Question: where is season 5 of the 100 filmed

Answer: Vancouver , British Columbia

This is a document about The 100 (TV series)
 short generations of survivors of the apocalypse. Filming for the series takes place in and around Vancouver, British Columbia. Production on the pilot occurred during the second quarter of 2013. After the show was picked up to series, filming occurred for the first season between August 2013 and January 2014. Filming for the second season commenced on July 7, 2014, and concluded on January 23, 2015. The third season was filmed between July 15, 2015, and February 2, 2016. Filming for the fourth season commenced on August 2, 2016, and concluded on January 18, 2017. Filming for the fifth season

This is a document about The X-Files (season 5)
 The X-Files (season 5) The fifth season of the science fiction television series "The X-Files" commenced airing on the Fox network in the United States on November 2, 1997, concluding on the same channel on May 17, 1998, and contained 20 episodes. The season was the last in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; subsequent episodes would be shot in Los Angeles, California. In addition, this was the first season of the show where the course of the story was planned, due to the 1998 "The X-Files" feature film being filmed before it, but scheduled to be released after it aired. The

This is a document about This (The X-Files)
 Vancouver, British Columbia, where the previous season was filmed, along with the show's original five seasons. Besides main cast members David Duchovny, Gillian Anderson and Mitch Pileggi, the episode features guest stars, Barbara Hershey, and the return of Dean Haglund, originally killed off in Season 9. "This" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 100% with an average rating of 7.94 out of 10 based on 12 reviews. In its initial broadcast in the United States on January 10, 2018, it received 3.95 million viewers, which was a 23 percent decrease in

This is a document about Les Anges (TV series)
  Season 5 of the show was filmed in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

This is a document about Friends
  to afford huge apartments, Bright noted that the set had to be big enough for the cameras, lighting, and "for the audience to be able to see what's going on"; the apartments also needed to provide a place for the actors to execute the funny scripts. The fourth-season finale was shot on location in London because the producers were aware of the series's popularity in the UK. The scenes were shot in a studio with three audiences each made up of 500 people. These were the show's largest audiences throughout its run. The fifth-season finale, set in Las Vegas, was filmed at Warner Bros. Studios, although Bright met people who thought it was filmed on location.

This is a document about Bates Motel (season 5)
  The series was filmed on location in Aldergrove, British Columbia. At the beginning of the first season, a replica of the original Bates Motel set from the film Psycho was built on 272nd Street. Freddie Highmore was tapped to write an episode for the season, as well as direct an episode, marking his directorial debut. Max Thieriot and Nestor Carbonell were also tapped to direct an episode each for season 5. Production on the season began on September 16, 2016. The series filmed its final scenes at the specially-built Bates Motel set in Aldergrove on January 25, 2017, and production began tearing the house down the following day. Carbonell filmed his final scenes as Sheriff Alex Romero on January 27, 2017. Filming officially wrapped for the series on January 31, 2017. In February 2017, the Bates Motel exterior set in Aldergrove was subsequently demolished.

This is a document about Homeland (season 5)
  The series was renewed for a 12-episode fifth season on November 10, 2014. In April 2015, it was confirmed the entire season would be filmed in Potsdam, Germany, at Studio Babelsberg (with the exception of on-location shooting), making it the first American TV series to film an entire season there. In June 2015, four new series regular roles were announced, including Sebastian Koch, Miranda Otto, Alexander Fehling and Sarah Sokolovic. Production began in Berlin on June 2, 2015. Executive producers for the fifth season are Alex Gansa, Howard Gordon, Gideon Raff, Alexander Cary, Chip Johannessen, Meredith Stiehm, Patrick Harbinson, Lesli Linka Glatter, Avi Nir, and Ran Telem.

This is a document about Veep
  the Physical Sciences Complex in the University of Maryland, College Park campus. Principal photography moved from Baltimore to Los Angeles in the show's fifth season after being one of a few series to be awarded tax incentives from the California Film Commission, as part of an expanded $330 million California Film Tax Credit program signed by Governor Jerry Brown in 2014. Filming took place for part of the show's fifth season in Washington, D.C., from February 25, 2016, to March 3, 2016. As a result of HBO's Community Impact program, a select number of local D.C. residents also worked on the production during the eight-day film shoot in the area. Areas in D.C. where production was reportedly found filming include the Superior Court, the Spring Valley neighborhood (where Julia Louis-Dreyfus once lived), and Dupont Circle's Kramerbooks independent bookstore. The seventh and final season wrapped filming in December 2018.

This is a document about Alone (TV series)
  The fifth season was set in Northern Mongolia in Asia. The series was filmed in Khonin Nuga near the city of Züünkharaa, Selenge aimag. "Khonin Nuga" is a valley located close to the Khentii Mountains of Northern Mongolia, one of the country's unique and still largely untouched places.

This is a document about Daredevil (season 3)
  Filming for the season began on November 13, 2017, in New York City. A week of filming for the season in March 2018 took place in the town of Windham, New York, with set photos revealing that the town was representing Fagan Corners, Vermont, the hometown of Karen Page in the comics. The production paid for the renovation of a local store to portray a diner for the series, and used the town's emergency helicopter pad. Additional filming locations for the week included nearby ski areas and a country club. The exterior of the Lotte New York Palace Hotel served as the building of Fisk's

This is a document about Kim's Convenience
  other sections, such as the "7 DAYS A WEEK" element, are the original signage of Mimi Variety. The owners of the Mimi Variety store have retained the new signage, even though the business has not officially changed its name. The producers also painted a mural on an exterior wall, mostly seen in the credit sequence and for stock transitional shots, as well as for promotional shots. Episodes for season 5 were filmed in 2020 under strict protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Simu Liu had planned to return to Toronto for the start of production once he was finished shooting Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings in Australia. Since

This is a document about 10.5: Apocalypse
  10.5: Apocalypse began filming in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in June 2005. A sequel to 10.5, the miniseries used much of the same staff, headed by returning executive producers Howard Braunstein, Michael Jaffe, and Gary Pearl. Director John Lafia, who also wrote script, decided to film the sequel using digital media, stating that it would allow the producers "to achieve a whole new level of visual effects and style that have heretofore not been seen on network television." The Sun Valley, Idaho scene was filmed at the Mont Tremblant Resort, a popular skiing resort north of the city. All of the news reporters that appeared on TV in the film are all local news reporters for various news stations in Montreal. The visual effects for the movie were created by visual effects company "Hybride", which is based in Piedmont, Quebec.

This is a document about Dynasty (2017 TV series, season 5)
  Filming for the fifth season began on October 21, 2021.

This is a document about Hell on Wheels (season 5)
  really challenging to wrap up people's stories in a satisfying way [...] We've gone down a lot of blind alleys and we've taken a lot of wrong turns and we've lost our way. Now, we've kind of clawed our way back to what I think is going to be a pretty good wrap up for the series." The fifth season's production filming took place on the CL Ranch, west of Calgary, for the Truckee, California, and Laramie, Wyoming, locations. The Kananaskis Country park system, 40 miles west of the ranch, serves as the Sierra Nevada mountains the Central Pacific Railroad must cross.

This is a document about Dichen Lachman
  to make the movie. The initial goal was to raise US$70,000; however, when the deadline was reached on 11 November 2011 more than 1,500 people had pledged money, with a final figure of US$101,030. To complete the movie, additional funds were raised through friends and family. British filmmaker Jack Wylson came on board as a producer, Australian actor Adam J. Yeend as co-producer, and Adam Bricker as director of photography. Alessandro Ongaro of Luna Pictures Entertainment also made major contributions during post production. In 2014, Lachman began shooting in Canada, where she joined the cast of The 100 in the role of Anya

This is a document about Pyramid (game show)
  2002 to September 10, 2004 and was taped at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California. The Pyramid was taped at the CBS Studio Center. Strahan's The $100,000 Pyramid is taped at the ABC Television Center in New York. In August 2020, production for season five of The $100,000 Pyramid resumed in New York City with new safety protocols and guidelines introduced; these guidelines include measures such as crew and contestants having their temperatures tested, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) on-site, and social distancing measures. This season does not feature an in-studio audience due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

This is a document about Game of Thrones (season 5)
  Filming for the fifth season began in July 2014 in Belfast and ended in December 2014. Locations in Northern Ireland included Titanic Studios, Belfast and the cliff edge of Binevenagh Mountain. The Winterfell sets were in the village of Moneyglass. Some of the scenes that take place in the principality of Dorne were filmed in Spain, beginning in October 2014. Locations explored for the production included the Alcázar of Seville and the University of Osuna. On October 14, some scenes were filmed on the Roman bridge of Córdoba. Benioff and Weiss said that season 5 would include flashbacks, which they had previously avoided, and that Córdoba would represent the city of Volantis. Cersei's "walk of atonement" from

This is a document about Star Trek: Discovery (season 4)
  Filming began at Pinewood Toronto Studios in Toronto, Ontario, on November 2, 2020, under the working title Mill Street. Production was previously expected to take place from July 2020 to January 2021, filming back-to-back with a potential fifth season, but these plans were delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Kurtzman stated in October 2020 that filming would be a "systematised, militarised operation" due to the pandemic, with the season's crew working in "pods" to minimize the potential spread of the virus. The cast traveled to Toronto early to quarantine for 14 days before filming, per the Canadian government's requirements, and during film the cast and crew were tested for COVID-19 three times a week.

This is a document about Longmire (TV series)
  the series (based, in contrast to A&E, on its strong appeal to a specific segment of the audience ) and would film additional episodes. The 10-episode fourth season filmed on location in New Mexico, and was made available for viewing in North America and Oceania on September 10, 2015. On October 30, 2015, Netflix announced that Longmire would return for a fifth season. Season-five location filming was scheduled for late March to late June, 2016. It took place primarily in Las Vegas, New Mexico, the town shown in the series. Other locations included towns in the surrounding area. The studio work was completed at Garson

This is a document about Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series, season 1)
  The pilot episode filmed in March and April of 2018 at Hawaii Film Studio. The pilot was directed by Justin Lin, who also directed other CBS pilots for Scorpion and the 2018 reboot of S.W.A.T. The rest of the season began filming on July 23, 2018, with a traditional Hawaiian blessing. Primary filming for the series takes place in the state of Hawaii on the island of O'ahu at Kalaeloa Studio where Inhumans previously filmed. The fictional Robin’s Nest Estate where Magnum and Higgins lives is located at Kalaeloa Ranch a location which Jurassic World also used as a filming location. Other filming locations include numerous beaches including Maili, Waikiki, and Kapolei. On Wednesday, August 22, 2018, with the anticipated landfall of Hurricane Lane, a Category 4 hurricane in Hawaii, CBS reported that they "were closely monitoring the situation" but that production would continue as planned. The following day CBS temporarily shut down production of both Five-0 and Magnum P.I. until further notice.

Season 5 of "The 100" was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia.


Question: who wrote you 've got to hide your love away

Answer: John Lennon

This is a document about You've Got to Hide Your Love Away
 glass. Paul's broken a glass. A glass, a glass he's broke today". (In the background, Ringo plays the snare drum with wire brush drumsticks, keeping time with John's cadence). John also addresses Paul as "Macca," a nickname in England for someone who has "Mc" in their last name: "Oh, you ready, Macca?" You've Got to Hide Your Love Away "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was written and sung by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney) and released on the album "Help!" in August 1965. Lennon said of the song,

This is a document about You've Got to Hide Your Love Away
 You've Got to Hide Your Love Away "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was written and sung by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney) and released on the album "Help!" in August 1965. Lennon said of the song, "That's me in my Dylan period again. I am like a chameleon, influenced by whatever is going on. If Elvis can do it, I can do it. If the Everly Brothers can do it, me and Paul can. Same with Dylan." The song is an early example of John self-reflecting in his

This is a document about The Silkie
 Wonderful Radio London Fab 40, but failed to make any impression on the national chart. However, they followed this up with "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" a Lennon–McCartney composition, their only chart hit. They were helped by John Lennon, Paul McCartney and George Harrison to record a cover version of "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" on 9 August 1965 at the IBC Studios at around the same time as The Beatles' own version was released on their album "Help!" The song charted in the UK at # 28 and at # 10 on the U.S. "Billboard"

This is a document about Help!
 McCartney's "Yesterday", arranged for guitar and string quartet and recorded without the other group members. John Lennon's "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" indicates the influence of Bob Dylan and includes flutes. McCartney's "I've Just Seen a Face" had a country flavour. "Ticket to Ride", also released as a single, was felt by Lennon to be "heavy" in its sound compared to the group's previous output and daring in its reference to a boy and girl living together. McCartney called the arrangement "quite radical". George Harrison contributed "I Need You" and "You Like Me Too Much", his first compositions

This is a document about Lightning Bolt Tour
 end of their own song "Daughter". At the Telenor Arena in Oslo, the band played the song "Strangest Tribe" live for the first time. On October 1, 2014, Pearl Jam started the American Midwest leg in Cincinnati at the U.S. Bank Arena, playing for more than three hours. On October 5, the band made their first of two appearances at the Austin City Limits Music Festival. On October 9, what would have been John Lennon's 74th birthday, frontman Eddie Vedder covered "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" and "Imagine" at the Pinnacle Bank Arena in Lincoln, Nebraska. On October

This is a document about You've Got to Hide Your Love Away
  "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. It was written and sung by John Lennon (though credited to Lennon–McCartney) and released on the album Help! in August 1965.

This is a document about Help!
  The album includes Paul McCartney's "Yesterday", arranged for guitar and string quartet and recorded without the other group members. John Lennon's "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" indicates the influence of Bob Dylan and includes flutes. "Ticket to Ride", released as a single in April 1965, was felt by Lennon to be "heavy" in its sound compared to the group's previous output and daring in its reference to a boy and girl living together. McCartney called the arrangement "quite radical". During the recording sessions for the album, the band used the studio's multitracking capabilities to layer their sound. In this, author Mark Prendergast highlights

This is a document about The Silkie
  They were helped by John Lennon, Paul McCartney and George Harrison to record a cover version of "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" on 9 August 1965 at the IBC Studios at around the same time as The Beatles' own version was released on their album Help! The song peaked at No. 28 in the UK Singles Chart and at No. 10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in the same year. Lennon produced, McCartney played the guitar and Harrison kept time by tapping his guitar and also playing the tambourine. When the recording was completed, Lennon was so pleased with it that he played it over the phone to Brian Epstein and told him that

This is a document about Don't Hide Your Love
  "Don't Hide Your Love" is a song released by American singer-actress Cher as the second single released from the album Foxy Lady. The song was written by Neil Sedaka and Howard Greenfield. It hit number 46 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 19 on the Adult Contemporary chart. Allmusic editor Joe Viglione wrote that this song should have been duet with the songwriter itself, because it would bring her back into the public eye. Sedaka recorded "Don't Hide Your Love," and the song was covered by Petula Clark on her 1972 LP, Now.

This is a document about Beau Brummels '66
 1) "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) — 3:41 ; 2) "Mr. Tambourine Man" (Bob Dylan) — 3:49 ; 3) "Louie Louie" (Richard Berry) — 2:10 ; 4) "Homeward Bound" (Paul Simon) — 2:44 ; 5) "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" (Lee Hazlewood) — 2:53 ; 6) "Yesterday" (Lennon, McCartney) — 2:37 ; 7) "Bang Bang" (Sonny Bono) — 1:56 ; 8) "Hang On Sloopy" (Wes Farrell, Bert Russell) — 2:52 ; 9) "Play with Fire" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) — 2:56 ; 10) "Woman" (Bernard Webb [McCartney]) — 2:02 ; 11) "Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter" (Trevor Peacock) — 2:39 ; 12) "Monday, Monday" (John Phillips) — 2:47

This is a document about Folk rock
  changes into rock music and so initiated the new genre. These songs were all influential in providing a template for successfully assimilating folk-based chord progressions and melodies into pop music. This melding of folk and rock 'n' roll in the Beatles' music became even more explicit during 1965, with the release of "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away", a folk-derived song with introspective lyrics, again influenced by Dylan. Although the Beatles themselves utilized folk as just one of many styles evident in their music, the underlying folk influences in a number of their songs would prove to be important to folk rock musicians attempting

This is a document about The Silkie
 "Blood Red River" - June 1965 ; "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" - October 1965 - UK Singles Chart No. 28, Billboard Hot 100 No. 10 ; "Keys to My Soul" - February 1966 ; "Born to Be with You" - June 1966

This is a document about Hide Your Heart (song)
  Hide Your Heart is a song by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler, released on her 1988 album Hide Your Heart. The song is written by Kiss' rhythm guitarist and vocalist Paul Stanley, Desmond Child and Holly Knight. Although the song failed to chart (except in Finland), it has appeared on several compilations.

This is a document about Hey! You Got To Hide Your Love Away
 1) Redirect:You've Got to Hide Your Love Away

This is a document about Hey! You Got To Hide Your Love Away!
 1) Redirect:You've Got to Hide Your Love Away

This is a document about The Pride You Hide
  "The Pride You Hide" is a song by Roger Daltrey, who at the time was the former lead singer of The Who. The song was written by Alan Dalgleish, Nicky Tesco and Roger Daltrey. The track was included on Roger Daltrey's sixth solo album, Under a Raging Moon, as the fourth track on the first side of the LP. The album was a tribute to The Who's former drummer Keith Moon. The song was released as a single in 1985 on Atlantic Records but failed to chart. The single was re-released as a limited edition double pack, which featured an unreleased B-side, and live tracks including a live cover of The Who's "Pictures of Lily" and a live version "Don't Talk to Strangers" from his album Under a Raging Moon.

This is a document about Lightning Bolt Tour
  Dome in Amsterdam. In Milan, Pearl Jam played a portion of the Disney song "Let It Go" tagged onto the end of their own song "Daughter". At the Telenor Arena in Oslo, the band played the song "Strangest Tribe" live for the first time. On October 1, 2014, Pearl Jam started the American Midwest leg in Cincinnati at the U.S. Bank Arena, playing for more than three hours. On October 5, the band made their first of two appearances at the Austin City Limits Music Festival. On October 9, what would have been John Lennon's 74th birthday, frontman Eddie Vedder covered "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" and

This is a document about Tim Rose
  "Roanoke" / "Baby You Turn Me On" ; 1970 – "I Gotta Get a Message to You" / "Ode to an Old Ball" ; 1972 – "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" / "If I Were a Carpenter" ; 1973 – "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" / "It Takes a Little Longer" ; 1975 – "The Musician" / "7:30 Song" ; 1975 – "The Musician" / "It's Not My Life That's Been Changin'" ; 1975 – "Morning Dew" / "7:30 Song" ; 1979 - Rose guested on the single "Boys on the Dole" by Neville Wanker and the Punters

This is a document about Pete Shotton
  Shotton regularly visited Lennon's house (Kenwood) on weekends to keep Lennon company, leaving his wife and young son at home, or to escort Cynthia Lennon for a night out when her husband was busy with band matters or songwriting. Shotton had a minor, but uncredited, role in the Beatles' songs: he was occasionally invited to observe them recording at Abbey Road Studios, and played percussion (maracas, tambourine) on a few records. Shotton also helped Lennon with the lyrics to "I Am the Walrus" (remembering a nonsense rhyme they had loved as boys) and McCartney with the storyline of "Eleanor Rigby" (he suggested that the two lonely people in the song meet, but too late). Shotton also recalls Lennon squinting at the words of a Victorian-era poster for Pablo Fanque's Circus Royal that hung in Lennon's music room at Kenwood while he worked out the tune for "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!". According to writer Stan Williams, Shotton's wife Beth is the "pretty nurse" selling poppies mentioned in the lyrics of "Penny Lane". In You've Got to Hide Your Love Away he suggested adding the emphatic "Hey" to the start of the line in the refrain.

John Lennon wrote "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away."


Question: a cost that has already been incurred and can not be changed is called a ( n )

Answer: sunk cost

This is a document about Sunk cost
 hard-headed calculation of the extra costs one will incur and weigh these against its extra advantages. Sunk cost In economics and business decision-making, a sunk cost is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered (also known as retrospective cost). Sunk costs are sometimes contrasted with "prospective costs", which are future costs that may be incurred or changed if an action is taken. In that regard, both retrospective and prospective costs could be either fixed costs (continuous for as long as the business is in operation and unaffected by output volume) or variable costs (dependent on volume).

This is a document about Sunk cost
 Sunk cost In economics and business decision-making, a sunk cost is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered (also known as retrospective cost). Sunk costs are sometimes contrasted with "prospective costs", which are future costs that may be incurred or changed if an action is taken. In that regard, both retrospective and prospective costs could be either fixed costs (continuous for as long as the business is in operation and unaffected by output volume) or variable costs (dependent on volume). However, many economists consider it a mistake to classify sunk costs as "fixed" or "variable." For

This is a document about Sunk cost
 is not a precise quantity, but an economic term for a sum paid, in the past, which is no longer relevant to decisions about the future; it may be used inconsistently in quantitative terms as the original cost or the expected economic loss. It may also be used as shorthand for an error in analysis due to the "sunk cost fallacy", irrational decision-making or, most simply, as irrelevant data. Economists argue that sunk costs are not taken into account when making rational decisions. In the case of a baseball game ticket that has already been purchased, the ticket-buyer can choose

This is a document about Fixed cost
   In accounting and economics, fixed costs, also known as indirect costs or overhead costs, are business expenses that are not dependent on the level of goods or services produced by the business. They tend to be recurring, such as interest or rents being paid per month. These costs also tend to be capital costs. This is in contrast to variable costs, which are volume-related (and are paid per quantity produced) and unknown at the beginning of the accounting year. Fixed costs have an affect on the nature of certain variable costs. For example, a retailer must pay rent and utility bills irrespective of sales. As another example,

This is a document about Glossary of construction cost estimating
  a project, product or other item or investment, there is always uncertainty as to the precise content of all items in the estimate, how work will be performed, what work conditions will be like when the project is executed and so on. These uncertainties are risks to the project. Some refer to these risks as "known-unknowns" because the estimator is aware of them, and based on past experience, can even estimate their probable costs. The estimated costs of the known-unknowns is referred to by cost estimators as cost contingency. ; Cost - the value of currency required to obtain a product or service, to expend labor and use equipment and

This is a document about Opportunity cost
  Sunk costs (also referred to as historical costs) are costs that have been incurred already and cannot be recovered. As sunk costs have already incurred, they remain unchanged and should not influence present or future actions or decisions regarding benefits and costs. Decision makers who recognise the insignificance of sunk costs then understand that the "consequences of choices cannot influence choice itself". From the traceability source of costs, sunk costs can be direct costs or indirect costs. If the sunk cost can be summarized as a single component, it is a direct cost; if it is caused by several products or departments, it is an indirect cost. Analyzing from the composition of costs, sunk costs can be either fixed costs or variable costs. When a company abandons a certain component or stops processing a certain product, the sunk cost usually includes fixed costs such as rent for

This is a document about Fixed cost
  Fixed costs are not permanently fixed; they will change over time, but are fixed, by contractual obligation, in relation to the quantity of production for the relevant period. In other words, there is a recurring cost but the value of this cost is not permanently fixed. For example, a company may have unexpected and unpredictable expenses unrelated to production, such as warehouse costs and the like that are fixed only over the time period of the lease. By definition, there are no fixed costs in the long run, because the long run is a sufficient period of time for all short-run fixed inputs to become variable. Investments in facilities, equipment, and the basic organization that cannot

This is a document about Costs in English law
 (a) as a result of any improper, unreasonable or negligent act or omission on the part of any legal or other representative or any employee of such a representative; or (b) which, in the light of any such act or omission occurring after they were incurred, the court considers it is unreasonable to expect that party to pay" These are defined as "costs incurred by a party—   These costs will include the situation in which a party has incurred unnecessarily due to the other side's conduct. For example, if a court hearing is postponed due to one party not turning up at court. As a result, the other party had to pay a brief fee for a barrister,

This is a document about Standard cost accounting
 For example: if the railway coach company normally produced 40 coaches per month, and the fixed costs were still $1000/month, then each coach could be said to incur an Operating Cost/overhead of $25 =($1000 / 40). Adding this to the variable costs of $300 per coach produced a full cost of $325 per coach. For example: if the railway coach company made 100 coaches one month, then the unit cost would become $310 per coach ($300 + ($1000 / 100)). If the next month the company made 50 coaches, then the unit cost = $320 per coach ($300 + ($1000 / 50)), a relatively minor difference. Historical costs are costs whereby materials and labor may be allocated based on past experience. Historical costs are costs incurred in the past. Predetermined costs are computed in advance on basis of factors affecting cost

This is a document about Extended cost
  In accounting, an extended cost is the unit cost multiplied by the number of those items that were purchased. For example, four apples purchased at a unit cost of $1 have an extended cost of $4 (=$1 × 4 apples).

This is a document about Matching principle
  A Deferred expense (prepaid expenses or prepayment) is an asset used to costs paid out and not recognized as expenses according to the matching principle. For example, when the accounting periods are monthly, an 11/12 portion of an annually paid insurance cost is added to prepaid expenses, which are decreased by 1/12 of the cost in each subsequent period when the same fraction is recognized as an expense, rather than all in the month in which such cost is billed. The not-yet-recognized portion of such costs remains as prepayments (assets) to prevent such cost from turning into a fictitious loss in the monthly period it is billed, and

This is a document about Deferred Acquisition Costs
 Commissions in excess of ultimate commissions ; Underwriting costs ; Policy Issuance costs Accrual accounting and deferring implies timewise matching (synchronization) of income and expenses: an incurred cost is capitalized and does not become an expense until it is recognized in the financial statements of the company. In an accounting sense, it is the amortization of that cost, and not the original cost itself, that becomes the expense. Hence, certain costs which are incurred to acquire insurance contracts should not be recognized as an expense in the accounting period in which they are incurred but should be capitalized as an asset on the balance sheet and

This is a document about Accrual
  Accrued expense is a liability whose timing or amount is uncertain by virtue of the fact that an invoice has not yet been received. The uncertainty of the accrued expense is not significant enough to qualify it as a provision. An example of an accrued expense is a pending obligation to pay for goods or services received from a counterpart, while cash is to be paid out in a later accounting period when the amount is deducted from accrued expenses. Under International Financial Reporting Standards, this difference is best summarized by IAS 37 which states: ""11 Provisions can be distinguished from other liabilities such as trade payables and accruals because there is uncertainty about the timing or amount of the future expenditure required in settlement. By contrast: "(a) trade payables are liabilities to pay for goods or services that have been received or supplied and have been invoiced or

This is a document about Impossibility
  In contract law, impossibility is an excuse for the nonperformance of duties under a contract, based on a change in circumstances (or the discovery of preexisting circumstances), the nonoccurrence of which was an underlying assumption of the contract, that makes performance of the contract literally impossible. For example, if Ebenezer contracts to pay Erasmus £100 to paint his house on October 1, but the house burns to the ground before the end of September, Ebenezer is excused from his duty to pay Erasmus the £100, and Erasmus is excused from his duty to paint Ebenezer's house; however, Erasmus may still be able to sue under the theory of unjust enrichment for the value of any benefit he conferred on Ebenezer before his house burned down. The parties to

This is a document about Amortized analysis
 Aggregate analysis determines the upper bound T(n) on the total cost of a sequence of n operations, then calculates the amortized cost to be T(n) / n. ; The accounting method is a form of aggregate analysis which assigns to each operation an amortized cost which may differ from its actual cost. Early operations have an amortized cost higher than their actual cost, which accumulates a saved "credit" that pays for later operations having an amortized cost lower than their actual cost.  Because the credit begins at zero, the actual cost of a sequence of operations equals the amortized cost minus the accumulated credit.  Because the credit is required to be non-negative, the amortized cost is an upper bound on the actual cost.  Usually, many short-running operations accumulate such credit in small increments, while rare long-running operations decrease it drastically.

This is a document about Equivalent annual cost
  In finance, the equivalent annual cost (EAC) is the cost per year of owning and operating an asset over its entire lifespan. It is calculated by dividing the NPV of a project by the "present value of annuity factor": where r is the annual interest rate and t is the number of years. Alternatively, EAC can be obtained by multiplying the NPV of the project by the "loan repayment factor". EAC is often used as a decision making tool in capital budgeting when comparing investment projects of unequal lifespans. However, the projects being compared must have equal risk: otherwise, EAC

This is a document about Replacement value
  The term replacement cost or replacement value refers to the amount that an entity would have to pay to replace an asset at the present time, according to its current worth. In the insurance industry, "replacement cost" or "replacement cost value" is one of several methods of determining the value of an insured item. Replacement cost is the actual cost to replace an item or structure at its pre-loss condition. This may not be the "market value" of the item, and is typically distinguished from the "actual cash value" payment which includes a deduction for depreciation. For insurance policies for property insurance, a contractual stipulation that the lost asset must be actually repaired or replaced before the replacement cost

This is a document about Fixed cost
  this equivalence does not always hold, and depending on the period under consideration by management, some overhead expenses (e.g., sales, general and administrative expenses) can be adjusted by management, and the specific allocation of each expense to each category will be decided under cost accounting. In recent years, fixed costs gradually exceed variable costs for many companies. There are two reasons. Firstly, automatic production increases the cost of investment equipment, including the depreciation and maintenance of old equipment. Secondly, labor costs are often considered as long-term costs. It is difficult to adjust human resources according to the actual work needs in short term. As a result, direct labor costs are now regarded as fixed costs.

This is a document about Cost
  In accounting, costs are the monetary value of expenditures for supplies, services, labor, products, equipment and other items purchased for use by a business or other accounting entity. It is the amount denoted on invoices as the price and recorded in book keeping records as an expense or asset cost basis. Opportunity cost, also referred to as economic cost is the value of the best alternative that was not chosen in order to pursue the current endeavor—i.e., what could have been accomplished with the resources expended in the undertaking. It represents opportunities forgone. In theoretical economics, cost used without qualification often means opportunity cost.


Question: the cochlea semicircular canals and vestibular sacs make up the

Answer: Inner ear

This is a document about Inner ear
 its precise incidence cannot be determined. Birds have an auditory system similar to that of mammals, including a cochlea. Reptiles, amphibians, and fish do not have cochleas but hear with simpler auditory organs or vestibular organs, which generally detect lower-frequency sounds than the cochlea. In reptiles, sound is transmitted to the inner ear by the stapes (stirrup) bone of the middle ear. This is pressed against the oval window, a membrane-covered opening on the surface of the vestibule. From here, sound waves are conducted through a short perilymphatic duct to a second opening, the round window, which equalizes pressure, allowing

This is a document about Crista ampullaris
 Crista ampullaris The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation. They are found in the ampullae of each of the semicircular canals of the inner ear, meaning that there are 3 pairs in total. The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration. The inner ear comprises three specialized regions of the membranous labyrinth: the vestibular sacs – the utricle and saccule, and the semicircular canals, which are the vestibular organs, as well as the cochlear duct, which is involved in the special sense of hearing. The semicircular canals are filled with endolymph due to

This is a document about Vestibular evoked myogenic potential
 Vestibular evoked myogenic potential The vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP or VsEP) is a neurophysiological assessment technique used to determine the function of the otolithic organs (utricle and saccule) of the inner ear. It complements the information provided by caloric testing and other forms of inner ear (vestibular apparatus) testing. The vestibular system helps a person maintain: balance, visual fixation, posture, and lower muscular control. There are six receptor organs located in the inner ear: cochlea, utricle, saccule, and the lateral, anterior, and posterior semicircular canals. The cochlea is a sensory organ with the primary purpose to aid in hearing.

This is a document about Inner ear
 the brain. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea. The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in view when the head is moved. Joint and muscle receptors are also important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from all these systems to create the sensation of balance. The vestibular system of the inner ear is responsible for the sensations of balance and motion. It uses the same kinds of fluids and detection cells (hair cells) as the cochlea uses, and

This is a document about Crista ampullaris
 ampullaris. The hair cells respond by stimulating neurons that innervate them. Crista ampullaris The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation. They are found in the ampullae of each of the semicircular canals of the inner ear, meaning that there are 3 pairs in total. The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration. The inner ear comprises three specialized regions of the membranous labyrinth: the vestibular sacs – the utricle and saccule, and the semicircular canals, which are the vestibular organs, as well as the cochlear duct, which is involved in the special sense

This is a document about Vestibular system
 cognitive and emotional disorders, including depersonalization and derealization. Vestibular system The vestibular system, in most mammals, is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals. As movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system comprises two components: the semicircular canals which indicate rotational movements; and the otoliths which indicate linear accelerations. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that

This is a document about Vestibular system
 Vestibular system The vestibular system, in most mammals, is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals. As movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system comprises two components: the semicircular canals which indicate rotational movements; and the otoliths which indicate linear accelerations. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control eye movements, and to the muscles that

This is a document about Cochlear nerve
 cochlear nuclei. Cochlear nerve The cochlear nerve (also auditory or acoustic neuron) is one of two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve, a cranial nerve present in amniotes, the other part being the vestibular nerve. The cochlear nerve carries auditory sensory information from the cochlea of the inner ear directly to the brain. The other portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve is the vestibular nerve, which carries spatial orientation information to the brain from the semicircular canals, also known as semicircular ducts. In terms of anatomy, an auditory nerve fiber is either bipolar or unipolar, with its distal projection being called the

This is a document about Cochlear nerve
 Cochlear nerve The cochlear nerve (also auditory or acoustic neuron) is one of two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve, a cranial nerve present in amniotes, the other part being the vestibular nerve. The cochlear nerve carries auditory sensory information from the cochlea of the inner ear directly to the brain. The other portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve is the vestibular nerve, which carries spatial orientation information to the brain from the semicircular canals, also known as semicircular ducts. In terms of anatomy, an auditory nerve fiber is either bipolar or unipolar, with its distal projection being called the peripheral process,

This is a document about Vestibulo–ocular reflex
 rotating gaze direction in the opposite direction, by an amount that depends on distance. The VOR is ultimately driven by signals from the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear. The semicircular canals detect head rotation and drive the rotational VOR, whereas the otoliths detect head translation and drive the translational VOR. The main "direct path" neural circuit for the horizontal rotational VOR is fairly simple. It starts in the vestibular system, where semicircular canals get activated by head rotation and send their impulses via the vestibular nerve (cranial nerve VIII) through the vestibular ganglion and end in the vestibular nuclei

This is a document about Ear
 via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. The inner ear contains the otolith organs—the utricle and saccule—and the semicircular canals belonging to the vestibular system, as well as the cochlea of the auditory system. The outer ear is the external portion of the ear and includes the fleshy visible pinna (also called the auricle), the ear canal, and the outer layer of the eardrum (also called the tympanic membrane). The pinna consists of the curving outer rim called the helix, the inner curved rim called the antihelix, and opens into the ear canal. The tragus protrudes and partially obscures

This is a document about Ear
 stapes pushes the secondary tympanic membrane, fluid in the inner ear moves and pushes the membrane of the round window out by a corresponding amount into the middle ear. The ossicles help amplify sound waves by nearly 15–20 times. The inner ear sits within the temporal bone in a complex cavity called the bony labyrinth. A central area known as the vestibule contains two small fluid-filled recesses, the utricle and saccule. These connect to the semicircular canals and the cochlea. There are three semicircular canals angled at right angles to each other which are responsible for dynamic balance. The cochlea

This is a document about Graveyard spiral
 of a flight instructor. Instrument-rated pilots also use view-limiting devices supervised by an instructor or a safety pilot to practise instrument flight and maintain instrument flying proficiency. The inner ear contains the vestibular system, which is also known as the organ of equilibrium. About the size of a pencil eraser, the vestibular system contains two distinct structures: the semicircular canals, which detect changes in angular acceleration, and the otolith organs (the utricle and the saccule), which detect changes in linear acceleration and gravity. Both the semicircular canals and the otolith organs provide information to the brain regarding the body’s position

This is a document about Motion simulator
 a rate below human motion threshold so that the subject does not detect the so-called "wash out" phase of simulator motion cueing. The motion system is then ready to make the next acceleration which will be detected by the subject, as in the real world. This so-called "acceleration onset cueing" is an important aspect in simulators with motion platforms and models the way humans feel motions in the real world. The vestibular system is the balance and equilibrium system of the body that includes the left and right vestibular organs of the "inner ear". It consists of three semicircular canals,

This is a document about Vestibulocochlear nerve
 organ of Corti that are responsible for activation of afferent receptors in response to pressure waves reaching the basilar membrane through the transduction of sound. The exact mechanism by which sound is transmitted by the neurons of the cochlear nerve is uncertain; the two competing theories are place theory and temporal theory. The vestibular nerve travels from the vestibular system of the inner ear. The vestibular ganglion houses the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons and extends processes to five sensory organs. Three of these are the cristae located in the ampullae of the semicircular canals. Hair cells of the

This is a document about Vertigo
 moving. The third type is known as pseudovertigo, an intensive sensation of rotation inside the person's head. While this classification appears in textbooks, it has little to do with the pathophysiology or treatment of vertigo. Vertigo that is caused by problems with the inner ear or vestibular system, which is composed of the semicircular canals, the vestibule (utricle and saccule), and the vestibular nerve is called "peripheral", "otologic" or "vestibular" vertigo. The most common cause is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), which accounts for 32% of all peripheral vertigo. Other causes include Ménière's disease (12%), superior canal dehiscence syndrome, labyrinthitis,

This is a document about Frog
 have tympani that are larger than their eyes while in females, the eyes and tympani are much the same size. A noise causes the tympanum to vibrate and the sound is transmitted to the middle and inner ear. The middle ear contains semicircular canals which help control balance and orientation. In the inner ear, the auditory hair cells are arranged in two areas of the cochlea, the basilar papilla and the amphibian papilla. The former detects high frequencies and the latter low frequencies. Because the cochlea is short, frogs use electrical tuning to extend their range of audible frequencies and

This is a document about Righting reflex
 and somatosensory inputs to make postural adjustments when the body becomes displaced from its normal vertical position. These inputs are used to create what is called an efference copy. This means that the brain makes comparisons in the cerebellum between expected posture and perceived posture, and corrects for the difference. The reflex takes 6 or 7 weeks to perfect, but can be affected by various types of balance disorders. The righting reflex has also been studied in cats and other non-human mammals. The vestibular system is composed of inner ear organs forming the "labyrinth": the semicircular canals, the otoliths, and

This is a document about Vestibular membrane
 is transport of fluid and electrolytes. Reissner's membrane is named after German anatomist Ernst Reissner (1824-1878). Vestibular membrane The vestibular membrane, vestibular wall or Reissner's membrane (), is a membrane inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It separates the cochlear duct from the vestibular duct. Together with the basilar membrane it creates a compartment in the cochlea filled with endolymph, which is important for the function of the spiral organ of Corti. It primarily functions as a diffusion barrier, allowing nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth. Histologically, the membrane is composed of

This is a document about Vestibular membrane
 Vestibular membrane The vestibular membrane, vestibular wall or Reissner's membrane (), is a membrane inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It separates the cochlear duct from the vestibular duct. Together with the basilar membrane it creates a compartment in the cochlea filled with endolymph, which is important for the function of the spiral organ of Corti. It primarily functions as a diffusion barrier, allowing nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth. Histologically, the membrane is composed of two layers of flattened epithelium, separated by a basal lamina. Its structure suggests that its function

The cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs make up the vestibular system of the inner ear. The cochlea is responsible for hearing, while the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs are responsible for sensing angular acceleration and deceleration, and maintaining balance and posture.


Question: what landform region is the geological foundation of canada

Answer: Canadian Shield

This is a document about Canadian Shield
 Canadian Shield The Canadian Shield, also called the Laurentian Plateau, or "" (French), is a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks (geological shield) that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent (the North American Craton or Laurentia). Composed of igneous rock resulting from its long volcanic history, the area is covered by a thin layer of soil. With a deep, common, joined bedrock region in eastern and central Canada, it stretches north from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean, covering over half of Canada; it also extends south into the northern reaches

This is a document about Laurentian Upland
 Laurentian Upland The Laurentian Upland (or Laurentian Highlands) is a physiographic region which, when referred to as the "Laurentian Region" or the Grenville geological province, is recognized by Natural Resources Canada as one of five provinces of the larger Canadian Shield physiographic division. The United States Geological Survey recognizes the Laurentian Upland as the larger general upland area of the Canadian Shield. The Laurentian Region, as recognized by Natural Resources Canada, is part of the plateau and dissected southern rim of the Canadian Shield in the province of Québec. It is a western extension of the Laurentian Mountains, and continues

This is a document about Northern Canada
 may be an indication of challenges to overall Canadian sovereignty in the North. While the largest part of the Arctic is composed of permanent ice and tundra north of the tree line, it encompasses geological regions of varying types: the Innuitian Mountains, associated with the Arctic Cordillera mountain system, are geologically distinct from the Arctic Region (which consists largely of lowlands). The Arctic and Hudson Bay Lowlands comprise a substantial part of the geographic region often considered part of the Canadian Shield (in contrast to the sole geological area). The ground in the Arctic is mostly composed of permafrost, making

This is a document about Kaminak Lake
 Kaminak Lake Kaminak Lake (pronounced: "KA-min-ak") is a lake in Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada. The sub-Arctic lake is one of eleven lakes of the Ferguson River system which ultimately flow into the northwestern Hudson Bay. The abandoned outpost of Tavani is to the east. It is within a permafrost region of Canada, and part of the Herne Domain Western Churchill province of the Churchill craton, which is the northwest section of the Canadian Shield. Around 1971, after reviewing 2,000 samples, the Geological Survey of Canada discovered: "an unusual and unsuspected distribution of above background Mercury concentrations in natural waters". While

This is a document about Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands
  The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands is listed as one of Canada's seven physiographic regions, which in turn have their own subregions and divisions—distinguished by topography and geology. This map shows the location of these physiographic regions, including their subregions and divisions. The other physiographic regions are the Canadian Shield, the Hudson Bay Lowland, the Arctic Lands, the Interior Plains, the Cordillera, and the Appalachian Uplands. The region is "underlain by carbonate-rich" limestone Paleozoic sedimentary rock, The glacial till deposits formed moraines, drumlins and glacial lake bottoms.

This is a document about Geography of British Columbia
  The landforms of British Columbia include two major continental landforms, the Interior Plains in the province's northeast, the British Columbia portion of which is part of the Alberta Plateau. The rest of the province is part of the Western Cordillera of North America, often referred to in Canada as the Pacific Cordillera or Canadian Cordillera. The Cordillera is subdivided into four main "systems" (which are distinct from the corresponding region's geologic provinces):

This is a document about Canadian Arctic tundra
 Canadian Shield ; Interior Platform ; Appalachian Orogen ; Innuitian Orogeny ; Cordillera and Western Canada Sedimentary Basin Northern Canada's present physiognomy formed beginning around 750 to 600 million years ago by the breakup and subsequent rifting of the supercontinent Rodinia. The subsequent geological sequence has since created a recent physiography that divides into the regions listed below.  Canada's tundra runs more or less over all physiographic divisions except the Appalachian Orogen. As these formations are of deep tectonic nature they do not necessarily constitute the structure and material found on the surface, are observable elevated mountain ranges or orogenic belts. Large areas of the Canadian Shield - the ancient geological core of the North American continental plate are buried under sedimentary rocks of the Interior Platform. Repeated glaciations have had a profound impact on shaping land forms and determining drainage patterns.

This is a document about Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands
  The landforms of the Great Lake – St. Lawrence Lowlands, with its rolling hills and slopes, were carved by glacial streams. Two of the most prominent geological features include the Niagara Escarpment and the Frontenac Axis. The Niagara Escarpment bifurcates the region from Niagara Falls to the northern tip of the Bruce Peninsula, then extends to Manitoulin Island. The Frontenac Axis, is an exposure of Canadian shield rocks that extends south to the St. Lawrence River near Kingston, creating the Thousand Islands.

This is a document about Canadian Shield
  The Canadian Shield is a physiographic division comprising four smaller physiographic provinces: the Laurentian Upland, Kazan Region, Davis and James. The shield extends into the United States as the Adirondack Mountains (connected by the Frontenac Axis) and the Superior Upland. The Canadian Shield is a U-shaped subsection of the Laurentia craton signifying the area of greatest glacial impact (scraping down to bare rock) creating the thin soils. The Canadian Shield is more than 3.96 billion years old. The Canadian Shield once had jagged peaks, higher than any of today's mountains, but millions of years of erosion have changed these mountains to

This is a document about Churchill Craton
  The Churchill Craton is the northwest section of the Canadian Shield and stretches from southern Saskatchewan and Alberta to northern Nunavut. It has a very complex geological history punctuated by at least seven distinct regional tectonometamorphic intervals, including many discrete accretionary magmatic events. The Western Churchill province is the part of the Churchill Craton that is exposed north and west of the Hudson Bay. The Archean (ca. 1.83 Ga) Western Churchill province contributes to the complicated and protracted tectonic history of the craton and marks a major change in the behaviour of the Churchill Craton with many remnants of Archean supracrustal and granitoid rocks.

This is a document about Land-use framework regions of Alberta
  Land-use framework regions are a scheme of organizing local governments adopted by the Canadian province of Alberta. Numbering seven in total, each land-use region is named for, and roughly follows the boundary of, a major watershed. Managed by Alberta Environment and Parks, the stated aims of the program are to create a venue for regionwide planning and cooperation, promoting sustainable use of public and private lands. Every region is intended to develop and enact its own comprehensive regional land-use plan, guiding future development within its territory. However, as of 2019, approved plans have only been submitted from two of the seven regions.

This is a document about Low Arctic tundra
  The ecoregions stretches for 3100 km across the northern tier of mainland Canada. The northwestern end is at the Mackenzie River Delta, stretching east across the plains north of Great Bear Lake, the Nunavut mainland, Southampton Island, the Ottawa Islands, and a portion of northern Quebec. Mean elevation is 229 m, with a high point of 854 m. Most of the terrain is flat or rolling lowlands on thin soil over the Precambrian granite bedrock, with many outcrops. A notable feature of the region is long, winding eskers of glacial gravel, some reaching 100 km in length. Permafrost is continuous, except for some areas of discontinuous permafrost in the Ottawa Islands.

This is a document about Geography of Montreal
  There are three main geological regions in Quebec: the great igneous plains of the Canadian Shield, the Appalachians in southern Quebec, and the St. Lawrence lowlands that lie between them. Covering over 95% of Quebec, the Canadian Shield contains some of the oldest igneous rocks in the world, dating back to the Precambrian period, over 1 billion years ago. The Canadian Shield is generally quite flat and exposed, punctuated by the higher relief of mountain ranges such as the Laurentians in southern Quebec. The Appalachian region of Quebec is a thin strip of weathered mountains along Quebec's southeast border. The Appalachian mountain chain is actually a long range that runs from Alabama north to Newfoundland. The St. Lawrence lowlands are comparatively tiny in size (about 17280 km2) but disproportionately important in that they contain most of the human population of Quebec. The lowlands actually consist of three parts: the central lowlands, or the St. Lawrence Plain, a wide and flat triangle extending from Cornwall to Quebec City. The St. Lawrence Plain is almost entirely flat because of the clay deposits left behind by the Champlain Sea (which once covered all of Montreal).

This is a document about Torrance Barrens
  The reserve straddles the edges of the Moon River Domain (Parry Sound Terrane) and the Go Home Domain (Algonquin Terrane), structural subdivisions of the Grenville province of the Grenville orogeny. It is characterized by low elongated ridges of Precambrian bedrock with little topsoil and scattered boulders. The ridges are granitic gneisses and migmatites of varied origins, separated by wetland, ponds, and peat-filled hollows. The geology represents the Grenville Province continental accretion theme and is therefore locally significant.

This is a document about Geology of Saskatchewan
  The Canadian shield, Precambrian shield, makes up the bedrock geology highlighted by rocks and lakes and a boreal forest area. There are transitional areas between boreal and tundra flora. The lower boundary of the Canadian Shield cuts across the province diagonally from the latitude 57 degrees in the north west to 54 degrees in the south east. Three orogenies formed the Precambrian shield, the Kenoran (Laurentian-Algoman), Hudsonian (Penokean) and Grenville Orogeny. Between 2.2 and 2.5 billion years ago was the Kenoran Orogeny, which was overlain by the Hudsonian Orogeny 1700 to 1900 million years ago. The earth was experiencing hotter and more volatile Archean tectonics, evidencing island arc volcanic activity and mountain building. The Trans-Hudson Orogen occurred when a number of Archean continental blocks came together, including the Superior Craton

This is a document about Geology of Quebec
  Canadian Shield spans much of northern Quebec, which is primarily underlain by the Superior Craton, a 160-mile thick section of stable continental crust formed beginning 4.03 billion years ago. In the northwest and at the northern tip of the Ungava Peninsula is the large Churchill Craton, which extends into Labrador and Nunavut as the eastern extent of the Canadian Shield. Quebec's northern bedrock is also regionally composed of the Hudson Platform along the shore of James Bay and a small section of the Nain Province, near the northern tip of Labrador. The St. Lawrence Platform occupies the lowlands where much of Quebec's urban population lives, while the Gaspe Peninsula, Anticosti Island and the Magdalene Islands are part of the Appalachian Province.

This is a document about Geography of Canada
  the Canadian Rockies, the Coast Mountains and the Arctic Cordillera. A recent global remote sensing analysis also suggested that there were 6,477km² of tidal flats in Canada, making it the 5th ranked country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there. Protected areas of Canada and National Wildlife Areas have been established to preserve ecosystems. Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably the Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi, the Mount Cayley massif, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada range from Arctic weather in the north, to hot summers in the southern regions, with four distinct seasons.

This is a document about Canadian Shield
  The Canadian Shield (Bouclier canadien ), also called the Laurentian Plateau, is a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks (geologic shield) that forms the ancient geologic core of the North American continent (the North American Craton or Laurentia). Glaciation has left the area with only a thin layer of soil, through which the composition of igneous rock resulting from long volcanic history is frequently visible. As a deep, common, joined bedrock region in eastern and central Canada, the Shield stretches north from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean, covering over half of Canada and most of Greenland; it also extends south into the northern reaches of the United States. Human population is sparse and industrial development is minimal, but mining is prevalent.

This is a document about Canada
  northern tip of Ellesmere Island—latitude 82.5°N—which lies 817 km from the North Pole. The physical geography of Canada is widely varied. Boreal forests prevail throughout the country, ice is prominent in northern Arctic regions and through the Rocky Mountains, and the relatively flat Canadian Prairies in the southwest facilitate productive agriculture. The Great Lakes feed the St. Lawrence River (in the southeast) where the lowlands host much of Canada's economic output. Canada has over 2,000,000 lakes—563 of which are greater than 100 km2—containing much of the world's fresh water. There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies, the Coast Mountains and the Arctic Cordillera. Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley massif, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.

The Canadian Shield is the geological foundation of Canada. It is a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks that forms the ancient core of the North American continent. The Canadian Shield covers over half of Canada's land area and extends into the United States. It is characterized by its long, narrow shape and is covered by a thin layer of soil and bedrock. The Canadian Shield is divided into several regions, including the Laurentian Uplift, which is a larger physiographic region recognized by the Canadian Geological Survey and the United States Geological


Question: what is the net atp yield for the anaerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule

Answer: 2

This is a document about Cellular respiration
 However some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules (not oxygen) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells. 1. Glycolysis: --- "2 ATPs + Glucose → 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4 Hydrogen + 4 ATPs" 2. Formation of Acetyl CoA: --- "2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2

This is a document about Cellular respiration
 ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system). However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose. Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose).

This is a document about Amphibolic
 one ATP molecule and a yield of 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules also 1 NADH .This show the difference between the glycolytic used by humans and this pathway,that in this pathway, it require an investment of one ATP to yield a 2ATP and 2 pyruvate as a net of only one NADPH produced and one ATP result (from substrate level phosphorylation ), and the other pathway involve an investment of 2 ATP molecules to yield 4 ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules per glucose as a net of 2 ATP molecule . The cell determine whether the amphibolic function act

This is a document about Mixed acid fermentation
 energy in comparison to respiration. Mixed acid fermentation in "E. coli" occurs in two stages. These stages are outlined by the biological database for "E. coli", EcoCyc. The first of these two stages is a glycolysis reaction. Under anaerobic conditions, a glycolysis reaction takes place where glucose is converted into pyruvate: glucose → 2 pyruvate There is a net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules per molecule of glucose converted. ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation. NADH is formed from the reduction of NAD. In the second stage, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to one or more

This is a document about Anaerobic glycolysis
 Anaerobic glycolysis Anaerobic glycolysis is the transformation of glucose to lactate when limited amounts of oxygen (O) are available. Anaerobic glycolysis is only an effective means of energy production during short, intense exercise, providing energy for a period ranging from 10 seconds to 2 minutes. The anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid) system is dominant from about 10–30 seconds during a maximal effort. It replenishes very quickly over this period and produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule or about 5% of glucose's energy potential (38 ATP molecules). The speed at which ATP is produced is about 100 times that of oxidative

This is a document about Oxidative phosphorylation
 The amount of energy released by oxidative phosphorylation is high, compared with the amount produced by anaerobic fermentation. Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP molecules, but somewhere between 30 and 36 ATPs are produced by the oxidative phosphorylation of the 10 NADH and 2 succinate molecules made by converting one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, while each cycle of beta oxidation of a fatty acid yields about 14 ATPs. These ATP yields are theoretical maximum values; in practice, some protons leak across the membrane, lowering the yield of ATP. The electron transport chain carries both protons and electrons,

This is a document about Cellular respiration
 to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals. According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because: So finally we have, per molecule of glucose Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis, because pyruvate is not transferred to the

This is a document about Pasteur effect
 in the glycolysis pathway. The Pasteur effect will only occur if glucose concentrations are low (<2 g/L) and if other nutrients, mostly nitrogen, are limited. From the standpoint of ATP production then, it is advantageous for yeast to utilize the citric acid cycle in the presence of oxygen, as more ATP is produced from less glucose; however, Boulton et al. (1996) have maintained that yeast will follow the anaerobic, rather than aerobic, fermentative pathway if glucose is not limited, in that respiration, although capable of producing more ATP than glycolysis per molecule of glucose, also requires more energy in terms

This is a document about Substrate-level phosphorylation
 substrate-level phosphorylation. The second substrate-level phosphorylation occurs by dephosphorylating phosphoenolpyruvate, catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, producing pyruvate and ATP. During the preparatory phase, each 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken into two 3-carbon molecules. Thus, in glycolysis dephosphorylation results in the production of 4 ATP. However, the prior preparatory phase consumes 2 ATP, so the net yield in glycolysis is 2 ATP. 2 molecules of NADH are also produced and can be used in oxidative phosphorylation to generate more ATP. ATP can be generated by substrate-level phosphorylation in mitochondria in a pathway that is independent from the proton motive force. In the

This is a document about Cellular respiration
 cycle. The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes. During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) + oxaloacetate (4 carbons) yields citrate (6 carbons), which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate (6 carbons). Isocitrate is modified to become α-ketoglutarate (5 carbons), succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and, finally, oxaloacetate. The net gain of high-energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH, 1 FADH, and 1 GTP; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 2

This is a document about Biochemistry
 the 2 quinols), totaling to 32 molecules of ATP conserved per degraded glucose (two from glycolysis + two from the citrate cycle). It is clear that using oxygen to completely oxidize glucose provides an organism with far more energy than any oxygen-independent metabolic feature, and this is thought to be the reason why complex life appeared only after Earth's atmosphere accumulated large amounts of oxygen. In vertebrates, vigorously contracting skeletal muscles (during weightlifting or sprinting, for example) do not receive enough oxygen to meet the energy demand, and so they shift to anaerobic metabolism, converting glucose to lactate. The liver

This is a document about Glycolysis
 prosthetic group. Triosephosphate isomerase rapidly interconverts dihydroxyacetone phosphate with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GADP) that proceeds further into glycolysis. This is advantageous, as it directs dihydroxyacetone phosphate down the same pathway as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, simplifying regulation. The second half of glycolysis is known as the pay-off phase, characterised by a net gain of the energy-rich molecules ATP and NADH. Since glucose leads to two triose sugars in the preparatory phase, each reaction in the pay-off phase occurs twice per glucose molecule. This yields 2 NADH molecules and 4 ATP molecules, leading to a net gain of 2 NADH molecules and 2 ATP

This is a document about Malate-aspartate shuttle
 ATPs produced in glycolysis (3/NADH), ultimately resulting in a net gain of 38 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose metabolized. Compare this to the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, which reduces FAD to produce FADH, donates electrons to the quinone pool in the electron transport chain, and is capable of generating only 2 ATPs per NADH generated in glycolysis (ultimately resulting in a net gain of 36 ATPs per glucose metabolized). (These ATP numbers are prechemiosmotic, and should be reduced in light of the work of Mitchell and many others. Each NADH produced only 2.5 ATPs, and each FADH produces only 1.5

This is a document about 1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid
 phosphoglycerate kinase undergoes a substrate induced conformational change similar to another metabolic enzyme called hexokinase. Because two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are formed during glycolysis from one molecule of glucose, 1,3BPG can be said to responsible for two of the ten molecules of ATP produced during the entire process. Glycolysis also uses two molecules of ATP in its initial stages as a committed and irreversible step. For this reason glycolysis is not reversible and has a net produce of 2 molecules of ATP and two of NADH. The two molecules of NADH themselves go on to produce approximately 3 molecules of

This is a document about Fermentative hydrogen production
 required to remove all oxygen from the fermenter. "E. aerogenes" has a short doubling time and high hydrogen productivity and evolution rate. Furthermore, hydrogen production by this bacterium is not inhibited at high hydrogen partial pressures; however, its yield is lower compared to strict anaerobes like "Clostridia". A theoretical maximum of 4 mol H/mol glucose can be produced by strict anaerobic bacteria. Facultative anaerobic bacteria such as "E. aerogenes" have a theoretical maximum yield of 2 mol H/mol glucose. Fermentative hydrogen production Fermentative hydrogen production is the fermentative conversion of organic substrates to H. Hydrogen produced in this manner is

This is a document about Klebsiella aerogenes
 to cultivation of strict anaerobes, no special operation is required to remove all oxygen from the fermenter. "K. aerogenes" has a short doubling time and high hydrogen productivity and evolution rate. Furthermore, hydrogen production by this bacterium is not inhibited at high hydrogen partial pressures; however, its yield is lower compared to strict anaerobes like "Clostridia". A theoretical maximum of 4 mol H2/mol glucose can be produced by strict anaerobic bacteria. Facultative anaerobic bacteria such as "K. aerogenes" have a theoretical maximum yield of 2 mol H2/mol glucose. It may spoil maple sap and syrup. Owing to diverse metabolites,namely acids

This is a document about Exercise physiology
 that combines phosphocreatine and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into ATP and creatine. This resource is short lasting because oxygen is required for the resynthesis of phosphocreatine via mitochondrial creatine kinase. Therefore, under anaerobic conditions, this substrate is finite and only lasts between approximately 10 to 30 seconds of high intensity work. Fast glycolysis, however, can function for approximately 2 minutes prior to fatigue, and predominately uses intracellular glycogen as a substrate. Glycogen is broken down rapidly via glycogen phosphorylase into individual glucose units during intense exercise. Glucose is then oxidized to pyruvate and under anaerobic conditions is reduced to lactic acid.

This is a document about Hydrogen production
 H/mol glucose can be produced by strict anaerobic bacteria. Facultative anaerobic bacteria such as "E. aerogenes" have a theoretical maximum yield of 2 mol H/mol glucose. Biohydrogen can be produced in bioreactors that utilize feedstocks, the most common feedstock being waste streams. The process involves bacteria feeding on hydrocarbons and exhaling hydrogen and CO. The CO can be sequestered successfully by several methods, leaving hydrogen gas. In 2006-2007, NanoLogix first demonstrated a prototype hydrogen bioreactor using waste as a feedstock at Welch's grape juice factory in Pennsylvania (U.S.). Due to the Thauer limit (four H/glucose) for dark fermentation, a non-natural

This is a document about Adenosine triphosphate
 pathways in eukaryotes are (1) glycolysis, (2) the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, and (3) beta-oxidation. The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide, the combination of pathways 1 and 2, is known as cellular respiration, produces about 30 equivalents of ATP from each molecule of glucose. ATP production by a non-photosynthetic aerobic eukaryote occurs mainly in the mitochondria, which comprise nearly 25% of the volume of a typical cell. In glycolysis, glucose and glycerol are metabolized to pyruvate. Glycolysis generates two equivalents of ATP through substrate phosphorylation catalyzed by two enzymes, PGK and pyruvate kinase. Two equivalents of NADH

The net ATP yield for the anaerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule through the mixed acid fermentation process is 2 ATP molecules. However, during anaerobic glycolysis, the net ATP yield is 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule as well. Therefore, the net ATP yield for the anaerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule is 2 ATP molecules.


Question: when was the last steam train used in uk

Answer: 11 August 1968

This is a document about Fifteen Guinea Special
 Fifteen Guinea Special The 1T57 'Fifteen Guinea Special' was the last main-line passenger train to be hauled by steam locomotive power on British Rail on 11 August 1968 before the introduction of a steam ban that started the following day. It was a special rail tour excursion train organised for the occasion from Liverpool via Manchester to Carlisle and back, and was pulled by four different steam locomotives in turn during the four legs of the journey (with two engines sharing the third leg). This was a special excursion. The last scheduled steam-hauled passenger services ran on 3rd August 1968

This is a document about North West England
 extensive local passenger rail networks operating high-frequency commuter trains. The quietest train station in the region is Reddish South, the 4th quietest in Britain. The InterCity service in the UK began between London and Manchester in the late 1960s; the new Euston station opened in 1968. With the new electrification of the line in the late 1960s, passenger numbers doubled. The region saw the last steam-train service on the UK network - the Fifteen Guinea Special on 11 August 1968, with three Black Five locomotives. Sea ferries depart from Liverpool (Gladstone Dock) to Dublin (P&O Irish Sea) and to Douglas

This is a document about Fifteen Guinea Special
 Warrington Central which hadn't seen steam traction since the end of steam in 1968. As a result of the electrification work it wasnt possible to reach Manchester Victoria so the engine changes took place at Longsight. Fifteen Guinea Special The 1T57 'Fifteen Guinea Special' was the last main-line passenger train to be hauled by steam locomotive power on British Rail on 11 August 1968 before the introduction of a steam ban that started the following day. It was a special rail tour excursion train organised for the occasion from Liverpool via Manchester to Carlisle and back, and was pulled by

This is a document about Steam locomotive
  within the restrictive British loading gauge, with no scope for larger boilers or cylinders even if mechanical firing were to be employed. Towards the end of the steam era, steam motive power fell into a state of disrepair. The last steam locomotive built for mainline British Railways was 92220 Evening Star, which was completed in March 1960. The last steam-hauled service trains on the British Railways network ran in 1968, but the use of steam locomotives in British industry continued into the 1980s. In June 1975, there were still 41 locations where steam was in regular use, and many more where engines were maintained in reserve in case

This is a document about Fifteen Guinea Special
  The end of steam-hauled trains on British Railways was a turning point in the history of rail travel in Britain. The BR steam ban was introduced on 12 August 1968, the day after the railtour, to enable Oliver Cromwell to make one last positioning run back to Norwich and on to Diss for preservation. This made the Fifteen Guinea Special the last steam-hauled passenger train to be run by BR on its standard gauge network (though BR would continue to operate three steam locomotives on the narrow gauge Vale of Rheidol line until it was privatised in 1989 and Northern Ireland Railways would continue to

This is a document about Steam locomotives of British Railways
  The 1955 Modernisation Plan called for the phasing out of steam traction. Major withdrawals occurred during 1962–1966, and steam traction ended in August 1968, coinciding with the Beeching Axe. Some tank engines were sold to London Transport, where steam traction remained in use until 1971. Steam on industrial lines remained until the 1980s. With regular maintenance, British steam locomotives typically lasted for approximately 30 years of intensive use, before major components would need to be replaced or overhauled. For a steam locomotive built in 1960, the economic lifespan would have led to it being withdrawn in the 1990s.

This is a document about LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 5305
  2013 marked the 45th anniversary since the end of steam on British Railways in 1968, and because Aug 11 was on a Sunday it was decided for a re-run to take place to mark 45 years since the end of steam. 45305 was booked to work the original train in 1968 but was failed the night before the trip due to a collapsed firebox brickarch, so allowing her to work the anniversary run 2013 allowed the ghost of 1968 to finally be put to rest. There was also a change of routing as the original route through Newton-le-Willows from Liverpool to Manchester was closed for engineering works so the tour was diverted down the

This is a document about BR Standard Class 7
  trains and parcel trains in Grange-over-Sands, Barrow-in-Furness, Preston, and other locations in the area. A succession of bulk withdrawals began in 1967, and the last, of number 70013 "Oliver Cromwell", took place in 1968, at the very end of steam operation in Britain. Subsequently, that locomotive was selected to represent the class in the National Collection. Only 70000 "Britannia", which was privately preserved, saw main line service during the preservation era – until 2008, when 70013 "Oliver Cromwell"'s restoration was completed, and she worked part of the "15 Guinea Special" – a special train run to commemorate the final BR steam working in 1968. 70013 is now to be found operating main line railtours over the Network Rail system.

This is a document about Dieselisation
  (number 92220). Steam traction was withdrawn on British Railways in 1968 and largely replaced with diesel traction (with electrification on a minority of lines). Steam was finally eliminated on Northern Ireland Railways in 1970 and entirely replaced with diesel. Steam continued on the London Underground until 1971, as London Transport considered steam to be cheaper than diesel shunters. After 1971, diesel hydraulics and battery electrics took over shunting duties on the LU. Steam continued on many industrial railways in the UK mainly with the National Coal Board And British Steel Corporation until the 1980s. Ireland also chose dieselization over electrification and as of 2015, the railways in Ireland (with the exception of the electrified Dublin Area Rapid Transit) remain entirely diesel operated.

This is a document about Mainline steam trains in Great Britain
  Following the ramping up of diesel trains in the 1960s, the last steam-hauled service trains on the standard gauge mainline of the British Railways network ran in August 1968, the last train itself being the Fifteen Guinea Special on 11 August, although narrow gauge trains were still run until 1987 on the Vale of Rheidol Railway. The day after the final service, BR then imposed a complete ban on mainline steam services, with one exception, Flying Scotsman, due to Alan Pegler having secured a clause in the purchase contract when she was purchased from BR in 1963. After this time, the only place to

This is a document about BR Standard Class 7 70013 Oliver Cromwell
  December 1963, 70013 was transferred to the London Midland Region at Carlisle Kingmoor depot (shed code 12A) for freight, parcels and occasional passenger work – most regular express services were by now diesel-hauled. The north-west of England became the steam locomotive's last area of operation on BR. On 3 October 1966, 70013 entered Crewe Works and became the last BR-owned steam locomotive to undergo routine heavy overhaul, being out-shopped after a special ceremony in February 1967. 70013 was selected to operate the last steam passenger train prior to the abolition of steam traction on British Railways lines, and in the summer of 1968 Oliver Cromwell hauled several specials, culminating in the Fifteen Guinea Special which ran between Liverpool and Carlisle on 11 August that year and which 70013 hauled on the Manchester to Carlisle leg of the trip.

This is a document about Great Western and Great Central Joint Railway
  primacy of steam ceased when all the Marylebone local trains were operated by diesel multiple units from June 1962, and the Birmingham main line trains were progressively transferred to diesel haulage from the same time. In the 1960s the loss of business on the railways was exercising government, and the Beeching Report resulted in closure of the Great Central London Extension north of Quainton Road on 3 September 1966. The Denham to Uxbridge branch had also declined substantially as a goods line since 1939 and was closed completely in the 1960s. The former LNWR route from Euston to Birmingham and Crewe was developed at this

This is a document about Portishead Railway
  Passenger services were discontinued in 1964 as part of the Reshaping of British Railways report. Freight was discontinued in 1981 but the railway was not dismantled. In 1985 a series of steam excursions ran along the line as part of the "GW150" celebrations. This is thought to be the last commercial use before the line was rebuilt.

This is a document about Lymington branch line
  In 1967, the Brockenhurst to Lymington Pier branch line was the last steam-hauled branch on the British Railways system, with the last train a late evening run on Sunday 2 April 1967 behind LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-2T tank engine 41312, whistling the rhythm of Yellow Submarine all the way to Lymington Town. Until then, according to the steam schedules, the last train of the day missed out Lymington Pier and the locomotive and coaches stayed overnight at Lymington Town to form the first next morning to Brockenhurst. The last time this happened was on the evening of Saturday 1 April and

This is a document about Lowestoft railway station
  1954 when many steam engines were withdrawn from the Lowestoft area, followed in 1955 by the introduction of the two and four car diesel railcar units for the short services. After June 1960, the East Suffolk line was only served by diesel trains. The last recorded steam hauled passenger train left the station in June 1962, although for a number of years afterwards Class B1s were allocated to Lowestoft during the winter months to provide steam heating for hauled stock prior to departure behind diesel locomotives. The next steam-hauled passenger train at the station was not until 4 May 2002 when BR Standard

This is a document about Fransham railway station
  Eastern Region of British Railways after last train on Saturday, 7 September 1968. It was closed as part of the Beeching Axe. Beeching's report intended to retain the King's Lynn - Dereham - Norwich line (which was in fact closed). Some items of rolling stock are kept at the station, although not on public display. For a while the station was home to an unrestored 1916 Hudswell Clarke 0-6-0ST, works number 1208. This was the last surviving locomotive from the Nidd Valley Light Railway. It has since been purchased and removed for future use on the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway.

This is a document about Waverley Route
  Train in the early 1940s when George VI inspected the troops at Stobs Camp. In later years, B1s, V2s and Britannia Class locomotives worked Waverley Route trains, with the last steam-hauled service being Britannia No. 70022 Tornado on the 7:44 pm Carlisle-Edinburgh train on 14 November 1967. Diesels became important on the line from c. 1960, with the expresses worked by Class 45 and Class 46 Peaks and Class 47s and Deltics appearing on the farewell specials. Local trains were mainly worked by Class 26s supplemented by Class 25s and Class 37s, while freight services were hauled by a variety of classes including Clayton Class 17s. The Waverley Route had a small

This is a document about GWR 5700 Class
  1965 5700s were used for the last time on Whit Monday and August Bank Holiday relief services. The 5700s were the last steam locomotives used on GWR/Western region. The last working locomotives were allocated to Croes Newydd, and were working goods trains and shunting until November 1966. By the end of the steam era the record keeping of allocations and working of local steam locomotives was rather lax, and it was not unknown for locomotives to be used after being officially withdrawn. For many years Nos. 4646, 4696, and 9774 were thought to be the last ex-GWR locomotives to work on British Rail, but No. 9641 was also still in steam at Croes Newydd at the same time.

This is a document about LB&SCR A1 class
  engines are listed in order of their LB&SCR identity; the identity in bold is their current running identity as of January 2010.  As of January 2021, three Terriers are in operation. In the UK, steam locomotives may only be run for up to 10 years at a time between major overhauls (boiler certificates), and for this reason only engines which have been returned to traffic within the last ten years are classed as "operational". These engines are Newport (able to run until 2024), Martello (able to run until 2026), and 2678 (able to run until 2030). 55 Stepney was withdrawn ahead of its certificate expiry in March 2014. No. 50 Whitechapel/Sutton is currently being restored at the Spa Valley Railway. Fenchurch, Bodiam and Freshwater are all dismantled for ten-yearly overhauls.

The last steam train to be hauled by a steam locomotive on the main line in the UK was the Fifteen Guinea Special, which ran on August 11, 1968.