Question: when was the first guardians of the galaxy movie made

Answer: 2014

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (film)
 Guardians of the Galaxy (film) Guardians of the Galaxy (retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by James Gunn, who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman, and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, and Bradley Cooper as the titular Guardians, along with Lee Pace, Michael Rooker,

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (film)
 profit for the film to be $204.2 million, when factoring together "production budgets, P&A, talent participations and other costs, with box office grosses, and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV," placing it fifth on their list of 2014's "Most Valuable Blockbusters". "Guardians of the Galaxy" earned $11.2 million on its Thursday night pre-opening, surpassing "Captain America: The Winter Soldier"s gross ($10.2 million) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014. IMAX accounted for 17% of the total gross ($1.9 million), which was the biggest August pre-release in IMAX format. On its opening day, the film

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (soundtrack)
 Guardians of the Galaxy (soundtrack) Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album for the Marvel Studios film "Guardians of the Galaxy". Featuring the songs present on Peter Quill's mixtape in the film, the album was released by Hollywood Records on July 29, 2014. A separate film score album, Guardians of the Galaxy (Original Score), composed by Tyler Bates, was also released by Hollywood Records on the same date, along with a deluxe version featuring both albums. The soundtrack album reached number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, becoming the first

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)
 Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team) The Guardians of the Galaxy are a fictional spacefaring superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning formed the team from existing and previously unrelated characters created by a variety of writers and artists, with an initial roster of Star-Lord, Rocket Raccoon, Quasar, Adam Warlock, Gamora, Drax the Destroyer and Groot. These Guardians first appeared in "Annihilation: Conquest" #6 (April 2008). A feature film based on this team was released in 2014 to critical acclaim. A sequel, titled "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2", was released

This is a document about Charlie-27
 Thomas, all of the original Guardians of the Galaxy were created in a conference between Arnold Drake and Stan Lee, but it remains uncertain whether each individual character was created by Drake, Lee, or both. Writer Steve Gerber included the character when he revived the team in "Marvel Presents" #3 (Feb. 1976) to #12 (Aug. 1977). Charlie-27 is a recurring character in the 1990s "Guardians of the Galaxy" series and appeared along with the rest of the original Guardians of the Galaxy team in the 2014 series "Guardians 3000". He was also one of the characters featured in the 2016

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (soundtrack)
 limited edition cassette tape release exclusive to retailers associated with Record Store Day's Black Friday event, and is the first cassette release by Disney Music Group since 2003's "". The soundtrack became the fifth best-selling album of 2014, selling a total of 898,000 copies that year. In January 2015, the album was certified platinum by the RIAA. It has sold 1.75 million total copies in the United States, with 11,000 coming from cassette sales. Worldwide, "Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1" sold over 2.5 million copies in 2014. Guardians of the Galaxy (soundtrack) Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)
 Lee having a voice role to go with his cameo. Marvel was rumored to be considering a new animated series with another "Spider-Man" show or a "Guardians of the Galaxy" show. The appearances of the "Guardians of the Galaxy" in "Avengers Assemble" and "Ultimate Spider-Man" were supposed to be test runs for their own show. Comicbookmovie.com indicated in January 2014 that the "Guardians of the Galaxy" series was selected for development. On July 26, 2014, at San Diego Comic-Con, a week before the release of the "Guardians of the Galaxy" film, Marvel Animation announced the Guardians of the Galaxy animated

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
 backstory" and that the "point that the movie, which has been motoring along nicely, fuelled by silliness and pep, begins to splutter" was when Ego's desire for larger meaning is revealed. Lane concluded, "Let's hope that "Vol. 3" recaptures the fizz of the original, instead of slumping into the most expensive group-therapy session in the universe." In November 2014, when Gunn said he had the "basic story" for "Vol. 2" while working on the first film, he also said he had ideas for a potential third film. Despite this, Gunn was unsure in June 2015 if he would be involved

This is a document about Andy Dwyer
 and then as Star-Lord in "Guardians of the Galaxy" (2014). After crash dieting for "Moneyball", he got into much better shape to play a Navy SEAL in "Zero Dark Thirty"; but subsequently regained the weight to resume portraying Andy. His weight loss for "Guardians of the Galaxy" was written into the script, when Andy claims he lost 50 lbs. in one month by giving up beer. Pratt took a hiatus from the show during the sixth season in order to film "Guardians of the Galaxy". The sixth-season opener, "London," partially took place in London in order to accommodate Pratt's filming

This is a document about Chris Pratt
 deal that Pratt signed with Marvel. Although Pratt had been known until that point for playing supporting characters, and was best known as his portly "Parks and Recreation" character, that changed in 2014 when he headlined two feature films, the first of which was "The Lego Movie" as Emmet Brickowski. The film became the third-highest-grossing film of 2014 in North America. This was followed that August by "Guardians of the Galaxy", which became the highest-grossing film of 2014 in North America, making Pratt the star of two of the top five highest-grossing films of that year. Bruce Diones of "The

This is a document about Star-Lord
 same name. He has been featured in a variety of associated Marvel merchandise, including animated television series, toys and trading cards. Chris Pratt portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe beginning with the 2014 live action film "Guardians of the Galaxy", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2" and "". He will also reprise the role in "". Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Peter Quill in the first two "Guardians of the Galaxy" films. The character first appeared in the black-and-white magazine publication "Marvel Preview" #4 (Jan 1976). Creator Steve Englehart had plans for the character that went unrealized. He

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2014's "Guardians of the Galaxy" and the fifteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Written and directed by James Gunn, the film stars an ensemble cast featuring Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Pom Klementieff, Elizabeth Debicki, Chris Sullivan, Sean Gunn, Sylvester Stallone, and Kurt

This is a document about Drax the Destroyer
 smell, root out a skrull in disguise and detect when energy weapons were about to go off. Dave Bautista plays Drax in the live-action 2014 Marvel Studios film "Guardians of the Galaxy". In the film, Drax is an alien whose wife and daughter were slaughtered by Ronan the Accuser, on the instructions of Thanos, for which Drax vows revenge. He first meets the other Guardians of the Galaxy in prison, including Gamora, whom he holds responsible for his family's deaths because she is a daughter of Thanos. She tells him that she was raised by Thanos only after he slaughtered

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (film)
 2018, Disney and Marvel severed ties with Gunn following the resurfacing of old controversial tweets surrounding topics such as rape and pedophilia. Production was put on hold a month later, and delayed to February 2021. Guardians of the Galaxy (film) Guardians of the Galaxy (retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by James

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
 Russell. In "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2", the Guardians travel throughout the cosmos as they help Peter Quill learn more about his mysterious parentage. The film was officially announced at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International before the theatrical release of the first film, along with Gunn's return from the first film, with the title of the sequel revealed a year later in June 2015. Principal photography began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, with many crew changes from the first film due to other commitments. Filming concluded in June 2016. Gunn chose to

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (soundtrack)
 they were featured were cut from the final version of the film. "Wichita Lineman" by Glen Campbell and "Mama Told Me (Not to Come)" by Three Dog Night were originally considered for the film instead of "Moonage Daydream". "Fox on the Run" by Sweet and "Surrender" by Cheap Trick were also considered for the film. Both would be used for "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2"s "Awesome Mix Vol. 2". By August 2014, "Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1" had reached the top of the "Billboard" 200 chart, becoming the first soundtrack album consisting entirely of previously released

This is a document about Yondu
 by whistling. Yondu joined Vance Astro and other survivors of the Badoon attack on Earth's solar system in the 31st Century, who became known as the Guardians of the Galaxy. As part of the Guardians, Yondu traveled to present-day Earth and became an honorary member of the Avengers. The original Yondu never starred as a solo character in any Marvel Comic books, but was a core member of the team in the Guardians of the Galaxy comic that ran from 1990 to 1995. A second version of Yondu was first introduced into the Marvel Cinematic Universe in the 2014 Marvel

This is a document about Yondu
 According to Roy Thomas, all of the original Guardians of the Galaxy were created in a conference between Arnold Drake and Stan Lee, but it remains uncertain whether each individual character was created by Drake, Lee, or both. Yondu appeared along with the rest of the original Guardians of the Galaxy team in the 2014 series "Guardians 3000". Writer Dan Abnett described him as "the instinct" of the team. The Earth-616 version of Yondu first appeared in "Star-Lord" #2 and was created by Sam Humphries and Javier Garron. Yondu Udonta is a member of the Zatoan tribe, primitive beings native

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (film)
 Phil Contrino, vice president and chief analyst of "BoxOffice.com" felt "Guardians" success was "unconventional" and was "shattering expectations". The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends. The film was the top-grossing film of summer 2014 (ahead of ""), first of 2014 to pass $300 million for its domestic gross, and was the third-highest-grossing domestic film of 2014 (behind "American Sniper" and ""). The film was said to have "injected life" into an otherwise lower-than-normal summer box office. "Guardians of the Galaxy" was released in 42 international markets and grossed $66.4 million on its opening weekend. The biggest debuts

The first Guardians of the Galaxy movie was made in 2014.


Question: what is the solid outermost layer of the earth

Answer: crust

This is a document about Structure of the Earth
 Structure of the Earth The internal structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells: an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous asthenosphere and mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth, measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth, and experiments

This is a document about Crust (geology)
 Crust (geology) In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. It is usually distinguished from the underlying mantle by its chemical makeup; however, in the case of icy satellites, it may be distinguished based on its phase (solid crust vs. liquid mantle). The crusts of Earth, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Io, and other planetary bodies formed via igneous processes, and were later modified by erosion, impact cratering, volcanism, and sedimentation. Most terrestrial planets have fairly uniform crusts. Earth, however, has two distinct types: continental crust and oceanic crust. These two

This is a document about Natural environment
 cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the pedosphere (corresponding to soil) as an active and intermixed sphere. Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geographical sciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to build a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the principal areas or "spheres" of Earth. The Earth's crust, or lithosphere, is the outermost solid surface of

This is a document about Mercury (planet)
 2015. The "BepiColombo" spacecraft will arrive at Mercury in 2025. Mercury appears to have a solid silicate crust and mantle overlying a solid, iron sulfide outer core layer, a deeper liquid core layer, and possibly a solid inner core. Mercury is one of four terrestrial planets in the Solar System, and is a rocky body like Earth. It is the smallest planet in the Solar System, with an equatorial radius of . Mercury is also smaller—albeit more massive—than the largest natural satellites in the Solar System, Ganymede and Titan. Mercury consists of approximately 70% metallic and 30% silicate material. Mercury's

This is a document about Crust (geology)
 formed almost immediately after formation of the Moon. Magmatism continued after the period of intense meteorite impacts ended about 3.9 billion years ago, but igneous rocks younger than 3.9 billion years make up only a minor part of the crust. Crust (geology) In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. It is usually distinguished from the underlying mantle by its chemical makeup; however, in the case of icy satellites, it may be distinguished based on its phase (solid crust vs. liquid mantle). The crusts of Earth, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars,

This is a document about Geological history of Earth
 years. During Hadean time (4.6–4 Ga), the Solar System was forming, probably within a large cloud of gas and dust around the sun, called an accretion disc from which Earth formed . The Hadean Eon is not formally recognized, but it essentially marks the era before we have adequate record of significant solid rocks. The oldest dated zircons date from about . Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon

This is a document about Structure of the Earth
 increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror. The Earth's crust ranges from in depth and is the outermost layer. The thin parts are the oceanic crust, which underlie the ocean basins (5–10 km) and are composed of dense (mafic) iron magnesium silicate igneous rocks, like basalt. The thicker crust is continental crust, which is less dense and composed of (felsic) sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks, like granite. The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories – sial and sima (Suess,1831–1914). It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad

This is a document about Earth
 chlorine, sulfur, and fluorine are the important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1%. Over 99% of the crust is composed of 11 oxides, principally silica, alumina, iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash, and soda. Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The thickness of the crust varies from

This is a document about Structure of the Earth
 obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences. Many rocks now making up Earth's crust formed less than 100 million (1) years ago; however, the oldest known mineral grains are about 4.4 billion (4.4) years old, indicating that Earth has had a solid crust for at least 4.4 billion years. Earth's mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km, making it the thickest layer of Earth. The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle. The upper and lower mantle are separated by the transition zone. The lowest part of the mantle next to the core-mantle boundary is

This is a document about Titan (moon)
 on Earth is made of liquid rock, which is less dense than the solid rocky crust through which it erupts. Because ice is less dense than water, Titan's watery magma would be denser than its solid icy crust. This means that cryovolcanism on Titan would require a large amount of additional energy to operate, possibly via tidal flexing from nearby Saturn. The low-pressure ice, overlaying a liquid layer of ammonium sulfate, ascends buoyantly, and the unstable system can produce dramatic plume events. Titan is resurfaced through the process by grain-sized ice and ammonium sulfate ash, which helps produce a wind-shaped

This is a document about Mesoplates
 crust. The analogy between lithoplate tectonics and crustal deformation engaging both brittle and ductile components leads to the concept of crustal mesoplates. “Mesoplates” is a combination and contraction of two terms: “mesosphere”, as applied to the solid earth, and “tectonic plates”. “Mesosphere” (not to be confused with mesosphere, a layer of the atmosphere) is derived from “mesospheric shell”, coined by Reginald Aldworth Daly, a Harvard University geology professor. In the pre-plate tectonics era, Daly (1940) inferred three spherical layers comprise the outer Earth: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere, and mesospheric shell. Daly’s hypothetical depths to the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary ranged from

This is a document about Earth's outer core
   Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km beneath Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is located approximately 5,150 km beneath Earth's surface. Unlike the inner (or solid ) core, the outer core is liquid.

This is a document about Structure of Earth
  Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2400 km thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2890 km beneath Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is located approximately 5150 km beneath the Earth's surface. Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the planet Earth. It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1220 km, which is about 20% of Earth's radius or 70% of the Moon's radius. The average density of Earth is5.515 g/cm3. Because the average density of surface material is

This is a document about Earth
  Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The thickness of the crust varies from about 6 km under the oceans to 30 - 50 km for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere, which is divided into independently moving tectonic plates. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, a relatively low-viscosity layer on

This is a document about Earth's inner core
   Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of planet Earth. It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1220 km, which is about 20% of Earth's radius or 70% of the Moon's radius. There are no samples of Earth's core accessible for direct measurement, as there are for Earth's mantle. Information about Earth's core mostly comes from analysis of seismic waves and Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is believed to be composed of an iron–nickel alloy with some other elements. The temperature at the inner core's surface is estimated to be approximately 5700 K, which is about the temperature at the surface of the Sun.

This is a document about Outline of Earth sciences
  rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. ; Asthenosphere – The highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductile region of the Earth's upper mantle ; Mesozone – The part of the Earth's mantle below the lithosphere and the asthenosphere, but above the outer core. ; Gutenberg discontinuity– The line between the mantle and the Earth's core. ; Earth's core – The inner part of the planet, formed by differential buoyancy of the component materials causing the denser materials to accumulate nearer to the centre. ; Outer core – A fluid layer composed of mostly iron and nickel between

This is a document about Outline of Earth sciences
  (Also sometimes a collective name for the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere) The union of all solid parts of Earth and the Inner of Earth. ; Pedosphere – The outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes ; By composition ; Crust (geology) – The outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. ; Moho Discontinuity– The line between the crust and the Earth's mantle. ; Earth's mantle – The part of the interior of the planet Earth between the crust and the core. ; By diffusion of sismic waves ; Lithosphere –

This is a document about Core–mantle boundary
  of the basic perovskite mineralogy of the deep mantle named post-perovskite. Seismic tomography studies have shown significant irregularities within the boundary zone and appear to be dominated by the African and Pacific Large Low-Shear-Velocity Provinces (LLSVP). The uppermost section of the outer core is thought to be about 500–1800 K hotter than the overlying mantle, creating a thermal boundary layer. The boundary is thought to harbor topography, much like Earth's surface, that is supported by solid-state convection within the overlying mantle. Variations in the thermal properties of the core-mantle boundary may affect how the outer core's iron-rich fluids flow, which are ultimately responsible for Earth's magnetic field.

This is a document about Pedosphere
  The pedosphere (from Greek πέδον pedon "ground" or "earth" and σφαῖρα sphaira "sphere") is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. It exists at the interface of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. The pedosphere is the skin of the Earth and only develops when there is a dynamic interaction between the atmosphere (air in and above the soil), biosphere (living organisms), lithosphere (unconsolidated regolith and consolidated bedrock) and the hydrosphere (water in, on and below the soil). The pedosphere is the foundation of terrestrial life on Earth. The pedosphere acts as the mediator of chemical and biogeochemical flux into and out of these respective systems and is made up of gaseous, mineralic, fluid and

This is a document about Outline of Earth sciences
  solid inner core and its mantle. ; Lehmann Discontinuity – The line between the inner core and the outer core. ; Inner core – The innermost part of the Earth, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy.  Ecosphere – there are many subsystems that make up the natural environment (the planetary ecosystem or "ecosphere") of the Earth. Many of the subsystems are characterized as "spheres", coinciding with the shape of the planet. The four spheres (for which most of the other spheres are a subtype of) are the atmosphere, the biosphere, the hydrosphere and the geosphere. Listed roughly from outermost to innermost the named spheres of the Earth are:

The solid outermost layer of the Earth is the crust.


Question: what takes place on the narrator 's 19th birthday notes of a native son

Answer: his father 's funeral

This is a document about Notes of a Native Son
 mother gave birth to one of his sisters; his father's funeral was on his 19th birthday, the same day as the Harlem Riot of 1943. Baldwin compares Black Americans to Blacks in France. Whilst Africans in France have a history and a country to hold on to, Black Americans don't—their history lies in the United States and it is in the making. Baldwin explains how American students living in Paris are shocked when they arrive and are eager to return home. Baldwin recounts getting arrested in Paris over the Christmas period in 1949, after an acquaintance of his had stolen

This is a document about Abyssinian Baptist Church
 the African American community at the time. The funeral of David Baldwin, preacher and step-father of author James Baldwin, took place in the Abyssinian Baptist Church, during the wake of the 1943 Harlem riot. James Baldwin wrote of attending his father's funeral in his most famous essay, 1955's Notes of a Native Son. Civil Rights Foot Soldier Fannie Pennington was an active lifelong member. The church was an important site for religious music during the Harlem Renaissance, and remains a center of the Harlem gospel tradition. Fats Waller played the organ at Abyssinian when his father, Edward Martin Waller, was

This is a document about Harlem riot of 1943
 state of African Americans improved relative to society, individuals could not accelerate their own progress. Several authors and artists have depicted the event in their respective works. African-American novelist James Baldwin wrote of the riot, which occurred on the same day as his father's funeral and his nineteenth birthday, in "Notes of a Native Son". "It seemed to me", Baldwin wrote, "that God himself had devised, to mark my father's end, the most sustained and brutally dissonant of codas". In a commentary piece for "The New York Times", Langston Hughes called the chapter "superb", and particularly quoted Baldwin's observation that

This is a document about Notes of a Native Son
  Notes of a Native Son is a collection of ten essays by James Baldwin, published in 1955, mostly tackling issues of race in America and Europe. The volume, as his first non-fiction book, compiles essays of Baldwin that had previously appeared in such magazines as Harper's Magazine, Partisan Review, and The New Leader. Notes of a Native Son is widely regarded as a classic of the black autobiographical genre. The Modern Library placed it at number 19 on its list of the 100 best 20th-century nonfiction books.

This is a document about Bring the Jubilee
  The narrator of the novel is Hodgins "Hodge" McCormick Backmaker, who writes a diary of his life in our timeline, year 1877. Hodge was born in 1921 in the alternate timeline in Wappingers Falls, Dutchess County, New York. In 1938 at age 17, he travels to New York City, the largest city of the United States (and yet a backwater compared to some Confederate cities), in a desperate attempt to gain admittance to a college or university. After being robbed of his few possessions, he comes into contact with the "Grand Army", a nationalistic organization working to restore the United States to its former glory through

This is a document about Oeroeg
  The book starts in the preterite, "Oeroeg was my friend", and in reverse chronological order tells how the narrator came to that conclusion. The narrator grows up as the child of a white Dutch family on Java, with Oeroeg, a native young man; as high-school students they live together in a boarding house. One crucial event is the death of Oeroeg's father, who died while saving the narrator from drowning. During World War II the narrator joins the Dutch army, and when he returns to Java finds that the world has changed: Indonesian nationalists have declared independence, and no longer accept the colonial overlord. In addition, the narrator's father is murdered, and he suspects his old friend, who has joined the Indonesian nationalist movement, of avenging his own father's death. At the end of the novel, the narrator has lost his friend, his identity, and his home country.

This is a document about William Wilson (short story)
  The story follows a man of "a noble descent" who calls himself William Wilson because, although denouncing his profligate past, he does not accept full blame for his actions, saying that "man was never thus ... tempted before". After several paragraphs, the narration then segues into a description of Wilson's boyhood, which is spent in a school "in a misty-looking village of England". William meets another boy in his school who has the same name and roughly the same appearance, and who was even born on the same date (January 19, Poe's own birthday). William's name (he asserts that his

This is a document about Thirteen Moons
  Near the end of his life, frontiersman Will Cooper reflects on his formative experiences from the unfamiliar comfort of his twentieth-century house. A call, which could be from Claire, the love of his past with whom he has lost contact, plunges him into memory, the recollection of which comprises, save for this prologue and a brief epilogue, the novel's entirety. Will, as a twelve-year-old boy, is sold into indentured servitude, and in this capacity he travels alone to the edges of a growing United States of America and of the Cherokee Nation in order to manage a trading post. On the way to the trading post he suffers

This is a document about Karnali Blues
  The novel depicts the father-son relationship in a family from Far-western region of Nepal. The novels begins with birth of Brisha Bahadur, the narrator of the novel. Brisha Bahadur narrates his father struggles. The novel is divided into eleven days. Brisha Bahadur is taking care of his father who is sick in those eleven days and he reminisces his past with his father.

This is a document about Lorna Doone
  The narrator, John Ridd, says he was born on 29 November 1661; in Chapter 24, he mentions Queen Anne as the current monarch, so the time of narration is 1702–1714 making him 40–52 years old. Although he celebrates New Year's Day on 1 January, at that time in England the year in terms of A.D. "begins" Annunciation Style on 25 March, so 14 February 1676 would still be 1675 according to the old reckoning. Most of the dates below are given explicitly in the book.

This is a document about The Man Who Would Be King
  The narrator of the story is a British Indian journalist, correspondent of "The Northern Star" in 19th century India — Kipling himself, in all but name. Whilst on a tour of some Indian native states, in 1886, he meets two scruffy adventurers, Daniel Dravot and Peachey Tolliver Carnehan. Softened by their stories, he agrees to help them in a small errand, but later he regrets this and informs the authorities about them, which prevents them from blackmailing a minor rajah. A few months later, the pair appear at the narrator's newspaper office in Lahore, where they tell him of a plan they have hatched. They declare that, after years of trying their hands at all manner

This is a document about Seventy-Six (novel)
  The book is written in first-person perspective by narrator Jonathan Oadley as an old man remembering the American Revolutionary War. It opens with an expression of urgency he feels in recording his memories for posterity: "Yes, my children, I will no longer delay it." His story begins in New Jersey in the early winter of 1776, with residents fearing British and Hessian raiding parties following George Washington's retreat through the area. Twenty-two-year-old Jonathan and his twenty-year-old brother Archibald decide to join the Continental Army, along with their sixty-year-old father Jonathan senior, cousin Arthur Rodman, and neighbor Robert Arnauld. Arnauld's daughters Clara and Lucia become the brothers' love interests. While the Oadley brothers recruit soldiers from

This is a document about Stranger in the Village
  The legacy of "Stranger In the Village" is tied to the legacy and reception of the book in which it is featured, "Notes of a Native Son". The book is widely regarded as a classic of the black autobiographical genre. The Modern Library placed it at number 19 on its list of the 100 best 20th-century nonfiction books. Since Baldwin's passing on December 1, 1987, his writings have been published worldwide and are still known as essential emblems of the American canon.

This is a document about Eleanor Coppola
  The memoir Notes on a Life follows thirty years of Eleanor Coppola's life as she juggles raising children and being there for Francis as he directs films that move the family from place to place. The book consists of short passages from each day beginning with the death of her oldest son Gian-Carlo Coppola at the age of 22 and the birth of her granddaughter Gia just months later. The death of Gian-Carlo Coppola serves as a constant refrain throughout the entire book. The book is told through her own point of view and although she mentions certain events concerning those around her, such as the controversy surrounding Francis' decision to cast Sofia in The Godfather Part III, her memoir chronicles the inner struggles and problems the family faced at the time.

This is a document about Adolphe
  Adolphe, the narrator, is the son of a government minister. Introverted from an early age, his melancholic outlook has been formed by conversations with an elderly friend, whose insight into the folly and hypocrisy of the world has hindered rather than helped her in life. When the novel opens, he is 22 years old and has just completed his studies at the University of Göttingen. He travels to the town of D*** in Germany, where he becomes attached to the court of an enlightened Prince. During his stay he gains a reputation for an unpleasant wit. A friend's project of seduction inspires

This is a document about Return from Siberia
  The book follows two characters, John from present day Los Angeles, and Joseph Rakow in the Russian Empire. John and his family uncover a manuscript of his grandfather, and learn about his life as it is translated chapter-by-chapter. Joseph, growing up near Pinsk, is exiled due to his political beliefs at age 15, and is sent to live in Siberia for ten years. Upon return, he decides to immigrate to the United States, traveling to Chicago. Taken aback by the poor working conditions of workers in his new home, he dedicates his life to union organizing. He discovers his brother has also moved to the United States, however has taken a radically different path in life to his own. Meanwhile in the present day, John works as a political consultant for Patti Alvarado, a democrat campaigning in Texas against an incumbent Republican congressman. During the campaign, the congressman attempts to demonize Alvarado due to her history as an undocumented immigrant from Mexico.

This is a document about The Book of the Short Sun
  The story, which is told by a narrator who identifies himself as Horn (the ostensible author of The Book of the Long Sun), is an account of a search "on three worlds" for Silk, the hero of the Long Sun cycle. However, the narrator's adventures continue as he writes, so that the manuscript is both a memoir of his past and a journal of his present. As the story progresses, the narrator's identity becomes increasingly complex and elusive. The writing style changes with each book, and the story is highly nonlinear, with narrative threads from different times told in parallel and story events related out of order as the narrator remembers or confronts them. As with many of Wolfe's novels, the narrator and the circumstances under which the book is being written are essential to understanding the story.

This is a document about South of Broad
  The story is divided into five parts. Part one focuses on introducing the reader to Leopold Bloom King (Leo), his family, and his set of friends who he meets on a fateful Bloomsday (June 16, 1969). Leo is the narrator of the story who gradually reveals his troubled childhood which was traumatized by the sudden and unforeseen suicide of his older brother Steve. He reveals himself to be a paper-boy for the South of Broad delivery area, thus introducing the reader to the Charleston neighborhood. Hints at a previous run-in with the law are given and he will exit his parole period that

This is a document about The Manticore
 David Staunton – Son of the super-rich industrialist Boy Staunton, he is the narrator of the novel. After a psychotic episode in Toronto he seeks out the help of Jungian psychoanalysts in Zurich. He is a famous barrister, an alcoholic, and a keen patron of the arts, with a heightened sense of morality and a hero worship for his father mixed with filial defiance. ; Johanna Von Haller – David Staunton's Jungian analyst in Zurich. More clever than Staunton in debate, she guides him through the multiple phases of Jungian analysis, being the subject of his projections of the shadow, the friend, and the anima. She warns Staunton that theirs is only the first phase of

On the narrator's 19th birthday in "Notes of a Native Son" by James Baldwin, he has a Black History of the United States compared to the history of France, and his father's funeral takes place at the Abyssinian Baptist Church. The funeral is significant as it is the site of Baldwin's father's death and where Baldwin attended church during his childhood. The events of his 19th birthday are juxtaposed with the Harlem riot of 1943, which occurred on the same day.


Question: when did the three point shot start in basketball

Answer: 1961

This is a document about Three-point field goal
 three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in 1945, with a 21-foot line, in a game between Columbia and Fordham, but it was not kept as a rule. There was another one-game experiment in 1958, this time with a 23-foot line, in a game between St. Francis (N.Y.) and Siena. In 1961, Boston University and Dartmouth played one game with an experimental rule that counted all field goals as three points. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius

This is a document about Continental Basketball Association
 Johnson, Sherman White and Floyd Lane. The all-black Dayton Rens competed in the 1948-49 National Basketball League. Because the 1961-63 American Basketball League used a three-point scoring line, the Eastern League added a three-point line for its 1964-65 season. That year, Brendan McCann of the Allentown Jets led the league with 31 three-pointers. Although three-point plays during the 1960s were few and far between, the Eastern League developed several scorers who used the three-point shot to their advantage. After Darryl Dawkins shattered two basketball backboards during his 1979–80 NBA season, the CBA implemented a collapsible hinged rim. The design was

This is a document about Three-point field goal
  to compete with the NBA. Its ninth and final season concluded in the spring of1976. Three years later in June 1979, the NBA adopted the three-point line for a one-year trial for the 1979–80 season, despite the view of many that it was a gimmick. Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. The season opener at Boston Garden was more remarkable for the debut of Larry Bird (and two new head coaches). Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets, in his final season, also made one in the

This is a document about 1979–80 NBA season
 The NBA officially adopts the three-point field goal. Boston Celtics guard Chris Ford made the first three-pointer on October 12, 1979, against the Houston Rockets. ; The number of officials is reduced from three to two following a one-season experiment with three-man officiating crews. The three-official system will be re-adopted permanently for the 1988–89 season. ; The Jazz relocate from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Salt Lake City, Utah, and move from the Central Division to the Midwest Division (with the Indiana Pacers replacing them). ; The Kansas City Kings are forced to play most of the season at the Municipal Auditorium after the roof at Kemper Arena collapses due to high wind on June 4, 1979. The Kings played the 1972–73 and 1973–74 seasons at Municipal Auditorium while splitting

This is a document about Three-point field goal
  game, and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well. The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at 6.25 m, and it made its Olympic debut in 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22 ft line for the 1980–81 season. Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980. Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule

This is a document about Three-point field goal
  a 22-foot line in the corners. “It made for interesting possibilities,” he wrote. After the ABL shut down in 1963, the three-point shot was adopted by the Eastern Professional Basketball League in its 1963–64 season. It was also popularized by the American Basketball Association (ABA), which introduced it in its inaugural 1967–68 season. ABA commissioner George Mikan stated that the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans". During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing

This is a document about List of National Basketball Association annual three-point field goal percentage leaders
  In basketball, a three-point field goal (also known as a "three-pointer" or "3-pointer") is a field goal made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc radiating from the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for shots made inside the three-point line. The National Basketball Association's (NBA) three-point shooting leader is the player with the highest three-point field goal percentage in a given season. The statistic was first recognized in the 1979–80 season when the three-point line was first implemented that season. To qualify as a three-point shooting leader, the player must have

This is a document about List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career 3-point scoring leaders
   A three-point field goal (also known as a "three-pointer" or "3-pointer") is a field goal in a basketball game, made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc radiating from the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for shots made inside the three-point line. The statistic was first recognized in the 1986–87 season when 3-point field goals were officially instituted by the NCAA. From the 1986–87 season through the 2007–08 season, the three-point perimeter was marked at 19ft 9in for both men's and women's college basketball. On May 3, 2007, the NCAA men's basketball rules committee passed a measure to extend the

This is a document about Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons men's basketball statistical leaders
  1992–93 season (this was several years after the same statistics were recorded in D-I). While several conferences experimented with three-pointers earlier in the 1980s, official NCAA records for three-point shooting start for all divisions with the 1986–87 season, when use of the three-pointer was made mandatory throughout NCAA men's basketball with the distance being uniform throughout the sport. PFW's record books for single-game performances only include performances in the program's D-I era, and season and career three-point records date only to the national adoption of the three-pointer. The PFW record books include leaders in all other statistical categories in all seasons, whether or not the NCAA officially recorded those statistics in the relevant seasons. These lists are updated through the end of the 2020–21 season.

This is a document about Bob Knight
  defense. The 3-point shot was adopted by the NCAA in 1986, which was midway through Knight's coaching career. Although he opposed the rule change throughout his life, it did complement his offense well by improving the spacing on the floor. He sardonically said at the time that he supported institution of the three point shot because if a team's offense was functioning efficiently enough to get a layup the team should be rewarded with three points for that basket. Knight's offense also emphasized a two-count. Players in the post are expected to try to post in the paint for two seconds and if they do not receive the ball they go set a screen. Players with the ball are expected to

This is a document about Michael Jordan
  be effective on offense; three-point shooting was only introduced in 1979 and would not be a more fundamental aspect of the game until the first decades of the 21st century, with the NBA having to briefly shorten the line to incentivize more shots. Jordan's three-point shooting was better selected, resulting in three-point field goals made in important games during the playoffs and the Finals, such as hitting six consecutive three-point shots in Game 1 of the 1992 NBA Finals. Jordan shot 37%, 35%, 42%, and 37% in all the seasons he shot over 200 three-pointers, and also shot 38.5%, 38.6%, 38.9%, 40.3%, 19.4%, and

This is a document about List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 12 or more 3-point field goals in a game
  A three-point field goal (also known as a "three-pointer" or "3-pointer") is a field goal in a basketball game, made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc radiating from the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for shots made inside the three-point line. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) keeps records of the Division I 3-point field made in a game leaders. The statistic was first recognized in the 1986–87 season when 3-point field goals were officially instituted by the NCAA. From the 1986–87 season through the 2007–08 season, the three-point perimeter was marked at 19ft 9in for both men's and women's college basketball. On May 3, 2007, the NCAA men's

This is a document about List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders
  In basketball, points are accumulated through free throws or field goals. The National Basketball Association's (NBA) scoring title is awarded to the player with the highest points per game average in a given season. The scoring title was originally determined by total points scored through the 1968–69 season, after which points per game was used to determine the leader instead. The three-point field goal was introduced in the NBA at the start of the 1979–80 season. To qualify for the scoring title, a player must appear in at least 58 games (out of 82). However, a player who appears in fewer than 58 games may qualify as annual scoring leader if his point

This is a document about Chris Ford
  Christopher Joseph Ford (born January 11, 1949) is an American former professional basketball player and head coach. He is known for making the first counted NBA three-point shot in October 1979. A 6-foot-5 (1.96 m) guard, Ford played high school basketball at Holy Spirit High School in Absecon, New Jersey, before continuing on to Villanova University. He played 10 seasons (1972–1982) in the NBA as a member of the Detroit Pistons and Boston Celtics. Ford is credited with scoring the NBA's first three-point shot, for the Boston Celtics on October 12, 1979, in a game against the Houston Rockets at Boston Garden, which was also the debut game of Indiana State sensation Larry Bird. After winning a championship with the Celtics, he ended his

This is a document about List of NCAA Division I women's basketball season 3-point field goal leaders
  A three-point field goal (also known as a "three-pointer" or "3-pointer") is a field goal in a basketball game, made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc radiating from the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for shots made inside the three-point line. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) keeps records of the Division I 3-point field goal makes per game (3PG) average annual leaders. The statistic was first recognized in Division I women's basketball in the 1987–88 season, when the NCAA made the three-pointer a mandatory feature throughout women's basketball. From the 1987–88 season through

This is a document about Norm Drucker
  publicly advocate the adoption of the ABA's three-point basket and the use of three referees per game. The NBA adopted the three-point basket in 1979 and adopted the three-man officiating system for the 1978–79 season, although the league returned to two officials the next season. The three-official system returned in the 1988–89 season and has been used by the NBA ever since. As an administrator in the ABA and NBA, he recruited and/or trained young referees, many of whom had long, successful NBA careers, including Joe Crawford, Bernie Fryer, Ed Middleton, Jake O'Donnell, Jack Nies, Jim Clark, Wally Rooney,

This is a document about Basketball court
  not go in, and one if it does. The distance to the three-point line from the center of the basket varies depending on the level or league, and has changed several times. These are the current distances, with the league or level using each distance:  The NBA adopted the three-point line at the start of the 1979–80 season. This is of variable distance, ranging from 22 ft in the corners to 23.75 ft behind the top of the key. During the 1994–95, 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the overall distance of the line to a

This is a document about Alex English
 The NBA adopted the three-point line in the 1979–80 season. ; Incomplete statistics.

This is a document about ABA–NBA merger
  The three-point field goal was used in the ABA; the NBA originally disparaged it, but eventually adopted it in the 1979-80 season. Angelo Drossos, owner of the San Antonio Spurs: "When the leagues merged, the NBA moguls didn't want the 3-point shot. Red Auerbach hated it and said the Celtics would never go along with it. He had everybody up in arms against the play. Of course, a few years later Red drafted Larry Bird and suddenly he was all for it. And suddenly one of the bigger attractions at the All-Star Game is the 3-point shootout".

This is a document about Rules of basketball
  by waiting close to the basket. When the NBA started to allow zone defense in 2001, a three-second rule for defensive players was also introduced. The shot clock was first introduced by the NBA in 1954, to increase the speed of play. Teams were then required to attempt a shot within 24 seconds of gaining possession, and the shot clock would be reset when the ball touched the basket's rim or the backboard, or the opponents gained possession. FIBA adopted a 30-second shot clock two years later, resetting the clock when a shot was attempted. Women's basketball adopted a 30-second clock in 1971. The NCAA adopted a 45-second shot clock for men while continuing

The three-point shot was first used in a college game in 1945, but it was not widely adopted until the 1961-62 season in the Eastern League of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The NBA adopted the three-point line for a one-year trial in the 1979-80 season. The three-point shot was first used in the NCAA in 1980.


Question: when does frank become president in house of cards

Answer: Chapter 26

This is a document about Frank Underwood (House of Cards)
 blamed. While publicly supporting Walker, Underwood works behind the scenes to have him impeached, with Sharp's help. In the season finale, "Chapter 26", Walker resigns, and Underwood succeeds him as President of the United States. Season 3 begins with Underwood's presidency off to a rocky start: six months into his term, he is unpopular with the public, and Congress is blocking his attempts to move legislation forward. He plans to secure his legacy with an ambitious jobs bill, America Works, but the Democratic Congressional leadership refuses to support it; they also tell him that they will not support him if

This is a document about List of fictional presidents of the United States (U–Z)
 President in House of Cards (Season 2–5) ; At the start of the series, he is the Democratic Majority Whip in the United States House of Representatives and a Congressman from South Carolina. He is initially promised the position of US Secretary of State by incoming President Garrett Walker but when Walker reneges, Underwood sets in motion a plan to replace Walker as president. ; The first half of his plan sees him become vice president after manipulating a situation to get incumbent Vice President Jim Matthews to run in the special election for his old position as Governor of Pennsylvania, with Frank destroying the campaign of Congressman Peter Russo. Frank then makes a

This is a document about House of Cards (American TV series)
  car off the road into a guard rail. Frank resigns as President, leaving Claire as the 47th President of the United States. The two await the proper moment for Claire to pardon him. This comes in the form of a military special operations unit finding and taking out the leader of ICO, which moves media focus away from Frank. Standing in the Oval Office, Claire appears to reconsider pardoning Frank, and ignores multiple concerned calls from him regarding the matter. The season ends with Claire ignoring Frank's call, then breaking the fourth wall to tell the viewers, "My turn."

This is a document about United States presidential line of succession in fiction
  he will then angle to be appointed Vice President under the terms of the 25th Amendment. He succeeds, then begins systematically undermining the President, causing the latter's effectiveness and popularity to plummet to the point where he resigns, allowing Underwood to assume the Presidency at the end of the series' second season. In season 4, Underwood is shot and temporarily incapacitated, leading to his Vice President, Donald Blythe, to become Acting President until Underwood finished healing. In Season 5, the Presidential election goes to the House of Representatives, but Frank's wife Claire Underwood is elected Vice President by the Senate before

This is a document about Claire Underwood
  be president, so that the two of them can run Washington together—she from the White House and he from the private sector. For the plan to work, however, Claire must pardon Frank, which would damage her politically. Frank resigns and Claire is sworn in as the 47th President of the United States. However, Claire does not announce that she is pardoning Frank in her first address to the nation as President. Frank calls her repeatedly, but she forwards the calls. She sees that Frank has burned a hole into the American flag in the Oval Office, and breaks the fourth wall, saying: "My turn."

This is a document about House of Cards (American TV series)
  Six months into his presidency, Frank pushes for a controversial jobs program called America Works. Determined not to be a "placeholder" President, Underwood reverses his previous pledge and runs in the 2016 election, competing against Heather Dunbar in the Democratic primaries. Meanwhile, Claire is named the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and faces a crisis in the Jordan Valley, which pits Frank against Russian President Viktor Petrov. When Petrov has an American gay rights activist arrested in Russia, the Underwoods persuade him to secure a release. However, Petrov demands that the activist apologize on Russian television, leading the activist to kill himself while being visited by Claire. Later, after Russian troops are killed in the Jordan

This is a document about List of fictional presidents of the United States (U–Z)
  Will Conway. During her acting term, Claire proposes a new election in Ohio and Tennessee that is adopted by Congress and sees the Underwood's win after leaking damaging recordings of Conway and his vice presidential candidate, General Ted Brockhart. ; Claire resumes her new role as vice president once Frank resumes office in mid February 2017 but Frank is continually hounded by congressional investigations into his past. Frank, with the help of Chief of Staff Doug Stamper, manipulates events to allow a face saving resignation. ; Therefore, Claire is sworn in as the 47th President of the United States on March 15, 2017 after Frank submits his resignation. This concludes Season 5. ; Played by: Robin Wright ; Political Party: Democrat

This is a document about House of Cards (American TV series)
  Frank Underwood, a power-hungry Democratic congressman from South Carolina and House majority whip, celebrates the 2012 election of President Garrett Walker, who had agreed to appoint him Secretary of State. However, Underwood learns that the President wants him to promote his agenda in Congress and will not honor their agreement. Inwardly seething, Underwood presents himself as a helpful lieutenant to Walker. In reality, Underwood begins an elaborate plan behind the President's back. Frank's wife Claire runs an NGO, the Clean Water Initiative, which she uses to cultivate her own power; she seeks to expand its scope to the international stage, often using Frank's connections. Claire shares her husband's cold-hearted, ruthless pragmatism

This is a document about List of fictional presidents of the United States (U–Z)
 President in House of Cards (Season 5-present) ; At the start of the series, she is the CEO of Clean Water Initiative (CWI), a charitable organization. She has also been married for over 20 years to Frank Underwood, a Democratic Congressman from South Carolina. She is a crucial part in helping Frank manipulate his way into the Presidency after he is betrayed for the Secretary of State nomination by new President Garrett Walker. ; In season 2, she is the new Second Lady of the United States from December 2013 after Frank becomes Walker's vice president. By the end of this season, she becomes First Lady of the United States in October 2014 when Frank ensures Walker's resignation and his own ascension

This is a document about House of Cards (season 6)
   From March to October 2018, Netflix released various promotional material for the sixth and final season of House of Cards. On March 4, the first teaser premiered during the 90th Academy Awards ceremony. The teaser shows Robin Wright in the Oval Office as President Claire Underwood, declaring "We're just getting started," followed by an intertitle reading "Hail to the Chief". On June 10, Netflix released two first-look images from the final season. The first photo shows Wright listening to director Alik Sakharov, and the second shows her looking straight at the camera. On July 4, the 242nd anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, a

This is a document about Female president of the United States in popular culture
  president, Laura Montez, played by Andrea Savage, is also a woman, the running mate of opposition candidate Bill O'Brian. Meyer wins re-election in 2020 (albeit through Chinese election interference and a series of compromising acts at her party's brokered convention) and serves a single full term. At Meyer's funeral in 2045, a former successful two-term president, Kemi Talbot (a progressive rival to Meyer during the 2020 primaries and the brokered convention), played by Toks Olagundoye, delivers the main eulogy. ; In the Netflix TV series House of Cards, which began in 2013, Robin Wright plays Claire Underwood, who becomes

This is a document about Frank Underwood (House of Cards)
  mass casualties. Netflix hasn't said how many seasons are to come, but it's hard to imagine the show being watchable for all that much longer now that this rubicon of despicability has been crossed." Some compared Underwood's story line in season 4 to the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Brian Moyland of The Guardian wrote: "House of Cards has never felt like the real presidency: Frank Underwood is evil incarnate, bumping off junior Congressmen and pushing journalists in front of trains. But now that, in real life, we're in the throes of such a bizarre presidential race, his machinations are starting to look almost viable. There are several parallels between Underwood's re-election campaign and the 2016 campaigns of Donald Trump, Ted Cruz, Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders."

This is a document about House of Cards (season 6)
  message was posted on House of Cards official Twitter account, with President Claire Underwood saying, "Happy Independence Day... to me." The message is followed by the hashtag #MyTurn. On August 7, Netflix announced that the season would be released on November 2, 2018, and unveiled key art. The poster pays homage to the promotional image for the first season of the series, as Wright strikes the Lincoln Memorial pose, like Kevin Spacey had done before her. On August 27, four images were published via a press release, which depict new cast members Diane Lane, Greg Kinnear and Cody Fern in their roles as members of the Shepherd

This is a document about List of fictional presidents of the United States (A–B)
 President in: House of Cards ; Acting President after the attempted assassination of President Frank Underwood ; Signs the Presidential Incapacitation Certificate in Chapter 43; Underwood declares himself fit and is reinstated in Chapter 45 ; Party: Democratic

This is a document about Claire Underwood
  (now Republican-controlled) will decide the President and the Senate (Democrat-controlled) for the Vice President, the first instance of this happening for the President since the 1824 presidential election and the first time for the Vice President since the 1836 presidential election. Claire eventually wins when Blythe issues a bill to block any filibuster in the Senate; while the House cannot reach a majority. In the meantime, Claire is sworn in as Acting President of the United States and begins to exert her limited power by excluding Frank from certain presidential functions, such as the swearing-in of the new Justice of the Supreme Court. During her

This is a document about List of fictional presidents of the United States (U–Z)
  Tennessee that is adopted by Congress and sees the Underwood's win after leaking damaging recordings of Conway and his vice presidential candidate, General Ted Brockhart. ; Underwood is then sworn in for a new term in mid February 2017 but is immediately dogged by impeachment hearings due to his past efforts to gain the Presidency. With the help of his chief of staff, Doug Stamper, Underwood spins what really happened with his crimes and uses it to face savingly resign as president on March 15, 2017 so he can enter the private sector and gain more power in the shadows whilst Claire is president. ; Played by: Kevin Spacey ; Political Party: Democrat

This is a document about Frank Underwood (House of Cards)
  Gaffney, South Carolina. He graduated from The Sentinel (a fictionalized version of The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina) in 1980 and, subsequently, Harvard Law School in 1984. Some of Underwood's dialogue throughout the series is presented in a direct address to the audience, a narrative technique that breaks the fourth wall. The character speaks with a Southern accent. During season 1, he is the Democratic Majority Whip in the United States House of Representatives. In season 2, he is the newly appointed Vice President of the United States, before becoming President of the United States in the season finale. Underwood has been described as conniving, Machiavellian, sociopathic, and a symbol

This is a document about Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation)
  award for giving Leslie room to speak her mind instead of reading scripted speeches. Through a series of flash-forwards in the final episode, it is revealed that Ben's congressional campaign was successful and is now a representative from Indiana for the House of Representatives. In 2025, he and Leslie are both given the opportunity to run as Governor of Indiana, and Ben ultimately decides to let Leslie run, once again managing her ultimately successful campaign. By 2048, it is implied that at least one of them has been elected President of the United States, with Ben wearing a flag lapel pin and being acknowledged first by someone who appeared to be a member of the Secret Service.

This is a document about House of Cards (season 2)
  Francis spends most of the season as the newly appointed Vice President of the United States. In early episodes Frank vanquishes reporters on the trail of a murder he committed in the previous season. However, the drama soon shifts to tensions involving Frank, President Walker, the Chinese government, and billionaire businessman Raymond Tusk, eventually culminating in a bitter political war between Frank and Tusk. Frank's wife Claire publicly reveals that she was raped in college by a prominent general and pursues anti-rape legislation. The most significant new character is Jackie Sharp, Frank's successor as House Whip, who soon finds herself embroiled in Frank's plans. As the war between Frank and Tusk consumes the Presidency, things culminate in a scandal that leads to Walker resigning, Tusk being arrested, and Frank ascending to the Oval Office.

This is a document about List of fictional presidents of the United States (U–Z)
  agreeing to make Claire his VP candidate in 2016, manipulating the DNC to do so. ; Runs against Republican Governor of New York Will Conway in the 2016 election. Underwood uses fear of terrorism to stir up his popularity against the more popular Conway and on Election Day he abuses presidential power to force Ohio and Tennessee into a scenario where their results cannot be certified, thus throwing the election of President to the House of Representatives. Claire briefly becomes Acting President of the United States for four weeks in January and February 2017 due to the House being unable to choose between Frank and Conway. Claire proposes a new election in Ohio

Frank Underwood becomes President of the United States in the Season 5 finale of "House of Cards."


Question: who played the masked dorian in the mask

Answer: Peter Greene

This is a document about The Mask (film)
 and best friend Charlie Schumaker (Richard Jeni). Meanwhile, gangster Dorian Tyrell (Peter Greene), owner of the Coco Bongo nightclub, plots to overthrow his boss Niko (Orestes Matacena). One day, Tyrell sends his singer girlfriend Tina Carlyle (Cameron Diaz) into Stanley's bank to record its layout, in preparation to rob the bank. Stanley is attracted to Tina, and she seems to reciprocate. Unable to enter the Coco Bongo to watch Tina perform, Stanley finds a wooden mask near the city's harbor. Placing it on his face transforms him into a bizarre, wisecracking green-faced zoot-suited trickster known as "The Mask", who is

This is a document about Peter Greene
 Peter Greene Peter Greene (born Peter Green; October 8, 1965) is an American character actor, generally known for playing villains. A native of Montclair, New Jersey, Greene did not pursue a career in acting until his mid 20s. He initially landed several roles in cinema and television in the early 1990s. Greene had roles in "Pulp Fiction", "The Mask", "Clean, Shaven", and "The Usual Suspects" in 1994 and 1995. In "Pulp Fiction", Greene appeared as Zed who rapes Marsellus Wallace. "The Mask" saw him play the villainous Dorian Tyrell opposite Jim Carrey and Cameron Diaz. Greene played the schizophrenic Peter

This is a document about The Mask
  A film version of The Mask was released in the United States on July 29, 1994, starring Jim Carrey in the title role. Directed by Chuck Russell, the film co-starred Peter Greene as Dorian Tyrell, Peter Riegert as Lt. Mitch Kellaway, Orestes Matacena as Niko, Richard Jeni as Charlie Schumacher, Amy Yasbeck as Peggy Brandt, and Cameron Diaz, in her screen debut, as Tina Carlyle. Ben Stein has a cameo role as Dr. Arthur Neuman. While there were early efforts to take the film in the direction of horror (some at New Line Cinema saw it as a replacement for their fading A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise), it was never completely intended as a

This is a document about The Mask (1994 film)
  The Mask is a 1994 American superhero comedy film directed by Chuck Russell, produced by Bob Engelman, and written by Mike Werb, loosely based on the Mask comics published by Dark Horse Comics. The first installment in the The Mask franchise, it stars Jim Carrey in the title role, Peter Riegert, Peter Greene, Amy Yasbeck, Richard Jeni, and Cameron Diaz in her film debut. Carrey plays Stanley Ipkiss, a hapless, everyday bank clerk who finds a magical mask that transforms him into The Mask, a green-faced troublemaker with the ability to cartoonishly alter himself and his surroundings at will. He starts using these powers to fight crime, only to become targeted by Dorian Tyrell, a gangster who desires to overthrow his superior. The

This is a document about The Boys from Syracuse
 The Masks: Robert Sidney, Harry Peterson ; Singing Policeman: Bob Lawrence ; Another Policeman: James Wilkinson ; Antipholus of Ephesus: Ronald Graham ; Dromio of Ephesus: Teddy Hart ; Dancing Policeman: George Church ; Tailor: Clifford Dunstan ; Tailor's Apprentice: Burl Ives ; Antipholus of Syracuse: Eddie Albert ; Dromio of Syracuse: Jimmy Savo ; Merchant of Syracuse: Byron Shores ; Duke of Ephesus: Carroll Ashburn ; Aegeon: John O'Shaughnessy ; Luce: Wynn Murray ; Adriana: Muriel Angelus ; Luciana: Marcy Westcott ; Sorcerer: Owen Martin ; Courtesan: Betty Bruce ; Secretary to Courtesan: Heidi Vosseler ; Angelo: John Clarke ; Merchant of Ephesus: Clifford Dunstan ; Seeress: Florence Fair

This is a document about The Mask (1994 film)
 1) Opening – The Origin of the Mask ; 2) Tina ; 3) Carnival ; 4) Transformation ; 5) Tango In The Park ; 6) Lovebirds ; 7) Out of the Line of Fire ; 8) A Dark Night ; 9) The Man Behind the Mask ; 10) Dorian Gets a New Face ; 11) Looking for a Way Out ; 12) The Search ; 13) Forked Tongue ; 14) Milo to the Rescue ; 15) The Mask Is Back ; 16) Finale The record labels TriStar Music and Epic Soundtrax released an orchestral score soundtrack to The Mask after the original soundtrack's release. The score was composed and conducted by Randy Edelman, performed by the Irish Film Orchestra, recorded at Windmill Lane Studios Ireland.

This is a document about List of actors who have played multiple roles in the same film
  the Prince of Wales and Footpad in The Elusive Pimpernel (1950) ; Louis Hayward as Louis XIV and Philippe of Gascony in The Man in the Iron Mask (1939) ; Louis Hayward as Edwin Jekyll and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in The Son of Dr. Jekyll (1951) ; Bella Heathcote as Victoria Winters and Josette du Pres in Dark Shadows (2012) ; Brigitte Helm as Maria and her robot double in Metropolis (1927) ; Kevin Heffernan as Phil "Landfill" Krundle, Gil "Landfill" Krundle, and Random Sausage Lady in Beerfest (2006) ; Michael Herbig as Abahachi and Winnetouch in Der Schuh des Manitu (2001) ; Freddie Highmore as Jared and Simon Grace in The Spiderwick

This is a document about Anna Hamilton Phelan
 Mask (1985)

This is a document about Beyond the Mask
  attempt to furnish a swashbuckling historical yarn for Christian audiences...onscreen memories...makes a pretty odd fit with Will’s spiritual journey." Chang was positive about the performances, calling the lead actors "likeable leads" and "Rhys Davies['s]...bellicose, two-dimensional villainy makes for undeniably enjoyable viewing." Movieguide gave the film a largely negative review, concluding that “BEYOND THE MASK is a low quality movie. The story is drawn out for no apparent reason, and the production is television quality.” The Los Angeles Times, stated that the film seemed a "stagy, overstuffed costume drama". They also called the film "preachy" and complained of a "cut-and-paste script by Stephen Kendrick and Paul McCusker that manages to drag into the fray Benjamin Franklin (Alan Madlane), who dutifully proceeds to offer up a medley of his greatest quotes."

This is a document about The Mask (franchise)
  In March 2020, Jim Carrey was rumored to be reprising his role as the Mask in both a reboot of The Mask: Animated Series (set to air on HBO Max) and a direct sequel to the original 1994 film. These reports are currently unconfirmed.

This is a document about Jeremy Irons
  the romantic drama M. Butterfly (1993), voiced Scar in Disney's The Lion King (1994), played Simon Gruber in the action film Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995), Humbert Humbert in Lolita (1997) and Aramis in The Man in the Iron Mask (1998). He starred in the action adventure Dungeons & Dragons (2000), played Antonio in The Merchant of Venice (2004), appeared in Being Julia (2004), the historical drama Kingdom of Heaven (2005), the fantasy-adventure Eragon (2006), the Western Appaloosa (2008), and the indie drama Margin Call (2011). In 2016, he appeared in Assassin's Creed and portrayed Alfred Pennyworth in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Justice League (2017),

This is a document about Anaplastology
  In the 1986 musical, Andrew Lloyd Weber's The Phantom of the Opera, the character Erik wears a facial mask to hide his facial deformities. In the 2004 film, The Libertine, John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, as portrayed by American actor Johnny Depp is shown to wear a facial mask to cover the sores on his face caused by syphilis. In the 2010 television show Boardwalk Empire, the character Richard Harrow wears a tin mask with glasses to hide the disfigurement of his face he endured during his service as a soldier in World War I.

This is a document about Doane Perry
 The Blue Mask (1982)

This is a document about Jeremy Irons
  of the Spirits (1993) appearing again with Glenn Close and Meryl Streep. What's more, he lent his deep baritone voice as Scar in The Lion King (1994). Afterwards, he portrayed as Simon Gruber in Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995), co-starring Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson, Bernardo Bertolucci's Stealing Beauty (1996), the 1997 remake of Lolita, and as the musketeer Aramis opposite Leonardo DiCaprio in the 1998 film version of The Man in the Iron Mask. Other roles include the wicked wizard Profion in the film Dungeons and Dragons (2000) and Rupert Gould in Longitude (2000). He played the

This is a document about Penny Dreadful (TV series)
 Reeve Carney as Dorian Gray, a charismatic man who is ageless and immortal. ; Timothy Dalton as Malcolm Murray, a hardened explorer of the African continent, on a deeply personal quest to save the remaining members of his family. ; Eva Green as Vanessa Ives, an enigmatic, quietly driven heroine who proves herself a force to be reckoned with as she battles powerful, relentless forces from the underworld. ; Rory Kinnear as the Creature, a creation Frankenstein abruptly abandoned, who, not given a name, variously uses the aliases Caliban and John Clare. ; Billie Piper as Brona Croft / Lily Frankenstein, an Irish immigrant seeking to escape her brutal, violent past. ; Danny Sapani as Sembene, a mysterious, long-time ally of Malcolm (seasons 1–2). ; Harry Treadaway as Victor Frankenstein, an arrogant, socially inept young doctor whose ambition

This is a document about Peter Sarsgaard
  His performance in the play received favorable reviews amongst critics. His next film roles were in a series of independent features: Another Day in Paradise (1997), part of an ensemble cast that included James Woods, Melanie Griffith, Vincent Kartheiser, and Natasha Gregson Wagner, and In Desert Blue (1998), where he had a supporting role in the film. He received a substantial role in the 1998 film The Man in the Iron Mask, where he played Raoul, the ill-fated son of John Malkovich's dueling Musketeer, Athos. The film uses characters from Alexandre Dumas' d'Artagnan Romances, and is very loosely adapted from some plot elements of The Vicomte de Bragelonne. The film received ambivalent reviews, but was a success at the box office, earning $182 million worldwide.

This is a document about Irene Adler
  (flashback), in which Holmes and Watson, while waiting for the new information on his current case, remember their encounter with Irene Adler (played by Larisa Solovyova). In the 1984 made-for-TV film The Masks of Death, a widowed Irene Adler, played by Anne Baxter, is a guest at Graf Udo Von Felseck (Anton Diffring)'s country house where Holmes (Peter Cushing) and Watson (John Mills) are investigating the supposed disappearance of a visiting prince. Although Holmes initially considers her a suspect, she proves her innocence and becomes an ally. In the 1991 television film Sherlock Holmes and the Leading Lady, Irene Adler (Morgan Fairchild) reunites with an ageing Holmes (Christopher Lee) when a murder happens during her performance in Vienna. Holmes and Adler, whose flirtatious relationship with Sherlock is similar

This is a document about Peter Cushing
  mansion. Cushing appeared in the television film The Masks of Death (1984), marking both the last time he played detective Sherlock Holmes and the final performance for which he received top billing. He appeared alongside actor John Mills as Watson, and the two were noted by critics for their strong chemistry and camaraderie. As both actors were in their seventies, screenwriter N.J. Crisp and executive producer Kevin Francis both in turn sought to portray them as two old-fashioned men in a rapidly changing world. Cushing's biographer Tony Earnshaw said Cushing's performance in The Masks of Death was arguably the actor's best interpretation

This is a document about The Mask of Zorro
  The Mask of Zorro is a 1998 American swashbuckler film based on the character of the masked vigilante Zorro created by Johnston McCulley. It was directed by Martin Campbell and stars Antonio Banderas, Anthony Hopkins, Catherine Zeta-Jones, and Stuart Wilson. The film features the original Zorro, Don Diego de la Vega (Hopkins), escaping from prison to find his long-lost daughter (Zeta-Jones) and avenge the death of his wife at the hands of the corrupt governor Rafael Montero (Wilson). He is aided by his successor (Banderas), who is pursuing his own vendetta against the governor's right-hand man while falling in love with de la Vega's daughter. Executive producer Steven Spielberg had initially developed the

Peter Greene played the role of Dorian Tyrell in the film "The Mask," but he did not play the masked Dorian character. The masked Dorian character, also known as The Mask, was portrayed by Jim Carrey.


Question: who wrote a book on investigation introduced the word criminalistics

Answer: Hans Gross

This is a document about Forensic science
 for Coroners, police officials, military policemen" was written by the Austrian criminal jurist Hans Gross in 1893, and is generally acknowledged as the birth of the field of criminalistics. The work combined in one system fields of knowledge that had not been previously integrated, such as psychology and physical science, and which could be successfully used against crime. Gross adapted some fields to the needs of criminal investigation, such as crime scene photography. He went on to found the Institute of Criminalistics in 1912, as part of the University of Graz' Law School. This Institute was followed by many similar

This is a document about Hans Gross
  Gross's book was written to cover philosophical and systematic aspects of criminology. In 1893, his book Criminal Investigations, a Practical Textbook (Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter als System der Kriminalistik) was published. The purpose of the book was to make up for a deficiency in criminalistics. He wrote it as an instructive book, focusing on human nature and the motives of a criminal. He presents his theories through psychological and material elements. Gross especially expanded on body language and the importance of the judge and the witness involved in a criminal case. He observes the behaviors of murderers, arsonists, thieves, and counterfeiters. Gross strongly focuses on the failings and inconsistencies of the judges and witnesses, the importance of materialistic evidence, and relating facts with reason. He believed that the study of psychology allowed one to understand the motives of criminals. Also, he relates chemistry, physics, botany, secret codes, and the use of blood to further determine facts and motives. He believed an overall education in these studies proved beneficial, especially to judges and investigating officers.

This is a document about Hans Gross
  Hans Gross made his mark in the world as a criminologist. He is associated with being the creator of the field of criminology after establishing the study at the Institute of Criminology in Graz. Throughout his life, he assisted in advancing the crime investigation world, especially in 1893 when the practice of criminology became more widespread. Introducing new investigation and observation techniques, such as crime scene photography and examining fingerprints, changed how the justice system functioned. His book, Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter als System der Kriminalistik, contains revolutionary methods and ideas that greatly broadened criminal science. One of New York's famous Detective Agencies is named after him the Gross Investigation Bureau.

This is a document about Forensic science
  hypothesis is likely". Handbook for Coroners, police officials, military policemen was written by the Austrian criminal jurist Hans Gross in 1893, and is generally acknowledged as the birth of the field of criminalistics. The work combined in one system fields of knowledge that had not been previously integrated, such as psychology and physical science, and which could be successfully used against crime. Gross adapted some fields to the needs of criminal investigation, such as crime scene photography. He went on to found the Institute of Criminalistics in 1912, as part of the University of Graz' Law School. This Institute was

This is a document about Hans Gross
  Gross noticed the faults in the justice system early on in his career. His efforts focused on expanding deep investigation, professional ethics, and the scientific method. He defined criminal psychology from a technical viewpoint, considering it as pure research. Along with studying a person's behaviors, Gross stressed the use of careful judgement due to often misleading evidence. His view of research, technical evidence, and methods also led to the creation of the "crime scene." Relating the concept of the crime scene, Gross explains the necessity of balancing emotion with evidence and evidence with logic. Gross fully introduced the concept of criminalistics in 1893,

This is a document about Hans Gross
  Printed Criminalist. 2019, 18: 24-42. (in Russian) ; Mühlbacher, Thomas. Elementary, my dear Holmes! Hans Gross, Father of Criminalistics, and Arthur Conan Doyle. Translation from English into Russian by Sergei Nezhurbida . The First Printed Criminalist. 2019, 18: 11-23. (in Russian) ; Grassberger, Roland. Hans Gross (1847-1915). Translation from English into Russian by Sergei Nezhurbida . The First Printed Criminalist. 2017, 14: 75-87. (in Russian) ; Kaempffert, Waldemar. Criminal Communications. Translation from English into Russian by Sergei Nezhurbida . The First Printed Criminalist. 2016. 13: 104-118. (in Russian) ; Kaempffert, Waldemar. Crime-Master and How He Works. Translation from English into Russian by Sergei Nezhurbida . The First Printed Criminalist. 2016, 12: 138-157. (in Russian)

This is a document about John J. O'Connell
  books on police practice and procedure which were later adopted as standard textbooks for law enforcement training. His best known work, "Modern Criminal Investigation" (1935), was co-written with Harry Söderman and outlined early scientific and psychological methods of crime detection. In 1941, he became assistant Chief Inspector. He left the police academy when he was appointed Chief Police Inspector by then Police Commissioner Lewis Valentine on July 7, 1942. He remained chief inspector for three years until his retirement in 1945. After a long illness, he died at Doctors Hospital on October 18, 1946. He was survived by his wife Helen, his son John Jr. and two grandchildren.

This is a document about Psychoanalytic criminology
  Psychoanalytic criminology may be said to have begun with a 1911 study of parricide; but its real foundation came in 1916 when Freud published Criminality from a Sense of Guilt, in which he maintained that many criminals were driven by unconscious guilt which preceded the crime and led to a need for punishment. In applying psychoanalysis to the question of determining guilt or innocence in any given case, Freud was insistent however that analysis could only identify the guilty impulse, not necessarily the act itself. Another major contribution came in 1929 with the book by Franz Alexander and Hugo Staub entitled The Criminal, the

This is a document about Criminal psychology
 1) amount of planning that went into the crime, ; 2) degree of control used by the offender, ; 3) escalation of emotion at the scene, ; 4) risk level of both the offender and victim, and ; 5) appearance of the crime scene (disorganized versus organized). A major part of criminal psychology, known as criminal profiling, began in the 1940s. The United States Office of Strategic Services asked William L. Langer's brother Walter C. Langer, a well renowned psychiatrist, to draw up a profile of Adolf Hitler. After the Second World War, British psychologist Lionel Haward, while working for the Royal Air Force police, drew up

This is a document about Forensic geology
  According to Murray, forensic geology began with Sherlock Holmes writer, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The character Sherlock Holmes claimed to be able to identify where an individual had been by various methods, including his having memorized the exposed geology of London to such a degree that detecting certain clays on a person's shoe would give away a locale. Georg Popp, of Frankfurt, Germany, may have been the first to use soil analysis for linking suspects to a crime scene. In 1891, Hans Gross used microscopic analysis of soils and other materials from a suspect's shoes to link him to the crime scene.

This is a document about Early timeline of Nazism
  chaos. While not an anti-Semite, his work is often characterized as philosemitic (since he wrote positively about the Jews), but it is still considered an early manifestation of scientific racism. Historian Joachim C. Fest, in his biography of Hitler, claims that Arthur de Gobineau's negative views on race mixing influenced Hitler and thereby, the ideology of Nazism. ; 1888: German jurist and international law reformer, Franz von Liszt argues that criminal characteristics are innate as opposed to being determined by a person's social environment and coins the term, Kriminalbiologie (Criminal Biology), a theory that would later influence Nazi anthropologists and racial hygiene proponents in their justification for sterilization and euthanasia.

This is a document about Edwin Sutherland
  He was the author of the leading text Criminology, published in 1924, first stating the principle of differential association in the third edition retitled Principles of Criminology (1939:4–8) that the development of habitual patterns of criminality arise from association with those who commit crime rather than with those who do not commit crime. The theory also had a structural element positing that conflict and social disorganisation are the underlying causes of crime because they the patterns of people associated with. This latter element was dropped when the fourth edition was published in 1947. But he remained convinced that social class was a relevant factor, coining the phrase white-collar criminal in a speech to the American Sociological Association on December 27, 1939. In his 1949 monograph ''White-Collar Criminology '' he defined a white-collar crime "approximately as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation."

This is a document about The Criminal (Havelock Ellis)
  United Kingdom. The criminal was the only British book, published between 1880 and 1918, solely based on Cesare Lombroso's theories on criminal anthropology. Studies on criminals or criminality in general had been conducted in England prior to the publication of The criminal. These studies were conducted independently of the field of criminal anthropology, which was scarcely known in the second half of the nineteenth century. Regardless of the lack of enthusiasm in the British scientific community, Ellis found the topic relevant and important for society. When researching for his book, Ellis was disappointed that his peers did not share his enthusiasm and had little or no knowledge at all about criminal anthropology.

This is a document about Criminology
  In the mid-18th century, criminology arose as social philosophers gave thought to crime and concepts of law. The term criminology was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as . Later, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term . Paul Topinard's major work appeared in 1879. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, scholars of crime focused on reform of criminal law and not on the causes of crime. Scholars such as Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham were more concerned with the humanitarian aspects of dealing with criminals and reforming criminal laws. Criminology grew substantially as a discipline in the first quarter

This is a document about Jerome Hall
  Hall was a renowned scholar in comparative law, criminal law, and jurisprudence. He was among the first scholars to analyze legal problems through an interdisciplinary approach. He published his first book, Theft, Law and Society, in 1935; even then his interdisciplinary approach to legal analysis could be seen: "One great effect is and will be the fact that it stimulates one's thinking along all the allied fields…. The author realizes that crime is behavior.  If those who defend individualization of punishment and those who are sceptical [sic] of all individualization of punishment will read this chapter, I think that there will be much more sense displayed in the writing and the talking on this subject." In one of his best known works,

This is a document about Crime
  criminal law grew out of what 21st-century lawyers would call torts; and, in real terms, many acts and omissions classified as crimes actually overlap with civil-law concepts. The development of sociological thought from the 19th century onwards prompted some fresh views on crime and criminality, and fostered the beginnings of criminology as a study of crime in society. Nietzsche noted a link between crime and creativity – in The Birth of Tragedy he asserted: "The best and brightest that man can acquire he must obtain by crime". In the 20th century, Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish made a study of criminalization as a coercive method of state control.

This is a document about Art in Nazi Germany
  in the courtyard of the headquarters of the Berlin Fire Department. The term Entartung (or "degeneracy") had gained popularity in Germany by the late 19th century when the critic and author Max Nordau devised the theory presented in his 1892 book, Entartung. Nordau drew upon the writings of the criminologist Cesare Lombroso, whose The Criminal Man, published in 1876, attempted to prove that there were "born criminals" whose atavistic personality traits could be detected by scientifically measuring abnormal physical characteristics. Nordau developed from this premise a critique of modern art, explained as the work of those so corrupted and enfeebled by modern life that they have

This is a document about Hans Gross
  Hans Gustav Adolf Gross or Groß (26 December 1847 – 9 December 1915) was an Austrian criminal jurist and criminologist, the "Founding Father" of criminal profiling. A criminal jurist, Gross made a mark as the creator of the field of criminality. Throughout his life, Hans Gross made significant contributions to the realm of scientific criminology. As Gross developed in his career as an examining justice, he noticed the failings of the field of law. His book, classes, institutions, and methods helped improve the justice system through his experience as a justice.

This is a document about Forensic science
  prestige of forensics and the use of reasoning in detective work was the popularity of the fictional character Sherlock Holmes, written by Arthur Conan Doyle in the late 19th century. He remains a great inspiration for forensic science, especially for the way his acute study of a crime scene yielded small clues as to the precise sequence of events. He made great use of trace evidence such as shoe and tire impressions, as well as fingerprints, ballistics and handwriting analysis, now known as questioned document examination. Such evidence is used to test theories conceived by the police, for example,

Hans Gross wrote a book called "Criminalistic Investigations" in 1893, in which he introduced the term "criminalistics."