a

This is a document about Tet offensive attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base
  The United States had been providing material support to South Vietnam since its foundation in 1954. The Vietnam War effectively began with the start of the North Vietnamese backed VC insurgency in 1959/60 and the U.S. increased its military aid and advisory support to South Vietnam in response. With the worsening military and political situation in South Vietnam, the U.S. increasingly became directly involved in the conflict. U.S. ground troops were first deployed to South Vietnam in March 1965 and by the end of that year almost 200,000 U.S. military personnel were deployed and were engaging in combat with the PAVN/VC. The growing U.S. presence was matched by North Vietnam

This is a document about History of ground based air defense in the United States Marine Corps
  training. Simultaneously, the North Vietnamese Army engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large units to battle. The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. The U.S. was involved in Vietnam as early as 1950, when military advisors were sent to assist the French in the First Indochina War. The U.S. continued its advisory assistance to South Vietnam during the 1950s, with U.S. troop levels tripling in 1961 and tripling again a year later. U.S. combat units were deployed to Vietnam beginning in 1965 after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which authorized the President to deploy U.S. conventional forces and

This is a document about Puerto Ricans in the Vietnam War
  The Vietnam War was fought between communist North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other nations. The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. Military advisors arrived beginning in 1950. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s and combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Involvement peaked in 1968 at the time of the Tet Offensive. During the Vietnam War, an estimated 48,000 Puerto Ricans served in the four branches of the armed forces. Amongst the

This is a document about 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines
   The Vietnam War, was a conflict between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN, DRV or North Vietnam) and the Republic of Vietnam (RVN or South Vietnam), which eventually involved their respective allies. In 1959, the United States sent military advisors to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. By 1965, there were 25,000 military advisors in South Vietnam and on March 8, 1965, the United States Marines became the first US combat troops to land in South Vietnam, with a force of 3,500. The 3d Marine Division began operating in Vietnam when on May 6, 1965, they opened a Marine Compound at the Da Nang Air Base. On July 4, 1965, 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines were ordered to Vietnam

This is a document about Sino-Vietnamese War
  in supporting South Vietnam through the period. The U.S. had supported French forces in the First Indochina War, sent supplies and military advisers to South Vietnam throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, and eventually took over most of the fighting against both North Vietnam and the Viet Cong by the mid-1960s. By 1968, over 500,000 American troops were involved in the Vietnam War. Due to a lack of clear military success and facing increasingly strident opposition to the war in the U.S., American forces began a slow withdrawal in 1969 while attempting to bolster South Vietnam's military so that they could take

This is a document about Royal Lao Air Force
  America officially entered the Vietnam War as a result of the Gulf of Tonkin incident on 4 August 1964. There was a prompt escalation of RLAF activities and losses as a result. Ambassador Unger pressured the RLAF to strike communist forces on the Plaine des Jarres and the Ho Chi Minh trail by presenting the Royalist government with a list of targets that he wanted the RLAF to hit. Losses escalated. A T-28 was shot down by Vietnamese 37mm anti-aircraft guns on 14 August. On 18 August 1964, Lieutenant Colonel Viripong, commander of the RTAF's 223rd Squadron, went down in an RLAF

This is a document about Military history of the United States
  The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1955 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with  blanket approval for presidential use of force in  the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam or the "RVN"), the United States, supplemented by South Korea, Thailand,

This is a document about 1968 in the United States
  1968 in the United States was marked by several major historical events. It is often considered to be one of the most turbulent and traumatic years of the 20th century in the United States. The year began with relative peace until January 21 when the North Vietnamese Army PAVN attacked the Marine base at Khe Sanh Combat Base Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. This was the beginning of the Battle of Khe Sanh and the attack focused US command on Khe Sanh near the DMZ. The initial attack was followed by the North Vietnamese country-wide launch of the Tet Offensive on January 30, 1968, resulting

This is a document about 1st Cavalry Regiment (United States)
  On 8 March 1965, US Marines landed at Da Nang, marking the beginning of the conventional American ground war in the country of South Vietnam. Aiming to eliminate the communist Viet Cong insurgents and their North Vietnamese Army backers, US military presence in the country steadily escalated. By 1967, roughly 485,600 American troops were in country, and the disparate Squadrons of the 1st Cavalry Regiment were soon to enter the fray.

This is a document about Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Air Force
  The war was fought between the communist North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other nations. The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. Military advisors arrived beginning in 1950. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s and combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Involvement peaked in 1968 at the time of the Tet Offensive. The U.S. government did not begin keeping separate statistics on Hispanics until 1979. Therefore, the exact number of Hispanics who served in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era is

This is a document about 1961 in South Vietnam
 December 11 - The Vietnam War officially began for the United States, as the USS Core arrived at Saigon Harbor. The ship brought in two helicopter units, the 8th Transportation Company from Fort Bragg and the 57th Transportation Company from Fort Lewis, with 33 H-21 Shawnee helicopters, and 400 U.S. Army personnel.

This is a document about Outline of United States history
  ; Vietnam War, September 26, 1959 – April 30, 1975 ; The United States sends military advisors to the Republic of Vietnam, February 12, 1955 ; The United States and the Vietnam People's Army wage covert war in Laos, October 1962 – 1975 ; The United States begins bombing the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, August 2, 1964 ; The United States sends regular ground troops to the Republic of Vietnam, March 8, 1965 ; Battle of Khe Sanh, January 21, 1968 – April 8, 1968 ; Tet Offensive, January 30, 1968 – September 23, 1968 ; Battle of Hue, January 30, 1968

This is a document about South Vietnam
  backing mainly from China and the Soviet Union. Larger escalation of the insurgency occurred in 1965 with American intervention and the introduction of regular forces of Marines, followed by Army units to supplement the cadre of military advisors guiding the Southern armed forces. A regular bombing campaign over North Vietnam was conducted by offshore US Navy airplanes, warships, and aircraft carriers joined by Air Force squadrons through 1966 and 1967. Fighting peaked up to that point during the Tet Offensive of February 1968, when there were over a million South Vietnamese soldiers and 500,000 US soldiers in South Vietnam. What started as a guerrilla war eventually turned into a more conventional fight as the balance of power

This is a document about United States in the Vietnam War
   The United States in the Vietnam War began shortly after the end of World War II in an extremely limited capacity and over a period of 20-years escalated peaking in April 1969 with 543,000 Americans stationed in Vietnam. By the conclusion of the United States's involvement over 3.1 million Americans had been stationed in Vietnam. At home this involvement played a key role in sparking the Civil Rights Movement, hippie culture and wide ranging changes in popular culture. The U.S. involvement in South Vietnam stemmed from a combination of factors: Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong's pledge in 1950 to support Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh's guerrilla forces against France's colionial occupation, the U.S. war with Japan in the Pacific, and domestic pressure to act against communism after the loss of mainland China and indecisive conclusion of the Korean War. The U.S. was initially adamantly against

This is a document about John F. Kennedy
  the United States was acting as the region's new colonizer, even stating in his journal at one point that the United States was “more and more becoming colonists in the minds of the people.” A year and three months later on March 8, 1965, his successor, President Lyndon Johnson, committed the first combat troops to Vietnam and greatly escalated U.S. involvement, with forces reaching 184,000 that year and 536,000 in 1968. In late 1961, President Kennedy sent Roger Hilsman, then director of the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research, to assess the situation in Vietnam. There, Hilsman met Sir

This is a document about Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson
  At the end of World War II, Vietnamese revolutionaries under Communist leader Ho Chi Minh sought to gain independence from France. By 1954 the French had been defeated and wanted out. The 1954 Geneva Agreements partitioned Vietnam with the U.S. supporting South Vietnam and the Communists taking control of North Vietnam. The Vietnam War began in 1955 as Communist forces started operating in South Vietnam. President Eisenhower sought to prevent the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia. He and Kennedy dispatched American military advisers to South Vietnam, and by the time Johnson took office, there were 16,700 American military personnel in South Vietnam. Despite some misgivings, Johnson ultimately came to support escalation of the U.S. role in Vietnam. He

This is a document about August 1964
 The Vietnam Era began for purposes of federal law pertaining to members of the United States Armed Forces, which defines the period of American involvement in the Vietnam War as "the period beginning on August 5, 1964, and ending on March 27, 1973". ; The United States bombed North Vietnam for the first time as it launched Operation Pierce Arrow from the aircraft carriers USS Ticonderoga and USS Constellation. The raid, conducted on the North Vietnamese PT boat bases and coastal installations, destroyed 90 percent of the oil storage facilities in the port of Vinh. ; After taking off from the Constellation, U.S. Navy Lieutenant (jg) Richard

U.S. troops began fighting in Vietnam in March 1965, with the deployment of the first ground combat units, the 3rd Marine Division. However, U.S. military advisors had been in Vietnam since 1959, and U.S. involvement in the war had been increasing since the late 1950s due to the growing insurgency and North Vietnamese support for the Viet Cong.


Question: when was the first automobile invented in america

Answer: 1769

This is a document about History of the automobile
 History of the automobile The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences. In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot. In 1808, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen. In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine, which he placed on a pushcart, building four progressively sophisticated combustion-engine cars over a 10-to-15-year span that

This is a document about Antique car
  The era of automobiles began in the U.S. when George Selden of Rochester, NY filed a patent on May 8, 1879, but the patent was not approved until November 5, 1895. This was the first U.S. patent for an automobile. By the time a patent was approved many automobiles were in production. Charles Duryea built a three-wheeled, gasoline-powered vehicle in 1893, and his company built 13 cars of the same design in 1896. Gasoline automobiles were produced by Elwood Haynes in 1894, by Ransom Olds in 1895, Charles King and Henry Ford in 1896. Automobile races stirred the public interest and bicycle and buggy manufacturers began to convert to making automobiles.

This is a document about History of the automobile
  produced in 1873 by Frenchman Amédée Bollée in Le Mans, who built self-propelled steam road vehicles to transport groups of passengers. The first automobile suitable for use on existing wagon roads in the United States was a steam-powered vehicle invented in 1871 by Dr. J.W. Carhart, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in Racine, Wisconsin. It induced the State of Wisconsin in 1875 to offer a $10,000 award to the first to produce a practical substitute for the use of horses and other animals. They stipulated that the vehicle would have to maintain an average speed of more than 5 mph over

This is a document about Car
  1895, Selden was granted a United States patent for a two-stroke car engine, which hindered, more than encouraged, development of cars in the United States. His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others, and overturned in 1911. In 1893, the first running, gasoline-powered American car was built and road-tested by the Duryea brothers of Springfield, Massachusetts. The first public run of the Duryea Motor Wagon took place on 21 September 1893, on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield. The Studebaker Automobile Company, subsidiary of a long-established wagon and coach manufacturer, started to build cars in 1897 and commenced sales of electric

This is a document about Gottfried Schloemer
  in 1889. The Encyclopedia Americana (1954), Americana Corp. Volume 19, p. 142  Other Milwaukee inventors include Gottfried Schloemer and Frank Toepfer who built a gasoline automobile in 1889, claimed to have been the first one in the United States. Schloemer's 'motor wagon', as he called his machine now known as the automobile, was made entirely by him. The self-propelled Motor Wagon had a chain and sprocket system that provided the engine's power to the wheels of the horseless carriage. The four wheels were made of wood and had solid rubber tires. There were improvements made to the vehicle over time in

This is a document about John William Lambert
  in Washington, D.C., that have been used by historians over the years to determine Lambert's gasoline buggy, also called the Buckeye gasoline buggy, as the first operational gasoline automobile made in the United States. He is also credited with the first American automobile accident. In 1891, while testing his horseless carriage, Lambert drove it into a tree root and accidentally ran into a hitching post. Lambert was driving the gasoline powered vehicle at the time and carrying a passenger by the name of James Swoveland, a local businessman that operated the city's drug store. There was secrecy surrounding the development of his automobile. Operational

This is a document about Buckeye gasoline buggy
  John William Lambert built the United States' first gasoline internal combustion engine automobile, according to a five-year study by L. Scott Bailey (an automobile historian, editor, and publisher) which found substantial evidence to enter the claim on Lambert's behalf. In 1891, Lambert successfully designed and built the automobile, and drove it on the streets of Ohio City, Ohio. Henry Ford and Duryea Brothers would not construct automobiles of their own until several years later. In Europe, Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler produced the first gasoline automobiles in 1885–1886. The Duryea brothers made their first American automobile in 1893, and three years later started mass-producing cars at Duryea Motor Wagon Company; Henry Ford started mass-producing cars in 1899 at the Detroit Automobile Company.

This is a document about History of the automobile
  Development of the automobile started in 1672 with the invention of the first steam-powered vehicle, which led to the creation of the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation, built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769. Inventors began to branch out at the start of the 19th century, creating the de Rivas engine, one of the first internal combustion engines, and an early electric motor. Samuel Brown later tested the first industrially applied internal combustion engine in 1826.  Development was hindered in the mid-19th century by a backlash against large vehicles, yet progress continued on some internal combustion engines. The engine evolved as engineers created two- and four-cycle combustion engines and began using gasoline as fuel. Production vehicles began appearing in 1887, when Carl Benz developed a gasoline-powered automobile and made several identical copies. Recent automobile production is marked by the Ford Model T, created by the Ford Motor Company in 1908, which became the first automobile to be mass-produced on a moving assembly line.

This is a document about History of the automobile
  started operating repair and gasoline stations. In Springfield, Massachusetts, brothers Charles and Frank Duryea founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1893, becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company. The Autocar Company, founded in 1897, established a number of innovations still in use and remains the oldest operating motor vehicle manufacturer in the United States. However, it was Ransom E. Olds and his Olds Motor Vehicle Company (later known as Oldsmobile) who would dominate this era with the introduction of the Oldsmobile Curved Dash. Its production line was running in 1901. The Thomas B. Jeffery Company developed the world's second mass-produced automobile, and 1,500

This is a document about 1890s
  company to build the Duryea model automobile, supposedly the first auto ever commercially manufactured. Their 1893 model was a one-cylinder "Ladies Phaeton", first demonstrated on September 21, 1893, at Chicopee, Massachusetts. It is considered the first successful gas-engine vehicle built in the U.S. Their 1895 model, driven by Frank, won the Chicago Times-Herald race in Chicago on a snowy Thanksgiving Day. He travelled 54 mi at an average 7.5 mph, marking the first U.S. auto race in which any entrants finished. That same year, the brothers began commercial production, with thirteen cars sold by the end of 1896. 1893–1894: The

This is a document about Springfield, Massachusetts
  U.S. Constitutional Convention. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Springfielders produced many innovations, including the first American-English dictionary (1805, Merriam-Webster); the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing (1819, Thomas Blanchard); the first American horseless car (1825, Thomas Blanchard); the mass production of vulcanized rubber (1844, Charles Goodyear); the first American gasoline-powered car (1893, Duryea Brothers); the first successful motorcycle company (1901, "Indian"); one of America's first commercial radio stations (1921, WBZ, broadcast from the Hotel Kimball); and most famously, the world's second-most-popular sport, basketball (1891, Dr. James Naismith). Springfield would play major roles in machine production, initially driven by the arms

This is a document about Duryea Motor Wagon
   The Duryea Motor Wagon was among the first standardized automobiles and among the first powered by gasoline. Fifteen examples were built by the Duryea Motor Wagon Company of Chicopee, Massachusetts, between 1893 and 1896. Their enterprise followed the first commercially available automobile which was patented by Karl Benz on January 29, 1886, and put into production in 1888. To construct the first Duryea Motor Wagon, the brothers had purchased a used horse-drawn buggy for $70 and then installed a 4 hp, single cylinder gasoline engine. The car had a friction transmission, spray carburetor, and low tension ignition. It was road-tested again on 10 November,

This is a document about Chicago Times-Herald race
  creation of the American Motor League on November 1, 1895, in Chicago on the eve of what became the exhibition run between Mueller and Duryea motocycles.  Charles Duryea was elected president on November 29, 1895, at the second meeting. ; First U.S. automotive trade publication. Edward E. Goff in Chicago, almost certainly inspired by the Chicago Times-Herald Race, began publishing the first English language automobile magazine Motocycle in October 1895. This was one month prior to the well known publication Horseless Age which claimed to be the first such publication. ; Selden patent. The Morris & Salom Electrobat was

This is a document about George B. Selden
  included not only the engine but its use in a 4-wheeled car. He then filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent was granted on November 5, 1895.  Shortly thereafter the fledgling American auto industry began its first efforts and George Selden, despite never having gone into production with a working model of an automobile, had a credible claim to have patented an automobile in 1895. In 1899 he sold his patent rights to William C. Whitney, who proposed manufacturing electric-powered taxicabs as the Electric Vehicle Company, EVC,

This is a document about 1880s
  of 1886. The next year Benz created the Motorwagen Model 2 which had several modifications, and in 1887, the definitive Model 3 with wooden wheels was introduced, showing at the Paris Expo the same year. Benz began to sell the vehicle (advertising it as the Benz Patent Motorwagen) in the late summer of 1888, making it the first commercially available automobile in history. ; 1885–1887: William Stanley, Jr. of Brooklyn, New York, an employee of George Westinghouse, creates an improved transformer. Westinghouse had bought the patents of Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs on the subject, and had purchased an option

This is a document about Technological and industrial history of the United States
  The technology for creating an automobile emerged in Germany in the 1870 and 1880s: Nicolaus Otto created a four-stroke internal combustion engine, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach modified the Otto engine to run at higher speeds, and Karl Benz pioneered the electric ignition. The Duryea brothers and Hiram Percy Maxim were among the first to construct a "horseless carriage" in the US in the mid-1890s, but these early cars proved to be heavy and expensive. Henry Ford revolutionized the automobile manufacturing process by employing interchangeable parts on assembly lines—the beginning of industrial mass production. In 1908, the Ford Motor Company released the Ford Model T which could generate

This is a document about 1880s
  of modern welding apparatus". 1885–1888: Karl Benz of Karlsruhe, Baden, German Empire introduces the Benz Patent Motorwagen, widely regarded as the first automobile. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones) with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator. The Motorwagen was patented on January 29, 1886, as DRP-37435: "automobile fueled by gas". The 1885 version was difficult to control, leading to a collision with a wall during a public demonstration. The first successful tests on public roads were carried out in the early

This is a document about John William Lambert
  first practical gasoline automobile made in the United States that could be driven on roads. He made his horseless carriage in 1891, and was ahead of the Duryea Brothers by a year and Henry Ford by five years. During initial tests, it often took a long time to get the automobile started again after it stopped. The original three-wheel car was destroyed in a building fire where he had it stored; however, photographs taken of it did survive. Lambert made sales brochures, which he mailed out in the first part of February 1891, to sell versions of his buggy for $550. Later in that

This is a document about Cadillac
 Runabout Cadillac's first automobiles, the Runabout and Tonneau, were completed in October 1902. They were two-seat horseless carriages powered by a 10 hp single-cylinder engine. They were practically identical to the 1903 Ford Model A. Many sources say the first car rolled out of the factory on 17 October; in the book Henry Leland—Master of Precision, the date is 20 October; another reliable source shows car number three to have been built on 16 October. Cadillac displayed the new vehicles at the New York Auto Show in January 1903, where the vehicles impressed the crowds enough to gather over 2,000 firm orders. Cadillac's biggest selling point was precision manufacturing, and therefore, reliability; a Cadillac was simply a better-made vehicle than its competitors.

This is a document about History of Springfield, Massachusetts
  expensive. Blanchard – and Springfield – are credited with the discovery of the assembly line manufacturing process. Blanchard also invented the first modern car in Springfield, a "horseless carriage" powered by steam. The first American-English dictionary was produced in Springfield in 1806 by the company now known as Merriam Webster. Merriam Webster continues to maintain its worldwide headquarters in Springfield, just north of the Springfield Armory. In Springfield, "The City of Progress," many products were invented that are still popular and necessary today. For example, in 1844, Charles Goodyear perfected and patented vulcanized rubber at his factory in Springfield. (The automobile had

The first automobile in America that was publicly run on a road was the Duryea Motor Wagon, which was built by the Duryea brothers in 1893. However, the first American-built gasoline-powered automobile was built by Gottlieb Schloemer in 1889.


Question: who was the original singer of the song hallelujah

Answer: Canadian singer Leonard Cohen

This is a document about Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)
 Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song) "Hallelujah" is a song written by Canadian singer Leonard Cohen, originally released on his album "Various Positions" (1984). Achieving little initial success, the song found greater popular acclaim through a recording by John Cale, which inspired a recording by Jeff Buckley. It is considered as the "baseline" of secular hymns. Following its increased popularity after being featured in the film "Shrek" (2001), many other arrangements have been performed in recordings and in concert, with over 300 versions known. The song has been used in film and television soundtracks and televised talent contests. "Hallelujah" experienced renewed interest

This is a document about Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)
  "Hallelujah" is a song written by Canadian singer Leonard Cohen, originally released on his album Various Positions (1984). Achieving little initial success, the song found greater popular acclaim through a recording by John Cale, which inspired a recording by Jeff Buckley. Following its increased popularity after being featured in the film Shrek (2001), many other arrangements have been performed in recordings and in concert, with over 300 versions known. The song has been used in film and television soundtracks and televised talent contests. "Hallelujah" experienced renewed interest following Cohen's death in November 2016 and appeared on many international singles charts, including entering the American Billboard Hot 100 for the first time.

This is a document about Sweathog
  Mountain Eagle and was invited to join Sweathog. In October 1970, Sweathog became the house band at The Chronicle, a night club in the San Fernando Valley managed by Ed Jordan. Soon after they released two albums on CBS Records in the early 1970s, and are best known for their hit single "Hallelujah", which hit #33 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1971 and peaked at number 93 in Australia in 1972. Hallelujah was written by Mitch Bottler, Roberta Twain and Gary Zekley. Frank Barsalona signed Sweathog to the Premier Talent Agency and became a top opening act for Black Sabbath, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, The J. Geils Band, Edgar Winter's White Trash, Grand Funk

This is a document about Sing Hallelujah (Mike Settle song)
  "Sing Hallelujah" is a folk song written by Mike Settle and originally recorded on the album Folk Sing Hallelujah (1961) by Mike Settle and the Settlers. It has been recorded on singles by Jeannie Hoffman 1964, The Upper U. District Singers 1964, Liverpool's The Remo Four 1967, and Germany's The Lords 1966. Israeli duo Esther & Abi Ofarim recorded a rendition which reached No. 30 in Germany in 1966. In 1967, a version by Judy Collins was released as a b-side single in Italy from her album Golden Apples of the Sun (1962).

This is a document about Christmas music
  in Latin, would become a "staple of family holiday record collections." American a capella group Pentatonix released their version of "Hallelujah", the 1984 song written by Leonard Cohen and covered famously by a number of acts, on their Christmas album shortly before the songwriter's death in 2016. Besides the title, and several biblical references, the song contains no connection to Christmas or the holidays per se. Various versions have been added to Christmas music playlists on radio stations in the United States and Canada. In the United Kingdom, songs not explicitly tied to Christmas are popularly played during the year-end holidays. "Stop the Cavalry", written

This is a document about Naomi Bristow
  Naomi Bristow's Easter version of Hallelujah (lyrics by Kelley Mooney) went viral in Spring of 2019, as it reached its 14 million views on Facebook. The song, originally written and recorded by Leonard Cohen in 1984, is a world-famous song because of how well it sounds and its message. In 2017, Bristow won the "Traditional Female Rising Star" award at the Josie Music Awards in Nashville, Tennessee. Some of her previous accolades include the "Fans Choice Award" at the Havelock Country Jamboree, the "BC Cowboy Heritage award" and the Western Music Association two-time "Youth Yodeler of the Year award". She has received Municipal, Provincial and

This is a document about Myles Kennedy
  and embrace the fact that he is a tenor. He often performs Buckley's famous cover of "Hallelujah" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances. At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others. When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, "Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it. Leave your mark. People react to emotion more than

This is a document about The Refreshments (Swedish band)
 2014: "Hallelujah"

This is a document about Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)
  Since 1991, "Hallelujah" has been performed by a wide variety of singers: over 300, and in various languages. Statistics from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the Canadian Recording Industry Association, the Australian Recording Industry Association, and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, show that, by late 2008, more than five million copies of the song sold in CD format. It has been the subject of a BBC Radio documentary, a book, and been in the soundtracks of numerous films and television programs. Different interpretations of the song may include different verses, out of the over 80 verses Cohen originally wrote. In an April 2009 CBC Radio interview, Cohen said he found the number of covers of his song "ironic and amusing", given that his record label refused to release it when he first wrote it; however, he then claimed the song

This is a document about Overcome (Alexandra Burke album)
  "Hallelujah", a cover of Leonard Cohen's song, was Burke's debut release as The X Factor winner's single. The song, which reached the UK Singles Chart Christmas number-one, broke numerous records including the "fastest-selling download ever across Europe" after selling 105,000 digital copies after just two days of release, and 576,000 copies in its first sales week. The song remained at number-one for three weeks, and was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. "Hallelujah" went on to sell over one million copies in the United Kingdom alone, and was 2008's biggest selling single in the United Kingdom, despite having only been on sale for two weeks. The song

This is a document about Matt Morris (musician)
 performed "Hallelujah" live with Justin Timberlake and Charlie Sexton. "Hallelujah" was written by Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen and released on Cohen's seventh studio album, Various Positions (1984). ; featured on "Infatuation" by Flobots. "Infatuation" is co-written by Morris and included on Flobots second studio album, Survival Story (2010).

This is a document about 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards
 Cliff Robertson ; Elizabeth Taylor ; Anne Francis ; James MacArthur ; Peter Falk ; Harold Gould ; Stanley Frazen ; James Arness ; Janet MacLachlan ; Madelyn Pugh Davis ; Steve Landesberg ; Blake Edwards ; Betty Garrett ; John Cossette ; Bill Erwin ; Barbara Billingsley ; Leslie Nielsen ; Tom Bosley ; Reza Badiyi ; Leonard B. Stern ; Ryan Dunn ; Denise Cramsey ; Frank Potenza ; Bob Banner ; Andy Whitfield ; Fred Steiner ; Jill Clayburgh ; John Dye ; Jack LaLanne ; Al Masini ; Sada Thompson ; Laura Ziskin ; Don Meredith ; Sherwood Schwartz ; Bubba Smith ; Stephen J. Cannell A clip tribute to TV personalities was shown along with The Canadian Tenors playing the song "Hallelujah":

This is a document about Hallelujah! (Holly Johnson song)
  "Hallelujah!" is a song by former Frankie Goes to Hollywood singer Holly Johnson, which was released in 1998 as a promotional single and included on his third studio album Soulstream (1999). The song was written by Johnson (lyrics and music) and Nick Bagnall (music).

This is a document about Hallelujah I Love Her So
  "Hallelujah I Love Her So" is a single by American musician Ray Charles. The rhythm and blues song was written and released by Charles in 1956 on the Atlantic label, and in 1957 it was included on his self-titled debut LP, also released on Atlantic. The song peaked at number five on the Billboard R&B chart. It is loosely based on 'Get It Over Baby' by Ike Turner (1953). The song incorporates Gospel music. "Hallelujah I Love Her So" is a testament to the joyous release of love, featuring a sophisticated horn arrangement and memorable tenor sax solo by Don Wilkerson. Several artists, including Stevie Wonder, Peggy Lee, Eddie Cochran, and Humble Pie have covered the song.

This is a document about Hallelujah! (gospel song)
  "Hallelujah!" is a 1992 song from Handel's Messiah: A Soulful Celebration, a Grammy award winning Reprise Records concept album. The song is a soulful re-interpretation of the "Hallelujah" chorus from Messiah, George Frideric Handel's well-known oratorio from 1741. It is performed by a choir of all-star gospel, contemporary Christian, R&B and jazz singers, along with several actors. The song was arranged and produced by Take 6 alumnus Mervyn Warren, and conducted by Quincy Jones. Handel's Messiah: A Soulful Celebration won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album in 1992, as well as a Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year. The vocalists performing on "Hallelujah!" are Vanessa Bell Armstrong, Patti Austin, Bernie K., Daryl Coley, Commissioned, Andrae Crouch, Sandra Crouch, Clifton Davis, Charles S. Dutton, Kim Fields, Larnelle Harris, Edwin Hawkins, Tramaine Hawkins, Linda Hopkins, Al Jarreau, Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight, Lizz Lee, Dawnn Lewis, Babbie Mason, Johnny Mathis, Marilyn McCoo, Mike E., Stephanie Mills, Jeffrey Osborne, David Pack, Phylicia Rashad, Joe Sample, Richard Smallwood, Sounds of Blackness, Take 6, Darryl Tookes, Mervyn Warren, Thomas Whitfield, Vanessa Williams and Chris Willis.

This is a document about Hallelujah (Deep Purple song)
  "Hallelujah" is a song by British hard rock group Deep Purple, released in 1969. It is the first single to feature singer Ian Gillan and bassist Roger Glover and released in-between their 1969 eponymous album and the live Concerto for Group and Orchestra. The track was recorded on 7 and 12 June 1969. At the time, Glover had not yet joined the band and played on the track as a session musician. Originally written by Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook, the cover version flopped, despite TV appearances to promote the record in the UK. Guitarist Ritchie Blackmore told the Record Mirror that the new band "need to have a commercial record in Britain", and described the song as "an in-between sort of thing"—a median between what the band would normally make but with an added commercial motive. Gillan was unhappy about the single because he did not write the lyrics.

This is a document about Holly Lerski
  Lerski formed Angelou with guitarist Jo Baker in 1996. They recorded their first demo in the winter of that year, which included a cover of the Leonard Cohen song "Hallelujah". Inspired by Jeff Buckley's version, Lerski had been a fan of Buckley's, corresponding with the artist. Local Norwich label Haven Records heard the demo and signed Angelou in the beginning of 1997, scheduling the release of the Hallelujah EP to coincide with a UK summer tour supporting Eddi Reader and Boo Hewerdine. "Hallelujah" came out a week after Jeff Buckley's untimely death, ending the year on novelist Nick Hornby's 'Best of 97' compilation. In 1998 Angelou released their first album Automiracles. Now including drummer

This is a document about Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)
  propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart. His version was included in his self-titled debut album and his second studio album, Who I Am. Lisa Hordijk, winner of the 2009 Dutch X Factor, released "Hallelujah" as her debut single, which went double platinum and remained at the top of the Dutch charts for ten weeks. A 2009 hit by Orthodox Jewish singer Ohad Moskowitz, "Bo'i Kala", featuring the words of the traditional tune accompanying a Jewish bride to the chuppah, is a musical adaptation of "Hallelujah". On 22 January 2010, American musicians Justin Timberlake, Matt Morris, and Charlie

The original singer of the song "Hallelujah" was Leonard Cohen.


Question: who brought surf music to a national audience

Answer: the Beach Boys

This is a document about Surf music
 spring reverb, and the rapid alternate picking characteristics. His regional hit "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) launched the surf music craze, inspiring many others to take up the approach. The genre reached national exposure when it was represented by vocal groups such as the Beach Boys and Jan and Dean. Dale is quoted on such groups: "They were surfing sounds [with] surfing lyrics. In other words, the music wasn't surfing music. The words made them surfing songs. ... That was the difference ... the real surfing music is instrumental." At the height of its popularity, surf music rivaled girl groups and

This is a document about The Gamblers (surf band)
 into mass culture". "Moon Dawg!" was released in February 1960. Despite failing to chart nationally, the single found an audience in Southern California where it reached number 12 on KFWB's music listing in July that same year. Although historians differ on the single's exact release date, "Moon Dawg!" is considered by some to be the first surf rock record, serving as a template for acts that followed the Gamblers and recorded their own version of the song. As the first band to cover it, the Beach Boys helped solidify the track as a staple of surf music on their studio

This is a document about Rock music
 success as vocal music, particularly the work of the Beach Boys, formed in 1961 in Southern California. Their early albums included both instrumental surf rock (among them covers of music by Dick Dale) and vocal songs, drawing on rock and roll and doo wop and the close harmonies of vocal pop acts like the Four Freshmen. Their first chart hit, "Surfin'" in 1962 reached the "Billboard" top 100 and helped make the surf music craze a national phenomenon. The surf music craze and the careers of almost all surf acts was effectively ended by the arrival of the British Invasion

This is a document about The Beach Boys
 original songs, primarily written by Brian with Mike Love and friend Gary Usher. Another unusual feature of the Beach Boys was that, although they were marketed as "surf music", their repertoire bore little resemblance to the music of other surf bands, which was mainly instrumental and incorporated heavy use of spring reverb. For this reason, some of the Beach Boys' early local performances had young audience members throwing vegetables at the band, believing that the group were poseurs. In January 1963, the Beach Boys recorded their first top-ten single, "Surfin' U.S.A.", which began their long run of highly successful recording

This is a document about Surf music
 Surf music Surf music is a subgenre of rock music associated with surf culture, particularly as found in Southern California. It was especially popular from 1962 to 1964 in two major forms. The first is instrumental surf, distinguished by reverb-drenched electric guitars played to evoke the sound of crashing waves, largely pioneered by Dick Dale and the Del-Tones. The second is vocal surf, which took elements of the original surf sound and added vocal harmonies, a movement led by the Beach Boys. Dick Dale developed the surf sound from instrumental rock, where he added Middle Eastern and Mexican influences, a

This is a document about Surf culture
 Ogden and Jim Phillips. Surf culture is reflected in surf music, with subgenres such as surf rock and surf pop. This includes works from such artists as Jan and Dean, The Beach Boys, The Surfaris ("Wipe Out!"), Dick Dale, The Shadows, and The Ventures. The music inspired dance crazes such as The Stomp, The Frug, and The Watusi. While the category surf music helped popularize surfing, most surfers at the time, such as Miki Dora, preferred R&B and blues. A newer wave of surf music has started in the acoustic riffs of artists such as Jack Johnson and Donavon Frankenreiter,

This is a document about The Beach Boys
 the Beach Boys did. The band's earlier surf music helped raise the profile of the state of California, creating its first major regional style with national significance, and establishing a musical identity for Southern California, as opposed to Hollywood. California ultimately supplanted New York as the center of popular music thanks to the success of Brian's productions. A 1966 article discussing new trends in rock music writes that the Beach Boys popularized a type of drum beat heard in Jan and Dean's "Surf City", which sounds like a "a locomotive getting up speed", in addition to the method of "suddenly

This is a document about Surf music
 'Wipe Out,' you warned of 'Dead Man's Curve.'" In late 1961, the Beach Boys had their first chart hit, "Surfin'", which peaked at number 75 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, followed by "Surfin' U.S.A." (1963) and "Surfer Girl" (1963) which reached the Top 10. In mid-1962, the group released their major-label debut, "Surfin' Safari". The song hit number 14 and helped launch the surf rock craze into a national phenomenon. Breitenstein writes that hot rod rock gained national popularity beginning in 1962 with the Beach Boys' "409", which is often credited with initiating the hot rod music craze, which lasted

This is a document about Music history of the United States in the 1960s
 tone shimmering with sustain and evoking surf and ocean imagery. Duane Eddy's "Movin' and Groovin" is thought by many to be the main contender for laying the groundwork as the first surf rock record, while others claim the genre was invented by Dick Dale on "Let's Go Trippin'", which became a hit throughout California. Most early surf bands were formed in during this decade in the Southern California area. By the mid-1960s The Beach Boys, who used complex pop harmonies over a basic surf rock rhythm, had emerged as the dominant surf group and helped popularize the genre. In addition,

This is a document about 1960s in music
 with sustain and evoking surf and ocean imagery. Duane Eddy's "Movin' and Groovin" is thought by many to be the main contender for laying the groundwork as the first surf rock record, while others claim the genre was invented by Dick Dale on "Let's Go Trippin'", which became a hit throughout California. Most early surf bands were formed in during this decade in the Southern California area. By the mid-1960s the Beach Boys, who used complex pop harmonies over a basic surf rock rhythm, had emerged as the dominant surf group and helped popularize the genre. In addition, bands such

This is a document about American rock
 These included The Astronauts, from Boulder, Colorado, The Trashmen, from Minneapolis, Minnesota, who had a number 4 hit with "Surfin Bird" in 1964 and The Rivieras from South Bend, Indiana, who reached number 5 in 1964 with "California Sun". The Atlantics, from Sydney, Australia, made a significant contribution to the genre, with their hit "Bombora" (1963). Surf music achieved its greatest commercial success as vocal music, particularly the work of the Beach Boys, formed in 1961 in Southern California. Their early albums included both instrumental surf rock (among them covers of music by Dick Dale) and vocal songs, drawing on

This is a document about Surf music
 about the emerging New Surfing lifestyle now centered in Southern California, as well as the subtle songwriting style and production techniques that identify the Beach Boys' sound." In 1963, Murry Wilson, Brian's father who also acted as the Beach Boys' manager offered his definition of surf music: "The basis of surfing music is a rock and roll bass beat figuration, coupled with raunch-type weird-sounding lead guitar, an electric guitar, plus wailing saxes. Surfing music has to sound untrained with a certain rough flavor in order to appeal to teenagers. ... when the music gets too good, and too polished, it

This is a document about The Beach Boys
 turning point for the band, "creat[ing] a direct passage to California life for a wide teenage audience ... [and] a distinct Southern California sensibility that exceeded its conception as such to advance right to the front of American consciousness." Five days prior to the release of the "Surfin' U.S.A." album, Brian produced "Surf City", a song he had written for Jan and Dean. "Surf City" reached number one on the Billboard charts in July, a development that pleased Brian but angered Murry, who felt his son had "given away" what should have been the Beach Boys' first chart-topper. Throughout 1963,

This is a document about Surf music
 so-called "surfin" music. It's a name that people slap on any sound from California. Our music is rightfully 'the Beach Boy sound'—if one has to label it." Vocal surf can be interpreted as a regional variant of doo wop music, with tight harmonies on a song's chorus contrasted with scat singing. According to musicologist Timothy Cooley, "Like instrumental surf rock with its fondness for the twelve-bar blues form, the vocal version of Surf Music drew many key elements from African-American genres ... what made the Beach Boys unique was its ability to capture the nation's and indeed the world's imagination

This is a document about Surf music
 'wet'- sounding instrumental form exemplified by guitarist Dick Dale, and the smooth-voiced, multitracked harmonized vocal style invented by the Beach Boys. Purists argue that surf music is by definition instrumental." This second wave of surf music was led by the Beach Boys, a group whose main distinction between previous surf musicians was that they projected a world view. In 1964, the group's leader and principal songwriter, Brian Wilson, explained: "It wasn't a conscious thing to build our music around surfing. We just want to be identified with the interests of young kids." A year later, he would express: "I HATE

This is a document about Surf music
 a few vocals for the duo. The surf music craze, along with the careers of nearly all surf acts, was effectively ended by the British Invasion beginning in early 1964. Hot rod music also ceased to be prominent that year. The emerging garage rock, folk rock, blues rock and later psychedelic rock genres also contributed to the decline of surf rock. The Beach Boys survived the invasion by diversifying their approach to music. Brian explained to "Teen Beat": "We needed to grow. Up to this point we had milked every idea dry... We had done every possible angle about surfing

This is a document about Car song
 Cadillacs, The Fleetwoods, The Starfires, The Continentals, The Bonnevilles, The Rivieras, Little Anthony and the Imperials, among numerous others. The muscle car craze, as well as the surge of interest in sports car racing, brought several cars referencing performance cars. The Beach Boys, already a highly successful rock band, tapped into the California cruising and drag racing culture, spearheading a short-lived rock music craze commonly referred to as "hot rod rock". Author Geoffrey Himes wrote "The music was only subtly different [from surf music]". According to "The Ultimate Hot Rod Dictionary" by Jeff Breitenstein: From 1961 to 1965, some fifteen

This is a document about The Beach Boys
 in Robert Christgau's opinion, "the Beach Boys were a touchstone for real rock and rollers, all of whom understood that the music had its most essential roots in an innocently hedonistic materialism." The group's "California Sound" grew to national prominence through the success of their 1963 album "Surfin' U.S.A.", which helped turn the surfing subculture into a mainstream youth-targeted advertising image widely exploited by the film, television, and food industry. The group's surf music was not entirely of their own invention, being preceded by artists such as Dick Dale. However, previous surf musicians did not project a world view as

This is a document about Checkered Flag (album)
 Eliminator" is basically a follow-up to this, featuring more surf songs of Hot-Rod nature. All tracks composed by Dick Dale; except where indicated Checkered Flag (album) Checkered Flag is the third studio album of surf music by surf music pioneer Dick Dale and his Del-Tones, released in 1963. This is Dale's first entry into the "Hot Rod" style of surf music, which The Beach Boys, among others, were beginning to perform and record. Here the style shifts somewhat and features slightly altered beats and some added sounds to give the impression of the energy of Hot-rodding (this is not always

The Beach Boys brought surf music to a national audience with their hit single "Surfin' U.S.A." in 1963.


Question: when was the second republic established in france

Answer: 1848

This is a document about French Second Republic
 French Second Republic The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and initiated the Second Empire. It officially adopted the motto of the First Republic, "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité". The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the "Social and Democratic Republic" () and a liberal form of republicanism, which exploded during the June Days uprising of 1848. The 1848 Revolution in France, sometimes known as the February Revolution, was one of a wave of revolutions

This is a document about Republic
 September 7, 1822, and the Empire of Brazil lasted until 1889. In the other states various forms of autocratic republic existed until most were liberalized at the end of the 20th century. The French Second Republic was created in 1848, but abolished by Napoleon III who proclaimed himself Emperor in 1852. The French Third Republic was established in 1870, when a civil revolutionary committee refused to accept Napoleon III's surrender during the Franco-Prussian War. Spain briefly became the First Spanish Republic in 1873–74, but the monarchy was soon restored. By the start of the 20th century France, Switzerland and San

This is a document about Mr. President (title)
 This influenced parliamentary usage in France. By the 18th century, the president of a French parlement was addressed as "Monsieur le Président." In Pierre Choderlos de Laclos's 1782 novel "Les Liaisons Dangereuses" ("Dangerous Liaisons"), the wife of a magistrate in a parlement is referred to as Madame la Présidente de Tourvel ("Madam President of Tourvel"). When the Second French Republic was established in 1848, "Monsieur le Président" became the title of the President of the French Republic. The Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada, established in 1867, is also addressed as "Monsieur le Président" or "Madame la Présidente"

This is a document about French Revolution of 1848
 of resistance surfaced, but were put down, and the Second Republic was officially over. He re-established universal suffrage, feared by the Republicans at the time who correctly expected the countryside to vote against the Republic, Louis Napoleon took the title Emperor Napoleon III, and the Second Empire began. French Revolution of 1848 The 1848 Revolution in France, sometimes known as the February Revolution ("révolution de Février"), was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe. In France the revolutionary events ended the Orléans monarchy (1830–1848) and led to the creation of the French Second Republic. Following the overthrow

This is a document about Adolphe Thiers
 Adolphe Thiers Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers (; 15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French statesman and historian. He was the second elected President of France, and the first President of the French Third Republic. Thiers was a key figure in the July Revolution of 1830, which overthrew the Bourbon monarchy, and the French Revolution of 1848, which established the Second French Republic. He served as a prime minister in 1836, 1840 and 1848, dedicated the Arc de Triomphe, and arranged the return to France of the ashes of Napoleon from Saint-Helena. He was first a supporter, then a

This is a document about Senate (France)
 hereditary peers, but following the July Revolution of 1830, it became a body to which one was appointed for life. The Second Republic returned to a unicameral system after 1848, but soon after the establishment of the Second French Empire in 1852, a Senate was established as the upper chamber. In the Fourth Republic, the Senate was replaced by the Council of the Republic, but its function was largely the same. With the new constitution of the Fifth Republic enforced on 4 October 1958, the older name of Senate was restored. In 2011, the Socialist Party won control of the

This is a document about Feminism in France
 Socialist theory of passions advocated "free love." His architectural model of the "phalanstery" community explicitly took into account women's emancipation. The Bourbon Restoration re-established the prohibition of divorce in 1816. When the July Monarchy restricted the political rights of the majority of the population, the feminist struggle rejoined the Republican and Socialist struggle for a "Democratic and Social Republic," leading to the 1848 Revolution and the proclamation of the Second Republic. The 1848 Revolution became the occasion of a public expression of the feminist movement, who organized itself in various associations. Women's political activities led several of them to be

This is a document about The Three Musketeers
 court. In genre, "The Three Musketeers" is primarily a historical and adventure novel. However, Dumas also frequently works into the plot various injustices, abuses, and absurdities of the old regime, giving the novel an additional political aspect at a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialised from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy, four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic. The story of d'Artagnan is continued in "Twenty Years After" and "." In the very first sentences of his preface, Alexandre

This is a document about Historical romance
 However, Dumas also frequently works into the plot various injustices, abuses and absurdities of the old regime, giving the novel an additional political aspect at a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialized from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy, four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic. The author's father, Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, had been a well-known General in France's Republican army during the French Revolutionary Wars. The story of d'Artagnan is continued in "Twenty Years After" and "". The twentieth century

This is a document about House of Bourbon
 lasted until the Revolution of 1848. The Bourbon monarchy in France ended on 24 February 1848, when Louis-Philippe was forced to abdicate and the short-lived Second Republic was established. Some legitimists refused to recognize the Orleanist monarchy. After the death of Charles in 1836 his son was proclaimed Louis XIX, though this title was never formally recognized. Charles' grandson Henri, comte de Chambord, the last Bourbon claimant of the French crown, was proclaimed by some Henry V, but the French monarchy was never restored. Following the 1870 collapse of the empire of Emperor Napoleon III, Henri was offered a restored

This is a document about Adolphe Thiers
 native Aix-en-Provence, and there is a Lycée Thiers in Marseille. There were formerly statues of Thiers in a number of French towns, including Nancy and Saint-Germain-en-Laye, but some were removed in the 1970s and 1980s. Adolphe Thiers Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers (; 15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French statesman and historian. He was the second elected President of France, and the first President of the French Third Republic. Thiers was a key figure in the July Revolution of 1830, which overthrew the Bourbon monarchy, and the French Revolution of 1848, which established the Second French Republic. He

This is a document about History of France
 the other branch in 1848 as Napoleon's nephew was elected president. He made himself emperor as Napoleon III, but was overthrown when he was defeated and captured by Prussians in an 1870 war that humiliated France and made the new nation of Germany dominant in the continent. The Third Republic was established, but the possibility of a return to monarchy remained into the 1880s. The French built up an empire, especially in Africa and Indochina. The economy was strong, with a good railway system. The arrival of the Rothschild banking family of France in 1812 guaranteed the role of Paris

This is a document about Moderate Republicans (France)
 group with the Léon Gambetta's Belleville Agenda of 1869 based on radical, progressive, laicist and reformist goals. In the final years of the French Empire, the Republicans were divided in three factions: The Republicans officially ended with the Paris Commune of 1871 and the consolidation of the French Third Republic when its leaders started two different groups, namely the Opportunist Republicans (also called the Moderates) and the Republican Union. Moderate Republicans (France) The Moderate Republicans were a large political group active from the birth of the French Second Republic (1848) to the collapse of the Second French Empire (1870). Originally,

This is a document about French immigration to Puerto Rico
 jobs. Starvation spread throughout Europe as farms began to fail due to long periods of drought and crop diseases. There was also widespread political discontent. King Louis-Philippe of France was overthrown during the Revolution of 1848 and a republic was established. In 1870–71, Prussia defeated France in what became known as the Franco-Prussian War. The combination of natural and man-made disasters created an acute feeling of hopelessness in both France and Corsica. Hundreds of families fled Europe and immigrated to the Americas, including Puerto Rico. All of this came about when the Spanish Crown, after losing most of her possessions

This is a document about Modern history
 the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics. The [[July Monarchy]] was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution (or Three Glorious Days) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. The [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. [[File:BismarckundNapoleonIII.jpg|left|thumb|[[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]] and [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] after the [[Battle of Sedan]]]] The [[Franco-Prussian War]] was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was

This is a document about Monarchism in France
 Monarchism in France Monarchism in France is the advocacy of restoring the monarchy (mostly constitutional monarchy) in France, which was abolished after the 1870 defeat by Prussia, arguably before that in 1848 with the establishment of the French Second Republic. The French monarchist movements are roughly divided today in three groups: the Legitimists for the royal House of Bourbon, the Orléanists for the cadet branch of the House of Orleans and the Bonapartists for the imperial House of Bonaparte. In France, Louis-Philippe abdicated on February 24, 1848, opening the way to the Second Republic (1848–52), which lasted until Napoleon III's

This is a document about French Second Republic
  The French Second Republic (Deuxième République Française or La IIe République), officially the French Republic (République française), was the republican government of France that existed between 1848 and 1852. It was established in February 1848, with the Revolution that overthrew the July Monarchy, and ended in December 1852, after the 1851 coup d'état and when president Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III and initiated the Second French Empire. It officially adopted the motto of the First Republic, Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité.

This is a document about List of Major League Baseball players from Europe
  The French Second Republic was the republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the Second Empire.

This is a document about Monarchism in France
  In France, Louis Philippe abdicated on February 24, 1848, opening way to the Second Republic (1848–1852), which lasted until Napoleon III's December 2, 1851 coup d'état and the establishment of the Second Empire (1852–1870). The monarchist movement came back into force only after the 1870 defeat by Prussia and the crushing of the 1871 Paris Commune by Orléanist Adolphe Thiers. Legitimists and Orléanists controlled the majority of the Assemblies, and supported Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta, as president of the Ordre moral government. But the intransigeance of the Count of Chambord, who refused to abandon the white flag and

The Second French Republic was established in France in 1848.