Question: characteristic that is related to a star 's temperature

Answer: color

This is a document about Star
 valuable astronomical tool. Karl Schwarzschild discovered that the color of a star and, hence, its temperature, could be determined by comparing the visual magnitude against the photographic magnitude. The development of the photoelectric photometer allowed precise measurements of magnitude at multiple wavelength intervals. In 1921 Albert A. Michelson made the first measurements of a stellar diameter using an interferometer on the Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory. Important theoretical work on the physical structure of stars occurred during the first decades of the twentieth century. In 1913, the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram was developed, propelling the astrophysical study of stars. Successful models

This is a document about Delta2 Canis Minoris
 of hydrogen. The effective temperature of the photosphere is about 7053 K, giving it the yellow-white hue that is characteristic of F-type stars. The radius of this star can be estimated indirectly based upon the measured brightness and color information, which suggests the star is about the same size as the Sun. Delta2 Canis Minoris Delta Canis Minoris (δ CMi, δ Canis Minoris) is a star in the constellation Canis Minor. It is one of three stars that share the Bayer designation Delta Canis Minoris in Johann Bayer's 1603 "Uranometria" atlas of bright stars. The Flamsteed designation for this star

This is a document about Mass–luminosity relation
 the ideal gas pressure used above, yields formula_31 hence formula_32 To the first approximation, stars are black body radiators with a surface area of 4"πR". Thus, from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the luminosity is related to the surface temperature "T", and thrught it to the color of the star, by where "σ" is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.67 × 10W m K. The luminosity is equal to the total energy produced by the star per unit time. Since this energy is produced by nucleosynthesis, usually in the star core (this is not true for red giants), the core temperature is related to the

This is a document about Standard illuminant
 his method revealed that the SPDs could be satisfactorily approximated by using the mean (S) and first two characteristic vectors (S and S): In simpler terms, the SPD of the studied daylight samples can be expressed as the linear combination of three, fixed SPDs. The first vector (S) is the mean of all the SPD samples, which is the best reconstituted SPD that can be formed with only a fixed vector. The second vector (S) corresponds to yellow–blue variation, accounting for changes in the correlated color temperature due to presence or absence of clouds or direct sunlight. The third vector

This is a document about Wolf 489
 · 10) cm·s, or approximately 91 000 of Earth's, corresponding to a radius 9089 km, or 143% of Earth's. Wolf 489's temperature is 5030 ± 120 K (comparable with that of early K-type main sequence stars); its cooling age, i. e. age as degenerate star (not including lifetime as main sequence star and as giant star) is 5.19 Gyr. Despite its official classification as "white dwarf", Wolf 489 is not actually white due to low temperature, and should appear the same color as K-type main sequence stars, often referred to as "orange dwarfs". Wolf 489 Wolf 489 (WD 1334+039, LHS

This is a document about Standard illuminant
 (S) corresponds to pink–green variation caused by the presence of water in the form of vapor and haze. To construct a daylight simulator of a particular correlated color temperature one merely needs to know the coefficients M and M of the characteristic vectors S and S. Expressing the chromaticities x and y as: and making use of known tristimulus values for the mean vectors, they were able to express M and M as follows: The only problem is that this left unsolved the computation of the coordinate formula_12 for a particular phase of daylight. Judd "et al." simply tabulated the

This is a document about Main sequence
  The majority of stars on a typical HR diagram lie along the main-sequence curve. This line is pronounced because both the spectral type and the luminosity depend only on a star's mass, at least to zeroth-order approximation, as long as it is fusing hydrogen at its core—and that is what almost all stars spend most of their "active" lives doing. The temperature of a star determines its spectral type via its effect on the physical properties of plasma in its photosphere. A star's energy emission as a function of wavelength is influenced by both its temperature and composition. A key indicator of this energy distribution is given by the color index, B − V, which measures the star's magnitude in blue (B) and green-yellow (V) light by means of filters. This difference in magnitude provides a measure of a star's temperature.

This is a document about Star
  The surface temperature of a main sequence star is determined by the rate of energy production of its core and by its radius, and is often estimated from the star's color index. The temperature is normally given in terms of an effective temperature, which is the temperature of an idealized black body that radiates its energy at the same luminosity per surface area as the star. The effective temperature is only representative of the surface, as the temperature increases toward the core. The temperature in the core region of a star is several million kelvins. The stellar temperature will determine the rate of ionization of various elements, resulting in characteristic absorption lines in the spectrum. The surface temperature of a star, along with its visual absolute magnitude and absorption features, is used to classify a star (see classification below). Massive main sequence stars can have surface temperatures of 50,000 K. Smaller stars such as the Sun have surface temperatures of a few thousand K. Red giants have relatively low surface temperatures of about 3,600 K; but they have a high luminosity due to their large exterior surface area.

This is a document about Main sequence
  By treating the star as an idealized energy radiator known as a black body, the luminosity L and radius R can be related to the effective temperature Teff by the Stefan–Boltzmann law:  where σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. As the position of a star on the HR diagram shows its approximate luminosity, this relation can be used to estimate its radius. The mass, radius and luminosity of a star are closely interlinked, and their respective values can be approximated by three relations. First is the Stefan–Boltzmann law, which relates the luminosity L, the radius R and the surface temperature Teff. Second is the mass–luminosity relation, which relates the luminosity L and the mass M. Finally, the relationship between M and R is close to linear.

This is a document about A Brief History of Time
  so we can only observe their one characteristic feature, their light. When this light is passed through a prism, it gives rise to a spectrum. Every star has its own spectrum, and since each element has its own unique spectra, we can measure a star's light spectra to know its chemical composition. We use thermal spectra of the stars to know their temperature. In 1920, when scientists were examining spectra of different galaxies, they found that some of the characteristic lines of the star spectrum were shifted towards the red end of the spectrum. The implications of this phenomenon were given by the Doppler

This is a document about HD 326823
  Assuming a distance of 1.27 kiloparsecs, the primary has a temperature of 22,000 K and a luminosity of around. This corresponds to a radius about. Older analyses included a higher luminosity of, and a distance of 2 kpc. The primary star's stellar wind has a very low terminal velocity of just 200 kilometres per second and through that wind is losing 5.2 M_solar (about ) per year. The primary's mass is around, and its initial mass may have been about. Not much is known about the secondary, except for its mass of, a significant part of which may be from the primary. Assuming it is a main sequence star, it may have a radius of.

This is a document about GCIRS 16SW
  physical properties. This was before it was identified as an eclipsing binary, but it is still treated as a candidate LBV. Each star is strongly distorted by the gravity of the other star. The polar radius is calculated to be, while the radius along the direction of orbital motion is. The radius along the line joining the two stars is, while the separation of the centres of the two stars is. A calculation of properties treating the binary as a single star gave an effective temperature of 24,400 K. The secondary component is found to have a temperature 96% of that of the primary. However, these temperatures yield a luminosity over a million times that of the sun, uncomfortably close to the Eddington luminosity for each star, and it is suspected the actual temperatures are slightly lower.

This is a document about Effective temperature
   The effective temperature of a star is the temperature of a black body with the same luminosity per surface area ( Bol ) as the star and is defined according to the Stefan–Boltzmann law . Notice that the total (bolometric) luminosity of a star is then , where R is the stellar radius. The definition of the stellar radius is obviously not straightforward. More rigorously the effective temperature corresponds to the temperature at the radius that is defined by a certain value of the Rosseland optical depth (usually 1) within the stellar atmosphere. The effective temperature and the bolometric luminosity

This is a document about Effective temperature
  the two fundamental physical parameters needed to place a star on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. Both effective temperature and bolometric luminosity depend on the chemical composition of a star. The effective temperature of our Sun is around 5780 kelvins (K). The value recommended by the International Astronomical Union is 5772 +/- 0.8 K Stars have a decreasing temperature gradient, going from their central core up to the atmosphere. The "core temperature" of the Sun—the temperature at the centre of the Sun where nuclear reactions take place—is estimated to be 15,000,000 K. The color index of a star indicates its temperature from

This is a document about O-type star
  O-type stars are hot and luminous. They have characteristic surface temperatures ranging from 30,000 to 52,000 K, emit intense ultraviolet light, and so appear in the visible spectrum as bluish-white. Because of their high temperatures the luminosities of main sequence O-type stars range from 10,000 times the Sun to around 1,000,000 times, giants from 100,000 times the Sun to over 1,000,000, and supergiants from about 200,000 times the Sun to several million times. Other stars in the same temperature range include rare O-type subdwarf (sdO) stars, the central stars of planetary nebulae (CSPNe), and white dwarfs. The white dwarfs have their own spectral classification scheme, but many CSPNe have O-type spectra.

This is a document about Beta Pictoris
   According to measurements made as part of the Nearby Stars Project, Beta Pictoris has a spectral type of A6V and has an effective temperature of 8052 K, which is hotter than the Sun's 5778 K. Analysis of the spectrum reveals that the star contains a slightly higher ratio of heavy elements, which are termed metals in astronomy, to hydrogen than the Sun. This value is expressed as the quantity [M/H], the base-10 logarithm of the ratio of the star's metal fraction to that of the Sun. In the case of Beta Pictoris, the value of [M/H] is 0.05, which means that the star's metal fraction is 12% greater than that of the Sun. Analysis of the

This is a document about Main sequence
  ratio of M to R increases by a factor of only three over 2.5 orders of magnitude of M. This relation is roughly proportional to the star's inner temperature TI, and its extremely slow increase reflects the fact that the rate of energy generation in the core strongly depends on this temperature, whereas it has to fit the mass–luminosity relation. Thus, a too high or too low temperature will result in stellar instability. A better approximation is to take ε = L/M, the energy generation rate per unit mass, as ε is proportional to TI15, where TI is the core temperature. This is suitable for stars at least as massive as the Sun, exhibiting the CNO cycle, and gives the better fit R ∝ M0.78.

This is a document about Stellar classification
  The Harvard system is a one-dimensional classification scheme by astronomer Annie Jump Cannon, who re-ordered and simplified the prior alphabetical system by Draper (see next paragraph). Stars are grouped according to their spectral characteristics by single letters of the alphabet, optionally with numeric subdivisions. Main-sequence stars vary in surface temperature from approximately 2,000 to 50,000 K, whereas more-evolved stars can have temperatures above 100,000 K. Physically, the classes indicate the temperature of the star's atmosphere and are normally listed from hottest to coldest.  The spectral classes O through M, as well as other more specialized classes discussed later, are subdivided by Arabic numerals (0–9), where 0 denotes

This is a document about HD 24496
  The star has 96% of the mass of the Sun and 91% of the Sun's radius. The metallicity, what astronomers term the abundance of heavier elements, is about the same as in the Sun. The star is radiating 71% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,572 K. The secondary companion, component B, is a magnitude 11.1 red dwarf of class M2V that shares a common proper motion with the primary. They have an angular separation of 2.7 arcsecond along a position angle of 256°, which is equivalent to a physical projected separation of 55.2 AU. Their orbital period is around 123,000 years.

This is a document about Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
  called the theoretical Hertzsprung–Russell diagram instead. A peculiar characteristic of this form of the H–R diagram is that the temperatures are plotted from high temperature to low temperature, which aids in comparing this form of the H–R diagram with the observational form. Although the two types of diagrams are similar, astronomers make a sharp distinction between the two. The reason for this distinction is that the exact transformation from one to the other is not trivial. To go between effective temperature and color requires a color–temperature relation, and constructing that is difficult; it is known to be a function of stellar composition and can be affected by other factors like stellar

The characteristic related to a star's temperature is its color, which is determined by its effective temperature. A hotter star appears bluer, while a cooler star appears redder. The temperature of a star can also be determined by measuring its spectral energy distribution and comparing it to blackbody radiation curves of different temperatures.


Question: who 's wife turned to a pillar of salt

Answer: Lot 's wife

This is a document about Lot's wife
 Lot's wife In the Bible, Lot's wife is a figure first mentioned in . The Book of Genesis describes how she became a pillar of salt after she looked back at Sodom. She is not named in the Bible but is called "Ado" or "Edith" in some Jewish traditions. She is also referred to in the deuterocanonical books at and the New Testament at . Islamic accounts also talk about the wife of Prophet Lut (Lot) when mentioning 'People of Lut'. The story of Lot's wife begins in after two angels arrived in Sodom at eventide and were invited to

This is a document about Lot's wife
 of life. She was deemed unworthy to be saved and thus was turned to a pillar of salt. Another view in the Jewish exegesis of Genesis 19:26, is that when Lot's wife looked back, she turned to a pillar of salt upon the "sight of God," who was descending down to rain destruction upon Sodom and Gomorrah. One reason that is given in the tradition is that she turned back to look in order to see if her daughters, who were married to men of Sodom, were coming or not. Another Jewish legend says that because Lot's wife sinned with

This is a document about Allusion
 family before the destruction. God commanded Lot and his family not to look back as they fled. Lot's wife disobeyed and looked back, and she was immediately turned into a pillar of salt as punishment for her disobedience. An allusion to Lot's wife or to a pillar of salt is usually a reference to someone who unwisely chooses to look back once he or she has begun on a course of action or to someone who disobeys an explicit rule or command. In Greek mythology, Cassandra, the daughter of Trojan king Priam, was loved by Apollo, who gave her the

This is a document about Lot's wife
 turned into a pillar of salt. The Hebrew verb used for Lot's wife "looking" back is , "tāḇeṭ". Her looking back at Sodom differs in word usage to Abraham "looking" , "šāqap" toward Sodom in (18:16). The story appears to be based in part on a folk legend explaining a geographic feature. A pillar of salt named "Lot's wife" is located near the Dead Sea at Mount Sodom in Israel. The Mishnah states that a blessing should be said at the place where the pillar of salt is. Other pillars are said to be at the crossing of the Red

This is a document about Salt in the Bible
 Salt covenant - that is a covenant that can never be broken. The fate of Lot's wife, being turned to a pillar of salt, is found in . This is the reason for the naming of the pillar on Mount Sodom, which is often called "Lot's Wife". Salt was cast on the burnt offering (Ezekiel 43:24) and was part of the incense (Exodus 30:35). Part of the temple offering included salt (Ezra 6:9). Salt was widely and variably used as a symbol and sacred sign in ancient Israel and illustrate salt as a covenant of friendship. In cultures throughout the

This is a document about Lot's Wife (student newspaper)
 God’s wrath at Sodom on the premise that if they left behind the destruction that befell their town without looking back, they would be spared. Once they had escaped, Lot's wife looked back. As a consequence she turned into a pillar of salt for disobeying God's orders. The message of never looking back has been enshrined in "Lot's Wife" since its inception and continues to be reflected in each edition of the publication. Many of "Lot's Wife"’s contributors have achieved considerable notoriety in later life. "Lot's Wife" found itself in the middle of a media storm when an article was

This is a document about Salt
 of these mentions Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:26) as they were destroyed. When the judge Abimelech destroyed the city of Shechem, he is said to have "sown salt on it," probably as a curse on anyone who would re-inhabit it (Judges 9:45). The Book of Job contains the first mention of salt as a condiment. "Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? or is there any taste in the white of an egg?" (Job 6:6). In the New Testament, six

This is a document about Close Encounters of the Third Kind
 aliens as God and Roy Neary as Moses. Cecil B. DeMille's "The Ten Commandments" is seen on television at the Neary household. Some found close relations between Elijah and Roy; Elijah was taken into a "chariot of fire", akin to Roy going in the UFO. Climbing Devils Tower behind the faltering Jillian, Neary exhorts Jillian to keep moving and not to look back, similar to Lot's wife who looked back at Sodom and turned into a pillar of salt. Spielberg explained, "I wanted to make "Close Encounters" a very accessible story about the everyday individual who has a sighting that

This is a document about LGBT history
 with "brimstone and fire, from the Lord" and the death penalty was prescribed to its inhabitants and to Lot's wife who was tuned into a pillar of salt because she turned back to watch the cities' destruction. In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as "abominable". Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC states: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch". In Japan, several Heian diaries which contain references to homosexual acts exist as well. Some of these also contain references to emperors involved in homosexual relationships and to "handsome boys retained for

This is a document about Lot and his Daughters, with Sodom and Gomorrah Burning
 daughters, leaving the Cities of the Plain, led by an angel. On the right behind them is Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt for looking back to the city. Lot and his Daughters, with Sodom and Gomorrah Burning Lot and his Daughters, with Sodom and Gomorrah Burning is a miniature in pen and watercolour from a very late illuminated manuscript bible. The illustration by Picu Pătruț (1818 — 1872) of Transylvania, begun on May 24, 1842, is one of the 139 miniatures made from 1842 to 1851 for the "Bible of St. Petersburg" from 1819. The

This is a document about Roger Bannister
 and stood for many years at the entrance to Empire Stadium; after the stadium was demolished the sculpture was moved a short distance away to the Hastings and Renfrew entrance of the Pacific National Exhibition (PNE) fairgrounds. Regarding this sculpture, Landy quipped: "While Lot's wife was turned into a pillar of salt for looking back, I am probably the only one ever turned into bronze for looking back." Bannister went on that season to win the so-called metric mile, the 1500 m, at the European Championships in Bern, Switzerland, on 29 August, with a championship record in a time of

This is a document about Lot in Sodom
 with him. Lot refuses; then the angel tells him to escape the city with his wife and daughter. Sodom is then destroyed by flames; Lot's wife is turned to a pillar of salt for having looked back. All intertitles are quotes from the Bible. Lot in Sodom Lot in Sodom is a 1933 short silent experimental film, based on the Biblical tale of the city of Sodom and Gomorrah. It was directed by James Sibley Watson and Melville Webber. The movie uses experimental techniques, avant-garde imagery and strong allusions to sexuality, especially homosexuality. Louis Siegel was the sound composer, according

This is a document about Vayeira
 and annihilated the entire plain. Lot's wife looked back, and she turned into a pillar of salt. Next morning, Abraham hurried to the place where he had stood before God and looked down toward Sodom and Gomorrah and saw the smoke rising like at a kiln. Lot was afraid to dwell in Zoar, so he settled in a cave in the hill country with his two daughters. The older daughter told the younger that their father was old, and there was not a man on earth with whom to have children, so she proposed that they get Lot drunk and

This is a document about Biblical and Quranic narratives
 to not look back. The following morning, God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah with a shower of fiery stones from the sky. Lot's wife looked back to see the burning city and was turned into a pillar of salt. The story continues further after the destruction of the twin cities, with Lot leaving Zoar (where he had fled for refuge) with his two daughters to live in a cave. Fearing that all the men were dead, the daughters decided that in order to 'preserve the seed of their father' and procreate, they must have sexual intercourse with him; they decide to

This is a document about John Landy
 the right. A larger-than-life bronze sculpture of the two men at this moment was created by Vancouver sculptor Jack Harman in 1967 from a photograph by "Vancouver Sun" photographer Charlie Warner and stood for many years at the entrance to Empire Stadium; after the stadium was demolished the sculpture was moved a short distance away to the Hastings and Renfrew entrance of the Pacific National Exhibition (PNE) fairgrounds. In 2015 it returned to the site of the stadium. Regarding this sculpture, Landy quipped that "While Lot's wife was turned into a pillar of salt for looking back, I am probably

This is a document about The Destruction of Sodom And Gomorrah
 The Destruction of Sodom And Gomorrah The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is a painting by the English painter John Martin from 1852. John Martin's painting, shows the biblical story of the destruction of the two cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, which was God's punishment for the two cities for people's immoral behavior. Only Lot and his daughters were saved. Lot's wife disobeyed God's instruction not to look back, and was turned into a pillar of salt. The fiery red color is characteristic of John Martin's dramatic scenes of destruction. The swirling storm in heaven was also a frequent feature

This is a document about Lot's wife
 Sea as well as at the Wall of Jericho. The term "Lots's wife" for such geographical features subsequently entered common parlance, as one of the outcrops comprising Long Ya Men was also nicknamed thus. The Jewish historian Josephus claimed to have seen the pillar of salt which was Lot's wife. Its existence is also attested to by the early church fathers Clement of Rome and Irenaeus. In Judaism, one common view of Lot's wife turning to salt was as punishment for disobeying the angels' warning. By looking back at the "evil cities," she betrayed her secret longing for that way

This is a document about The Book of Salt
 his place in the household hierarchy." The book uses salt and its many connotations to connect themes of love and redemption. Food also adds to the meaning of salt in this context. Truong herself states that "Food or the preparation of food, at its best, is a profound act of intimacy." Salt also implies homosexuality in terms of the Biblical connotation of salt, in particular to the turning of Lot's wife into a pillar of salt for looking back at her home, to the city of Sodom. This is an implication that God not only disapproves the activities of the

This is a document about Lot's wife
 in the context of warning his disciples about difficult times in the future when the Son of Man would return; he told them to remember Lot's wife as a warning to not waver at that time. Lot's wife In the Bible, Lot's wife is a figure first mentioned in . The Book of Genesis describes how she became a pillar of salt after she looked back at Sodom. She is not named in the Bible but is called "Ado" or "Edith" in some Jewish traditions. She is also referred to in the deuterocanonical books at and the New Testament at

Lot's wife turned to a pillar of salt in the Bible, according to the Book of Genesis. She disobeyed God's command not to look back at the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.


Question: which is the eighth planet from the sun ( in order of increasing mean distance or semimajor axis )

Answer: Neptune

This is a document about Neptune
 Neptune Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. In the Solar System, it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune. Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of . It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol ♆, a stylised version of the

This is a document about HD 96700
 least nine times the mass of the Earth, and so may be a Neptune-like planet. But until astronomers can determine the orbital inclination or directly image the planet, there is no way to know for certain its actual mass. The second companion, HD 96700 c, is orbiting at roughly the same distance as Mercury from the Sun, with a semimajor axis of 0.42 AU and a period of around 103 days. It may have a relatively high eccentricity of 0.4. This object has at least 13 times the mass of the Earth. HD 96700 HD 96700 is the "Henry Draper

This is a document about HD 3167
 just four times the star's radius. The second planet, HD 3167 c, has an orbital period of 29.8454 days and an eccentricity of less than 0.267. The semimajor axis is . It has and , giving it a low bulk density of . This suggests either a mini-Neptune with a gaseous envelope consisting mainly of hydrogen and helium, or a planet consisting of mostly water. The incident flux from the host star is around 16 times the amount the Earth receives from the Sun, and it is less susceptible to atmospheric stripping than HD 3167 b. The proximity of the

This is a document about Distant minor planet
 Distant minor planet A distant minor planet, or "distant object", is any minor planet found beyond Jupiter in the outer Solar System that is not commonly thought of as an "asteroid". The umbrella term is used by IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), which is responsible for the identification, designation and orbit computation of these objects. , the MPC maintains 3497 distant objects in its data base. Most distant minor planets are trans-Neptunian objects and centaurs, while relatively few are damocloids, Neptune trojans or Uranus trojans. All distant objects have a semi-major axis (average distance from the Sun) greater than 6

This is a document about Planet Nine
 and proposed a possible orbit for the planet. This hypothesis could also explain TNOs with orbits perpendicular to the inner planets and others with extreme inclinations, as well as the tilt of the Sun's axis. Planet Nine is hypothesized to follow a highly elliptical orbit around the Sun with a period lasting 10,000–20,000 years. The planet's semi-major axis is estimated to be , roughly 20 times the distance from Neptune to the Sun, and its inclination to the ecliptic, the plane of the Solar System, to be about . The high eccentricity of Planet Nine's orbit could bring it as

This is a document about HD 154672
 planet Neptune as perceived with the naked eye, which has an apparent magnitude of 7.78 at its brightest. The star's actual brightness is measured with an absolute magnitude of 4.12, similar to that of the Sun. HD 154672 b is a Hot Jupiter, as it is a closely orbiting planet with a high mass. Specifically, HD 154672 has a mass that is 5.02 times greater than Jupiter's mass. It also orbits at a distance of 0.6 AU, or about 60% of the mean distance between the Earth and Sun. This orbit is completed every 163.91 days. HD 154672 b has

This is a document about Gamma Coronae Borealis
 orbital period of 91.2 years and an eccentricity of 0.48. The semimajor axis is 0.73 arc seconds − roughly the distance from the Sun to Neptune − and the inclination of the orbital plane is 94.5°. Both components are main sequence stars: the visual magnitude 4.04 primary has a stellar classification of B9 V, while the secondary is of class A3 V and magnitude 5.60. In 1969, γ Coronae Borealis was confirmed to be variable with an amplitude of 0.05 magnitudes. A year later, it was "confirmed" to be a δ Scuti variable with the earliest known spectral type in

This is a document about Planets beyond Neptune
 Planet Nine) based on a statistical clustering of the arguments of perihelia (noted before) near zero and also ascending nodes near 113° of six distant trans-Neptunian objects. They estimated it to be ten times the mass of Earth (about 60% the mass of Neptune) with a semimajor axis of approximately 400–1500 AU. Even without gravitational evidence, Mike Brown, the discoverer of Sedna, has argued that Sedna's 12,000-year orbit means that probability alone suggests that an Earth-sized object exists beyond Neptune. Sedna's orbit is so eccentric that it spends only a small fraction of its orbital period near the Sun, where

This is a document about (84522) 2002 TC302
 Sun) of 39.1 AU is about the same as Pluto's semi-major axis (average distance from the Sun). It is classified as a scattered disc object. Given the long orbit that TNOs have around the Sun, comes to opposition in late October of each year at an apparent magnitude of 20.5. Both the Minor Planet Center (MPC) and the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) show this probable dwarf planet to be in a 2:5 resonance with Neptune. Due to the resonance, it completes two orbits for every five orbits of Neptune. As of 2009, it is the largest likely dwarf planet that

This is a document about 61 Cygni
  eight times that of Jupiter, a calculated orbital period of 4.8 years, and a semi-major axis of 2.4 AU, where 1 AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. In 1977, Soviet astronomers at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg suggested that the system included three planets: two giant planets with six and twelve Jupiter masses around 61 Cyg A, and one giant planet with seven Jupiter masses around 61 Cygni B. In 1978, Wulff-Dieter Heintz of the Sproul Observatory proved that these claims were spurious, as they were unable to detect any evidence of such motion down to six percent of the Sun's mass—equivalent to about

This is a document about 8
 Messier object M8, a magnitude 5.0 nebula in the constellation of Sagittarius. ; The New General Catalogue object NGC 8, a double star in the constellation Pegasus. ; Since the demotion of Pluto to a dwarf planet on 24 August 2006, in our Solar System, eight of the bodies orbiting the Sun are considered to be planets.

This is a document about Neptune
  Neptune is the eighth and farthest-known Solar planet from the Sun. In the Solar System, it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. It is 17 times the mass of Earth, slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus. Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus because its greater mass causes more gravitational compression of its atmosphere. The planet orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 AU. It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident or the Greek

This is a document about Retrograde and prograde motion
  All eight planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in the direction of the Sun's rotation, which is counterclockwise when viewed from above the Sun's north pole. Six of the planets also rotate about their axis in this same direction. The exceptions – the planets with retrograde rotation – are Venus and Uranus. Venus's axial tilt is 177°, which means it is rotating almost exactly in the opposite direction to its orbit. Uranus has an axial tilt of 97.77°, so its axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is

This is a document about Beta Pictoris
  of the planets Jupiter and Saturn are 5.2 AU and 9.5 AU respectively. The separation in the radial direction is unknown, so this is a lower limit on the true separation. Estimates of its mass depend on theoretical models of planetary evolution, and predict the object has about 8 Jupiter masses and is still cooling, with a temperature ranging from 1400 to 1600 K. These figures come with the caveat that the models have not yet been tested against real data in the likely ranges of mass and age for the planet. The semimajor axis is 8–9 AU and its orbital period is 17–21 years. A

This is a document about (505478) 2013 UT15
  With a semi-major axis of 196 AU, orbits the Sun at a distance of 43.9–348 AU once every 2,742 years. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.78 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. It has a similar orbit to, except for a smaller inclination. belongs to a small number of detached objects with perihelion distances of 30 AU or more, and semi-major axes of 150 AU or more. Such objects can not reach such orbits without some perturbing object, which lead to the speculation of planet nine.

This is a document about HAT-P-8b
  HAT-P-8b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 720 light years away in the constellation of Pegasus, orbiting the 10th magnitude star GSC 02757-01152. This planet was discovered by transit on December 5, 2008. Despite the designation as HAT-P-8b, it is the 11th planet discovered by the HATNet Project. The mass of the planet is 50% more than Jupiter while the radius is also 50% more than Jupiter. The mass of this planet is exact since the inclination of the orbit is known, typical for transiting planets. This is a so-called “hot Jupiter” because this Jupiter-like gas giant planet orbits in a really close torch orbit around

This is a document about HD 3443
  This binary star system, with an orbital semimajor axis 8.9 AU, has not had any circumstellar dust detected as of 2020. While the habitable zones of the stars stretch from 0.55 to 0.95 AU from the stars, planetary orbits with a semimajor axis beyond 1.87 AU would become unstable due to the influence of the binary companion.

This is a document about Planet Nine
  smaller semi-major axes when the other planets were included in simulations. Although other mechanisms have been offered for many of these peculiarities, the gravitational influence of Planet Nine is the only one that explains all four. The gravity of Planet Nine would also increase the inclinations of other objects that cross its orbit, however, which could leave the scattered disk objects, bodies orbiting beyond Neptune with semi-major axes greater than 50 AU, and short-period comets with a broader inclination distribution than is observed. Previously Planet Nine was hypothesized to be responsible for the 6 degree tilt of the Sun's axis relative to the orbits of the planets, but recent updates to its predicted orbit and mass limit this shift to ~1 degree.

This is a document about Kepler-8
  Kepler-8b is the only planet that has been discovered orbiting of Kepler-8. With a mass of .603 MJ and a radius of 1.419 RJ, the planet is 60% the mass of, but 42% larger than planet Jupiter. The planet is diffuse, with a density of .261 grams/cc, especially in comparison to Jupiter and its density of 5.515 grams/cc. At a distance of .0483 AU, Kepler-8b orbits its star every 3.5225 days. The eccentricity of Kepler-8 is assumed to be 0, which would give the planet a circular orbit. In comparison, planet Mercury orbits the Sun at .3871 AU every 87.97 days. Mercury also has an elliptical orbit, with an eccentricity of .2056.

Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun in our Solar System, with a mean distance or semimajor axis of approximately 30.1 AU.


Question: who won the world rapid chess championship in riyadh in 2017

Answer: Indian grandmaster Vishwanathan Anand

This is a document about World Rapid Chess Championship
 World Rapid Chess Championship The World Rapid Chess Championship is a chess tournament held to determine the world champion in chess played under rapid time controls. Prior to 2012, the FIDE gave such recognition to a limited number of tournaments, with non-FIDE recognized tournaments annually naming a world rapid champion of their own. Since 2012, FIDE has held an annual joint rapid and blitz chess tournament and billed it as the Word Rapid & Blitz Chess Championships. The current world rapid champion is Indian grandmaster Vishwanathan Anand, who won the title on 28 December 2017. The concept of rapid chess

This is a document about Magnus Carlsen
  awarded him 7 additional points in the Grand Chess Tour standings, which was enough to crown him the 2017 Grand Chess Tour champion. From 26 to 30 December, Carlsen played in the 2017 World Rapid and World Blitz Chess Championships, held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He finished fifth in the rapid event, scoring 10/15 (+8−3=4). Anand shared first place with Vladimir Fedoseev on 10½/15, and won the tournament after defeating Fedoseev on tiebreak. Carlsen won the blitz event, scoring 16/21 (+13−2=6), one and a half points ahead of his nearest competitors, Karjakin and Anand. This was Carlsen's third World Blitz Chess Championship victory.

This is a document about Viswanathan Anand
  Anand won the 2017 World Rapid Chess Championship, defeating Vladimir Fedoseev 2–0 in the final tiebreak after he, Fedoseev and Ian Nepomniachtchi tied for first with 10.5/15 points. He won the tournament ahead of Carlsen, his first victory in a world championship since losing the classical championship to Carlsen in 2013.

This is a document about 2018 in Russia
 26 to 28 December – The 2018 World Rapid Chess Championship was held in Saint Petersburg. Winner and world champion was Daniil Dubov from Russia, ahead of Shakhriyar Mamedyarov and Hikaru Nakamura.

This is a document about Levon Aronian
  Rapid & Blitz with a score of 24½/36. In September 2017, Aronian won the World Cup, and in doing so qualified for the Candidates Tournament for the 2018 World Chess Championship. In November 2017, Aronian won the gold medal for individual performance in the European Team Chess Championship. In the same month, he tied for first with Dmitry Jakovenko in the FIDE Grand Prix in Palma de Mallorca. In December 2017, Aronian took fifth place in the World Blitz Chess Championship in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, with a score of 14/21 including wins over Maxime Vachier-Lagrave and defending champion Sergey

This is a document about 2017 in sports
  U11 winners: 🇹🇷 Efe Hakan Öztürk (m) / 🇵🇱 Martyna Starosta (f) ; U13 winners: 🇹🇷 Enes Tanrıverdi (m) / 🇰🇿 Nazerke Nurgali (f) ; U15 winners: 🇺🇿 Nodirbek Yakubboev (m) / 🇰🇿 Assel Serikbay (f) ; U17 winners: 🇲🇩 Andrei Macovei (m) / 🇮🇪 Diana Mîrza (f) ; April 24 – May 4: World Team Chess Championship 50+, 65+ in Crete ; +50 winners: 1st: 🇷🇺 Saint Petersburg, 2nd: 🇦🇲, 3rd: 🏴 I ; +65 winners: 1st: 🇷🇺, 2nd: 🇫🇷, 3rd: 🇸🇪 I ; June 1 – 5: 1st FIDE World Cadets Rapid & Blitz Chess Championships 2017 in 🇧🇾 Minsk ; Rapid U8 winners: Phạm Trần Gia

This is a document about Magnus Carlsen
  Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen (born 30 November 1990) is a Norwegian chess grandmaster who is the reigning five-time World Chess Champion, three-time World Rapid Chess Champion, and five-time World Blitz Chess Champion. Carlsen has held the No. 1 position in the FIDE world chess rankings since July 1, 2011, and trails only Garry Kasparov in time spent as the highest rated player in the world. His peak classical rating of 2882 is the highest in history. He also holds the record for the longest unbeaten streak at the top level in classical chess. A chess prodigy, Carlsen finished first in the C group of the Corus chess tournament shortly after

This is a document about World Rapid Chess Championship
  The World Rapid Chess Championship is a chess tournament held to determine the world champion in chess played under rapid time controls. Prior to 2012, the FIDE gave such recognition to a limited number of tournaments, with non-FIDE recognized tournaments annually naming a world rapid champion of their own. Since 2012, FIDE has held an annual joint rapid and blitz chess tournament and billed it as the World Rapid & Blitz Chess Championships. FIDE also holds the Women's World Rapid & Blitz Chess Championship. The current rapid world champion is the Norwegian grandmaster Magnus Carlsen. Humpy Koneru from India is the current women's rapid world champion.

This is a document about Kings Tournament
  In 2017, the Kings Tournament consisted of two rapid tournaments (mixed and women's) and two blitz tournaments (mixed and women's). Vassili Ivantchouk won the blitz and rapid tournaments beating Sergueï Kariakine, Wei Yi and Bogdan-Daniel Deac. Anna Muzychuk won the two women's tournaments, beating Elisabeth Pähtz, Pia Cramling and Corina-Isabela Peptan.

This is a document about July 2012 in sports
 World Rapid and Blitz Championships in Astana, Kazakhstan: ; Rapid Chess: Sergey Karjakin   Magnus Carlsen   Veselin Topalov ; Blitz Chess: Alexander Grischuk   Magnus Carlsen   Sergey Karjakin

This is a document about Fast chess
  "weird" that Board 1 would be reserved for him. Alexander Grischuk won the Blitz Championship. In 2015, FIDE did not receive the expected 80,000 euros from Agon's organization of the event, causing a budget shortfall of 55,000 euros. It was later announced that approximately 200,000 euros were lost on the event. In 2016, the World Rapid Championships were held at the Ali Bin Hamad Al Attiya Arena in Doha, Qatar. Vassily Ivanchuk of Ukraine won the 2016 World Rapid Championship, while Carlsen, after defending his title with difficulty in 2015, came in third place. In the Blitz Championship, Sergey Karjakin of Russia and contender in the recently held World Chess

This is a document about Magnus Carlsen
  From October 2017 to January 2018, Carlsen played in the second edition of Chess.com's Speed Chess Championship. He defeated Gadir Guseinov, So and Grischuk in the first three rounds 20½–5½, 27½–9½ and 15½–10½, respectively. On 3 January he defeated Nakamura 18–9 in the final, thus winning the tournament for a second time in a row. From 13 to 28 January, Carlsen competed in the 80th Tata Steel Chess Tournament. He placed joint first with Giri, scoring 9/13 (+5−0=8). Carlsen then defeated Giri 1½–½ in the blitz playoff, thus winning the tournament for a record sixth time. In February, Carlsen won the unofficial Fischer Random Chess Championship, defeating Nakamura by a score of 14–10. Carlsen placed second with a score of 5½/9 (+2−0=7)

This is a document about Fabiano Caruana
  Caruana finished fourth with 4½ points out of 9 games. In June at the FIDE World Rapid Championship held in Dubai, Caruana finished second with 10½ points out of 15 games, after tiebreaks with Viswanathan Anand, Levon Aronian and Alexander Morozevich, half point behind the winner Magnus Carlsen. With this result Caruana in July topped the FIDE rapid ranking with 2858 points. In FIDE World Blitz Championship, also held in Dubai, Caruana finished in the middle of the group, confirming some difficulties with short time control. In July, Caruana won with 5½ points out of 7 games the Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting, breaking for the first time the 2800 Elo points bar. By August

This is a document about Daniil Dubov
  Dubov served as one of Magnus Carlsen's seconds for the World Chess Championship 2018. In December, Dubov won the World Rapid Chess Championship ahead of Carlsen, Shakhriyar Mamedyarov and Hikaru Nakamura.

This is a document about Viswanathan Anand
  behind Sergey Karjakin at 14.5/21 (ahead on tie-break) and Magnus Carlsen at 16/21. Viswanathan Anand participated in several high-level tournaments in 2017 including the World Rapid and Blitz Championship, the Isle of Man Championship, the Norway chess tournament, the Zurich Chess Challenge, the Leon Chess Masters Rapid Tournament and the FIDE World Cup, to which he returned after fifteen years. He also played in the Grand Chess Tour a series of five events: the Paris, Leuven and St. Louis rapid and blitz tournaments, the 2017 Sinquefield Cup and the 2017 London Chess Classic, with Anand declining to participate in the Paris Rapid and Blitz tournament. Anand made more than $450 000 in prize money in 2017.

This is a document about Ian Nepomniachtchi
  Nepomniachtchi won the 7th Hainan Danzhou tournament in July and the Tal Memorial in October. At the 42nd Chess Olympiad, held in 2016, he won the team bronze medal and an individual silver playing board 4 for Russia. On 10 December 2017, Ian won a chess game against world champion Magnus Carlsen at the super tournament in London. In the tournament Nepomniachtchi, who was the leader after 8 rounds (+3-0=5), lost in a tie-break to Fabiano Caruana, who managed to catch up with the leader in the 9th round, and took 2nd place. On 27 December 2017, he took third place in the World Rapid Chess Championship, which ended in Riyadh. In July 2018, he won the 46th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting, scoring 5/7 (+3–0=4) to finish

This is a document about Cheating in chess
  of this was at the 2017 World Blitz Chess Championship in Riyadh. Ernesto Inarkiev was playing Magnus Carlsen, and with little time left on both players' clocks, Inarkiev made an illegal move by checking Carlsen's king. However, Inarkiev's own king was in check, and Inarkiev's move did not remove Carlsen's check. Carlsen automatically moved his king out of check, but Inarkiev then claimed that Carlsen had made an illegal move, and that Carlsen's only legal play had been to point out Inarkiev's illegal move. The deputy arbiter agreed with Inarkiev's interpretation of the rules and awarded him the win. The decision was appealed and the initial ruling was overturned, with the new ruling to resume play. Inarkiev received criticism for gamesmanship for attempting to use his own illegal move as a way to win, and Carlsen took the win after Inarkiev refused to resume play.

This is a document about World Chess Championship 2016
  – earned some criticism from Yasser Seirawan and former world champion Anatoly Karpov as inappropriate, considering that there is also a World Rapid Chess Champion title. Speaking on the format during the postmatch conference, Carlsen reiterated his preference for a different format for the title (probably a knockout format he had proposed in 2015), while Karjakin indicated he was happy with the match format. Because of the even score in the classical portion of the match, Carlsen lost 13 rating points in the December 2016 FIDE ratings list, while Karjakin gained 13 points. Carlsen remained the top player in the world, 17 points ahead of Fabiano Caruana, while Karjakin rose to sixth. Carlsen and Karjakin played their next classical game at the 2017 Tata Steel tournament, and the game was drawn. The next decisive classical game was at Norway Chess 2017, with Carlsen winning.

This is a document about Fast chess
   Fast chess is a type of chess in which each player is given less time to consider their moves than normal tournament time controls allow. Fast chess is subdivided, by decreasing time controls, into rapid chess, blitz chess, and bullet chess. Armageddon chess is a particular variation of fast chess in which different rules apply for each of the two players. The top ranked 2021 world rapid chess and blitz chess player is Magnus Carlsen from Norway, who is also the top ranked classical chess player. The top ranked 2021 women's rapid and blitz chess player is Hou Yifan from China, who is also the top ranked women's classical chess player.

Magnus Carlsen won the World Rapid Chess Championship in Riyadh in 2017.


Question: when did leonardo da vinci finish painting the mona lisa

Answer: 1517

This is a document about Mona Lisa
 portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, and is in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel. It had been believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506; however, Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517. Recent academic work suggests that it would not have been started before 1513. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic, on permanent display at the Louvre Museum in Paris since 1797. The subject's expression, which is frequently described as enigmatic, the monumentality of the composition,

This is a document about Two-Mona Lisa theory
  Disparate dates proposed for the initiation and completion or abandonment of the Mona Lisa are claimed to indicate that there were actually two different paintings worked on at different times, with one version being begun in 1503 and left unfinished, and the Louvre Mona Lisa being begun after 1513. Specifically, it is believed by some that Leonardo da Vinci had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model of the Mona Lisa, in Florence by October 1503. Although the Louvre states that it was "doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506", Leonardo experts such as Carlo Pedretti and Alessandro Vezzosi, are of the opinion that

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  that there are some difficulties in confirming the dates with certainty. Alessandro Vezzosi believes that the painting is characteristic of Leonardo's style in the final years of his life, post-1513. Other academics argue that, given the historical documentation, Leonardo would have painted the work from 1513. According to Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished". In 1516, Leonardo was invited by King Francis I to work at the Clos Lucé near the Château d'Amboise; it is believed that he took the Mona Lisa with him and continued to work on it after he moved to

This is a document about 1503 in art
 Leonardo da Vinci probably begins painting the Mona Lisa in Florence ; Giuliano Bugiardini joins the painter's guild in Florence ; First record of Matthias Grünewald painting

This is a document about Lisa del Giocondo
  delay his work on Mona Lisa when he received payment for starting The Battle of Anghiari, which was a more valuable commission and one he was contracted to complete by February 1505. In 1506, Leonardo considered the portrait unfinished. He was not paid for the work and did not deliver it to his client. The artist's paintings traveled with him throughout his life, and he may have completed the Mona Lisa many years later in France, in one estimation by 1516. The painting's title dates to 1550. An acquaintance of at least some of Francesco's family, Giorgio Vasari, wrote, "Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife"

This is a document about Isleworth Mona Lisa
  It is generally agreed that the Isleworth Mona Lisa was painted in the early sixteenth century. Those who believe that Leonardo painted it contend that disparate dates proposed for the initiation of the Mona Lisa indicate that two different paintings were worked on at different times, with the Isleworth Mona Lisa being begun in 1503 and left unfinished, and the Louvre Mona Lisa being begun after 1513. Specifically, it is believed by some that Leonardo da Vinci had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model of the Mona Lisa, in Florence by October 1503. Although the Louvre states that it

This is a document about Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations
  At the beginning of the 16th century, Leonardo da Vinci was commissioned by Florentine nobleman Francesco del Giocondo to paint a portrait of his wife, Lisa. The painting is believed to have been undertaken between 1503 and 1506. Leonardo's portrait of Mona Lisa ("Mona" or "Monna" being the Italian honorific for "Madame") has been on display as part of the permanent collection at Paris' Louvre museum since 1797. It is also known as La Joconde in French and La Gioconda in Italian, and has been known by other names in the past. There is a new study setting the beginning of the Mona Lisa to an earlier date than previously thought,

This is a document about Mona Lisa (Prado)
  a request to include the Prado's work in a temporary exhibition in the Louvre called Leonardo's last masterpiece: The Sainte Anne, from 29 March to 25 June 2012. The oxidized varnishes indicated that the black repaint had been made 200 years after the copy was painted, that is to say, not before 1750. During this restoration process, the copy was also submitted to a study of infrared reflectography and radiography, where the results revealed that the painting had been made in the workshop of Leonardo da Vinci at the same time the original Mona Lisa was painted. The "key" of this discovery

This is a document about Isleworth Mona Lisa
  from 1513. Proponents of the Islewoth point to the account of sixteenth-century biographer Giorgio Vasari, who wrote of the Mona Lisa that "after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished". The record of an October 1517 visit by Luigi d'Aragon states that the Mona Lisa was executed for Giuliano de' Medici, Leonardo's patron at the Belvedere Palace between 1513 and 1516 —though this has been suspected an error. According to Vasari, the painting was created for the model's husband, Francesco del Giocondo. It has been asserted that Leonardo "almost invariably commenced two versions of each of his works, which he

This is a document about Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci
   Leonardo da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian Renaissance painter and polymath who achieved legendary fame and iconic status within his own lifetime. His renown primarily rests upon his brilliant achievements as a painter, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, being two of the most famous artworks ever created, but also upon his diverse skills as a scientist and inventor. He became so highly valued during his lifetime that the King of France bore him home like a trophy of war, supported him in his old age and, according to legend, cradled his head as he died. Leonardo's portrait was used, within his own lifetime, as the iconic image of Plato in Raphael's School of Athens. His biography was written in

This is a document about Italian Renaissance painting
  for the next half millennium. Many other Renaissance artists painted versions of the Last Supper, but only Leonardo's was destined to be reproduced countless times in wood, alabaster, plaster, lithograph, tapestry, crochet and table-carpets. More than any other artist, he advanced the study and painting of "atmosphere". In his paintings such as the Mona Lisa (c.1503-1517) and Virgin of the Rocks (1483-1486) (the earliest complete work fully of his hand), he used light and shade with such subtlety that, for want of a better word, it became known as Leonardo's "sfumato" or "smoke". He exhibited a revolutionary use of colour by defining the

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550, 31 years after the artist's death. It has long been the best-known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of the sitter. Leonardo's assistant Salaì, at his death in 1524, owned a portrait which in his personal papers was named la Gioconda, a painting bequeathed to him by Leonardo.  That Leonardo painted such a work, and its date, were confirmed in 2005 when a scholar at Heidelberg University discovered a marginal note in a 1477 printing of a volume by ancient Roman philosopher Cicero. Dated

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  to the Giocondo family, and later it is believed he left it in his will to his favored apprentice Salaì. It had been believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506; however, Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic itself, on permanent display at the Louvre, Paris since 1797. The Mona Lisa is one of the most valuable paintings in the world. It holds the Guinness World Record for the highest known insurance valuation in history at US$100 million in 1962 (equivalent to $870 million in 2021).

This is a document about Two-Mona Lisa theory
  Vinci was painting, in 1503, the portrait of a Florentine lady by the name of Lisa del Giocondo. About this we are now certain. Unfortunately, we cannot be absolutely certain that this portrait of Lisa del Giocondo is the painting of the Louvre". Art historian Martin Kemp, while doubting the two-painting theory, nevertheless notes difficulties in confirming the dates with certainty, and sixteenth-century biographer Giorgio Vasari wrote of Leonardo's work on the Mona Lisa that "after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished", though the painting in the Louvre appears to be a finished piece. Proponents of the theory explain that the hypothetical

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  Of Leonardo da Vinci's works, the Mona Lisa is the only portrait whose authenticity has never been seriously questioned, and one of four works – the others being Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, Adoration of the Magi and The Last Supper – whose attribution has avoided controversy. He had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model of the Mona Lisa, by October 1503. It is believed by some that the Mona Lisa was begun in 1503 or 1504 in Florence. Although the Louvre states that it was "doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506", art historian Martin Kemp

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  had been trimmed. However, by 1993, Frank Zöllner observed that the painting surface had never been trimmed; this was confirmed through a series of tests in 2004. In view of this, Vincent Delieuvin, curator of 16th-century Italian painting at the Louvre, states that the sketch and these other copies must have been inspired by another version, while Zöllner states that the sketch may be after another Leonardo portrait of the same subject. The record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon states that the Mona Lisa was executed for the deceased Giuliano de' Medici, Leonardo's steward at the Belvedere

This is a document about Leonardo da Vinci
  overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons. Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503, where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October of that year. By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the Mona Lisa, which he would continue working on until his twilight years. In January 1504, he

This is a document about Isleworth Mona Lisa
  finished". A number of experts have argued that Leonardo made two versions of the Mona Lisa (because of the uncertainty concerning its dating and commissioner, as well as its fate following Leonardo's death in 1519, and the difference of details in Raphael's sketch—which may reflect that he made the sketch from memory). Experts universally agree that Raphael's pen-and-ink sketch, in which the columns flanking the subject are more apparent, is based on Leonardo's portrait. Other later copies of the Mona Lisa, such as those in the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design and The Walters Art Museum, also display large flanking columns.

This is a document about Timeline of art
 1509 in art ; 1508 in art ; 1507 in art ; 1506 in art – Leonardo da Vinci completes the Mona Lisa (approximately) ; 1505 in art ; 1504 in art – Michelangelo completes the David, Hieronymus Bosch completes The Garden of Earthly Delights ; 1503 in art – Birth of Agnolo di Cosimo ; 1502 in art ; 1501 in art – Birth of Girolamo da Carpi ; 1500 in art – Birth of Benvenuto Cellini

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  Art historian Carmen C. Bambach has concluded that Leonardo probably continued refining the work until 1516 or 1517. Leonardo's right hand was paralytic circa 1517, which may indicate why he left the Mona Lisa unfinished. Circa 1505, Raphael executed a pen-and-ink sketch, in which the columns flanking the subject are more apparent. Experts universally agree that it is based on Leonardo's portrait. Other later copies of the Mona Lisa, such as those in the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design and The Walters Art Museum, also display large flanking columns. As a result, it was thought that the Mona

The Mona Lisa is believed to have been completed by Leonardo da Vinci between 1503 and 1517. However, the exact year is uncertain. Some historians argue that he may have started the painting as early as 1503 and finished it around 1517, while others believe that he began the painting in 1506 and took it with him to France in 1516. The painting is now owned by the French Republic and is on permanent display at the Louvre Museum in Paris.


Question: who was the murderer in the movie in the heat of the night

Answer: Ralph

This is a document about In the Heat of the Night (film)
 get revenge. Tibbs reveals that the murder was committed at the site of the planned factory and clears Wood. He also admits that he knew why Wood had changed his route: Delores is an exhibitionist and Wood has been spying on her. Tibbs visits a backstreet abortionist, who reveals that someone paid for Delores to have an abortion. When Delores arrives, Tibbs follows her outside and is confronted by the murderer, Ralph. Purdy's mob tracks down Tibbs and holds him at gunpoint; he responds by proving that Ralph got Delores pregnant. Ralph shoots Purdy dead before Tibbs disarms him. Ralph

This is a document about Sidney Poitier
  the weak moments are saved by Poitier, who invests his role with a subtle warmth." In Norman Jewison's mystery drama In the Heat of the Night, Poitier played Virgil Tibbs, a police detective from Philadelphia who investigates a murder in the deep south in Mississippi alongside a cop with racial prejudices played by Rod Steiger. The film was a critical success with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling it "the most powerful film I have seen in a long time." Roger Ebert placed it at number ten on his top ten list of 1967 films. Art Murphy of Variety felt that the excellent Poitier and outstanding Steiger

This is a document about In the Heat of the Night (film)
  real America at the moment" and that it is "essentially a primitive rah-rah story about an underdog's triumph over a bully". The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited In the Heat of the Night as one of his favorite films. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95% based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 8.30/10. Its consensus states, "Tense, funny, and thought-provoking all at once, and lifted by strong performances from Sydney [sic] Poitier and Rod Steiger, director Norman Jewison's look at murder and racism in small-town America continues to resonate today." Metacritic assigned a score of 75 based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

This is a document about Sidney Poitier
  In the Heat of the Night featured his most successful character, Virgil Tibbs, a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania detective whose subsequent career was the subject of two sequels: They Call Me MISTER Tibbs! (1970) and The Organization (1971). Poitier has directed several films, the most successful being the Richard Pryor-Gene Wilder comedy Stir Crazy, which for many years was the highest-grossing film directed by a person of African descent. His feature film directorial debut, in 1972, was the Western Buck and the Preacher, in which Poitier also starred, alongside Harry Belafonte. Poitier replaced the original director, Joseph Sargent. The following year, Poitier also directed and starred

This is a document about In the Heat of the Night (film)
  In the Heat of the Night is a 1967 American mystery drama film directed by Norman Jewison. It is based on John Ball's 1965 novel of the same name and tells the story of Virgil Tibbs, a black police detective from Philadelphia, who becomes involved in a murder investigation in a small town in Mississippi. It stars Sidney Poitier and Rod Steiger, and was produced by Walter Mirisch. The screenplay was written by Stirling Silliphant. The film won five Academy Awards, including the 1967 awards for Best Picture and Rod Steiger for Best Actor. The quote "They call me Mister Tibbs! was listed as number 16 on the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes, a list of top film quotes. The film also appears on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, a list of the 100 greatest movies in American cinema. In 2002, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

This is a document about In the Heat of the Night (TV series)
  guest appearances, and others were newcomers who went on to become well-known. Some of those appearing in In The Heat of the Night episodes were:  Future Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman stars, Helene Udy, William Shockley and Chad Allen made guest appearances. Future Desperate Housewives star Doug Savant and veteran actor Kevin McCarthy also made their guest appearances on the two-part pilot episode, as well as O. J. Simpson (whom NBC executives originally wanted for the role of Virgil Tibbs, but O'Connor selected Rollins), who made a cameo appearance in Season 2. William Schallert, who played Mayor Schubert in the original 1967 film, also made an appearance on the show in Season 4.

This is a document about Scott Wilson (actor)
  Wilson was born in the small Southern town of Thomasville, Georgia. He made his screen debut portraying characters suspected of murder in his first three films. In his debut film, Wilson played a murder suspect in In the Heat of the Night (1967). Wilson appeared in Sparta, Mississippi where (In the Heat of the Night) takes place, on March 15, 2014, to celebrate the city's 175th anniversary in reference to his debut appearance in the film. His follow-up role, in the same year, was in the film version of In Cold Blood, based on the book of the same name by Truman Capote. Wilson portrayed real-life murderer Richard Hickock, while Robert Blake played his partner,

This is a document about Timeline of African-American history
  in Detroit, Michigan, for five days following a raid by the Detroit Police Department on an unlicensed club which celebrated the returning Vietnam Veteran hosted by mostly African Americans. More than 43 (33 were black and ten white) were killed, 467 injured, 7,231 arrested, and 2,509 stores looted or burned during the riot. It was one of the deadliest and most destructive riots in United States history, lasting five days and surpassing the violence and property destruction of Detroit's 1943 race riot. ; August 2 – The film In the Heat of the Night is released, starring Sidney Poitier. ; November

This is a document about Rod Steiger
  Rodney Stephen Steiger (April 14, 1925 – July 9, 2002) was an American actor, noted for his portrayal of offbeat, often volatile and crazed characters. Cited as "one of Hollywood's most charismatic and dynamic stars," he is closely associated with the art of method acting, embodying the characters he played, which at times led to clashes with directors and co-stars. He starred as Marlon Brando's mobster brother Charley in On the Waterfront (1954), the title character Sol Nazerman in The Pawnbroker (1964), and as police chief Bill Gillespie opposite Sidney Poitier in the film In the Heat of the Night (1967) which won him the Academy

This is a document about William James Royce
  Television William Royce began his television career writing for the NBC television series In the Heat of the Night, starring Emmy Award winning actor Carroll O'Connor as Chief William O. Gillespie and Academy Award nominee Howard Rollins as Detective Virgil Tibbs. Royce wrote 22 episodes while serving as Executive Story Editor, a position he inherited from writer Matt Harris (Carroll O'Connor). In 1991, Royce wrote the screenplay, as well as the music and lyrics, for the award winning episode entitled, Sweet, Sweet Blues, inspired by the real life saga of Medgar Evers. That season In the Heat of the Night won its first NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Dramatic Series. In 1994,

This is a document about Heat (1995 film)
  Heat is based on the true story of Neil McCauley, a calculating criminal and ex-Alcatraz inmate who was tracked down by Detective Chuck Adamson in 1964. In 1961, McCauley was transferred from Alcatraz to McNeil, as mentioned in the film. When he was released, in 1962, he immediately began planning new heists. With Michael Parille and William Pinkerton, they used bolt cutters and drills to burgle a manufacturing company of diamond drill bits, a scene which is recreated in the film. Detective Chuck Adamson, upon whom Al Pacino's character is largely based, began keeping tabs on McCauley's crew around this time, knowing that he had

This is a document about Stirling Silliphant
  Silliphant wrote or co-wrote 47 feature films, including Maracaibo (produced and directed by and starring Cornel Wilde); the Jacques Tourneur noir Nightfall; Village of the Damned; the Charles Bronson spy thriller Telefon; The Liberation of L.B. Jones (director William Wyler's final film); The Killer Elite (directed by Sam Peckinpah); the Dirty Harry crime drama The Enforcer; The Towering Inferno, nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture (1974);  and the arm wrestling story Over the Top (the latter with its star Sylvester Stallone). In addition to the Academy Award, In the Heat of the Night also earned Silliphant an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America, for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. He helped to pull film concepts together. He penned the screenplay for Shaft in Africa, the third film in the Shaft series. With Chatrichalerm Yukol, he co-wrote the screenplay to the 1994 Thai

This is a document about Fictional portrayals of psychopaths
  Tommy Udo (Richard Widmark) in Kiss of Death, Cody Jarrett (James Cagney) in White Heat, and Antonio 'Tony' Camonte (Paul Muni) in the 1932 version of Scarface. Homosexuals were also referred to as psychopaths under the broad definition then in use; the American Psychiatric Association in the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1952 would list it under 'sociopathic personality disturbance'. One exceptional depiction in this period was the character of child murderer Hans Beckert (Peter Lorre) in the 1931 Fritz Lang film M. Lorre portrays Beckert as an outwardly unremarkable man tormented by a compulsion to ritualistically murder children. A German film (allegedly based on the real life serial killer Peter Kürten), it was released in America in 1933 and has been seen as

This is a document about Edward Bunker
  Quentin Tarantino, had studied Straight Time while attending Robert Redford's Sundance Institute. Bunker was the inspiration for Nate, Jon Voight's character in Michael Mann's 1995 crime film Heat; Bunker also worked as an adviser on the film. In The Long Riders, he had a brief role as Bill Chadwell, one of two members of the James-Younger Gang killed during a bank robbery in Northfield, Minnesota. Prior to his death Bunker assisted in production of short films alongside Canadian director Sudz Sutherland such as "The Confessions of a Taxicab Man", "The Spooky House on Lundy's Lane" and "Angie's Bang". He also wrote and directed a Molson Canadian Cold Shot commercial.

This is a document about Haskell Wexler
  Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), for which he won the last Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black & White) handed out. The following year had Wexler as the cinematographer for the Oscar-winning detective drama, In the Heat of the Night (1967), starring Sidney Poitier. His work was notable for being the first major film in Hollywood history to be shot in color with proper consideration for a person of African descent. Wexler recognized that standard lighting tended to produce too much glare on that kind of dark complexion and rendered the features indistinct. Accordingly, Wexler toned it down to feature Poitier with better photographic results. Wexler was fired as cinematographer for

This is a document about Rugg Williams
  Ricky Calls a Meeting, directed by Sheldon Epps. Rugg is best known for his portrayal of Eugene Glendon on In the Heat of the Night for four seasons, playing opposite the late Carroll O'Connor and Denise Nicholas. His other television credits include Dangerous Minds, Family Matters, Silk Stalkings, Hunter, Real Ghosts, a guest-starring role in CBS’ MOW Crosses on the Lawn, a recurring role on Beverly Hills, 90210, Sister, Sister and Walker, Texas Ranger. Rugg has also captured roles in films such as Good Kids Die Too, Family Prayers, Biker Boyz, Renegade Radio, Trippin  and Social Misfits. When Rugg was cast in BET’s original comedy sketch show L.A. Friday's, he

This is a document about Heat (1995 film)
  In April 1994, Mann was reported to have abandoned his earlier plan to shoot a biopic of James Dean in favor of directing Heat, producing it with Art Linson. The film was marketed as the first on-screen appearance of Al Pacino and Robert De Niro together in the same scene – both actors had previously starred in The Godfather Part II, but owing to the nature of their roles, they were never seen in the same scene. Pacino and De Niro were Mann's first choices for the roles of Hanna and McCauley, respectively, and they both immediately agreed to act. Initially, Keanu Reeves was offered the role of Chris Shiherlis, which he turned down in favor of playing Hamlet at the Manitoba Theatre Centre. As a result, Val Kilmer was given the role. Mann assigned Janice Polley, a former collaborator on The Last of the Mohicans, as the

This is a document about Sweet, Sweet Blues
  his deathbed that the story about Louis Sweet's disappearance that was originally told was, in fact, a lie, but wouldn't implicate himself being involved. After investigating various clues and finally learning the complete story and the location of his grandfather's remains from Collins, Sweet confronts Bedford at the end of the episode. He informs the older man that he now knows the truth, and is aware of his complicity in his grandfather's murder, which leaves Bedford visibly shaken. That season, In the Heat of the Night won its first NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Dramatic Series and James Best won the Crystal Reel Award for Best Actor.

This is a document about Sam Reese
  Sammy Pharr Reese (September 11, 1930 – September 11, 1985 or September 12, 1985 (sources differ) ) was an American film and television actor. He is notable for playing the role of the "Clerk" in the 1967 film In the Heat of the Night. Reese was born in Montgomery, Alabama. He guest-starred in television programs, including The Andy Griffith Show, Gunsmoke, I Spy, The Big Valley, Iron Horse, Death Valley Days and That Girl. He also appeared in a few episodes of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour and Dr. Kildare, playing the role of "Dr. Dan Shanks", but only appeared in the first season on four episodes. He died on September 11, 1985 or September 12, 1985 (sources differ), at his 55th birthday of a stroke in Montgomery, Alabama.

The murderer in the movie "In the Heat of the Night" was Ralph, who was revealed to have killed Delores's aborter and was later confronted and killed by Virgil Tibbs.


Question: where did italy win the world cup in 2006

Answer: Germany

This is a document about 2006 FIFA World Cup
 the Round of 16, and did not score again until the 88th minute of the third place play-off. No player managed to score a hat-trick in this tournament. Italy, Germany, Argentina, Brazil and France were the only teams to score more than one goal in a knockout match. Germany was one of the exceptions, tending to play an attacking style of football throughout the knock-out stage, which was reflected by the fact that they scored the most goals (14), with players from all three outfield positions (defence, midfield and forward) making the scoresheet. Germany's Miroslav Klose scored five goals to

This is a document about Sport in Germany
 world who have won the World Cup both as a coach and a player. Germany also hosted the World Cup in 1974 and 2006, finishing third in 2006 after losing a close semi-final contest to eventual cup winners Italy. Germany will host the UEFA Euro 2024. The women's national team is also a world power, with its wins of the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2003 and 2007, making Germany the only nation to win both the men's and women's World Cup and European titles – a rarity for a nation where the center of attention is usually the men's

This is a document about England at the FIFA World Cup
 FIFA World Cup, the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England, whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990, in Italy, and in 2018 in Russia. Other than that, the team have reached the quarter-finals on nine occasions, the latest of which were at the 2002 (South Korea/Japan) and the 2006 (Germany). England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup, which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals. They defeated West Germany

This is a document about FIFA World Rankings
 seven years, until they were surpassed by a strong France team that captured both the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2000 European Football Championship. Success at the 2002 FIFA World Cup restored Brazil to the top position, where they remained until February 2007, when Italy returned to the top for the first time since 1993 following their 2006 FIFA World Cup win in Germany. Just one month later, Argentina replaced them, reaching the top for the first time, but Italy regained its place in April. After winning the Copa América 2007 in July, Brazil returned to the top, but

This is a document about Czechoslovakia national football team
 qualify for the 1978 FIFA World Cup, as Scotland won their group. The country did qualify for Euro 1980, and by coming second in its group behind West Germany faced the hosts Italy in a third-place play-off, which it won on sudden-death penalties at the Stadio San Paolo in Naples. At the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain, Czechoslovakia was eliminated in the group stage after draws with Kuwait and France and losing 2–0 to England. The country's last ever major tournament was the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy, where in the group it opened with a 5–1 win

This is a document about Kevin Bramble
 come in downhill, beginning with a World Cup win on the Paralympic course at Snowbasin, Utah in 2001. A year later, Bramble was the odds-on favorite to win the downhill gold at the 2002 Winter Paralympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, and he did not disappoint, beating teammate Chris Devlin-Young by just 0.17 seconds. Two years later at the Disabled Alpine Skiing World Championships in Wildschönau, Austria, he again won gold in downhill, defeating Germany's Thomas Mayer by an astonishing 1.44 seconds. Two years later at the 2006 Winter Paralympics in Torino, Italy, the pressure was on Bramble to win

This is a document about Mexico national football team
 in the semifinals, and 1998 World Cup runners-up Brazil 4–3 in the final. Mexico was placed in Group G at the 2002 World Cup alongside Italy, Croatia, and Ecuador. Mexico started with a 1–0 win over Croatia. In the second match, Mexico earned a 2–1 win over Ecuador. Mexico then achieved a 1–1 draw against Italy. In the round of 16, Mexico played rivals United States, losing 2–0. Mexico was one of eight seeded teams at the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. Mexico was in Group D with Iran, Angola and Portugal. Mexico won their opening match 3–1 against

This is a document about Fabio Grosso
 Juventus. Grosso retired in 2012 after winning the "Scudetto" with Juventus. At international level, Grosso made 48 appearances for Italy and scored the decisive late first goal against Germany in the 2006 World Cup semi-final. He also scored the winning penalty in the penalty shootout against France in the final of the tournament which enabled the "Azzurri" to win the trophy for the fourth time in their history. He also represented Italy at UEFA Euro 2008 and at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup. Grosso was born in Rome but hails from Chieti, Abruzzo, where his family soon returned to. Grosso

This is a document about You Have to Win Zweikampf
 song, the single "'54, '74, '90, 2006" became a fan hymn for the German World Cup squad and was a number one hit in Germany. The song commemorates German championships in the 1954, 1974, and 1990 World Cups. After Germany lost in the semi-final against Italy on July 4, 2006, the song was reworked as "'54, '74, '90, 2010" in anticipation of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. The title quotes Bixente Lizarazu. You Have to Win Zweikampf You have to win Zweikampf is the sixth studio album released by the German rock band Sportfreunde Stiller. It was

This is a document about Johan Micoud
 his Bremen performances. With Raymond Domenech, he did not win a single call-up for the 2006 World Cup qualifiers, with the finals to be held in familiar Germany. Bordeaux Parma Werder Bremen France Johan Micoud Johan Micoud (born 24 July 1973) is a French retired footballer who played mostly as an attacking midfielder. He was considered a skilled midfielder and a dead-ball expert. During a 16-year career he played professionally, other than in his country, in Italy and Germany. Micoud gained nearly 20 caps for France, and represented the nation at the 2002 World Cup and Euro 2000, winning the

This is a document about Gianfranco Zola
 the two subsequent World Cup matches. Although Italy managed to reach the World Cup final, Zola did not regain his place in the side after this suspension. His first two goals came on 25 March 1995, in a 4–1 win, in a Euro 1996 qualifier against Estonia in Salerno. Zola was called up for Euro 1996, and he played in all three group games at the tournament. He notably missed a potential match-winning penalty in a 0–0 draw against eventual champions Germany as Italy surprisingly crashed out in the first round; the win would have allowed Italy to progress to

This is a document about Slovakia national football team
 football due to representing part of the Czechoslovakia team. The nation did come close to securing a berth at the 2006 finals in Germany, after finishing second in their group ahead of Russia and behind Portugal, before drawing Spain in their qualification play-off, in which the Slovaks lost by a wide margin on aggregate (1–5, 1–1). The team have achieved some noteworthy results, however, such as the aforementioned win over the then title holders Italy at the 2010 World Cup and a 1–0 win against Russia in September 2010. Despite this success however, the team later dropped down the rankings

This is a document about History of the England national football team
 win to qualify, which they did by beating Poland 2–0 at home, to secure their place at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. In November, however, England were given a reality check by Chile and Germany, with respective 2–0 and 1–0 defeats at Wembley. In the 2014 FIFA World Cup itself, they failed to get past the group stage, suffering defeats to Italy and Uruguay, both losing by a goal, and a 0–0 draw against Costa Rica. The Three Lions needed Italy to win their final two games in the group to stand any chance of qualifying for the

This is a document about Gabriele Oriali
 played in Florence on 26 September 1979; the game finished in a 1–0 Italian victory. Oriali played for Italy in the 1980 European Championship, where Italy finished in fourth place on home soil, losing to Czechoslovakia in a penalty shootout in the third-place match, after reaching the semi-final. In 1982, he was a key member of the Italian National team which traveled to Spain to win the 1982 World Cup. Oriali appeared in five games at the tournament, including the victorious final against West Germany, which Italy won 3–1, to win their third FIFA World Cup. He was also featured

This is a document about Trinidad and Tobago at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
 Trinidad and Tobago at the 2006 FIFA World Cup The only participation of Trinidad and Tobago in the final stages of the FIFA World Cup came in 2006, when they qualified for the tournament in Germany, but failed to win any match and were eliminated at the group stage. Trinidad and Tobago became the smallest nation to reach the finals of a World Cup tournament, a feat previously held by Jamaica at the 1998 World Cup. They did very well. On 12 October 2005, Trinidad and Tobago secured fourth place in the CONCACAF final qualification round, and therefore participated in

This is a document about Mauro Camoranesi
 which came in Italy's 2006 World Cup qualifier away to Belarus on 7 September 2005, which the Italians won 4–1. During the 2006 World Cup Finals in Germany, he admitted the reason for not singing Italy's national anthem before their matches was because he did not know the words, although he could be seen singing (at least a part of) the anthem during the World Cup celebrations in Circus Maximus on 10 July 2006. Camoranesi was not the first Juventus player born in Argentina to play for Italy; Omar Sivori played for the azzurri, as well as Luis Monti and

This is a document about Cliff Bayer
 first American to win a medal at a senior men's World Cup event, taking the bronze in Espinho, Portugal in May 1999. He was also the first American to win a World Cup title, winning the World Championship Cup St. Petersburg, Russia that same year. At that competition, he routed 3-time world champion Sergei Golubitsky of Ukraine 15–6 in the quarterfinals before defeating 1995 world champion Dmitriy Shevchenko of Russia 10–5 in the final. Bayer won a second World Cup title in April 2000 in Bonn, Germany, where he defeated defending Olympic champion Puccini of Italy. Bayer's best showing at

This is a document about Luis Ernesto Pérez
 through the next two years, he reemerged in 2000. His first official tournament was the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup, where Mexico did not win any matches. Pérez made appearances for the team in the Gold Cup in 2003, and playing for the U-23 team in the 2004 Summer Olympics. Pérez appeared in the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup where he played in all five matches, including assisting Jared Borgetti in a losing effort against Germany in the third place match. Pérez was included by then coach Ricardo Lavolpe in the 2006 FIFA World Cup squad. He came on in the 45th

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup Final
 contested the 2006 final, where they lost to Italy in a penalty shoot-out following a 1–1 draw. Only Germany (eight) and Italy (six) have reached more finals among European nations. Didier Deschamps became the fourth person to reach a World Cup final as both a player and as a manager, after Franz Beckenbauer, Rudi Völler, and Mário Zagallo. The match was the first World Cup final for Croatia in their fifth World Cup appearance. They are the 10th European country and 13th overall to reach a World Cup final, and the first new finalist since Spain in 2010. With a

This is a document about Christian Panucci
 three years. Despite his performances and the lack of genuine quality Italian right-backs, he was ignored by Marcello Lippi, whom he had fallen out with in his days at Inter Milan, during the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, as Italy went on to win the final tournament in Germany. The 34-year-old, however, was given a second chance by coach Roberto Donadoni, who called him up for the Euro 2008 qualifiers against Georgia, Scotland, and the Faroe Islands. Panucci expressed his delight at earning his 50th Italy cap in the stadium where he began his career for the "Azzurri" in

Italy won the World Cup in Germany in 2006.