Question: who is the writer of this is us

Answer: Jas Waters

This is a document about This Is Us (TV series)
 Is Us" due to the high volume of viewers it has previously attracted with shows such as "The Voice" and the Summer Olympics. Fogelman intentionally recruited behind-the-scenes talent that would reflect the diversity of his cast, with the goal of bringing greater authenticity to the dialog and storylines. These include black directors Regina King and George Tillman, Jr. and black female writers Kay Oyegun and Jas Waters (part of a 30% black core writing staff that far outpaces the industry standard of 5%). In addition, Fogelman's sister Deborah, whose struggles with weight were one of the initial inspirations for the

This is a document about This Is Us
  This Is Us is an American drama television series, that premiered on NBC on September 20, 2016. The series follows the lives and families of two parents, and their three children, in several different time frames. It stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, Ron Cephas Jones, Jon Huertas, Caitlin Thompson, Alexandra Breckenridge, Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Lonnie Chavis, Eris Baker and Faithe Herman. This Is Us is filmed in Los Angeles. The series has been nominated for Best Television Series – Drama at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 7th Critics' Choice Awards, as well as being chosen as a Top Television Program by the American Film Institute. Sterling K. Brown has received an

This is a document about List of This Is Us episodes
  This Is Us is an American television series created by Dan Fogelman for NBC. It follows the lives and families of two parents and their three children born on the same day as their father's birthday. The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, and Ron Cephas Jones. Jon Huertas, Alexandra Breckenridge, Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Eris Baker, Faithe Herman, Lonnie Chavis, Melanie Liburd, and Lyric Ross joined the principal cast in later seasons. The series premiered on September 20, 2016. The fifth season premiered on October 27, 2020. In May 2019, NBC renewed the series through a sixth and final season.

This is a document about Bekah Brunstetter
  Brunstetter also joined the NBC series This Is Us, first as a staff writer, then story editor, before becoming a supervising producer; her job entails auditioning actors and rewriting scripts. She was nominated along with fellow producers for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 2017 and 2018. Her personal childhood bullying experience inspired a "heartbreaking" scene in This Is Us in which an overweight young girl is excluded from playing with the other girls. The show debuted in 2016, and received the highest ratings among new shows on American broadcast television in its first season.

This is a document about Finest Hour (quartet)
 This Is Us – (2016)

This is a document about This Is Us (season 1)
  The first season of the American television series This Is Us follows the lives and families of two parents and their three children born on the same day as their father's birthday. The season is produced by Rhode Island Ave. Productions, Zaftig Films, and 20th Century Fox Television, with Fogelman and Don Todd serving as showrunners. The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, and Ron Cephas Jones. The season, which premiered on NBC on September 20, 2016, and ran until March 14, 2017, over 18 episodes, received generally positive reviews from critics. It was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten television programs of 2016, and received ten nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, as well as receiving nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama and the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series. The series was renewed for a second and third season on January 18, 2017.

This is a document about List of This Is Us characters
  This Is Us is an American television series created by Dan Fogelman that premiered on NBC on September 20, 2016. The ensemble cast stars Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, and Ron Cephas Jones.

This is a document about This Is Us
  This is Us originally began as an 80-page movie script that Dan Fogelman was developing while working for ABC Studios in the spring of 2015. The story line, which Fogelman admitted to not having a definite direction, revolved around the lives of eight adults who, as it would be revealed, were octuplets. After moving to an eight-figure deal with 20th Century Fox Television, Fogelman made the decision to develop a television series from the characters of his original script, cutting a few characters and shortening the script to 45 pages before bringing it to the studio. Jennifer Salke, president at NBC, commented on the conception of a title for the series, saying "The title didn't

This is a document about This Is Us (season 3)
  The third season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods. The season is produced by Rhode Island Ave. Productions, Zaftig Films, and 20th Century Fox Television, with Dan Fogelman, Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners. A third season was ordered, alongside a second season, in January 2017, with production for season three beginning in July 2018. The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, Jon Huertas, Melanie Liburd, Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Eris Baker, Faithe Herman, Lonnie Chavis, and Lyric Ross. The third season premiered on September 25, 2018 and concluded on April 2, 2019. The season consisted of 18 episodes.

This is a document about This Is Us (season 1)
  Us, reminding us once more that amid all the high-functioning detectives, emergency-rescue personnel and secret-agent superheroes covered in cryptic tattoos, there are very few network dramas aimed at viewers who are simply interested in everyday people and how they feel." Pittsburgh Post-Gazettes TV critic Rob Owen wrote, "Created and written by Dan Fogelman, This is Us manages the tricky task of telling emotional stories without getting too saccharine. And in each story, the characters are quite relatable." James Poniewozik of The New York Times also gave the series positive reviews and said, "The first hour works its way efficiently through an economy-size box of tissues with cleverly turned dialogue and

This is a document about Kay Oyegun
  Kay Oyegun is an American writer, producer, and director. She is known for her writing for This Is Us, of which she also produced and directed several episodes, and her writing for Queen Sugar. She is Nigerian  She made her This Is Us directorial debut in the "Birth Mother" episode which aired on January 12, 2021. Oyegun wrote the original script for Assisted Living, an upcoming Paramount movie which will mark Cardi B's debut in a leading movie role. Oyegun has a bachelor's degree in Journalism from the University of Pittsburgh and an MFA in Producing from USC.

This is a document about Dudley Randall
  In the third episode ("Kyle") of the NBC television drama This is Us, one of the main characters is renamed "Randall" in explicit tribute to Dudley Randall (who is referred to as the favorite poet of Kyle/Randall's biological father). While the specific tenor of Randall's work is not discussed onscreen, his characteristic themes of black identity are relevant to the character's identity as a black child with white adoptive parents. A copy of Randall's Poem, Counterpoem (actually written together with co-author Margaret Danner) becomes a plot point, and is glimpsed in this and other episodes. A line attributed to the collection, but actually from Randall's poem "Splendid Against the Night", is quoted by two characters in the seventh episode ("The Best Washing Machine in the World").

This is a document about This Is Us (season 2)
  The second season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods. The season was produced by Rhode Island Ave. Productions, Zaftig Films, and 20th Century Fox Television, with Dan Fogelman, Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners. A second and third season of This Is Us were ordered in January 2017, with production for season two beginning that July. The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, Ron Cephas Jones, Jon Huertas, Alexandra Breckenridge, Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Eris Baker, Faithe Herman, and Lonnie Chavis. The second season, consisting of 18 episodes, aired from September 26, 2017, to March 13, 2018, on NBC. This Is Us served as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LII in February 2018 with the second season's fourteenth episode.

This is a document about This Is Us (season 1)
  that Braverman-sized hole in your heart." TV Guide placed This Is Us at ninth among the top ten picks for the most anticipated new shows of the 2016–2017 season and called it, "a well-acted drama about love, life and family." Writing for The Star-Ledger, Vicki Hyman lauded the series and said, "This Is Us (from Crazy, Stupid, Love screenwriter Dan Fogelman) methodically weaves four seemingly disparate stories into a believable and emotional whole through tiny telling details, relateable moments, and conversations and confrontations that are funny, tender or painful, or all three at once." Entertainment Weeklys Jeff Jensen wrote, "A 21st century thirtysomething for a TV generation that likes a

This is a document about This Is Us (season 4)
  The fourth season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods. The season is produced by Rhode Island Ave. Productions, Zaftig Films, and 20th Century Fox Television, with Dan Fogelman, Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners. The series was renewed for a fourth, fifth, and sixth season in May 2019, with production for season four beginning that July. The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, Jon Huertas, Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Eris Baker, Faithe Herman, Lonnie Chavis, Lyric Ross, Asante Blackk and Griffin Dunne. The fourth season premiered on September 24, 2019 and concluded on March 24, 2020. The season consisted of 18 episodes. This was the first season not to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.

This is a document about Conversations in the Dark
  The release of the single coincided with Legend's guest appearance on the award-winning NBC family comedy drama television series, This Is Us, where the song featured. The song was written by Legend, Gregg Wattenberg, Jesse Fink, Kellen Pomeranz, Chance Peña and was produced by Gregg Wattenberg and Pom Pom.

This is a document about This Is Us (season 5)
  The fifth season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods. The season is produced by Rhode Island Ave. Productions, Zaftig Films, and 20th Television, with Dan Fogelman, Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners. The series was renewed for a fourth, fifth, and sixth season in May 2019. The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, Jon Huertas, Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Eris Baker, Faithe Herman, Lonnie Chavis, Lyric Ross, Asante Blackk and Griffin Dunne. Season five started on October 27, 2020 with a two-hour premiere episode airing on NBC.

This is a document about 2011 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
  This Is Our Year is a 2011 book by journalist Declan Bogue. The book examines the 2011 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship from the perspectives of ten Gaelic footballers from Ulster. The book achieved notoriety after Donegal footballer Kevin Cassidy was dropped from the team squad by manager Jim McGuinness over his contributions. He released a statement in November 2011 saying it "appears my inter-county career is over".

This is a document about This Is America (song)
  "This Is America" is a song by American rapper Donald Glover, under his musical stage name Childish Gambino. Written by Glover, Ludwig Göransson, and Jeffery Lamar Williams, and produced by Glover and Göransson, it was released on May 5, 2018, at the same time that Gambino was hosting an episode of Saturday Night Live. The song features background vocals by American rappers Young Thug (who also has writing credit as Williams), Slim Jxmmi of Rae Sremmurd, BlocBoy JB, Quavo of Migos, and 21 Savage. The song addresses the wider issue of gun violence in the United States, the high rate of mass shootings in the United States, along with other social issues that are presumed to be aftereffects of historically prevalent systemic

This is a document about Nate James
 "We Are" (2010)

Dan Fogelman is the creator and writer of "This Is Us" television series. However, Bekah Brunstetter has been a staff writer, story editor, and supervising producer for the show, and she has also written episodes.


Question: who is the head of the government in france

Answer: Prime Minister

This is a document about Prime Minister of France
 The 1958 Constitution includes several provisions intended to strengthen the prime minister's position, for instance by restricting the legislature's power to vote censure. The current prime minister is Édouard Philippe, who was appointed on 15 May 2017. Prime Minister of France The French Prime Minister () in the Fifth Republic is the head of government. During the Third and Fourth Republics, the head of government position was called President of the Council of Ministers (), generally shortened to President of the Council (). The Prime Minister proposes a list of ministers to the President of the Republic. Decrees and decisions

This is a document about Head of government
 other basic laws) of the particular state. In semi-presidential systems, the head of government may answer to both the head of state and the legislature, with the specifics provided by each country's constitution. A modern example is the present French government, which originated as the French Fifth Republic in 1958. In France, the president, the head of state, appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government. However, the president must choose someone who can act effectively as an executive, but who also enjoys the support of the France's legislature, the National Assembly, in order to be able to

This is a document about Government of France
 launch an armed operation with a duration of longer than four months, it must first consult parliament and request an authorisation. The Prime Minister may convene parliament for extraordinary sessions, or add additional sitting days to the legislative calendar. The names of ministries change often in France. This is a list of current ministries: Government of France The Government of the French Republic () exercises executive power in France. It is composed of the Prime Minister, who is the head of government, and both junior and senior ministers. Senior ministers are titled as Ministers (), whereas junior ministers are titled

This is a document about Government of France
 Government of France The Government of the French Republic () exercises executive power in France. It is composed of the Prime Minister, who is the head of government, and both junior and senior ministers. Senior ministers are titled as Ministers (), whereas junior ministers are titled as Secretaries of State (). A smaller and more powerful executive body, called the Council of Ministers (), is composed only of the senior ministers, though some Secretaries of State may attend Council meetings. The Council of Ministers is chaired by the President of the Republic, unlike the government, but is still led by

This is a document about Republic
 India. These states are parliamentary republics and operate similarly to constitutional monarchies with parliamentary systems where the power of the monarch is also greatly circumscribed. In parliamentary systems the head of government, most often titled prime minister, exercises the most real political power. Semi-presidential systems have a president as an active head of state, but also have a head of government with important powers. The rules for appointing the president and the leader of the government, in some republics permit the appointment of a president and a prime minister who have opposing political convictions: in France, when the members of

This is a document about Cohabitation (government)
 a semi-presidential systems. In a true parliamentary system, the head of state, whether president or constitutional monarch, has an obligation to choose as prime minister a person who commands the "confidence" of parliament, that is, the support of the majority of its members as head of government, or at least not their open opposition, which would lead to a motion of no confidence, which if successful generally requires the dissolution of parliament and new elections. As seen above, the theory of cohabitation is no longer limited to France. There are not many countries where the constitutional structure exists in which

This is a document about Cazeneuve government
 following day. Bernard Cazeneuve, former Minister of the Interior, was appointed head of a new government which resumed almost entirely the composition of the preceding one. Cazeneuve government The Cazeneuve government was the thirty-ninth Government of France. It was led by Bernard Cazeneuve who was appointed Prime Minister of France on 6 December 2016. It consisted of 15 ministers from the Socialist Party (PS), two from the Radical Party of the Left (PRG) and one from Ecologist Party (E!). Ahead of 2017 presidential election, incumbent president François Hollande announced he would not run for a second presidential term after which

This is a document about Government of France
 the Prime Minister, who was officially titled as the President of the Council of Ministers () during the Third and Fourth Republics. All members of the French government are appointed by the President of the Republic on the advice of the Prime Minister. Members of the government are ranked in a precise order, which is established at the time of government formation. In this hierarchy, the Prime Minister is the head of government. He is appointed by the President of the Republic. Whilst the President is constitutionally free to appoint whomever he likes, in practice he must nominate a candidate

This is a document about French Guiana
 forms part of the European Union – the largest landmass for an area outside of Europe (since Greenland left the European Community in 1985), with one of the longest EU external boundaries. It is one of only three European Union territories outside Europe that is not an island (the others being the Spanish Autonomous Cities in Africa, Ceuta and Melilla). As an integral part of France, its head of state is the President of the French Republic, and its head of government is the Prime Minister of France. The French Government and its agencies have responsibility for a wide range

This is a document about Hrvoje Šarinić
 Hrvoje Šarinić Hrvoje Šarinić (; 17 February 1935 – 21 July 2017) was a Croatian politician who served as the Prime Minister of the Republic of Croatia from 1992 until 1993. Šarinić was born in Sušak, Rijeka and graduated from the University of Zagreb then-Faculty of Architecture, Construction and Geodesy. Šarinić had a business career in Paris, France. He is a dual citizen of both Croatia and of France, as he spent 24 years in France, from 1963 to 1987. After the first democratic elections in Croatia, he joined the government of Franjo Tuđman and became head of his personal

This is a document about Prime Minister of France
 Prime Minister of France The French Prime Minister () in the Fifth Republic is the head of government. During the Third and Fourth Republics, the head of government position was called President of the Council of Ministers (), generally shortened to President of the Council (). The Prime Minister proposes a list of ministers to the President of the Republic. Decrees and decisions of the Prime Minister, like almost all executive decisions, are subject to the oversight of the administrative court system. Few decrees are taken after advice from the Council of State (). All prime ministers defend the programs

This is a document about Politics of South Korea
 in 1987. The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated South Korea as the 20th most democratic country in 2017, the highest ranked Asian country and above Belgium, France or the United States. The head of state is the president, who is elected by direct popular vote for a single five-year term. The president is Commander-in-Chief of the armed force of South Korea and enjoys considerable executive powers. The president appoints the prime minister with approval of the National Assembly, as well as appointing and presiding over the State Council of chief ministers as the head of government. On 12 March 2004,

This is a document about Parliament
 heads of governments, and governments cannot request an early dissolution as may be the case for parliaments. Some states, such as France, have a semi-presidential system which falls between parliamentary and congressional systems, combining a powerful head of state (president) with a head of government, the prime minister, who is responsible to parliament. Australia's States and territories: In the federal (bicameral) kingdom of Belgium, there is a curious asymmetrical constellation serving as directly elected legislatures for three "territorial" "regions"—Flanders (Dutch), Brussels (bilingual, certain peculiarities of competence, also the only region not comprising any of the 10 provinces) and Wallonia (French)—and

This is a document about Politics of Algeria
 Politics of Algeria Politics of Algeria takes place in a framework of a constitutional semi-presidential republic, whereby the President of Algeria is head of state while the Prime Minister of Algeria is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the People's National Assembly and the Council of the Nation. A legacy of Algeria's bloody War of Independence from France (where an estimated 1.5 million Algerians were killed) is a powerful military and security apparatus that put a high value on secrecy. Since

This is a document about Prime minister
 "Chief Minister", "Chancellor", "Taoiseach", "Minister of State ("Statsminister")", "President of the Government", "President of the Council of Minister" and "Secretary of State": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister". This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential and all semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the

This is a document about Prime minister
 Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages. In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a

This is a document about State government
 Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as head of government. The State resembles the federal system. In the states, the Governor is the head of Executive, but real executive power vests with the Chief Minister who heads the Council of Ministers. The judicial setup of the country is headed by the Chief justice, who presides over one of the largest judicial apparatus dispensing criminal, civil and all other forms of litigation. The government head of its legal wing is the Attorney General of India. In Nigeria, States are constituent political entities, which shares sovereignty with the Federal Government of

This is a document about French Fifth Republic
 President, under the proposed constitution, would have executive powers to run the country in consultation with a prime minister whom he would appoint. On 1 June 1958, Charles de Gaulle was appointed head of the government; on 3 June 1958, a constitutional law empowered the new government to draft a new constitution of France, and another law granted Charles de Gaulle and his cabinet the power to rule by decree for up to six months, except on certain matters related to the basic rights of citizens (criminal law, etc.). These plans were approved by more than 80% of those who

This is a document about Prime Minister of Peru
 is César Villanueva, who took office on 2 April 2018. Recently, the role of the prime minister has been debated, and whether it should be strengthened. This idea has been supported by former presidents Alan García, Alejandro Toledo and Ollanta Humala. Such reforms would enable the prime minister to become the effective head of government, similarly to what happens in countries like France and Russia. Prime Minister of Peru The President of the Council of Ministers of Peru, informally called "Premier" (form of address) or "Prime Minister", heads the Council of Ministers, and is appointed by the President (pending ratification

The head of the government in France is the Prime Minister.


Question: when was the last juvenile executed in the us

Answer: April 10 , 1959

This is a document about Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
 The second youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was Fortune Ferguson in 1927 for rape in Florida. The youngest person ever to be sentenced to death in the United States was James Arcene, a Native American, for his role in a robbery and murder committed when he was ten years old. He was, however, 23 years old when he was actually executed on June 18, 1885. The last execution of a juvenile was convicted murderer Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been

This is a document about Leonard Shockley
 cut. The young culprits were identified by an eye witness. Leonard was 17 years of age at the time of his execution making him the last instance of a juvenile being executed in America. His brother received life in prison but was eventually released. Leonard Shockley Leonard Melvin Shockley (1941/1942 – April 10, 1959) was a juvenile executed in the United States on April 10, 1959, for a murder committed when he was under the age of 18. Shockley, a black male, was executed in Maryland in a gas chamber for the murder of shopkeeper Sarah Hearne on January 16,

This is a document about Leonard Shockley
 Leonard Shockley Leonard Melvin Shockley (1941/1942 – April 10, 1959) was a juvenile executed in the United States on April 10, 1959, for a murder committed when he was under the age of 18. Shockley, a black male, was executed in Maryland in a gas chamber for the murder of shopkeeper Sarah Hearne on January 16, 1958. Shockley (then 16) was involved in the robbery of a small shop in Dorchester County, Maryland. He was accompanied by his older brother, 23-year-old Harold Edward Shockley. Hearne was found stabbed several times in the back and breast, and her throat had been

This is a document about April 1959
  the device while curious onlookers watched. ; Born: ; Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, songwriter/musician; in Indianapolis ; Brian Setzer, rock musician (Stray Cats), in Massapequa, New York ; Died: Leonard Shockley, 17, became the last juvenile to be executed in the United States. Shockley, who was 16 when he committed a murder by cutting the throat of a shopkeeper, was put to death in the gas chamber at the Maryland State Penitentiary at 10:02 pm. For nearly 40 years, he would also be the last person to be executed for a crime committed as a minor. On February 4, 1999, Sean Sellers would be put to death in Oklahoma for a 1985 murder committed when he was 16.

This is a document about Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
  trial and subsequent execution. The verdict of this case was overturned posthumously. The third youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was Fortune Ferguson in 1927 for rape in Florida. The youngest person ever to be sentenced to death in the United States was James Arcene, a Native American, for his role in a robbery and murder committed when he was ten years old. He was, however, 23 years old when he was actually executed on June 18, 1885. The last judicially-approved execution of a juvenile was convicted murderer Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under the age of 19 at the time of execution since at least 1964.

This is a document about Capital punishment in the United States
  unusual punishment. It was not until Roper v. Simmons that the juvenile death penalty was abolished due to the United States Supreme Court finding that the execution of juveniles is in conflict with the Eighth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment, which deal with cruel and unusual punishment. Prior to abolishing the juvenile death penalty in 2005, any juvenile aged 16 years or older could be sentenced to death in some states, the last of whom was Scott Hain, executed in Oklahoma in 2003 for burning two people to death in a robbery at age 17. Since 2005, there have been no executions nor discussion of executing juveniles in the United States.

This is a document about Scott Hain
 The 22nd juvenile offender executed in the U.S. since 1976, ; 23rd murderer executed in the U.S. in 2003, ; 843rd murderer executed in the U.S. since 1976, ; 5th murderer executed in Oklahoma in 2003, ; And 60th murderer executed in Oklahoma since 1976. As a result of the 1976 Supreme Court decision in Gregg v. Georgia, capital punishment was allowed to resume in the United States. With his execution, Hain became:  Hain was the last person executed in the United States for crimes committed as a minor, prior to the 2005 Roper v. Simmons case in which the United States Supreme Court outlawed such executions.

This is a document about Scott Hain
  Scott Allen Hain (June 2, 1970 – April 3, 2003) was the last person executed in the United States for crimes committed as a minor. Hain was executed by Oklahoma for a double murder–kidnapping he committed when he was 17 years old.

This is a document about Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
  Since 1642, in the Thirteen Colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the United States under the Constitution, an estimated 364 juveniles have been put to death by the individual states (colonies, before 1776) and the federal government. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was Joe Persons, a boy executed in Georgia in 1915 at the age of 14 for the rape of an 8 year old girl that he committed when he was only 13. The second youngest person to be executed was George Stinney, electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944 after the bodies of two children (ages 7 and 11) were found close to his home. George Stinney maintained his innocence throughout

This is a document about Trial as an adult
  Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 offenders have been executed in the United States for crimes committed during adolescence. However, in 2005 the juvenile death penalty was abolished, and cited as cruel and unusual punishment following the ruling of the Supreme Court in Roper v. Simmons. Since 1990, only nine countries have executed offenders aged under 18 years at the time of their crime. These are the People's Republic of China (PRC), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the United States and Yemen.

This is a document about Roper v. Simmons
  either abolished the death penalty for juveniles or made public disavowal of the practice, and that the United States stood alone in allowing execution of juvenile offenders; however, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, and Yemen continued to execute juvenile offenders after 2005, with Iran executing 3 juvenile offenders in January 2018 alone. Executions of juveniles have also been reported in South Sudan. The Court also noted that only the United States and Somalia had not ratified Article 37 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (September 2, 1990), which expressly prohibits capital punishment for crimes committed by juveniles. (Somalia went on to ratify it in 2015.)

This is a document about Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States
  three in Florida; two in Georgia; four in Louisiana; five in Mississippi; one in Nevada; four in North Carolina; two in Pennsylvania; three in South Carolina; 29 in Texas; and one in Virginia. Few juveniles have ever been executed for their crimes. Even when juveniles were sentenced to death, few executions were actually carried out. In the United States for example, youths under the age of 18 were executed at a rate of 20–27 per decade, or about 1.6–2.3% of all executions from 1880s to the 1920s. This has dropped significantly when only 3 juveniles were executed between January 1977 and November 1986.

This is a document about Capital punishment
  At less than one day old, he was ordered to be burned by Bailiff Hellier Gosselin, with the advice of priests nearby who said the boy should burn due to having inherited moral stain from his mother, who had given birth during her execution. Starting from 1642 in Colonial America until the present day in the United States, an estimated 365 juvenile offenders were executed by various colonial authorities and (after the American Revolution) the federal government. The U.S. Supreme Court abolished capital punishment for offenders under the age of 16 in Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988), and for all juveniles in

This is a document about June 1967
  Monge, prisoner number 35563 at the Colorado State Penitentiary, was executed in the gas chamber at prison in Canon City, Colorado. On June 28, 1963, Monge had murdered his pregnant wife and three of his children at his home in Denver, then turned himself in to police. Monge would be the last person legally executed in the United States for almost ten years, with the U.S. Supreme Court voiding existing death penalty laws in the 1972 case of Furman v. Georgia and no new executions being done until Gary Gilmore's death by firing squad in 1977. ; American F-105 jets attacked the North Vietnamese port of Cam Pha and cannon fire struck a Soviet diesel ship,

This is a document about Juvenile delinquency
  In 2020 a ruling abolished the death penalty for juveniles in Saudi Arabia. Despite this Mustafa Hashem al-Darwish was executed in June 2021. He was alleged to have of taken part in anti-government demonstrations at the age of 17. al-Darwish had been detained in May 2015 being placed in solitary confinement for years. al-Darwish claimed that he faced brutal torture and beatings and was forced to sign confessions. One criminal justice approach to juvenile delinquency is through the juvenile court systems. These courts are specifically for minors to be tried in. Sometimes, juvenile offenders are sent to adult prisons. In the United States, children as young as 8 can be tried and convicted as adults. Additionally, the United States was the only recorded country to sentence children as young as 13 to life sentences without parole also known as death in prison sentences. As of 2012, the

This is a document about Capital punishment in Yemen
  The last official execution of a minor in Yemen occurred on 21 July 1993, when 13-year-old Naseer Munir Nasser al-Kirbi and three other men were hanged in the capital Sana'a on charges of murder and highway robbery. Following this, the Yemeni House of Representatives amended its penal code the following year by prohibiting death sentences for persons under the age of 18 at the time of their offense. However, the majority of Yemenis are not issued birth certificates (with a civil birth registration rate of 22.6% in 2006, according to the World Health Organization), and the Yemeni legal system is severely limited in its ability to adequately ascertain the age of defendants at the time of their offense. There are several reports that juvenile offenders continue to be executed in Yemen. One particularly notable

This is a document about Allan B. Polunsky Unit
 Quintin Phillippe Jones - executed on May 19, 2021. ; John William King (murder of James Byrd, Jr.) - executed on April 24, 2019. John David Battaglia, executed on February 1, 2018. ; Lawrence Russell Brewer (murderer of James Byrd, Jr.) – executed on September 21, 2011. ; Peter Anthony Cantu (convicted of the murders of Jennifer Ertman and Elizabeth Peña); transferred from Ellis Unit – executed on August 17, 2010. ; James Lee Clark, executed on April 11, 2007 at Huntsville Unit despite questions of Clark's IQ not meeting mental retardation ; Jeffrey Dillingham - Perpetrator of the Murder of Caren Koslow, executed November 1, 2000 ; James Garrett Freeman - Executed January

This is a document about David Rocheville
 US Executions since 1976

This is a document about Dawud M. Mu'Min
 US Executions since 1976

The last juvenile to be executed in the United States was Leonard Shockley, who was executed on April 10, 1959.


Question: the ideology known as the open fields doctrine was first enunciated in the case of

Answer: Hester v. United States

This is a document about Open-fields doctrine
 Open-fields doctrine The open-fields doctrine (also open-field doctrine or open-fields rule), in the U.S. law of criminal procedure, is the legal doctrine that a "warrantless search of the area outside a property owner's curtilage" does not violate the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, "unless there is some other legal basis for the search," such a search "must exclude the home and any adjoining land (such as a yard) that is within an enclosure or otherwise protected from public scrutiny." The open fields doctrine was first articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court in "Hester v. United States", which

This is a document about Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
 search", proclaimed the Court, "even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable." Similarly, "open fields" such as pastures, open water, and woods may be searched without a warrant, on the ground that conduct occurring therein would have no reasonable expectation of privacy. The doctrine was first articulated by the Court in "Hester v. United States" (1924), which stated that "the special protection accorded by the Fourth Amendment to the people in their 'persons, houses, papers, and effects,' is not extended to the open fields." In "Oliver v. United States" (1984), the police ignored a "no

This is a document about Open-fields doctrine
  The open fields doctrine was first articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hester v. United States, which stated that "the special protection accorded by the Fourth Amendment to the people in their 'persons, houses, papers, and effects,' is not extended to the open fields." This opinion appears to be decided on the basis that "open fields are not a "constitutionally protected area" because they cannot be construed as "persons, houses, papers, [or] effects." This method of reasoning gave way with the arrival of the landmark case Katz v. United States, which established a two-part test for what constitutes a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. The relevant criteria are "first that a person have exhibited an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy and,

This is a document about Open-fields doctrine
  The open-fields doctrine (also open-field doctrine or open-fields rule), in the U.S. law of criminal procedure, is the legal doctrine that a "warrantless search of the area outside a property owner's curtilage" does not violate the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, "unless there is some other legal basis for the search," such a search "must exclude the home and any adjoining land (such as a yard) that is within an enclosure or otherwise protected from public scrutiny."

This is a document about Schneider Doctrine
  He first enunciated this doctrine at a General Staff meeting on July 23, 1970. He wanted to make clear that "the armed forces are not a road to political power nor an alternative to that power. They exist to guarantee the regular work of the political system and the use of force for any other purpose than its defense constitute high treason". He reinforced his posture with a public message to the military on September 19, 1970, during the celebrations of Army day and in the midst of the campaign to obtain congressional ratification to Allende's marginal electoral victory, saying that "there were no options that would invite the armed forces to undo what the politicians had wrought in Chile". Nonetheless, he added a colophon: "the only limitation is in the case that the

This is a document about Hester v. United States
  Hester v. United States, 265 U.S. 57 (1924), is a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which established the open-fields doctrine. In an opinion written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, the Court held that "the special protection accorded by the Fourth Amendment to the people in their 'persons, houses, papers and effects', is not extended to the open fields."

This is a document about Economic militarism
  The first important use dates from 1939 with Germany Rampant: A Study in Economic Militarism by Ernest Hambloch, a long-serving British diplomat. Germany Rampant "traces the philosophy of Nazism to the German mythological figures of ancient times." Since this book the term has been used in connection with the ancient Aztecs, and with militaristic movements in a variety of cultures, and applies to the ideological and cultural aspects of a state, society or group that sustain the drive for hegemony or empire. For example, Joseph Kenney applies the term to the Almoravids. In 2003 Clyde Prestowitz, of the Economic Strategy Institute published a book containing his analysis of what he called economic militarism in American foreign policy, that was reviewed in The Economist magazine.

This is a document about List of eponymous doctrines
 Dulles Doctrine attributed to Allen Dulles

This is a document about America First (policy)
  America First refers to a policy stance in the United States coined by progressive, internationalist president Woodrow Wilson that generally emphasizes nationalism and non-interventionism. The isolationist approach gained prominence in the interwar period (1918–1939) and was advocated by the America First Committee, a non-interventionist pressure group against the U.S. entry into World War II. In Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaigns and presidency (2017–2021), Trump used the phrase as a slogan, emphasizing the United States' [[Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration#International organizations and multilateral agreements|withdrawal from international treaties and organizations]]. "America First" was the official foreign policy doctrine of the Trump administration. The term was first used in association with Trump's foreign policy views in an op-ed published in USA Today in early March 2016 by Armand Cucciniello, a former U.S. diplomat. Later that month the phrase was

This is a document about Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts
   The origins of the strategic doctrine are attributed to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, then a member of the military regime of the General Ayub Khan, who declared a thousand-year war against India during his speech to the United Nations Security Council in 1965. His plans for the 1971 war included severing the entire eastern India and making it a "permanent part" of East Pakistan, occupying Kashmir, and turning East Punjab into a separate 'Khalistan'. After the war ended with Pakistan's own dismemberment, he laid down the doctrine of continuing the conflict by "inflicting a thousand cuts" on India. According to The Pioneer Bhutto declared that Pakistan's success in its 'national' goal of destruction of India would only be possible by "delivering a thousand cuts on its

This is a document about Monroe Doctrine
  The Monroe Doctrine was a United States foreign policy position that opposed European colonialism in the Western Hemisphere. It held that any intervention in the political affairs of the Americas by foreign powers was a potentially hostile act against the U.S. The doctrine was central to U.S. foreign policy for much of the 19th and early 20th centuries. President James Monroe first articulated the doctrine on December 2, 1823 during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress ( though it would not be named after him until 1850). At the time, nearly all Spanish colonies in the Americas had either achieved or were close to independence. Monroe asserted that the New World and the Old World were to remain distinctly separate spheres of influence, and thus further efforts by European powers to control or influence sovereign states in the region would be viewed as a

This is a document about Diplomatic history of World War I
  order to line their own pockets, and the evidence of promised new territories invigorated left-wing movements around the world. President Woodrow Wilson regained some of the initiative in January 1918 when he proclaimed his Fourteen Points, the first of which demanded, "Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view." Historian Hew Strachan argues that war aims focused on territorial gains were not of central importance anyway. They did not cause the war nor shape its course of action. Rather, he says:

This is a document about Nuremberg and Vietnam
  the United States in the Field", in 1863. Concerning spies, prisoners of war, and the punishment of war crimes, this document comprising 159 articles facilitated the formation of military tribunals and later led to a demand for the formalization of international laws of warfare. Thus, international laws of warfare were codified by means of a series of treaties known as the Hague and Geneva conventions. The most important consequence of these treaties is that all nations, whether signatory or otherwise, were bound by international laws of war. The Nuremberg Trials, for which Taylor served as a leading figure, gave rise to

This is a document about Field Day Theatre Company
  derives from the conviction that it is, above all, a colonial crisis" (Eagleton 6). In this essay Deane calls for a re-engagement with the concept of nationalism, and positions Field Day in a squarely antithetical position to those he refers to as revisionist historians and critics, whose chief aim is "to demolish the nationalist mythology" (6). The categories of revisionist and anti-revisionist were all too easily superimposed onto the categories of unionist and nationalist, and the space between them, created by the production of Translations, was closing fast. For some, Seamus Deane had become the de facto spokesman, and Field Day became increasingly associated with

This is a document about Eisenhower Doctrine
  The Eisenhower Doctrine was a policy enunciated by Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 5, 1957, within a "Special Message to the Congress on the Situation in the Middle East". Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression. Eisenhower singled out the Soviet threat in his doctrine by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism." The phrase "international communism"

This is a document about Imperialism
  Anglophone academic studies often base their theories regarding imperialism on the British experience of Empire. The term imperialism was originally introduced into English in its present sense in the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly aggressive and ostentatious imperial policies of British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. Supporters of "imperialism" such as Joseph Chamberlain quickly appropriated the concept. For some, imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest, and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed. In Imperialism: A Study (1902), John A. Hobson developed a highly influential interpretation of

This is a document about Open Door Policy
  basic doctrine, and Chinese diplomats appealed to it as they sought American support, but critics pointed out that the policy had little practical effect. The term "Open Door" also describes the economic policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to open China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country. The policy set into motion the economic transformation of China. In the 20th and 21st centuries, scholars such as Christopher Layne in the neorealist school have generalized the use of the term to applications in 'political' open door policies and 'economic' open door policies of nations in general, which interact on a global or international basis.

This is a document about Operation PBFortune
  US government was considering overthrowing Árbenz. The attitude of the United States was also influenced by the Monroe Doctrine, a philosophy of foreign policy articulated by James Monroe in 1823, which justified the maintenance of US hegemony in the region. The stated aim of the doctrine was to maintain order and stability and to make certain that access to resources and markets was not limited. Historian Mark Gilderhus opines that the doctrine also contained racially condescending language, which likened Latin American countries to fighting children. Before 1944, the US government had not needed to engage in military interventions in Guatemala to enforce this hegemony, given the presence of military rulers friendly to the US.

This is a document about Military doctrine
  In the period between the Napoleonic Wars and the First World War, doctrine was defined by the War Department in "Field Service Regulations". In addition, many officers wrote military manuals that were printed by private publishers, such as Hardee's Tactics, used by both Confederate and Union forces. General George B. McClellan wrote a cavalry manual, Regulations and Instructions for the Field Service of the U.S. Cavalry, in 1862. The General Staff became responsible for writing Field Service Regulations. They were published in 1908, were revised in 1913 and again in 1914 based on experiences of European powers in the first months of the war. As late as 1941 U.S. Army doctrine was published in Field Service Regulations – Operations. This designation was dropped and replaced by U.S. Army Field Manuals (FM).

The open fields doctrine was first enunciated in the case of Hester v. United States (1924).


Question: who came second in the overall ranked of the tour de france last year

Answer: Rigoberto Urán

This is a document about 2017 Tour de France
 2017 Tour de France The 2017 Tour de France was the 104th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The -long race commenced with an individual time trial in Düsseldorf, Germany on 1 July, and concluded with the Champs-Élysées stage in Paris on 23 July. A total of 198 riders from 22 teams entered the 21-stage race, which was won by Chris Froome of , his fourth overall victory. Rigoberto Urán () and Romain Bardet () finished second and third, respectively. Geraint Thomas () won the opening stage and became the Tour's first rider that year

This is a document about June 2011 in sports
 UCI World Tour: ; Critérium du Dauphiné, Stage 2: John Degenkolb   4h 02' 39"  Samuel Dumoulin   s.t.  Sébastien Hinault   s.t. ; General classification (after stage 2): (1) Alexander Vinokourov  [[Image:Jersey yellow-bluebar.svg|25px]] 7h 45' 48" (2) Jurgen Van den Broeck   [[Image:Jersey polkadot.svg|25px]] + 11" (3) Bradley Wiggins   [[Image:Jersey yellow number.svg|25px]] + 11"

This is a document about July 2011 in sports
 Grand Tours: ; Tour de France, Stage 2:  24' 48"   + 4"   + 4" ; General classification (after stage 2): (1) Thor Hushovd  [[Image:Jersey yellow.svg|25px]]Jersey yellow number.svg 5h 06' 25" (2) David Millar   + 0" (3) Cadel Evans   + 1"

This is a document about June 2011 in sports
 UCI World Tour: ; Critérium du Dauphiné, Stage 7: Joaquim Rodríguez   [[Image:Jersey green.svg|25px]] 3h 24' 30"  Thibaut Pinot   + 7"  Robert Gesink   + 7" ; Final general classification: (1) Bradley Wiggins  [[Image:Jersey yellow-bluebar.svg|25px]] 26h 40' 51" (2) Cadel Evans   + 1' 26" (3) Alexander Vinokourov   + 1' 49" ; UCI World Tour standings (after 15 of 27 races): (1) Philippe Gilbert  356 points (2) Alberto Contador   349 (3) Michele Scarponi   348 ; Tour de Suisse, Stage 2: Mauricio Soler   4h 23' 20"  Damiano Cunego   + 12"  Fränk Schleck   + 12" ; General classification (after stage 2): (1) Soler [[Image:Jersey yellow.svg|25px]] 4h 33' 19" (2) Cunego + 16" (3) Bauke Mollema  + 22"

This is a document about October 2011 in sports
 UCI World Tour: ; Tour of Beijing, Stage 5: Denis Galimzyanov   [[Image:Jersey green.svg|25px]] 2h 19' 44"  Juan José Haedo   s.t.  Elia Viviani   s.t. ; Final general classification: (1) Tony Martin  [[Image:Jersey red.svg|25px]] 13h 39' 11" (2) David Millar   + 17" (3) Chris Froome   + 26" ; World Tour standings (after 25 of 26 races): (1) Philippe Gilbert  698 points (2) Cadel Evans   574 (3) Alberto Contador   471

This is a document about 2013 Three Days of De Panne
 Notes: ; In stage 2, Arnaud Démare, who was second in the points classification, wore the green jersey, because Peter Sagan (in first place) wore the white jersey as leader of the general classification during that stage. ; In stage 3a, Alexander Kristoff, who was second in the points classification, wore the green jersey, because Arnaud Démare (in first place) wore the white jersey as leader of the general classification during that stage. }  <!-- ==Final standings==  -->

This is a document about 2017 Tour de France
  In the lead up to the 2017 Tour de France, Chris Froome was seen by many pundits as the top pre-race favourite for the general classification. His closest rivals were thought to be Richie Porte, Nairo Quintana , Alberto Contador , Romain Bardet and Fabio Aru. The other riders considered contenders for the general classification were Alejandro Valverde, Jakob Fuglsang , Thibaut Pinot , Esteban Chaves , Geraint Thomas , Dan Martin , Simon Yates , and Louis Meintjes. Froome, who won the 2013, 2015 and 2016 editions of the Tour, had not won a race in the 2017 season prior to the Tour's start. His best

This is a document about 2009 Tour de France
 After stage 1, Fabian Cancellara was leading both the general and the points classifications. In stage 2, he wore the yellow jersey. Alberto Contador was placed second at the time in the green jersey points classification, but was the leader in the king of the mountains classification, and so forfeited the right to wear the green jersey. As a result, the third placed rider in the opening time trial, Bradley Wiggins wore the green jersey on stage 2. ; Stage 16 was originally won by Mikel Astarloza, who was found after the Tour to have tested positive for EPO before the race

This is a document about July 2012 in sports
 Tour de France: ; Stage 2: Mark Cavendish   André Greipel   Matthew Goss ; General classification: [[Image:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Fabian Cancellara  Bradley Wiggins   Sylvain Chavanel ; Points: [[Image:Jersey green.svg|20px]] Peter Sagan, Mountains: [[Image:Jersey polkadot.svg|20px]] Michael Mørkøv , Young: [[Image:Jersey white.svg|20px]] Tejay van Garderen , Team: Jersey yellow number.svg Team Sky , Combat: Jersey red number.svg Anthony Roux Tour of Qinghai Lake: ; Stage 4: Luka Mezgec   Kiel Reijnen   Kevin Claeys ; General classification: [[Image:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Hossein Alizadeh ; Tour of Austria: ; Stage 2: Danilo Di Luca   Steve Morabito   Thomas Rohregger ; General classification: [[Image:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Danilo Di Luca ; Giro d'Italia Femminile: ; Stage 4: Marianne Vos   Emma Johansson   Tatiana Guderzo ; General classification: [[Image:Jersey pink.svg|20px]] Marianne Vos <div Id="1_July_2012">

This is a document about July 2009 in sports
 Tour de France: ; Stage 18 – Annecy (40 km ITT): (1) Alberto Contador  48' 30" (2) Fabian Cancellara   + 3" (3) Mikhail Ignatiev   + 15" ; General classification: (1) Jersey yellow.svg Contador 73h 15' 39" (2) Andy Schleck (Team Saxo Bank) + 4' 11" (3) Lance Armstrong  (Astana) + 5' 25" ; Points standing: (1) Jersey green.svg Thor Hushovd (Cervélo TestTeam) 230 points (2) Mark Cavendish  (Team Columbia-HTC) 200 (3) José Joaquín Rojas   126 ; King of mountains standings: (1) Jersey polkadot.svg Franco Pellizotti (Liquigas) 196 points (2) Egoi Martínez   118 (3) Pierrick Fédrigo   99

This is a document about July 2011 in sports
 Grand Tours: ; Tour de France, Stage 13: Thor Hushovd   3h 47' 36"  David Moncoutié   + 10"  Jérémy Roy   + 26" ; General classification (after stage 13): (1) Thomas Voeckler   [[Image:Jersey yellow.svg|25px]] 55h 49' 57" (2) Fränk Schleck   + 1' 49" (3) Cadel Evans   + 2' 06"

This is a document about 2014 Paris–Nice
 Notes: ; In stage 2, Gianni Meersman, who was second in the points classification, wore the green jersey, because Nacer Bouhanni (in first place) wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification during that stage. Similarly, John Degenkolb, who was second in the young rider classification, wore the white jersey, as Bouhanni also led that classification. ; In stage 3, John Degenkolb, who was second in the points classification, wore the green jersey, because Nacer Bouhanni (in first place) wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification during that stage. Similarly, Moreno Hofland, who was third in the young rider classification, wore the white jersey, due to Bouhanni and Degenkolb (who was also second in the young rider classification) wearing other jerseys.

This is a document about July 2011 in sports
 Grand Tours: ; Tour de France, Stage 17: Edvald Boasson Hagen   4h 18' 00"  Bauke Mollema   + 40"  Sandy Casar   + 50" ; General classification (after stage 17): (1) Thomas Voeckler  [[Image:Jersey yellow.svg|25px]] 73h 23' 49" (2) Cadel Evans   + 1' 18" (3) Fränk Schleck   + 1' 22"

This is a document about 2014 Tour de France
  According to many observers before the race the top two favourites for the general classification were Chris Froome and Alberto Contador. Their closest rivals were thought to have been Vincenzo Nibali and Alejandro Valverde. A possible contender was the 2013 Tour runner-up, Nairo Quintana, who had chosen not to ride the Tour after his 2014 Giro d'Italia win that took place during May. Andy Schleck, who was retroactively awarded the 2010 Tour title, was selected by his team as a domestique, and was not considered a possible favourite. The other riders considered contenders for the general classification were Andrew Talansky, Rui Costa

This is a document about October 2011 in sports
 UCI World Tour: ; Tour of Beijing, Stage 2: Heinrich Haussler   3h 03' 30"  Denis Galimzyanov   s.t.  Theo Bos   s.t. ; General classification (after stage 2): (1) Tony Martin  [[Image:Jersey red.svg|25px]][[Image:Jersey green.svg|25px]] 3h 17' 03" (2) David Millar   + 17" (3) Alex Dowsett   [[Image:Jersey white.svg|25px]] + 24"

This is a document about 2016 Tour de France
  In the run up to the 2016 Tour de France, Chris Froome was seen by many as the top pre-race favourite for the general classification. His closest rivals were thought to be Nairo Quintana and Alberto Contador. The other riders considered contenders for the general classification were Richie Porte, Thibaut Pinot , Fabio Aru , Vincenzo Nibali , who won the 2014 Tour and the 2016 Giro d'Italia, Romain Bardet , and Tejay van Garderen. Froome, who won both the 2013 and 2015 editions of the race, had shown his form during the season with overall victories in two stage races,

This is a document about July 2011 in sports
 Grand Tours: ; Tour de France, Stage 12: Samuel Sánchez   6h 01' 15"  Jelle Vanendert   + 7"  Fränk Schleck   + 10" ; General classification (after stage 12): (1) Thomas Voeckler  [[Image:Jersey yellow.svg|25px]] 51h 54' 44" (2) Schleck [[Image:Jersey yellow number.svg|25px]] + 1' 49" (3) Cadel Evans   + 2' 06"

This is a document about July 2011 in sports
 Grand Tours: ; Tour de France, Stage 9: Luis León Sánchez   5h 27' 09"  Thomas Voeckler   + 5"  Sandy Casar   + 13" ; General classification (after stage 9): (1) Voeckler [[Image:Jersey yellow.svg|25px]]Jersey yellow number.svg 38h 35' 11" (2) Sánchez + 1' 49" (3) Cadel Evans  + 2' 26"

This is a document about Greg Van Avermaet
  de Suisse. He failed to win a stage at the Tour de France, with a second-place finish on stage 14 to Rodez as best stage result. After the Tour de France, he was eighth in the Clásica San Sebastián, fourth overall in the Binckbank Tour and tenth in the Bretagne Classic. In September, he finished second at the Grand Prix de Québec, seventh at the Grand Prix de Montréal and was sixth in the World Road Race Championships in Bergen, Norway. He ended the year as world number one on both the UCI World Ranking and UCI World Tour, a place he held since April 2017.

Rigoberto Urán came second in the overall ranking of the Tour de France last year.


Question: cognition about ones own cognitive process can be termed as

Answer: metacognition

This is a document about Cognition
 the cognitive psychology of emotion; research is also focused on one's awareness of one's own strategies and methods of cognition, which is called metacognition. While few people would deny that cognitive processes are a function of the brain, a cognitive theory will not necessarily make reference to the brain or to biological processes (compare neurocognitive). It may purely describe behavior in terms of information flow or function. Relatively recent fields of study such as neuropsychology aim to bridge this gap, using cognitive paradigms to understand how the brain implements the information-processing functions (see also cognitive neuroscience), or to understand how

This is a document about Metacognition
 reasoning, which have traditionally been considered to compose fluid intelligence. Metacognition also involves thinking about one's own thinking process such as study skills, memory capabilities, and the ability to monitor learning. This concept needs to be explicitly taught along with content instruction. Metacognitive knowledge is about one's own cognitive processes and the understanding of how to regulate those processes to maximize learning. Some types of metacognitive knowledge would include: Metacognition is a general term encompassing the study of memory-monitoring and self-regulation, meta-reasoning, consciousness/awareness and auto-consciousness/self-awareness. In practice these capacities are used to regulate one's own cognition, to maximize one's potential

This is a document about Animal consciousness
 including the focused awareness of the core consciousness. Dispositional spaces include convergence zones, which are networks in the brain where memories are processed and recalled, and where knowledge is merged with immediate experience. Metacognition is defined as "cognition about cognition", or "knowing about knowing." It can take many forms; it includes knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving. It has been suggested that metacognition in some animals provides evidence for cognitive self-awareness. There are generally two components of metacognition: knowledge about cognition, and regulation of cognition. Writings on metacognition can be traced

This is a document about Adolescence
 a process referred to as metacognition. It often involves monitoring one's own cognitive activity during the thinking process. Adolescents' improvements in knowledge of their own thinking patterns lead to better self-control and more effective studying. It is also relevant in social cognition, resulting in increased introspection, self-consciousness, and intellectualization (in the sense of thought about one's own thoughts, rather than the Freudian definition as a defense mechanism). Adolescents are much better able than children to understand that people do not have complete control over their mental activity. Being able to introspect may lead to two forms of adolescent egocentrism, which

This is a document about Metacognition
 back to more "worthwhile" tasks. The concept of metacognition has also been applied to collective teams and organizations in general, termed organizational metacognition. Metacognition Metacognition is "cognition about cognition", "thinking about thinking", "knowing about knowing", becoming "aware of one's awareness" and higher-order thinking skills. The term comes from the root word "meta", meaning "beyond". Metacognition can take many forms; it includes knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or problem-solving. There are generally two components of metacognition: (1) knowledge about cognition and (2) regulation of cognition. Metamemory, defined as knowing about memory and mnemonic strategies, is

This is a document about Cognitive psychology
 to effectively understand and attribute cognition to those around them. This concept typically becomes fully apparent in children between the ages of 4 and 6. Essentially, before the child develops ToM, they are unable to understand that those around them can have different thoughts, ideas, or feelings than themselves. The development of ToM is a matter of [[metacognition]], or thinking about one's thoughts. The child must be able to recognize that they have their own thoughts and in turn, that others possess thoughts of their own.<br> One of the foremost minds with regard to developmental psychology, Jean Piaget, focused much

This is a document about Recall (memory)
 metacognition, or "knowing about knowing". This includes many states of conscious awareness known as feeling-of-knowing states, such as the tip-of-the-tongue state. It has been suggested that metacognition serves a self-regulatory purpose whereby the brain can observe errors in processing and actively devote resources to resolving the problem. It is considered an important aspect of cognition that can aid in the development of successful learning strategies that can also be generalized to other situations. A key technique in improving and helping recall memory is to take advantage of Mnemonic devices and other cognitive strategies. Mnemonic devices are a type of cognitive

This is a document about Metacognition
 social cognition. Additionally, social metacognition can include judging the cognition of others, such as judging the perceptions and emotional states of others. This is in part because the process of judging others is similar to judging the self. However, individuals have less information about the people they are judging; therefore, judging others tend to be more inaccurate. Having similar cognitions can buffer against this inaccuracy and can be helpful for teams or organizations, as well as interpersonal relationships. The self concept plays an important part in how people think about and act in their social worlds. Metacognitions can be divided

This is a document about Cognitive psychology
 this process, it is also important to ensure that students are realistically evaluating their personal degree of knowledge and setting realistic goals (another metacognitive task). Common phenomena related to metacognition include: Modern perspectives on cognitive psychology generally address cognition as a [[dual process theory]], expounded upon by [[Daniel Kahneman]] in 2011. Kahneman differentiated the two styles of processing more, calling them intuition and reasoning. Intuition (or system 1), similar to associative reasoning, was determined to be fast and automatic, usually with strong emotional bonds included in the reasoning process. Kahneman said that this kind of reasoning was based on formed

This is a document about Adolescence
  A third gain in cognitive ability involves thinking about thinking itself, a process referred to as metacognition. It often involves monitoring one's own cognitive activity during the thinking process. Adolescents' improvements in knowledge of their own thinking patterns lead to better self-control and more effective studying. It is also relevant in social cognition, resulting in increased introspection, self-consciousness, and intellectualization (in the sense of thought about one's own thoughts, rather than the Freudian definition as a defense mechanism). Adolescents are much better able than children to understand that people do not have complete control over their mental activity. Being able to introspect may lead to two forms of adolescent egocentrism, which results in two distinct problems in thinking: the imaginary audience and the personal fable. These likely peak at age fifteen, along with self-consciousness in general. Related to metacognition and abstract thought, perspective-taking involves a more sophisticated theory of mind. Adolescents reach a stage of social perspective-taking in which they can understand how the thoughts or actions of one person can influence those of another person, even if they personally are not involved.

This is a document about Self-regulation theory
  There have been numerous researchers, psychologists and scientists who have studied self-regulatory processes. Albert Bandura, a cognitive psychologist had significant contributions focusing on the acquisition of behaviors that led to the social cognitive theory and social learning theory. His work brought together behavioral and cognitive components in which he concluded that "humans are able to control their behavior through a process known as self-regulation." This led to his known process that contained: self observation, judgment and self response. Self observation (also known as introspection) is a process involving assessing one's own thoughts and feelings in order to inform and motivate the individual to work towards goal setting and become influenced by behavioral changes. Judgement involves an individual comparing his or her performance to their personal or created standards. Lastly, self-response is applied, in which an individual may reward or punish his or herself for success or failure in meeting standard(s). An example of self-response would be rewarding oneself with an extra slice of pie for doing well on an exam.

This is a document about Information processing theory
  Cognitive processes include perception, recognition, imagining, remembering, thinking, judging, reasoning, problem solving, conceptualizing, and planning. These cognitive processes can emerge from human language, thought, imagery, and symbols. In addition to these specific cognitive processes, many cognitive psychologists study language-acquisition, altered states of mind and consciousness, visual perception, auditory perception, short-term memory, long-term memory, storage, retrieval, perceptions of thought and much more. Cognitive processes emerge through senses, thoughts, and experiences. The first step is aroused by paying attention, it allows processing of the information given. Cognitive processing cannot occur without learning, they work hand in hand to fully grasp the information.cognitive process

This is a document about Self-portrait
 Wegner DM (2003) The mind's self-portrait. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1001: 212–225. Psychology and neuroscience approach understanding of reason and consciousness. Meanwhile, each human reason contains the self-portrait, which contains the self-appraisal of cognitive processes. This self-portrait assumes that the actions of man are governed by thoughts and, thus, the body is governed by consciousness. Self-portrait leads to the persuasion, that we consciously desire to make something. Studies show that self-portraiture is a caricature on the function of the brain, but at the same time it is the basis of the sensation of authorship and responsibility of one's own actions.

This is a document about Self-authorship
  Self-authorship consists of three dimensions: cognitive, intrapersonal, and interpersonal. “Self-authored people employ complex cognitive processes of meaning-making in ways that recognize the socially constructed nature of knowledge (cognitive) while also keeping in mind their own beliefs, values, and goals (intrapersonal),” as well as those of others (interpersonal). Cognitive self-authorship focuses on the idea that the individual is responsible for their thoughts and beliefs rather than being influenced by external sources. As a result, learning becomes more open-ended and knowledge is seen as more contextual, rather than absolute. Interpersonal self-authoring revolves around how the individual views their relationships with others. A self-authoring mind is one that has relationships, but whose thoughts and behaviors are based on the individual’s beliefs rather than the beliefs of those with whom they associate. Intrapersonal self-authoring centers on the core values and beliefs that the individual possesses. Self-authorship encourages development of beliefs based on one’s own choices rather than simply imitating the beliefs/values of those around them. These original beliefs then serve as the foundation and standard to which the individual’s thoughts and actions are held.

This is a document about Cognition
  Cognition refers to "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses". It encompasses many aspects of intellectual functions and processes such as: perception, attention, the formation of knowledge, memory and working memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning and "computation", problem solving and decision making, comprehension and production of language. Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and discover new knowledge. Cognitive processes are analyzed from different perspectives within different contexts, notably in the fields of linguistics, musicology, anesthesia, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology, education, philosophy, anthropology, biology, systemics, logic, and computer science. These and other different approaches to the analysis of cognition are synthesised in the developing field of cognitive science, a progressively autonomous academic discipline.

This is a document about Metacognition
  to self-monitoring, self-representation, and self-regulation processes, which are regarded as integral components of the human mind. Moreover, with his colleagues, he showed that these processes participate in general intelligence, together with processing efficiency and reasoning, which have traditionally been considered to compose fluid intelligence. Metacognition also involves thinking about one's own thinking process such as study skills, memory capabilities, and the ability to monitor learning. This concept needs to be explicitly taught along with content instruction. Metacognitive knowledge is about one's own cognitive processes and the understanding of how to regulate those processes to maximize learning. Some types of metacognitive knowledge would include: Metacognition is

This is a document about Cognition
  In psychology, the term "cognition" is usually used within an information processing view of an individual's psychological functions, and such is the same in cognitive engineering. In the study of social cognition, a branch of social psychology, the term is used to explain attitudes, attribution, and group dynamics. Human cognition is conscious and unconscious, concrete or abstract, as well as intuitive (like knowledge of a language) and conceptual (like a model of a language). It encompasses processes such as memory, association, concept formation, pattern recognition, language, attention, perception, action, problem solving, and mental imagery. Traditionally, emotion was not thought of as a cognitive process, but now much research is being undertaken to examine the cognitive psychology of emotion; research is also focused on one's awareness of one's own

This is a document about Metacognitive therapy
  Metacognition, Greek for "after" (meta) "thought" (cognition), refers to the human capacity to be aware of and control one's own thoughts and internal mental processes. Metacognition has been studied for several decades by researchers, originally as part of developmental psychology and neuropsychology. Examples of metacognition include a person knowing what thoughts are currently in their mind and knowing where the focus of their attention is, and a person's beliefs about their own thoughts (which may or may not be accurate). The first metacognitive interventions were devised for children with attentional disorders in the 1980s.

This is a document about Children's use of information
  Metacognition is an ability that allows people to think about their own thinking process, and how to use their thinking process to help themselves learn better. Metacognition includes two separate abilities: (1) knowledge of cognition and (2) regulation of cognition. Knowledge of one's thinking process is not enough to regulate an individual's behaviour, and are required to use specific strategies to help them regulate their behaviour.

Metacognition. It refers to the knowledge and regulation of one's own thinking processes and cognitive abilities.


Question: when was the employment non discrimination act passed

Answer: November 7 , 2013

This is a document about Employment Non-Discrimination Act
 Merkley introduced it in the Senate. On November 7, 2013, Merkley's bill passed the Senate with bipartisan support by a vote of 64–32. President Barack Obama supported the bill's passage. In states that have anti-discrimination policies in place, LGBT complaints are equivalent to the number of complaints filed based on sex and fewer than the number of complaints filed based on race. The Williams Institute estimates the number of LGBT employees as follows: 7 million private sector employees, 1 million state and local employees, and 200,000 employees of the federal government. Thirty percent of state and local LGBT employees live

This is a document about Political positions of Rand Paul
 owned, controlled, or managed by a particular religion or by a particular religious corporation, association, or society. On November 7, 2013, he voted again against cloture for the Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2013. On November 7, 2013, he voted again against the Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2013. ON November 14, 2013, after the Senate passage of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act, he stated that his vote had nothing to do with supporting employment discrimination, but his support for Sen. Pat Toomey's amendment that would exempt religious groups to the bill. After Toomey's amendment was defeated in the Senate, he said it

This is a document about Employment Non-Discrimination Act
  focus on employment. Rep. Gerry Studds introduced the Employment Non-Discrimination Act on June 23, 1994. The legislation failed in 1994 and 1995. In 1996, the bill failed on a 49–50 vote in the Senate and was not voted on in the House. Its level of support in the Senate may have represented an attempt by some to compensate for their recent support of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages. These early versions of ENDA did not include provisions to protect transgender people from discrimination and ENDA was not introduced in the 109th Congress.

This is a document about Employment Non-Discrimination Act
  The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) is legislation proposed in the United States Congress that would prohibit discrimination in hiring and employment on the basis of sexual orientation or, depending on the version of the bill, gender identity, by employers with at least 15 employees. ENDA has been introduced in every Congress since 1994 except the 109th. Similar legislation has been introduced without passage since 1974. The bill gained its best chance at passing after the Democratic Party gained the majority after twelve years of Republican majorities in the 2006 midterm elections. In 2007, gender identity protections were added to the legislation for the first time. Some sponsors believed that even with a Democratic majority, ENDA did not have enough votes to pass the House of

This is a document about Employment Non-Discrimination Act
  [[File:S 2056 - Employment Nondiscrimination Act of 1996 - Senate vote.svg|thumb|400px|right|Senate vote on Employment Nondiscrimination Act of 1996. ]] On May 14, 1974, Reps. Bella Abzug (D-NY) and Ed Koch (D-NY) introduced, an "Equality Act" which would have added "sex, marital status or sexual orientation" to the protected classes specified in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, thus prohibiting discrimination in employment and access to public accommodations and facilities. The bill died in June 1974 but a similarly named bill would later be introduced in the 115th United States Congress on May 2, 2017. In the early 1990s, supporters of the legislation decided

This is a document about LGBT employment discrimination in the United States
  on March 27, 2017. In 2017, the Trump administration, through the Department of Justice, reversed the Obama-era policy which used Title VII to protect transgender employees from discrimination. A bill to ban employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA), was introduced repeatedly in the U.S. Congress since 1994. Under the ENDA, it was illegal for an employer to discriminate against their employees due to their sexual orientation or gender identity. Unlike the Equality Act of 1974, the main focus of the ENDA was to end employment discrimination. In 1994, the ENDA only

This is a document about List of anti-discrimination acts
 Age Discrimination Act of 1975 ; Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 ; Alaska's Anti-Discrimination Act of 1945 ; Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ; Bostock v. Clayton County — a landmark United States Supreme Court case in 2020 in which the Court held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees against discrimination because of their sexual orientation or gender identity ; California Fair Employment and Housing Act ; Civil Rights Act of 1866 ; Civil Rights Act of 1871 ; Civil Rights Act of 1957 ; Civil Rights Act of 1964 ; Civil Rights Act of 1968 ; Civil Rights Act of 1991 ; Employment Non-Discrimination Act ; Equal Pay Act of 1963 ; Executive Order 11478 ; Executive Order 13166 – “Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency” ; Fair Employment

This is a document about Political positions of Rand Paul
  On July 10, 2013, he voted against the Employment Non-Discrimination Act, that would prohibit discrimination in hiring and employment on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity by private sector employers with at least 15 employees. Paul had introduced an amendment to broaden the religious exemptions to the Employment Non-Discrimination Act, but failed to show up for the committee hearing for it. A day after the vote, he said "All I can say is, we have a zero tolerance policy for anybody who displays discriminatory behavior or belief in discriminating against people based on the color of their skin, their religion,

This is a document about United Kingdom labour law
  changing. Though the common law was sometimes comparatively progressive, sometimes not, the first statutes to prohibit discrimination focused on gender and race emerged in the 1960s as the Civil Rights Act was passed in the United States. Discrimination in employment (as in consumer or public service access) was formally prohibited on grounds of race in 1965, gender in 1975, disability in 1995, sexual orientation and religion in 2003 and age in 2006. A complicated and inconsistent jamboree of Acts and statutory instruments was placed into a comprehensive code in the Equality Act 2010. This was backed by European Union law, which the

This is a document about LGBT employment discrimination in the United States
  cannot create any new enforcement rights (such as the ability to proceed before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). Those rights can be granted only by legislation passed by the Congress, such as the Employment Non-Discrimination Act." At the start of 2010, the Obama administration included gender identity among the classes protected against discrimination under the authority of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). It was Obama's wish to further attend to LGBT civil rights not only through legislation, but also the executive branch. In 2012 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does

This is a document about ADA Amendments Act of 2008
  ADA with parallel provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the latter amendments change the language of Title I to provide that no covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual “on the basis of disability.” To summarize the ADAAA timeline: the Act was introduced on July 31, 2008; passed the Senate on September 11, 2008; passed the House on September 17, 2008; was signed by the President on September 25, 2008; and took effect on January 1, 2009. The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held on July 21, 2009, that the ADAAA does not apply retroactively.

This is a document about LGBT history in New York
  In 2002, the Sexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act was passed by the Legislature. Governor George Pataki signed the bill into law, and it went into effect on January 16, 2003. Also in 2002, the Sylvia Rivera Law Project was founded in New York. Still in existence today, SRLP was named after transgender activist Sylvia Rivera with the mission "to guarantee that all people are free to self-determine gender identity and expression, regardless of income or race, and without facing harassment, discrimination or violence". In 2005, bisexual scholars and activists mobilized with The Task Force, GLAAD and BiNet USA to meet with New York Times science section editor and researcher Brian Dodge to respond

This is a document about Women's education in the United States
  In July 1975 “Title IX regulations became effective as law” (Margaret Fund of NWLC, 2012). The law provided one year for compliance to elementary schools and three years for compliance to high schools and post secondary institutions. Through the 1970s the law's enactment, opposition towards the legislation, and initial compliance for the law were the focus. According to the Margaret Fund (2012), in 1982 a court case was won upholding the nondiscriminatory acts in employment, the case title is as follows, 1982 North Haven Bd. of Ed. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512 (1982). In 1984, the case Grove City v. Bell, 465 U.S. 555 (1984) a, “U.S. Supreme Court decision

This is a document about Phyllis Frye
  Frye presented at her first Creating Change conference (trans and bisexual caucuses combined meeting) in 1995. A dispute arose over the version of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) proposed in the 104th Congress (1995–1996), which did not include protection for transgender people. The Human Rights Campaign (HRC), an LGBT advocacy group, drew particular criticism for its endorsement of the Act, which was seen as a betrayal by many in the transgender community. In February 1997 Frye organized a gathering of transgender people in Washington, D.C. where 20 people came to the offices of 46 senators of the 49 who voted for ENDA in 1996 to discuss the vote and

This is a document about Bathroom bill
  The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a key U.S. agency that enforces federal workplace rules. States also have their own rules but in a conflict, if constitutional, federal law is supreme. A key statute is Title VII. Title VII, passed as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibits discrimination in the workplace "because of" of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Title VII does not mention sexual orientation or gender identity. Although few dispute that Congress was thinking about gender identity or sexual orientation in 1964, advocates have argued that sexual orientation and gender identity are included in the law's reference to "sex". In

This is a document about Employment Non-Discrimination Act
  [[File:HR 3685 - Sexual Orientation Employment Nondiscrimination Act of 2007 (ENDA) - House of Representatives vote.svg|thumb|400px|right|House vote on Sexual Orientation Employment Nondiscrimination Act of 2007 by congressional district. ]] In the 110th United States Congress there were two versions of the bill, both of which provided employment protections similar to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Reps. Barney Frank, Chris Shays, Tammy Baldwin, and Deborah Pryce introduced on April 24, 2007. It included gender identity within its protections. It defined gender identity as "gender-related identity, appearance, or mannerisms or other gender-related characteristics of an individual, with or without regard to the individual's designated sex at birth." It allowed employers to require adherence "to the same dress or

This is a document about Social policy of the Barack Obama administration
  Obama has said that he would sign into law the Employment Non-Discrimination Act, which — if passed — would prohibit discrimination in hiring and employment on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. On July 21, 2014, Obama signed Executive Order 13672, adding "gender identity" to the categories protected against discrimination in hiring in the federal civilian workforce and both "sexual orientation" and gender identity" to the categories protected against discrimination in hiring and employment on the part of federal government contractors and sub-contractors.

This is a document about Equal employment opportunity
   Equal employment opportunity is equal opportunity to attain or maintain employment in a company, organization, or other institution. Examples of legislation to foster it or to protect it from eroding include the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which was established by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to assist in the protection of United States employees from discrimination. The law was the first federal law designed to protect most US employees from employment discrimination based upon that employee's (or applicant's) race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (Public Law 88-352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 253, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 2000e et. seq.). On June 15, 2020, the United States Supreme Court ruled that workplace discrimination is prohibited on the basis of sexual orientation or transgender status. Bostock v. Clayton County, 590

This is a document about Human rights in the United Kingdom
  in under the Equal Pay Act 1970. Racial discrimination was prohibited by the Race Relations Act 1976 and disability discrimination by the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. Discrimination on the grounds of religion and belief in the workplace and tertiary education was first regulated by the Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003, sexual orientation discrimination in the workplace by the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 and age discrimination in employment by the Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006. Much of this legislation was consolidated into the Equality Act 2010, the bulk of which entered into force in October 2010, which

The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) was passed by the Senate on November 7, 2013. However, it has not been passed by the House of Representatives and signed into law.