Question: when was the statue of liberty given to the united states

Answer: October 28 , 1886

This is a document about Statue of Liberty
 of Engineers vetoed the proposal, fearing that ships' pilots passing the statue would be blinded. Instead, Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch—which was covered with gold leaf—and placed the lights inside them. A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs. After the skin was completed, renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, co-designer of New York's Central Park and Brooklyn's Prospect Park, supervised a cleanup of Bedloe's Island in anticipation of the dedication. A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28, 1886. President Grover Cleveland, the former New

This is a document about Statue of Liberty
 Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886. The Statue of Liberty is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand

This is a document about Liberty Island
  The statue, entitled Liberty Enlightening the World, was a gift from the people of France to mark the American Centennial. It was agreed that the Congress would authorize the acceptance of the statue by the President of the United States, and that the War Department would facilitate its construction and presentation. The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884. The cornerstone was laid on August 5, 1884, and after some funding delays, construction of the pedestal was finished on April 22, 1886. The statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885, on board the French frigate Isère, was stored for eleven months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished, and was then reassembled in four months. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland. The name Liberty Island was made official by Congress in 1956.

This is a document about Eugène Spuller
  On 4 July 1884 Spuller and other members of the French Cabinet formally presented the Statue of Liberty to the United States. Following the ceremony, the statue was dismantled into numbered sections and packed in 210 wooden cases and put aboard the government steamship Idsdre, which sailed on 21 May 1885 for New York City.

This is a document about New York City
  control in 1664 and was renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. The city was regained by the Dutch in July 1673 and was renamed New Orange for one year and three months; the city has been continuously named New York since November 1674. New York City was the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790, and has been the largest U.S. city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the U.S. by ship in the late 19th and early 20th

This is a document about Statue of Liberty
  idea with influential Americans. In June 1871, Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic, with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye. Arriving at New York Harbor, Bartholdi focused on Bedloe's Island (now named Liberty Island) as a site for the statue, struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it. He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government—it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense. It was thus, as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye: "land common to all the states." As well as meeting many

This is a document about Statue of Liberty
  The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886. The statue is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed JULY

This is a document about France–United States relations
  companies, tariffs were high, and mutual investments were uncommon. All during this period, the relationship remained friendly—as symbolized by the Statue of Liberty, presented in 1884 as a gift to the United States from the French people. From 1870 until 1918, France was the only major republic in a Europe of monarchies, which endeared it to the United States. Few French people emigrated, but many held the United States in high esteem, as a land of opportunity and as a source of modern ideas. Intellectuals, however, saw the United States as a land built on crass materialism, lacking in a significant

This is a document about Manhattan
  millions seeking a new life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty on October 28, 1886, a gift from the people of France. New York's growing immigrant population, which had earlier consisted mainly of German and Irish immigrants, began in the late 1800s to include waves of impoverished Italians and Central and Eastern European Jews flowing in en masse. This new European immigration brought further social upheaval. In a city of tenements packed with poorly paid laborers from dozens of nations, the city became a hotbed of revolution (including anarchists and communists among others), syndicalism, racketeering, and

This is a document about Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi
  massive statue and once its design was approved, the Union Franco-Américaine raised more than 1 million francs throughout France for its building. In 1879, Bartholdi was awarded design patent for the Statue of Liberty. On 4 July 1880, the statue was formally delivered to the American minister in Paris, the event being celebrated by a great banquet. In October 1886, the structure was officially presented as the joint gift of the French and American people, and installed on Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor. It was rumored in France that the face of the Statue of Liberty was modeled after Bartholdi's mother. The statue is 46m high (151 feet and 1 inch), and the top of the torch is at an elevation of 93m (305 feet 1 inch) from mean low-water mark. It was the largest work of its kind that had been completed up to that time.

This is a document about New York (state)
 The Statue of Liberty National Monument includes Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty. The statue, designed by Frédéric Bartholdi and formally named Liberty Enlightening the World, was a gift from France to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence; it was dedicated in New York Harbor on October 28, 1886. It has since become an icon of the United States and the concepts of democracy and freedom. ; The African Burial Ground National Monument in Lower Manhattan is the only national monument dedicated to Americans of African ancestry. It preserves a site containing the remains

This is a document about Manhattan
  in 1626. The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York, based in present-day Manhattan, served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America by ship in the late 19th century and is a world symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty and peace. Manhattan became a borough during the consolidation of New York City in 1898. New York County is the smallest

This is a document about New York metropolitan area
  British early in the war, becoming a haven for Loyalist refugees from other parts of the country, and remained in the hands of the British until the war ended in 1783. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790, after which the capital moved to Philadelphia. New York has been the country's largest city since 1790. In 1792, the Buttonwood Agreement, made by a group of merchants, created what is now the New York Stock Exchange in Lower Manhattan. Today, many people in the metropolitan area work in this important stock exchange. The Statue of Liberty in New York

This is a document about Place des États-Unis
  On 13 May 1885, a bronze model of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) by Frédéric Bartholdi was erected in the center of the Place des États-Unis, directly in front of the American diplomatic mission. Purchased by the Committee of Americans in Paris and offered to the City of Paris, the model was a fund-raising tool, displayed with the aim of inspiring support for the building of the full-sized statue and its transport across the Atlantic. The model remained in place until 1888.

This is a document about Statue of Liberty
  pedestal were formed in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the "American Committee". One of its members was 19-year-old Theodore Roosevelt, the future governor of New York and president of the United States. On March 3, 1877, on his final full day in office, President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it. President Rutherford B. Hayes, who took office the following day, selected the Bedloe's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed.

This is a document about Statue of Liberty
  of whom gave less than a dollar. The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland. The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service as part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, and is a major tourist attraction. Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred since 1916.

This is a document about Folklore of the United States
  Frédéric Bartholdi and dedicated on October 28, 1886. The statue, a gift to the United States from the people of France, is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a tablet upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States: a welcoming signal to immigrants arriving from abroad. ; Uncle Sam (initials U.S.) is a common national personification of the American government and came into use during the War of 1812. According to legend, Samuel Wilson, a meatpacker in New York, supplied rations for the soldiers and stamped the

This is a document about Statue of Liberty
  statue. After the United States entered World War I in 1917, images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially. This impressed upon the public the war's stated purpose—to secure liberty—and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a national monument. A suicide occurred five years later when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death.

This is a document about Statue of Liberty
  MDCCLXXVI (July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken shackle and chain lie at her feet as she walks forward, commemorating the recent national abolition of slavery. After its dedication, the statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, seen as a symbol of welcome to immigrants arriving by sea. Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician, Édouard René de Laboulaye, who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples. The Franco-Prussian War delayed progress until 1875,

This is a document about Ellis Island
  Statue of Liberty National Monument on May 11, 1965, and that August, President Lyndon B. Johnson approved the redevelopment of the island as a museum and park. The initial master plan for the redevelopment of Ellis Island, designed by Philip Johnson, called for the construction of the Wall, a large "stadium"-shaped monument to replace the structures on the island's northwest side, while preserving the main building and hospital. However, no appropriations were immediately made, other than a $250,000 allocation for emergency repairs in 1967. By the late 1960s, the abandoned buildings were deteriorating severely. Johnson's plan was never implemented due to public opposition and a lack of funds. Another

The Statue of Liberty was given to the United States and officially presented on October 28, 1886. However, the statue was completed in France in 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885. It was unveiled and dedicated on October 28, 1886.


Question: how many stories is the empire state building in new york

Answer: 102

This is a document about Empire State Building
 its 102nd floor, is , including its pinnacle. The building has 85 stories of commercial and office space representing a total of of rentable space. It has an indoor and outdoor observation deck on the 86th floor, the highest floor within the actual tower. The remaining 16 stories are part of the Art Deco spire, which is capped by an observatory on the 102nd-floor. The spire is hollow with no floors between levels 86 and 102. Atop the tower is the pinnacle, much of which is covered by broadcast antennas, and surmounted with a lightning rod. According to the official

This is a document about Empire State Building in popular culture
  The Empire State Building is a 102-story skyscraper on Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets in Midtown, Manhattan, New York City. It has a roof height of 1,250 feet (381 m), and with its antenna included, it stands a total of 1454 ft tall. The Empire State Building stood as the world's tallest building for nearly 40 years, from its completion in early 1931 until the topping out of the original World Trade Center's North Tower in late 1970. It has been featured in numerous films, TV shows, songs, video games, books, photographs, and artwork.

This is a document about Empire State Building
  The Empire State Building is 1250 ft tall to its 102nd floor, or 1453 ft including its 203 ft pinnacle. The building has 86 usable stories; the first through 85th floors contain 2.158 e6ft2 of commercial and office space, while the 86th story contains an observatory. The remaining 16 stories are part of the Art Deco spire, which is capped by an observatory on the 102nd floor; the spire does not contain any intermediate levels and is used mostly for mechanical purposes. Atop the 102nd story is the 203 ft pinnacle, much of which is covered by broadcast antennas, and surmounted with a lightning rod. It was the first building to have more than 100 floors. The building has been named one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and confirmed by the New York City Board of Estimate. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. In 2007, it was first on the AIA's List of America's Favorite Architecture.

This is a document about Empire State Building
  The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States. It was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from "Empire State", the nickname of the state of New York. The building has a roof height of 1250 ft and stands a total of 1454 ft tall, including its antenna. The Empire State Building stood as the world's tallest building until the construction of the World Trade Center in 1970; following the latter's collapse in 2001, the Empire State Building was again the city's tallest skyscraper until 2012. ,

This is a document about Empire State Building
   According to official fact sheets, the Empire State Building weighs 365000 ST and has an internal volume of 37 e6ft3. The interior required 1172 mi of elevator cable and 2 e6ft of electrical wires. It has a total floor area of 2768591 ft2, and each of the floors in the base cover 2 acre. This gives the building capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors. The building contains 73 elevators. Its original 64 elevators, built by the Otis Elevator Company, are located in a central core and are of varying heights, with the longest of these elevators reaching from the

This is a document about Architecture of New York City
  The Empire State Building, a 102-story contemporary Art Deco style building in Midtown Manhattan, was designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon and finished in 1931. It was the world's tallest building for 42 years. The tower takes its name from the nickname of New York State. It was the first building to go beyond the 100-story mark, and has one of the world's most visited observation decks, which sees about 4 million visitors a year. The building was built in just 14 months. Completed in 1930, the Chrysler Building is a distinctive symbol of New York, standing 1046 ft high in East Midtown, Manhattan. Originally built for the Chrysler Corporation, the building is

This is a document about Phallic architecture
  The 102-story Empire State Building, located in New York City, is one of the city's most famous landmarks, and is generally thought of as an American cultural icon. Cited by Valerie Briginshaw as a symbol of American pride and "the ultimate sign of American phallic power", it was inaugurated on 31 May 1931. Designed in the Art Deco style, it has a roof height of 1,250 feet (381 meters), and with its antenna spire included, it stands a total of 1,454 ft (443.2 m) high. It stood as the world's tallest building for 40 years, from its completion in 1931 until construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower was completed in 1972. After the World Trade Center was destroyed on September 11, 2001, it remained the tallest building in New York City for 13 years until the One World Trade Center was completed. Numerous people have mentioned its similarities in appearance to the phallus, with its "tall and glinting" towers.

This is a document about Empire State Building
  again became the tallest building in New York City, and the second-tallest building in the Americas, surpassed only by the Willis Tower in Chicago. The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center reached a greater height in April 2012. , it is the seventh-tallest building in New York City after One World Trade Center, 111 West 57th Street, Central Park Tower, One Vanderbilt, 432 Park Avenue, and 30 Hudson Yards. It is the fifth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States behind the two other tallest buildings in New York City, as well as the Willis Tower and Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago. The Empire State Building is the 49th-tallest in the world. It is also the sixth-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas behind the five tallest buildings and the CN Tower.

This is a document about List of tallest buildings in New York City
  New York City, the most populous city in the United States, is home to over 7,000 completed high-rise buildings of at least 35 m, of which at least 95 are taller than 650 ft. The tallest building in New York is One World Trade Center, which rises 1776 ft. The 104-story skyscraper also stands as the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the sixth-tallest building in the world. At 1550 ft, Central Park Tower is the second-tallest completed building in the city. It has the highest roof of any building outside Asia, and is the tallest residential building in the world. The third-tallest completed building in the city is 111 West 57th Street, rising to 1428

This is a document about One World Trade Center
  ONE: Union of the Senses by American artist José Parlá. The office floors begin at floor 20, and go up to floor 63. There is a sky lobby on floor 64; office floors resume on floor 65, and stop at floor 90. Floors 91–99 and 103–104 are mechanical floors.  The tower has a three-story observation deck, located on floors 100–102, in addition to existing broadcast and antenna facilities. Its height is 1,268 feet (386.5 m), making it the highest vantage point in New York City. Similar to the Empire State Building, visitors to the observation deck and tenants have their own separate entrances; one entrance is on the West Street side of the building, and the

This is a document about Empire State Building
  building is the seventh-tallest building in New York City, the ninth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States, the 49th-tallest in the world, and the sixth-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas. The site of the Empire State Building, in Midtown South on the west side of Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets, was developed in 1893 as the Waldorf–Astoria Hotel. In 1929, Empire State Inc. acquired the site and devised plans for a skyscraper there. The design for the Empire State Building was changed fifteen times until it was ensured to be the world's tallest building. Construction started on March 17, 1930, and the building opened

This is a document about 2 World Trade Center
  The new 82-story building, if erected, will have a total height of 1323 ft. In comparison, the Empire State Building's roof at the 102nd floor is 1250 ft tall, 1454 ft with its antenna, and the original 2 World Trade Center (referred to as the South Tower) was 1362 ft.

This is a document about Skyscraper
  late May 1930 as the tallest building in the world, reaching 1,046 feet (319 m). Designed by William Van Alen, an Art Deco style masterpiece with an exterior crafted of brick, the Chrysler Building continues to be a favorite of New Yorkers to this day. ; The Empire State Building, nine streets south of the Chrysler in Manhattan, topped out at 1,250 feet (381 m) and 102 stories in 1931. The first building to have more than 100 floors, it was designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon in the contemporary Art Deco style and takes its name from the nickname of New York State. The antenna

This is a document about List of tallest buildings in New York City
  it is the world's most slender skyscraper. The fourth-tallest is One Vanderbilt, at 1401 ft, it is the tallest office building in Midtown. The fifth-tallest is 432 Park Avenue at 1397 ft. At 1250 ft, the 102-story Empire State Building in Midtown Manhattan, which was finished in 1931 stood as the tallest building in the world from its completion until 1970, when construction on the 1368 ft North Tower of the original World Trade Center surpassed it. It is the eighth-tallest building in the United States, and rises to a pinnacle of 1454 ft including its antenna. The North Tower (the original One World Trade Center), along with its twin the South Tower (the first Two World Trade Center), which was six feet shorter,

This is a document about Empire State Building
   The Empire State Building has a symmetrical massing, or shape, because of its large lot and relatively short base. The five-story base occupies the entire lot, while the 81-story tower above it is set back sharply from the base. There are smaller setbacks on the upper stories, allowing sunlight to illuminate the interiors of the top floors, and positioning these floors away from the noisy streets below. The setbacks are located at the 21st, 25th, 30th, 72nd, 81st, and 85th stories. The setbacks were mandated per the 1916 Zoning Resolution, which was intended to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well. Normally, a building of the Empire State's dimensions would be permitted to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side, and up to 17 stories on the 33rd/34th Streets side, before it would have to utilize setbacks. However, with the largest setback being located above the base, the tower stories could contain a uniform shape. According to architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern, the building's form contrasted with the nearly contemporary, similarly designed 500 Fifth Avenue eight blocks north, which had an asymmetrical massing on a smaller lot.

This is a document about Empire State Building in popular culture
  Christmas tree. Also, despite the building having 102 floors in real life, the elevator Buddy is riding on had 79 floor buttons, thus implying that the building is 79 stories tall. ; In the 2003 action movie Daredevil, the Empire State Building can be seen when Kingpin's (the villain) tower is shown and it can be seen out the window when Daredevil is face to face with Kingpin. It can also be seen in the background when Daredevil is on the top of a church. ; The Empire State Building is seen in most Spider-Man films since it mostly takes place in

This is a document about Empire Building (Manhattan)
  The Empire Building is an office skyscraper at 71 Broadway, on the corner of Rector Street, in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. It was designed by Kimball & Thompson in the Classical Revival style and built by Marc Eidlitz & Son from 1897 to 1898. The building consists of 21 stories above a full basement story facing Trinity Place at the back of the building and is 293 ft tall. The Empire Building's articulation consists of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column—namely a base, shaft, and capital—and has a facade of gray granite at its base and white granite on

This is a document about Empire State Building
  The longest world record held by the Empire State Building was for the tallest skyscraper (to structural height), which it held for 42 years until it was surpassed by the North Tower of the World Trade Center in October 1970. The Empire State Building was also the tallest man-made structure in the world before it was surpassed by the Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma (KWTV Mast) in 1954, and the tallest freestanding structure in the world until the completion of the Ostankino Tower in 1967. An early-1970s proposal to dismantle the spire and replace it with an additional 11 floors, which would have brought the building's height to 1,494 feet (455 m) and made it once again the world's tallest at the time, was considered but ultimately rejected. With the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks, the Empire State

This is a document about Chrysler Building
  There are 32 elevators in the skyscraper, clustered into four banks. At the time of opening, 28 of these elevators were for passenger use. Each bank serves different floors within the building, with several "express" elevators going from the lobby to a few landings in between, while "local" elevators connect the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings. As per Walter Chrysler's wishes, the elevators were designed to run at a rate of 900 ft/min, despite the 700 ft/min speed restriction enforced in all city elevators at the time. This restriction was loosened soon after the Empire State Building opened in 1931,

This is a document about List of buildings, sites, and monuments in New York City
 One World Trade Center –  541.32 m ; Empire State Building – 381.0 m ; Bank of America Tower – 366.0 m ; Chrysler Building – 318.8 m ; American International Building – 290.2 m ; 40 Wall Street – 282.5 m ; Citigroup Center – 278.9 m ; Trump World Tower – 262.4 m ; Bloomberg Tower – 260.8 m ; GE Building – 259.1 m ; CitySpire Center – 248.1 m ; One Chase Manhattan Plaza – 247.8 m ; Condé Nast Building – 246.6 m ; MetLife Building – 246.4 m ; Woolworth Building – 241 m ; One Worldwide Plaza – 237 m ; Carnegie Hall Tower – 231 m ; 383 Madison Avenue (formerly known as the Bear Stearns Building) – 231 m (in height order; unless otherwise noted, all are in Manhattan)

The Empire State Building in New York is 102 stories tall, including its pinnacle. However, it has 85 stories of rentable space.


Question: who plays belle 's dad in the new movie

Answer: Kevin Kline

This is a document about Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)
 were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively, and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets. The rest of the principal cast, including Josh Gad, Emma Thompson, Kevin Kline, Audra McDonald, Ian McKellen, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou, Mrs. Potts, Maurice, Madame de Garderobe, Cogsworth, Plumette, Lumière and Cadenza, respectively. Susan Egan, who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as "perfect". Paige O'Hara, who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels, offered

This is a document about Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)
  Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos. Co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films, the film is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's 1756 version of the fairy tale. It features an ensemble and choir cast including Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous Belle and the Beast, with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles. A live-action Beauty and the Beast remake was first announced in April 2014,

This is a document about Beauty and the Beast (franchise)
  On March 17, 2017, Disney released a live-action adaptation of the film, which was directed by Bill Condon. The movie stars Emma Watson as Belle, Dan Stevens as the Beast, Luke Evans as Gaston, Ewan McGregor as Lumière, Ian McKellen as Cogsworth, Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts, Kevin Kline as Maurice, and Josh Gad as LeFou.

This is a document about Emma Watson
  critic blamed Regressions script for her "pure dramatic cardboard" role. She also appeared in an episode of BBC's The Vicar of Dibley, in which she played Reverend Iris. In February 2016, Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting. She planned to spend the time on her "personal development" and her women's rights work. Watson starred as Belle in the 2017 live-action Disney adaptation of Beauty and the Beast directed by Bill Condon, and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast. She was given autonomy within Belle's portrayal; she re-characterised her as an assistant to her inventor

This is a document about Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)
  In June 2014, Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live-action film adaptation of the original animated film was in the works, with Bill Condon directing and Evan Spiliotopoulos penning the screenplay. Condon originally planned on not only drawing inspiration from the animated film, but also to include most, if not all, of the Menken/Rice songs from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the film as a "straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical". In September 2014, it was announced that Stephen Chbosky would re-write the script. In January 2015, Emma Watson announced via her Facebook page that she would portray Belle in the live-action film. In March 2015, Dan

This is a document about Jungle Cruise (film)
  In March 2018, an open casting call was made for the other characters in the film, including men and women of all ethnicities, between ages 17 to 90, and children of 6–14 years old. In the same month, Jack Whitehall was cast as the brother of Blunt's character. Six months later, it was reported that he would have a coming out scene in the film with Johnson; this would be the second incidence of a gay character in a live-action Disney film, the first being Le Fou, portrayed by Josh Gad, in the 2017 adaptation of Beauty and the Beast. There was some backlash over the report, with some online expressing anger over a straight

This is a document about Dan Stevens
  as Belle, in Disney's live-action adaptation of Beauty and the Beast, directed by Bill Condon. The film was released in March 2017 to positive reviews, and earned over $1.2 billion in worldwide box office revenue, making it the highest-grossing live-action musical film, the second highest-grossing film of 2017, and the 17th highest-grossing film of all time. At the same year, he appeared in Marshall with Chadwick Boseman, Josh Gad and Kate Hudson, and The Man Who Invented Christmas, directed by Bharat Nalluri, and co-starring Christopher Plummer and Jonathan Pryce. In 2018, Stevens starred in the Netflix thriller film Apostle, directed by Gareth Huw Evans.

This is a document about Sierra Burgess Is a Loser
  cast in a supporting role. Later that same month, Will Peltz was also added. On February 1, 2017, Noah Centineo was set for the male lead, taking over from Ben Hardy. Also in February 2017, Lea Thompson and Alan Ruck were cast as the title character's parents. In July 2017, songwriter and musician Leland announced that he had completed scoring the film, with Bram Inscore. In addition, he stated that the pair had also co-written a song with Troye Sivan and Allie X that would be featured in the film. The group co-wrote a song with the film's screenwriter, Lindsey Beer, entitled "Sunflower," an original song written in the script and performed by Shannon Purser.

This is a document about Evermore (song)
  and Belle (Emma Watson) share a dance in the castle's ballroom to Mrs. Potts (Emma Thompson) singing "Beauty and the Beast", the couple has a conversation during which the Beast learns how much Belle actually misses her father, Maurice (Kevin Kline). Finally admitting that Belle is no longer his prisoner, the character sings "Evermore" shortly after he releases the heroine from the castle, insisting that she return to her village and protect Maurice from Gaston (Luke Evans). Believing that Belle has been lost to him forever, the Beast is heartbroken by the character's departure and laments his misfortune by performing "Evermore", accepting that releasing his former prisoner makes breaking the enchantress' spell more

This is a document about Cheaper by the Dozen (franchise)
  2020, Disney's new CEO Bob Chapek announced that filming on all movies that had been postponed by the coronavirus had resumed filming, and in some cases completed principal photography. Gabrielle Union and Zach Braff are cast to co-star as the parents of the family in the film, while Journee Brown, Kylie Rogers, Andre Robinson, Caylee Blosenski, Aryan Simhadri, Leo A. Perry, Mykal-Michelle Harris, Christian Cote, Sebastian Cote and Luke Prael have been cast as their children. The plot will center around a blended multiracial family, who navigate familial relationships and maintaining a family business. The film is scheduled to debut on Disney+, March 2022.

This is a document about Skin Deep (Once Upon a Time)
  In the present day, Mr. Gold (Carlyle) repossesses florist Moe French's (Keenleyside) van the day before Valentine's Day. At Granny's, David (Josh Dallas) and Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) talk from separate tables, until Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) interrupts to ask after her son Henry (Jared S. Gilmore). Ashley (Jessy Schram) arrives with her baby, noting how rarely she gets a babysitter or sees her boyfriend, Sean (Tim Phillipps). Ruby (Meghan Ory) suggests a girl's night out. Emma investigates a robbery at Mr. Gold's mansion. Gold claims to know that Moe is responsible. Following this lead, Emma recovers the majority of Mr. Gold's items, but

This is a document about Dumbo (2019 film)
  In January 2017, it was announced that Will Smith was in talks to play the father of the children who develop a friendship with the elephant after seeing him at the circus. However, Smith later passed on the role due to scheduling conflicts with Bad Boys for Life, among other reasons. He went on to be cast as the Genie in Disney's live-action film adaptation of Aladdin. Bill Hader, Chris Pine and Casey Affleck were also offered the role, but passed on it before Colin Farrell was cast. Farrell, a fan of Burton, chose to work on the film because "[t]he idea of [acting

This is a document about Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)
  objects. David Pruiksma served as the supervising animator for Mrs. Potts. ; Bradley Pierce as Chip – Mrs. Potts' son, who has been transformed into a teacup. Originally intended to only have one line, the filmmakers were impressed with Pierce's performance and expanded the character's role significantly, eschewing a mute Music Box character. Pruiksma also served as the supervising animator for Chip. ; Rex Everhart as Maurice – Belle's inventor father. The villagers see him as insane for crafting devices believed impossible to construct in reality, but his loyal daughter believes he will be famous one day. Ruben A. Aquino

This is a document about Stephen Chbosky
  Emma Watson as Belle. Chbosky and Watson developed a close relationship during the production of The Perks of Being a Wallflower. The adaptation was faithful to the original 1991 animated film Beauty and the Beast, with all the original musical numbers included. The film was released on March 17, 2017. Chbosky directed the 2017 film Wonder, co-written by Chbosky, Jack Thorne, and Steve Conrad and based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R. J. Palacio. The film starred Julia Roberts, Owen Wilson, and Jacob Tremblay, and was released on November 17, 2017. On November 29, 2018, Universal Pictures announced that Chbosky was in talks to direct the film

This is a document about Yoshimi Iwasaki
 Belle (2021), Dr. Nakai (voice)

This is a document about Little Miss Perfect (film)
 Karlee Roberts as Belle ; Jeremy Fernandez as Gus ; Lilla Crawford as Olivia ; Izzy Palmieri as Lyla ; Tom Degnan as Mr. Davy ; Charlie Swan as Madison ; Eden Wright as Sophia ; Brandon Bernath as Joey ; Cameron Fachman as Dave ; Peter Rini as Maurice

This is a document about Beautiful Boy (2018 film)
  attached to star in the project, as the father and son, respectively. Dede Gardner, Jeremy Kleiner and Brad Pitt were the main producers. In February 2017, Timothée Chalamet was officially cast in the film as Nic Sheff, opposite Carell as his character's father. In 2018, van Groeningen said that out of more than 200 tapes he received from actors auditioning for the role of Nic, Chalamet immediately stood out. He added, "while we deliberately did not choose a [well-known actor] at the time of the auditions... there is less burden, now of course, it's great... Nobody had foreseen that he would suddenly

This is a document about How Does a Moment Last Forever
  "How Does a Moment Last Forever" is a song written by lyricist Tim Rice and composer Alan Menken for the Disney live action film Beauty and the Beast (2017), a remake of the animated musical of the same name. This Broadway-inspired ballad is performed in the movie by American actor Kevin Kline in his role as Maurice. It describes the relationship between his character and that of his wife, Belle's deceased mother. Later in the film, Belle (Emma Watson) performs the song as she discovers the truth about her mother's fate. "How Does a Moment Last Forever" was also recorded by Canadian pop singer Celine Dion, whose version was also included on the film's soundtrack, released on March 10, 2017. Her version plays over the ending credits of the

This is a document about Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)
  • Emma Watson as Belle, a young benevolent bibliophile who seeks for life beyond the confines of her village. She develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him. • * Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle. • Dan Stevens as Beast, a cold-hearted, selfish, unkind prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return, as well as to give rather than take. Stevens portrays the character through motion-capture. • * Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the prince. • Luke Evans as Gaston, a

This is a document about The Umbrella Academy (TV series)
  On November 9, 2017, Netflix confirmed that Elliot Page had joined the cast and that he would play Vanya Hargreeves, also known as the White Violin. On November 30, 2017, it was revealed that Tom Hopper, David Castañeda, Emmy Raver-Lampman, Robert Sheehan and Aidan Gallagher had joined the cast as the rest of the Hargreeves siblings. On February 12, 2018, Netflix announced that Academy Award nominee Mary J. Blige would appear in the series as the sadistic time-travel assassin Cha-Cha. Colm Feore joined the cast as Sir Reginald Hargreeves, the adoptive father of the siblings, on February 16, 2018, alongside Cameron Britton, Adam Godley and Ashley Madekwe. On February 28, 2018, it was announced that

Kevin Kline plays Belle's father in the new movie.


Question: who played joel in the last of us

Answer: Troy Edward Baker

This is a document about Troy Baker
 Troy Baker Troy Edward Baker (born April 1, 1976) is an American actor and musician known for portraying the lead characters in various video game titles. His most noteable voice performances are as Joel in "The Last of Us", Kanji Tatsumi in "Persona 4", Booker DeWitt in "BioShock Infinite", the Joker in "", Batman in other titles, Delsin Rowe in "Infamous Second Son", Sam Drake in "" and "", Revolver Ocelot in "", Pagan Min in "Far Cry 4", Rhys in "Tales from the Borderlands", Logan Thackeray in "Guild Wars 2" and Yuri Lowell in "Tales of Vesperia". He has

This is a document about Joel (The Last of Us)
  Joel Miller is a fictional character in the video games The Last of Us and The Last of Us Part II by Naughty Dog. In the games, he is portrayed by Troy Baker through motion capture and voice acting; in the upcoming television adaptation, he will be portrayed by Pedro Pascal. In the first game, Joel serves as the main protagonist and is tasked with escorting the young Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States in an attempt to create a potential cure for an infection to which Ellie is immune. He also appears briefly in the downloadable content campaign The Last of Us: Left Behind. Joel is killed in The Last of Us Part II by a woman named Abby, whose father he had killed in the first game, prompting Ellie to seek revenge. Joel was created by Neil Druckmann, the

This is a document about List of The Last of Us characters
  character and his bonding with Ellie. Druckmann became intrigued by players who discussed Joel's morality, distinguishing him as a hero or villain; Druckmann felt that Joel was only "a complex person who's made good and bad decisions", but allowed it to be open to interpretation. When auditioning for the role, Baker read a phrase on the character sheet that stated Joel had "few moral lines left to cross", which became the "anchor point" to the character for him. Baker returned to portray Joel in The Last of Us Part II (2020). Pedro Pascal will play the role in the upcoming HBO television adaptation of the game.

This is a document about List of The Last of Us characters
   Joel Miller (Troy Baker) is the protagonist of The Last of Us. Originally from Texas, Joel was a single father in his late 20s when the initial Cordyceps outbreak occurred. Fleeing with his brother Tommy and his twelve-year-old daughter Sarah, they got involved in a firefight with a soldier, and Sarah was mortally wounded and died in his arms, leaving him traumatized. In the 20 years that follow, Joel did whatever he had to do to survive. Twenty years after Sarah's death, Joel works as a smuggler in the Boston quarantine zone with his friend and partner Tess. While out searching for a former accomplice who stole

This is a document about Troy Baker
  Brothers in Arms. In an interview with The Griff, he said, "It was starting to become necessary for actors to become involved [in gaming], so I got into that and it was literally stumbling from one job into the next. That was kind of my first snowball effect." His most notable roles came in 2013, when he provided the voice of Booker DeWitt in BioShock Infinite and the voice and motion capture of Joel in The Last of Us. Both games earned critical acclaim, gaining scores over 90% on GameRankings and Metacritic,  and widespread commercial success. He was nominated for both of these roles at VGX 2013, winning for The Last of Us. He then

This is a document about List of accolades received by The Last of Us
  The Last of Us is an action-adventure game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. Players assume control of Joel (Troy Baker), escorting the young Ellie (Ashley Johnson) across a post-apocalyptic United States. The game's development was led by Bruce Straley and Neil Druckmann, as game director and creative director, respectively. The game was officially announced on December 10, 2011, and was widely anticipated. It was awarded Most Anticipated Game from PlayStation Universe, receiving a nomination in the same category at the 2012 Spike Video Game Awards. Following its previews at the Electronic Entertainment Expo, the game won

This is a document about Joel (The Last of Us)
  The development team of The Last of Us spent more time selecting the actor for Joel than Ellie, as the chemistry between the two characters was imperative to the game. After Troy Baker and Ellie actress Ashley Johnson played alongside each other, the team realized that the former perfectly fit the role of Joel, despite the actor's young age. Creative director Neil Druckmann attributed Baker's voice and movement to the team's choice of casting him. Baker contributed greatly to the development of the character; for example, he convinced Druckmann that Joel would care for Tess due to his loneliness. When designing Joel's physical appearance, the team tried

This is a document about List of The Last of Us characters
  also has a gentleness which Joel lacks. Pierce originally auditioned for the role of Joel, which was later given to Troy Baker. When the team was required to cast an actor for the role of Tommy, they immediately contacted Pierce, as they were impressed by his audition. Baker felt that the chemistry between him and Pierce assisted in the realistic relationship between Joel and Tommy. Pierce reprised the role of Tommy in The Last of Us Part II, and will portray the quarantine rebel Perry in the upcoming HBO television adaptation; Gabriel Luna will play Tommy in the show.

This is a document about Joel (The Last of Us)
  at the British Academy Video Games Awards. Baker's performance in The Last of Us Part II was similarly praised. GamesRadar+s Alex Avard found that Baker "steals some of [the game's] best scenes as Joel" by adding complexities that enrich the character and relationships. Evan Lewis of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Baker "deserves every accolade possible for his heart-wrenching performance". IGNs Dornbush lauded Baker's performance for depicting the weariness of Joel. For his role, Baker won Outstanding Supporting Performance in a Drama at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards. He has been nominated for Performer in a Supporting Role at the 17th British Academy Games Awards.

This is a document about Jeffrey Pierce
  addition to his acting activities, Pierce also regularly lends his voice to video game characters or provides the movement model. It can be heard more often in the original, especially in the Call of Duty video game series. He then provided the voice and motion-capture of the character Tommy Miller in the video game, The Last of Us, which became his most prominent role. Originally, Pierce auditioned for the role of Joel Miller, which was later given to fellow castmate Troy Baker. When the team was required to cast an actor for the role of Tommy, they immediately contacted Pierce, as they were impressed by his audition. He then reprised his role in its 2020 sequel The Last of Us Part II, for which he was nominated for Performer in a Supporting Role at the 17th British Academy Games Awards.

This is a document about Joel (The Last of Us)
  director and writer of The Last of Us. The character's casting was extensive, as his relationship with Ellie was imperative to the game; it was the central focus of the first game's development, with all other elements developed around it. Baker inspired aspects of Joel's personality, making the character more emotional than initially pitched. Druckmann wanted players, especially parents, to relate to Joel through his bonding with Ellie. He considered the character morally complex. For Part II, Druckmann felt that Joel's character arc was complete after the original, and his death was a core part of the game's development. The character has been well-received by critics; his chemistry with Ellie is a frequent subject of praise. The likability and complexity of the character has also been commended. Baker's performance in both games was highly praised and received numerous awards and nominations.

This is a document about The Last of Us
  one team developed Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception, the other half developed The Last of Us. The relationship between Joel and Ellie became the focus, with all other elements developed around it. Actors Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson portrayed Joel and Ellie, respectively, through voice and motion capture, and assisted creative director Neil Druckmann with the development of the characters and story. The original score was composed and performed by Gustavo Santaolalla. Following its announcement in December 2011, The Last of Us was widely anticipated. It was released for the PlayStation 3 in June 2013; a remastered version was released for the PlayStation 4 in July 2014. It received critical acclaim, with praise going to narrative, gameplay, visuals, sound design, characterization, and depiction of female

This is a document about Development of The Last of Us Part II
  Ashley Johnson and Troy Baker reprise their roles as Ellie and Joel, respectively. Druckmann pitched the narrative to Johnson at a restaurant during early development of The Last of Us: Left Behind (2014), and to Baker after the 10th British Academy Games Awards. Druckmann recalled that Johnson's approval was the first feeling of validation for the narrative. The actors' performance were recorded at a studio in Playa Vista, Los Angeles using performance capture, recording motion and voice simultaneously. The actors wore motion capture suits and head-mounted cameras that track facial muscles and eye movements. Recording ran from 2017 to April 2019. The actors

This is a document about The Last of Us (TV series)
 Pedro Pascal as Joel, a hardened survivor who is tormented by the trauma of his past. Joel is tasked with smuggling a young girl out of a quarantine zone, and eventually across the United States. Pascal became available for a new series after the release of the second season of The Mandalorian; the vacancy attracted several offers from large networks, of which he chose The Last of Us. Pascal is reportedly earning $600,000 per episode, making him one of the highest paid American television stars. In the video games, Joel is portrayed by Troy Baker. ; Bella Ramsey as Ellie, a 14-year-old girl who displays defiance and anger but has a private need for kinship and belonging. She is immune to the Cordyceps brain infection and may be the key to creating a vaccine. In keeping with the games, the character

This is a document about Development of The Last of Us
  humans. Though Ellie was initially intended to be Joel's daughter, the team found this to be too limiting in terms of further character development. The team chose Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson to portray Joel and Ellie, respectively. Providing both the voice and motion capture of the characters, Baker and Johnson assisted the team to develop the characters and help refine the story. The relationship between Joel and Ellie was the central focus of the game, and all other elements were developed around it. Various other characters were influenced by the story progression, ultimately becoming completely different from the initial vision. The Last of Us features an original score composed by Argentine musician Gustavo Santaolalla. Known for his minimalist approach to composing, Santaolalla was contacted early in development. Naughty Dog took a

This is a document about Troy Baker
  Troy Edward Baker (born April 1, 1976) is an American voice actor and musician. He is known for his video game roles as Joel Miller in The Last of Us (2013) and its sequel (2020), Talion in Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor (2014) and Middle-earth: Shadow of War (2018), Batman/Bruce Wayne in Batman: The Telltale Series (2016) and Batman: The Enemy Within (2017), Pagan Min in the Far Cry franchise, the Joker in Batman: Arkham Origins (2013), the Arkham Knight in Batman: Arkham Knight (2015), Yuri Lowell in Tales of Vesperia, Samuel "Sam" Drake in Uncharted 4: A Thief's End (2016) and The Lost Legacy (2017), Booker DeWitt in BioShock Infinite (2013), Kanji Tatsumi in Persona 4, Jake Muller in Resident Evil 6 (2012), Vincent Brooks in Catherine (2011), Delsin Rowe in Infamous Second Son (2014), Rhys in Tales

This is a document about Ellie (The Last of Us)
  Ashley Johnson was cast as Ellie in The Last of Us shortly after her auditions; the development team felt that she fit the role, particularly when acting alongside Troy Baker, who portrayed Joel. Johnson made important contributions to Ellie's character development. She convinced Druckmann to give Ellie a more independent personality, and to make her more successful in combat. As Ellie, Johnson's performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology which produced approximately 85% of the game's animations. The remaining audio elements were recorded later in a studio. Johnson was sometimes uncomfortable while performing "disturbing" scenes. However, she was excited to play a rare example of a strong female video game character. For The Last of Us Part II (2020), Johnson considered her own experiences with anxiety, and researched the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with Druckmann. In February 2021, Bella Ramsey was cast as Ellie in HBO's upcoming television adaptation of the video games.

This is a document about Joel (The Last of Us)
  Prince of Persia. PlayStation Official Magazines David Meikleham named Joel and Ellie the best characters in a PlayStation 3 game. Baker's performance received praise. Edge wrote that, alongside Johnson's Ellie, Baker "breathe[s] poignancy into the grace notes of the script". Anthony Severino of PlayStation LifeStyle felt that felt that the performance made him care about the character, while Giancarlo Valdes of VentureBeat lauded Baker for adding "nuance and complexity" to the role. For his role in The Last of Us, Baker won Best Voice Actor at the Spike VGX, and was nominated for Best Performer from The Daily Telegraph, Outstanding Character Performance at the D.I.C.E. Awards and for

This is a document about The Last of Us (TV series)
  lesbian. Ramsey received news of her casting during production on a different project. She said that the show feels "like the biggest thing I have ever done". In the video games, Ellie is played by Ashley Johnson. ; Gabriel Luna as Tommy, Joel's younger brother and a former soldier who maintains idealism in his hope for a better world. About a month after the casting of Pascal and Ramsey, Luna was asked to submit an audition tape; he was accepted the following day. According to Luna, the show's executives instantly knew that he was "the one". Luna was enthusiastic for the role, having lived in Austin, Texas—Joel and Tommy's hometown—around the same time as the game's setting. Luna was given a PlayStation 5 during production to play the games as research. In the video games, Tommy is played by Jeffrey Pierce.

This is a document about Joel (The Last of Us)
  to the scene. He predicted that it might lead to negative reactions, but felt it was necessary to tell the story; he particularly felt that Naughty Dog's notability in the industry gave it the opportunity to take risks that other developers can not. In an earlier version of the scene, Abby stabbed Joel in the back and twisted the knife to paralyze him; however, as knives are more closely associated with Ellie, the team replaced it with a golf club, partly inspired by an incident in Druckmann's youth. In February 2021, Pedro Pascal was cast as Joel in HBO's upcoming television adaptation of the video games.

Troy Baker played Joel in "The Last of Us" (video game) and is set to play him in the upcoming HBO television adaptation.


Question: when was the adventures of tom sawyer first published

Answer: 1876

This is a document about The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
 which is inspired by the book. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is an 1876 novel about a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River. It is set in the 1840s in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, inspired by Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived as a boy. In the novel Tom Sawyer has several adventures, often with his friend, Huck. One such adventure, Tom's whitewashing of a fence, has been adapted into paintings and referenced in other pieces of popular culture. Originally a commercial failure the book ended up being the

This is a document about Tom Sawyer
 Tom Sawyer Thomas Sawyer () is the title character of the Mark Twain novel "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876). He appears in three other novels by Twain: "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1884), "Tom Sawyer Abroad" (1894), and "Tom Sawyer, Detective" (1896). Sawyer also appears in at least three unfinished Twain works, "Huck and Tom Among the Indians", "Schoolhouse Hill" and "Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy". While all three uncompleted works were posthumously published, only "Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy" has a complete plot, as Twain abandoned the other two works after finishing only a few chapters. Tom Sawyer is a boy of about

This is a document about Tom Sawyer, Detective
 Tom Sawyer, Detective Tom Sawyer, Detective is an 1896 novel by Mark Twain. It is a sequel to "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876), "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1884), and "Tom Sawyer Abroad" (1894). Tom Sawyer attempts to solve a mysterious murder in this burlesque of the immensely popular detective novels of the time. Like "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", the story is told using the first-person narrative voice of Huck Finn. In 1909, Danish schoolmaster Valdemar Thoresen claimed, in an article in the magazine "Maaneds", that the plot of the book had been plagiarized from Steen Blicher's story "The Vicar

This is a document about Mark Twain House
 worked on many of his most notable books in this home, including "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876) and "Life on the Mississippi" (1883). The success of "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" inspired him to renovate the house, and he had Louis Comfort Tiffany supervise the interior decoration in 1881. He also was fascinated with new technologies, leading to the installation of an early telephone. Clemens invested heavily in the typesetting machine invented by James W. Paige. He also formed the firm Charles L. Webster & Company which published his writings, along with Ulysses S. Grant's memoirs. Its first publication

This is a document about The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938 film)
 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938 film) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a 1938 American literature adaptation produced by David O. Selznick and directed by Norman Taurog starring Tommy Kelly in the title role, with Jackie Moran and Ann Gillis. The screenplay by John V. A. Weaver was based on the classic 1876 novel of the same name by Mark Twain. The movie was the first film version of the novel to be made in color. It was remade in 1973 as a musical. The United Artists release includes most of the sequences familiar to readers of the book,

This is a document about The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938 film)
 Finn" with a different cast the following year, replacing Jackie Moran with Mickey Rooney. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938 film) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a 1938 American literature adaptation produced by David O. Selznick and directed by Norman Taurog starring Tommy Kelly in the title role, with Jackie Moran and Ann Gillis. The screenplay by John V. A. Weaver was based on the classic 1876 novel of the same name by Mark Twain. The movie was the first film version of the novel to be made in color. It was remade in 1973 as a musical. The

This is a document about The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
 text also quickly published at Chatto and Windus of London, in June 1876, but without illustration. Pirate editions appeared very quickly in Canada and Germany. The American Publishing Company finally published its edition in December 1876, which was the first illustrated edition of Tom Sawyer. These two editions differ slightly. After completing his manuscript, Twain had a copy made of it. It is this copy which was read and annotated by his friend William Dean Howells. Twain then made his own corrections based on Howells comments which he later incorporated in the original manuscript, but some corrections escaped him. The

This is a document about The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is an 1876 novel about a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River. It is set in the 1840s in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, inspired by Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived as a boy. In the novel Tom Sawyer has several adventures, often with his friend, Huck. One such adventure, Tom's whitewashing of a fence, has been adapted into paintings and referenced in other pieces of popular culture. Originally a commercial failure the book ended up being the best selling of any of Twain's

This is a document about Tom Sawyer, Detective
 of Weilby". Blicher's work had been translated into German, but not into English, and Twain's secretary wrote Mr. Thoresen a letter, stating, "Mr. Clemens is not familiar with Danish and does not read German fluently, and has not read the book you mention, nor any translation or adaptation of it that he is aware of. The matter constituting 'Tom Sawyer, Detective,' is original with Mr. Clemens, who has never been consciously a plagiarist." Tom Sawyer, Detective Tom Sawyer, Detective is an 1896 novel by Mark Twain. It is a sequel to "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876), "Adventures of Huckleberry

This is a document about Mark Twain Cave
 region until 1876, when Twain's landmark novel "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" was published. Soon tourists worldwide were making the journey to see the real-life cave that provided the basis for the novel's fictional "MacDougal's Cave", where Tom and Becky Thatcher's lives were endangered by Injun Joe. The first regular tours by paying customers began in 1886 when local farmer John East would charge tourists a dime to see some of the places inside the cave made famous by the novel. At that time the original opening was still being used, but proved impractical for large crowds, so in 1890

This is a document about History of modern literature
 Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, reached the stage. Dostoevsky published "The Raw Youth" (or "The Adolescent"). In 1876 Lewis Carroll published "The Hunting of the Snark". Mark Twain published "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". In 1877 Leo Tolstoy published "Anna Karenina". In 1878 Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta "HMS Pinafore, or, The Lass That Loved a Sailor" was staged. In 1879 Octave Crémazie died. Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta "The Pirates of Penzance", or, "The Slave of Duty" was staged. In 1880 Dostoevsky published "The Brothers Karamazov". Norwegian writer Knut Hamsun published "Hunger". In 1881 Dostoevsky died. Oscar Wilde published his first book

This is a document about Tom Sawyer (1930 film)
 Tom Sawyer (1930 film) Tom Sawyer is a 1930 American pre-Code drama film directed by John Cromwell and starring Jackie Coogan. The screenplay by Grover Jones, William Slavens McNutt, and Sam Mintz is based on the 1876 novel "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" by Mark Twain. The film was the third screen adaptation of the Twain novel, following silent versions released in 1907 and 1917. The picture was made on location at the Paramount Ranch in Agoura, California. The film grossed $11 million and was the top box office attraction of the year, prompting the studio to release "Huckleberry Finn",

This is a document about True Williams
 in which Williams was sole or contributing artist include: True Williams Truman W. "True" Williams (March 22, 1839 – November 23, 1897) was an American artist known as the most prolific illustrator to Mark Twain's books and novels. He illustrated the first edition of "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876) and was thus the first to visually portray such characters as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He was also sole illustrator of Twain's "Sketches, New and Old" and primary illustrator of "Roughing It" and "The Innocents Abroad". Working with a number of publishers he also illustrated works by writers Bill

This is a document about True Williams
 True Williams Truman W. "True" Williams (March 22, 1839 – November 23, 1897) was an American artist known as the most prolific illustrator to Mark Twain's books and novels. He illustrated the first edition of "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876) and was thus the first to visually portray such characters as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He was also sole illustrator of Twain's "Sketches, New and Old" and primary illustrator of "Roughing It" and "The Innocents Abroad". Working with a number of publishers he also illustrated works by writers Bill Nye, George W. Peck, Joaquin Miller, and others. He

This is a document about Mark Twain
 Mark Twain Mark Twain (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), real name Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876) and its sequel, the "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1885), the latter often called "The Great American Novel". Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for "Tom Sawyer" and "Huckleberry Finn". He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter, contributing articles to the newspaper of his older brother Orion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on

This is a document about Simpsons Tall Tales
 "Behind the Laughter", in which Homer is seen watching an episode of "The Simpsons" wherein the family is visiting Delaware. The first segment is based on the mythological lumberjack Paul Bunyan, who carved Babe the Blue ox out of the Blue Mountains. The second segment shows Lisa as Connie Appleseed, a female version of the American pioneer nurseryman Johnny Appleseed who introduced apple trees to large parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. "Tom and Huck" features Bart as Tom Sawyer and Nelson as Huckleberry Finn, both of whom are characters in Mark Twain's 1876 novel "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer".

This is a document about Alan Gribben
 Alan Gribben Alan Gribben is a professor of English at Auburn University at Montgomery in Alabama and a Mark Twain scholar. He was distinguished research professor from 1998 to 2001 and the Dr. Guinevera A. Nance Alumni Professor from 2006 to 2009. He engendered widespread controversy in 2011 when he announced the publication of expurgated versions of Twain's works. Gribben published a new combined edition of Twain's "Tom Sawyer" (1876) and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1884) with NewSouth Books in February 2011. This edition replaces the word "nigger" (which occurs 219 times in the original "Huckleberry Finn" novel) with "slave",

This is a document about Toby Tyler; or, Ten Weeks with a Circus
 drawings by W. A. Rogers (1854-1931). A sequel, "Mr. Stubb’s Brother", was published in 1883. "Toby Tyler" is a "bad boy" novel, meant to teach a lesson what happens to boys who do bad things; other examples include George W. Peck's "Peck's Bad Boy" (1883), Thomas Bailey Aldrich's "The Story of a Bad Boy" (1870), and Mark Twain's "Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876). As with Mark Twain's "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1884), also about a conscience-stricken escaped and wandering orphan boy (written following the success of "Toby Tyler"), most readers don't remember "Toby Tyler" for its wholesome message, but as

This is a document about Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
  read a book by the name of 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer'; but that ain't no matter." The revisions also show how Twain reworked his material to strengthen the characters of Huck and Jim, as well as his sensitivity to the then-current debate over literacy and voting. A later version was the first typewritten manuscript delivered to a printer. Demand for the book spread outside of the United States. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was eventually published on December 10, 1884, in Canada and the United Kingdom, and on February 18, 1885, in the United States. The illustration on page 283 became a point of issue after an engraver,

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was first published in 1876.


Question: who played mad hatter in once upon a time

Answer: Sebastian Stan

This is a document about Sebastian Stan
 Sebastian Stan Sebastian Stan (born 13 August 1982) is a Romanian American actor. On television, he has played Carter Baizen in "Gossip Girl", Prince Jack Benjamin in "Kings", Jefferson in "Once Upon a Time", and T.J. Hammond in "Political Animals". The latter earned him a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries. Stan gained wide recognition for his role as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, beginning with 2011's "" and later also in "" (2014), "Ant-Man" (2015), "" (2016), "Black Panther" (2018) and in "" (2018). In 2015,

This is a document about The Doctor (Once Upon a Time)
 Regina (Lana Parrilla) everything she needs to know about magic. It is not as easy as it seems, especially after she struggles to take the heart out of a unicorn. She protests over doing this, but he tells Regina, “Nothing is innocent,” before taking the unicorn's heart out himself. He also tells her not even magic will bring her fiancé Daniel (Noah Bean) back to life. The Mad Hatter/Jefferson (Sebastian Stan) later arrives to overhear the two and shows off a crystal ball that Rumplestiltskin has requested. Rumplestiltskin, however, had told the Mad Hatter that he actually needs “the slippers”

This is a document about Hat Trick (Once Upon a Time)
 Hat Trick (Once Upon a Time) "Hat Trick" is the 17th episode of the American fairy tale/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", which aired in the United States on ABC on March 25, 2012. The series takes place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine, in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales that were transported to the "real world" town by a powerful curse. This episode centers on Jefferson (Sebastian Stan) and his fairytale counterpart, the Mad Hatter. It was co-written by David H. Goodman and Vladimir Cvetko, while Ralph Hemecker directed the episode.

This is a document about Belle (Once Upon a Time)
 up on a locked up Belle, who appears absolutely miserable. As the Dark Curse nears its end with the Savior beginning to believe in magic, things start to fall apart for Regina. This includes her alliance with Jefferson, the Mad Hatter (Sebastian Stan), whom she refuses to hold up her end of a deal with after he procured her the poisoned apple she once used on Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin). Wanting to hurt Regina, Jefferson breaks Belle out of her cell and instructs that she seek out Mr. Gold, insisting that he will protect her. Belle does so, shocking Gold

This is a document about Once Upon a Time (season 2)
 potential to become recurring. "Caprica" actor John Pyper-Ferguson guest starred in "Welcome to Storybrooke" as Kurt Flynn, a widower who longs to aid his son after experiencing the loss of his mother. Season one co-star Jamie Dornan also reprised his role as Sheriff Graham Humbert in the episode. Since the first season, "Kings" actor Sebastian Stan had portrayed Jefferson/The Mad Hatter in a recurring role; he has since departed from the show with obligations to the Broadway play "Picnic" and the feature film "". It was reported that ABC was set to recast the role with the potential for a

This is a document about Lady of the Lake (Once Upon a Time)
 the heroines depart, Cora reappears with a potion bottle and fills it with the ashes of the wardrobe. The potion bottle glows red- there was still a little magic left in the wardrobe. As Prince Charming/David attempts to find a way to use the hat to bring back Snow White/Mary Margaret and Emma, Henry (Jared S. Gilmore) insists on helping, but Charming, who says that he'll find magic, wants Henry to concentrate on going to school while he takes care of this situation. Henry, as usual, does the opposite and goes to see the Mad Hatter/Jefferson (Sebastian Stan). When Henry

This is a document about Parallel universes in fiction
 the importance of a character's presence. "Once Upon a Time" often talks about alternative realms or universes in which all different forms of magic, and non-magic may occur, depending on the realm. According to the Mad Hatter (Sebastian Stan), they "touch each other in a long line of lands, each just as real as the last." He referred to our world's tendency to deny such things as arrogant. In the season 1 finale of "The Flash", the Reverse-Flash opens a singularity that connects his world to a parallel universe called Earth-2. In the second season, The Flash starts facing villains

This is a document about The Doctor (Once Upon a Time)
 was persuaded to take the part of Dr. Whale after discovering his counterpart would be Dr. Frankenstein, though it took the series a year to reveal Whale's fairytale counterpart. Anders drew inspiration from Gene Wilder and the film "Young Frankenstein". This episode marks the final appearance by actor Sebastian Stan as the Mad Hatter/Jefferson. He departed the series due to his obligations to the Broadway play "Picnic" and the Marvel feature film "". For the second week in a row (in spite of fears that Hurricane Sandy would affect the Eastern United States, which would've caused ABC affiliates to preempt

This is a document about Once Upon a Time in Wonderland
 focusing on Lewis Carroll's Wonderland. It was initially reported that the show would recast Sebastian Stan's Mad Hatter due to his commitment to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, but Edward Kitsis later revealed the next month that due to fan backlash and respect for Stan's performance, the character would not be recast and the series would proceed without the character. The show will include new characters, such as "Amahl, described as exotic, soulful and optimistic; and The Knave, a sardonic adventurer, a man of action, a loner and a heart-breaker." On March 28, 2013, it was announced that Sophie Lowe would

This is a document about Sebastian Stan
  on the Marvel Comics character. Although it was his first film in the franchise, it was not part of the nine-picture contract he has with Marvel Studios. Stan later said that about a month after the film was released, he struggled with paying rent.  In 2012, he starred in the thriller Gone, the supernatural horror film The Apparition, and began a recurring role in Once Upon a Time as the Mad Hatter. The A.V. Club described his work in "Hat Trick", his premiere episode, as "excellent" and placed the episode in their list of the 30 best episodes of 2012 from the series that did not make their top

This is a document about Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
  has been portrayed in film by Norman Whitten, Edward Everett Horton, Sir Robert Helpmann, Martin Short, Peter Cook, Anthony Newley, Ed Wynn, Andrew-Lee Potts, and Johnny Depp. In music videos, the Hatter has been portrayed by Tom Petty, Dero Goi, and Steven Tyler. He has also been portrayed on stage by Nikki Snelson and Katherine Shindle, and on television by John Robert Hoffman, Pip Donaghy and Sebastian Stan. In ballet adaptations, Steven McRae also portrayed him as a mad 'Tapper'. In March 2019, Chelsy Meiss became the first female soloist to play the Mad Hatter for the National Ballet of Canada.

This is a document about Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
  has been in the episodes "Insane in the Mainframe" and "Follow the Reader" as well as the film Futurama: Bender's Game. ; In Syfy's Alice, the Hatter (Andrew-Lee Potts) is portrayed as a smuggler who starts off working as a double agent for the Queen of Hearts and the Wonderland Resistance in the story; over the course of the story, he begins to side more and more with the Resistance, and ends up falling in love with Alice as he helps her along the way. ; In Once Upon a Time, the Mad Hatter is presented as possessing the unique ability to

This is a document about We Are Both
  the Mad Hatter/Jefferson's (Sebastian Stan) hat and how to get Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) and Snow White/Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) back, but Regina pretends she doesn't know how and says she is more concerned about Henry (Jared S. Gilmore). When Charming asks the Blue Fairy/Mother Superior (Keegan Connor Tracy) if there is any way that can send them back, she tells him that there is no fairy dust to make it work. At that moment, the dwarves return and explain what happened to Sneezy after he crossed the city limits, causing the displaced characters to panic. Charming tells the citizens to meet back

This is a document about Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)
 Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh ; Anne Hathaway as Mirana / White Queen ; Amelia Crouch as Young Mirana ; Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp / Mad Hatter ; Louis Ashbourne Serkis as Young Tarrant Hightopp ; Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth / Red Queen ; Leilah de Meza as Young Iracebeth ; Sacha Baron Cohen as Time, a powerful Father Time-godlike human/clockwork hybrid who speaks in a German accent and rules over all of time "himself" in Wonderland using the Chronosphere in his castle. ; Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot, now "Lord Ascot" following his father's death. ; Matt Lucas as Tweedledee / Tweedledum ; Rhys Ifans as Zanik Hightopp, the Mad Hatter's father. ; Lindsay Duncan as Helen Kingsleigh, Alice's mother. ; Geraldine James

This is a document about Batman: The Long Halloween (film)
 Laila Berzins as Sofia Falcone ; Alyssa Diaz as Renee Montoya ; John DiMaggio as Jervis Tetch / Mad Hatter ; Robin Atkin Downes as Dr. Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow, Thomas Wayne ; Katee Sackhoff as Dr. Pamela Isley / Poison Ivy ; Rick D. Wasserman as Bodyguard

This is a document about Look into My Eyes (Gotham)
  On June 2016, it was revealed that the Mad Hatter would be appearing in the third season. On July 18, The Walking Deads vet Benedict Samuel was cast in the role, with the role described as "a talented hypnotist teetering on the edge of madness. He arrives in Gotham with an unwavering desire to find his sister, Alice, a young woman who went missing in the city years ago." On August 23, 2016, Naian Gonzalez Norvind was cast as his sister, Alice, with her role being described as "she has a powerful ability she was born with, that she thinks is a curse and Jervis Tetch aka Mad Hatter, thinks is a gift." Chris Chalk and Maggie Geha don't appear in the episode as their respective characters. In September 2016, it was announced that the guest cast for the episode would include Jamie Chung as Valerie Vale, Naian Gonzalez Norvind as Alice Tetch, Richard Kind as Aubrey James, James Carpinello as Mario Falcone, and John Doman as Carmine Falcone.

This is a document about Mad Hatter (DC Comics)
  stumble on the operation. After Ecco subdues Gordon, Jeremiah Valeska tasks Tetch with hypnotizing Gordon and Thompkins into reenacting Thomas and Martha Wayne's murder, but Selina Kyle prevents their deaths. ; An original incarnation of the Mad Hatter named Liam Crandle appears in the third season of the Arrowverse series Batwoman, portrayed by Amitai Marmorstein. This version is a mentally ill teenager who is a fan of Beth Kane / Alice, seeing her as a victim of society. After buying Jervis Tetch's hat online, he holds Mary Hamilton's graduation ceremony hostage. However, his plans are foiled by the combined efforts of Batwoman, Batwing, and Alice. Crandle is later incarcerated while Tetch's hat is confiscated.

This is a document about Tim Burton
  Other production work took place in London. The film was originally to be released in 2009, but was pushed to March 5, 2010. The film starred Johnny Depp as the Mad Hatter; Matt Lucas as both Tweedledee and Tweedledum; Helena Bonham Carter as the Red Queen; Stephen Fry as the Cheshire Cat; Anne Hathaway as the White Queen; Alan Rickman as Absolem the Caterpillar; Michael Sheen as McTwisp the White Rabbit; and Crispin Glover as the Knave of Hearts, with his face and voice added onto a CGI body. Burton produced the film's sequel, Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016). Dark Shadows once again saw the collaboration of Burton

This is a document about Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)
  In July 2013, it was announced that Johnny Depp would return as the Hatter, with Mia Wasikowska's return confirmed the following November. In January 2014, Sacha Baron Cohen joined the cast to play Time. In May 2014, Rhys Ifans joined the cast to play Zanik Hightopp, the Mad Hatter's father. In developing the character of "Time", Bobin sought to avoid creating a "straight-up bad guy", noting that it would be "a bit dull", and also that the role in that universe already existed in the form of The Red Queen. Instead, Bobin sought to make Time a "Twit", further explaining that "There's no one better at playing the confident idiot trope than Sacha Baron Cohen", and adding that "it was very much with Sacha in mind". Additionally, Toby Jones and John Sessions were originally announced to voice Wilkins and Humpty Dumpty in the film, the roles were eventually given to Matt Vogel and Wally Wingert.

This is a document about Hat Trick (Once Upon a Time)
  "Hat Trick" is the 17th episode of the American fairy tale/drama television series Once Upon a Time, which aired in the United States on ABC on March 25, 2012. The series takes place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine, in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales that were transported to the "real world" town by a powerful curse. This episode centers on Jefferson (Sebastian Stan) and his fairytale counterpart, the Mad Hatter. It was co-written by David H. Goodman and Vladimir Cvetko, while Ralph Hemecker directed the episode.

Sebastian Stan played the Mad Hatter in "Once Upon a Time."


Question: who developed most of our current understanding of planetary motion

Answer: Johannes Kepler

This is a document about Orbit
 more accurately measured, theoretical mechanisms such as deferent and epicycles were added. Although the model was capable of reasonably accurately predicting the planets' positions in the sky, more and more epicycles were required as the measurements became more accurate, hence the model became increasingly unwieldy. Originally geocentric it was modified by Copernicus to place the sun at the centre to help simplify the model. The model was further challenged during the 16th century, as comets were observed traversing the spheres. The basis for the modern understanding of orbits was first formulated by Johannes Kepler whose results are summarised in his

This is a document about Celestial mechanics
 planetary positions, using geometrical or arithmetical techniques, and contemporary discussions of the physical causes of the planets' motion. Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) was the first to closely integrate the predictive geometrical astronomy, which had been dominant from Ptolemy in the 2nd century to Copernicus, with physical concepts to produce a "New Astronomy, Based upon Causes, or Celestial Physics" in 1609. His work led to the modern laws of planetary orbits, which he developed using his physical principles and the planetary observations made by Tycho Brahe. Kepler's model greatly improved the accuracy of predictions of planetary motion, years before Isaac Newton developed

This is a document about Newton's theorem of revolving orbits
 the best astronomical observations of his era. To explain the epicycles, Ptolemy adopted the geocentric cosmology of Aristotle, according to which planets were confined to concentric rotating spheres. This model of the universe was authoritative for nearly 1500 years. The modern understanding of planetary motion arose from the combined efforts of astronomer Tycho Brahe and physicist Johannes Kepler in the 16th century. Tycho is credited with extremely accurate measurements of planetary motions, from which Kepler was able to derive his laws of planetary motion. According to these laws, planets move on ellipses (not epicycles) about the Sun (not the Earth).

This is a document about Kepler's laws of planetary motion
 Kepler's laws of planetary motion In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun. Most planetary orbits are nearly circular, and careful observation and calculation are required in order to establish that they are not perfectly circular. Calculations of the orbit of Mars, whose published values are somewhat suspect, indicated an elliptical orbit. From this, Johannes Kepler inferred that other bodies in the Solar System, including those farther away from the Sun, also have elliptical orbits. Kepler's work (published between 1609 and 1619) improved the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus,

This is a document about Kepler's laws of planetary motion
 "θ" by Kepler's first law: Using the relation above between "θ" and "E" the final equation for the distance "r" is: Kepler's laws of planetary motion In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun. Most planetary orbits are nearly circular, and careful observation and calculation are required in order to establish that they are not perfectly circular. Calculations of the orbit of Mars, whose published values are somewhat suspect, indicated an elliptical orbit. From this, Johannes Kepler inferred that other bodies in the Solar System, including those farther away

This is a document about Planetary system
 BC by Aristarchus of Samos, but received no support from most other ancient astronomers. "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" by Nicolaus Copernicus, published in 1543, was the first mathematically predictive heliocentric model of a planetary system. 17th-century successors Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton developed an understanding of physics which led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that the Earth moves round the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that governed the Earth. In the 16th century the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, an early supporter of the Copernican theory that the Earth and

This is a document about History of mathematics
 in orbit about that planet, using a telescope based on a toy imported from Holland. Tycho Brahe had gathered an enormous quantity of mathematical data describing the positions of the planets in the sky. By his position as Brahe's assistant, Johannes Kepler was first exposed to and seriously interacted with the topic of planetary motion. Kepler's calculations were made simpler by the contemporaneous invention of logarithms by John Napier and Jost Bürgi. Kepler succeeded in formulating mathematical laws of planetary motion. The analytic geometry developed by René Descartes (1596–1650) allowed those orbits to be plotted on a graph, in Cartesian

This is a document about Deferent and epicycle
 of Jupiter on January 7, 1610, and the phases of Venus in September 1610 that the heliocentric model began to receive broad support among astronomers, who also came to accept the notion that the planets are individual worlds orbiting the Sun (that is, that the Earth is a planet and is one among several). Johannes Kepler was able to formulate his three laws of planetary motion, which described the orbits of the planets in our solar system to a remarkable degree of accuracy; Kepler's three laws are still taught today in university physics and astronomy classes, and the wording of

This is a document about Mass
 observations of the planet Mars, Kepler spent the next five years developing his own method for characterizing planetary motion. In 1609, Johannes Kepler published his three laws of planetary motion, explaining how the planets orbit the Sun. In Kepler's final planetary model, he described planetary orbits as following elliptical paths with the Sun at a focal point of the ellipse. Kepler discovered that the square of the orbital period of each planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit, or equivalently, that the ratio of these two values is constant for all planets in

This is a document about Pythagoras
 of Aristarchus of Samos, a non-Pythagorean astronomer who had developed a fully heliocentric model in the fourth century BC, in effort to portray his model as fundamentally Pythagorean. Johannes Kepler considered himself to be a Pythagorean. He believed in the Pythagorean doctrine of "musica universalis" and it was his search for the mathematical equations behind this doctrine that led to his discovery of the laws of planetary motion. Kepler titled his book on the subject "Harmonices Mundi" ("Harmonics of the World"), after the Pythagorean teaching that had inspired him. Near the conclusion of the book, Kepler describes himself falling asleep

This is a document about Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
   For many thousands of years, astronomers maintained a geocentric world view and did not recognize the existence of the Solar System. Most believed Earth was stationary at the center of the Universe and categorically different from the divine or ethereal objects that moved through the sky. Although the Greek philosopher Aristarchus of Samos had speculated on a heliocentric reordering of the cosmos, Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century developed a mathematically predictive heliocentric system. His 17th-century successors Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton, developed a modern understanding of physics that led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that Earth moves around the Sun and that

This is a document about VSOP (planets)
  Predicting the position of the planets in the sky was already performed in ancient times. Careful observations and geometrical calculations produced a model of the motion of the Solar System known as the Ptolemaic system, which was based on an Earth-centered system. The parameters of this theory were improved during the Middle Ages by Indian and Islamic astronomers. The work of Tycho Brahe, Kepler, and Isaac Newton in early modern Europe laid a foundation for a modern heliocentric system. Future planetary positions continued to be predicted by extrapolating past observed positions as late as the 1740 tables of Jacques Cassini. The problem is that, for example, the Earth is not only gravitationally attracted by the Sun, which would result in a stable and easily predicted

This is a document about Planetary system
  De revolutionibus orbium coelestium by Nicolaus Copernicus, published in 1543, presented the first mathematically predictive heliocentric model of a planetary system. 17th-century successors Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Sir Isaac Newton developed an understanding of physics which led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that Earth moves around the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that governed Earth.

This is a document about Babylonia
  character; how much earlier their advanced knowledge and methods were developed is uncertain. The Babylonian development of methods for predicting the motions of the planets is considered to be a major episode in the history of astronomy. The only Babylonian astronomer known to have supported a heliocentric model of planetary motion was Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BC). Seleucus is known from the writings of Plutarch. He supported the heliocentric theory where the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun. According to Plutarch, Seleucus even proved the heliocentric system, but it is not known what arguments he used.

This is a document about Axial precession
  motion of the Sun along the ecliptic. Historically, the discovery of the precession of the equinoxes is usually attributed in the West to the 2nd-century-BC astronomer Hipparchus. With improvements in the ability to calculate the gravitational force between planets during the first half of the nineteenth century, it was recognized that the ecliptic itself moved slightly, which was named planetary precession, as early as 1863, while the dominant component was named lunisolar precession. Their combination was named general precession, instead of precession of the equinoxes. Lunisolar precession is caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun on Earth's equatorial bulge, causing Earth's axis to move with respect to inertial space. Planetary precession (an advance) is due to the

This is a document about History of Mars observation
  The history of Mars observation is about the recorded history of observation of the planet Mars. Some of the early records of Mars' observation date back to the era of the ancient Egyptian astronomers in the 2nd millennium BCE. Chinese records about the motions of Mars appeared before the founding of the Zhou Dynasty (1045 BCE). Detailed observations of the position of Mars were made by Babylonian astronomers who developed arithmetic techniques to predict the future position of the planet. The ancient Greek philosophers and Hellenistic astronomers developed a geocentric model to explain the planet's motions. Measurements of Mars' angular diameter can be found in ancient Greek and Indian texts. In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric

This is a document about Kepler orbit
  From ancient times until the 16th and 17th centuries, the motions of the planets were believed to follow perfectly circular geocentric paths as taught by the ancient Greek philosophers Aristotle and Ptolemy. Variations in the motions of the planets were explained by smaller circular paths overlaid on the larger path (see epicycle). As measurements of the planets became increasingly accurate, revisions to the theory were proposed. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published a heliocentric model of the Solar System, although he still believed that the planets traveled in perfectly circular paths centered on the Sun.

This is a document about Mass
  In 1600 AD, Johannes Kepler sought employment with Tycho Brahe, who had some of the most precise astronomical data available. Using Brahe's precise observations of the planet Mars, Kepler spent the next five years developing his own method for characterizing planetary motion. In 1609, Johannes Kepler published his three laws of planetary motion, explaining how the planets orbit the Sun. In Kepler's final planetary model, he described planetary orbits as following elliptical paths with the Sun at a focal point of the ellipse. Kepler discovered that the square of the orbital period of each planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit, or equivalently, that the ratio of these

This is a document about Scientific Revolution
  astronomical theories sought to explain the observed irregular motion of celestial objects through the combined effects of multiple uniform circular motions. ; The Ptolemaic model of planetary motion: based on the geometrical model of Eudoxus of Cnidus, Ptolemy's Almagest, demonstrated that calculations could compute the exact positions of the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets in the future and in the past, and showed how these computational models were derived from astronomical observations. As such they formed the model for later astronomical developments. The physical basis for Ptolemaic models invoked layers of spherical shells, though the most complex models were inconsistent with this physical

This is a document about A Brief History of Time
  and made a planetary model that described Aristotle's thinking in more detail. Today, it is known that the opposite is true: the Earth goes around the Sun. The Aristotelian and Ptolemaic ideas about the position of the stars and Sun were overturned by a series of discoveries in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The first person to present a detailed argument that the Earth revolves around the Sun was the Polish priest Nicholas Copernicus, in 1514. Nearly a century later, Galileo Galilei, an Italian scientist, and Johannes Kepler, a German scientist, studied how the moons of some planets moved in the sky, and used their observations

Johannes Kepler developed most of our current understanding of planetary motion with his laws of planetary motion, which he published in the 17th century. These laws were based on the observations of Tycho Brahe and improved upon the earlier geocentric model of the universe.