Question: what is the theme song to the munsters

Answer: The Munsters 's Theme

This is a document about The Munsters
 was 18 feet long and cost almost $20,000 to build. Barris also built the "DRAG-U-LA," a dragster built from a coffin (according to Barris, a real coffin was, in fact, purchased for the car), which Grandpa used to win back "The Munster Koach" after Herman lost it in a race. The instrumental theme song, titled "The Munsters's Theme", was composed by composer/arranger Jack Marshall. The theme song's lyrics, which the sitcom's co-producer Bob Mosher wrote, were never aired on CBS. Described by writer Jon Burlingame as a "Bernard-Herrmann-meets-Duane-Eddy sound", the theme was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1965. A

This is a document about The Munsters
  The instrumental theme song, titled "The Munsters' Theme", was composed by composer/arranger Jack Marshall. Described by writer Jon Burlingame as a "Bernard-Herrmann-meets-Duane-Eddy sound", the theme was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1965. The song's lyrics, which were written by co-producer Bob Mosher, were never aired on CBS.

This is a document about Breaking the Fourth Wall (WandaVision)
  The episode's opening theme song, "W-V 2000", was written by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez and performed by The Math Club. It is an instrumental track similar in style to the theme from The Office, which followed the trend of sitcoms starting in the 2000s that did not feature lyrics with their opening themes. Anderson-Lopez said if they had written lyrics for the song, they would have followed its feeling of things "speeding up and out of control". The episode also includes the theme song "Agatha All Along", which was also written by Anderson-Lopez and Lopez. It is similar to the theme song for The Munsters and the theme song for The Addams Family. The couple were drawn to the past monster-centric series' music in order to give

This is a document about Music of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
  The episode "Breaking the Fourth Wall" of WandaVision features an original theme song written by Kristen-Anderson Lopez and Robert Lopez. The song is similar to the theme song for The Munsters and "The Addams Family Theme" from The Addams Family. The couple was drawn to the past monster-centric series' music in order to give Agatha's theme song a "witchy, ghoulish feeling" with "a little bit of an Oompa-Loompa tenor feel to it too". Hahn is the lead singer on the theme, with Lopez singing backup along with the other male backup singers from previous theme songs.

This is a document about List of television theme music composers
  Wild West" ; Jack Marshall - "Theme from The Munsters", "Theme from Karen" (with Bob Mosher) ; Massive Attack - "Paradise Circus" (Theme from Luther), "Teardrop" (Theme from House) ; Billy May - "Somewhere in the Night" (Theme from Naked City"), "Flight of the Bumblebee" (Theme from The Green Hornet ; Simon May "EastEnders theme tune" (Theme from EastEnders) (both with Leslie Osborne); "Theme from Howards' Way" ; Dennis McCarthy - "Theme from V: The Series, "Theme from Houston Knights", "Theme from Star Trek: Deep Space Nine" ; Paul McCartney - "With a Little Help from My Friends" (Theme from The Wonder Years) ; China Anne McClain

This is a document about Uma Thurman (song)
  The song has received critical acclaim, with praise for the sample of the theme music from The Munsters and Patrick Stump's vocal performance. Billboard called it the "best yet" from the new album.  Music Times wrote positively about the song, stating that the rhythm and bassline are "what really shine" and that the "steady and funky bassline carries the melody seamlessly through the track." It also felt that vocalist Stump's vocal melody played off the music well. Idolator wrote that The Munsters sample added a 1960s surf-rock vibe to the "impossibly catchy" song.

This is a document about Agatha All Along
  name as "It Was ______ All Along". When developing the episode, the WandaVision writers wrote placeholder theme songs into the episodes before Anderson-Lopez and Lopez were brought on board, with Cameron Squires, the writer of "Breaking the Fourth Wall", originally naming the Agatha theme "That's so Agatha", as a reference to the television series That's So Raven. "Agatha All Along" is similar to the theme song for The Munsters and "The Addams Family Theme" from The Addams Family. The couple were drawn to the past monster-centric series' music in order to give Agatha's theme song a "witchy, ghoulish feeling" with "a little bit of an Oompa-Loompa tenor feel to it too" and the feeling of

This is a document about Max and Paddy's Road to Nowhere
  The theme song was written by Toni Baker and Peter Kay, and borrowed heavily from the theme to the 1970s American series B. J. and the Bear. The lyrics are "Don't know where we're going, Got no way of knowing, Driving on the Road to Nowhere. Sponging for a living, Checkin' out the women, Riding on the Road to Nowhere... And we don't take shit from anyone, The only thing we wanna do is have some fun. It's Max and Paddy (Paddy and Max!), And best of all, we don't pay council tax!". Singer Tony Christie was to sing the show's theme, but his version was only used once, at the very end of the final episode. Kay and McGuinness themselves sang it in the opening sequences of episodes 2 to 6. Episode 1's opening theme is instrumental and episodes 1 - 5's closing themes are too.

This is a document about Moonshiners (TV series)
  The theme song for the show is Steve Earle's "Copperhead Road". The intro montage introduces the cast members, and also shows some of the difficulties they face while making the moonshine. Since season 5, the theme song has been Bleeding Fingers' "Livin' Outside the Law".

This is a document about Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie
  The Bury Me Not On The Lone Prairie music was adapted for the soundtrack to John Ford's 1939 western film classic Stagecoach (1939 film)– its haunting theme is repeatedly heard throughout the movie. The song has been a popular recording, having been released on album by Moe Bandy, Johnny Cash, Burl Ives, Bruce Molsky, Tex Ritter, and Roy Rogers, among others. Even avant-garde musicians, The Residents, have covered the song for their Cube-E (1988–90) and Talking Light (2010–11) tours. Under the alternate title "Bury Me Out on the Lone Prairie", it has been recorded by Johnnie Ray. In the final episode of The Munsters, Lily Munster plays the organ while she, her husband, and her father sing "Bury Me Not

This is a document about Miller's Crossing
  The score was written by Carter Burwell, his third collaboration with the Coen brothers. The main theme is based on the Irish folk ballad "Lament for Limerick". Burwell takes a traditional piece of music with some culturally relevant connection and uses it as the central motif of the broader arrangement. The main theme has been utilized in trailers for a number of other films, including The Shawshank Redemption, as well as in an ad for Caffrey's Irish Ale. The soundtrack includes jazz tunes, such as "King Porter Stomp", reflective of the era in which the film is set. Other songs include "Danny Boy", sung by Frank Patterson, an Irish tenor, which is heard in Leo's house. Patterson can also be heard singing Jimmy Campbell's "Goodnight Sweetheart" in a scene in the Shenandoah Club.

This is a document about Skylarking
  the opinion -- and I think I am as well -- that the best take is where the band is running through while the engineer's trying to get a sound! That's the take that should be recorded, you know." At times when Partridge wanted to improve some part of the music, Rundgren would respond saying "Andy, it won't necessarily be 'better' – it'll just be different." The band routinely played the theme from The Munsters whenever they could see Rundgren arriving to the studio. According to Partridge, Rundgren never realized the joke was at his resemblance to Herman Munster. In spite of all the difficulties, Rundgren said the album "ultimately ... sounds like we

This is a document about Don't Touch That Dial
  The episode's theme song, "WandaVision!", was written by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez. "WandaVision" is the only lyric in the song, as Anderson-Lopez and Lopez wanted to emulate the minimalist, repetitive, "cool jazz Bebop-inspired" theme songs of 1960s television series. They also gave "Mah Nà Mah Nà" by Piero Umiliani and the works of Dave Brubeck as influences. Composer Christophe Beck chose to emulate some of the instrumentation and style of the theme song for the episode's score, which he did not do for the first episode. This involved introducing a rhythm section, including bongos, and a "Latin feel" to the classical orchestra that he was already using for the series, with further inspiration taken from Bewitched and I Dream of Jeannie. The episode features "Help Me, Rhonda" by the Beach Boys. A soundtrack for the episode was released digitally by Marvel Music and Hollywood Records on January 22, 2021, featuring Beck's score. The first track is the theme song by Anderson-Lopez and Lopez.

This is a document about The John Larroquette Show
  The series' theme song, "The Skrewy St. Louis Blues", is a bluesy tune performed by David Cassidy on acoustic guitar with a scat vocal. A version of the performance lasting approximately one minute was used in the opening and closing sequences of the show during its first season. A much shorter edit of the song (lasting less than ten seconds) was heard only during the opening logo during the later seasons. An upbeat, jazzy instrumental tune was occasionally used for the closing theme in seasons three and four. Steve Cochran, a former radio host on WGN Radio in Chicago, used the Cassidy song as the theme music for his own radio program up until he was fired.

This is a document about Agatha All Along
  and Hahn were also taken aback by the song's popularity. Commentators called the song "catchy",  with "delicious" lyrics, and likened it to "Toss a Coin to Your Witcher" from The Witcher Netflix series, which also went viral. The song was also called "the official song of summer 2021", the song of the year, and a song that would be requested at celebrations and nightclubs following the COVID-19 pandemic. Alex Zalben at Decider expanded on why this theme appeared to be more popular than the past WandaVision themes, saying that emulating The Munsters theme allowed it to have "a catchy riff

This is a document about Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)
  The "Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)" is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Waylon Jennings. It was released in August 1980 as the second single from the album Music Man. Recognizable to fans as the theme to the CBS comedy adventure television series The Dukes of Hazzard, the song became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1980.

This is a document about Jack Marshall (composer)
  Although it is believed that Lee herself was also responsible for that arrangement, Marshall conducted and arranged all the tunes recorded on the sessions. Marshall composed the theme and incidental music for the 1960s TV series The Munsters and the 1966 tie-in film Munster, Go Home! (the theme music was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1965). He also composed music for the movies The Missouri Traveler (1958), Thunder Road (1958), The Giant Gila Monster (1959) and Kona Coast (1968), as well as The Deputy, a 1959–1961 western television series starring Henry Fonda, and the television series The Investigators (1961), Don't Call Me Charlie! (1962–1963), and The Debbie Reynolds Show (1969–1970).

This is a document about I'm Not There (soundtrack)
 1) "Main Title Theme (Billy)" – Calexico ; 2) "One Too Many Mornings" – Joe Henry ; 3) "What Kind of Friend Is This" – Lee Ranaldo and Stephen Malkmus ; 4) "Bunkhouse Theme" – Calexico

This is a document about Dem Bones
  Fred Waring and his Pennsylvanians recorded the song on 30 April 1947 and released it on the 78 rpm record Decca 23948. The Delta Rhythm Boys recorded it in 1950 under the name "Dry Bones". A recording of the song by the Canadian vocal group The Four Lads was featured prominently in "Fall Out", the final episode of the 1967–68 science fiction series, The Prisoner. The song is also performed at several points in the episode, most notably when the character of Number 48 spontaneously begins to lip sync to the recording in order to disrupt a ceremony involving the show's protagonist, Number 6. Later, several characters are shown dancing to the same recording. Fred Gwynne performs a solo version, accompanying himself on guitar, in a 1965 episode of the Munsters: "Will Success Spoil Herman Munster?".

The theme song to "The Munsters" is called "The Munsters' Theme" and was composed by Jack Marshall. It was never aired on CBS but was nominated for a Grammy Award. The lyrics were written by Bob Mosher.


Question: when did the movie every day come out

Answer: February 23 , 2018

This is a document about Every Day (2018 film)
 Every Day (2018 film) Every Day is a 2018 American romantic fantasy drama film directed by Michael Sucsy and written by Jesse Andrews, based on the 2012 novel of the same name by David Levithan. The film stars Angourie Rice as 16-year-old Rhiannon, who falls in love with a traveling soul who wakes each morning in a different body; Justice Smith, Debby Ryan and Maria Bello also star. The film was released on February 23, 2018. "A" is a traveling spirit who wakes up in the body of a different male or female teenager, every day. One day, "A" wakes

This is a document about Every Day (2010 film)
  Every Day was released in theaters on January 11, 2011. At its widest release, the film was only shown in four theaters, and grossed $46,209, far below its $3 million production budget.

This is a document about Every Day (2010 film)
  Every Day was released on DVD on March 8, 2011.

This is a document about Every Day (novel)
  In June 2017, it was announced that Every Day would be adapted into a feature film, with Angourie Rice starring as Rhiannon. Jesse Andrews, author of Me and Earl and the Dying Girl, wrote the script while Michael Sucsy directed. Filming took place in summer 2017, for a 2018 release. MGM distributed the movie under the Orion Pictures label.

This is a document about Jim Beanz
 "Every Day"

This is a document about Michael Sucsy
  Sucsy followed up The Vow with the film adaptation of the novel Every Day. The movie was released on February 23, 2018. Every Day is a 2018 American romantic fantasy drama film directed by Michael Sucsy and written by Jesse Andrews, based on the 2012 novel of the same name by David Levithan. The film stars Angourie Rice as 16-year-old Rhiannon, who falls in love with a traveling soul who wakes each morning in a different body; Justice Smith, Debby Ryan and Maria Bello also star. Film critic Peter Bradshaw created a new Special Braddie Award for "Every Day" calling it "the quirky film overlooked by the complacent MSM gatekeeper-establishment which might be a future cult classic."

This is a document about Every Day (2018 film)
  Every Day grossed $6.1million in the United States and Canada, and $4.3million in other territories, for a worldwide gross of $10.4million. Every Day was released alongside Game Night and Annihilation, and was projected to gross $2–4million from 1,667 theaters in its opening weekend. It earned $3.1million over the weekend, finishing ninth at the box office.

This is a document about Every Day (2010 film)
  Every Day received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 34% based on reviews from 32 critics. At Metacritic the film received a score of 48 based on reviews from 12 critics.

This is a document about Every Day (2018 film)
  Every Day is a 2018 American romantic fantasy drama film directed by Michael Sucsy and written by Jesse Andrews, based on the 2012 novel of the same name by David Levithan. The film stars Angourie Rice as 16-year-old Rhiannon, who falls in love with a traveling soul who wakes each morning in a different body; Justice Smith, Debby Ryan and Maria Bello also star. The film was released on February 23, 2018.

This is a document about Every Day (2018 film)
  In June 2017, it was announced that MGM had acquired film rights for the novel Every Day, with Angourie Rice attached to star as Rhiannon, from a screenplay by Jesse Andrews, author of Me and Earl and the Dying Girl, and Michael Sucsy directing. In July 2017, the rest of the main cast was announced, as the film began production in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Later, Owen Teague joined the cast. The film was shot in Toronto from July 6, 2017 until August 12, 2017.

This is a document about Orion Pictures
  releases for targeted audiences. Its first release, the young adult romance drama Every Day, was released on February 23, 2018. In May 2018, it was announced that Orion Classics would be revived as a multiplatform distribution label, with 8 to 10 films being released per year. On February 5, 2019, MGM and Annapurna Pictures expanded their US joint distribution venture Mirror, rebranding it as United Artists Releasing. Beginning in April 2019, Orion Pictures' upcoming titles would be distributed through the UAR banner and Orion's theatrical distribution staff will move to UAR. The first Orion film to do so was the remake of

This is a document about Texas (band)
  the UK top 75 for 91 weeks. A total of five singles were taken from the album, all of which were top-ten hits in the UK. "Halo", released in April 1997, peaked at No. 10, "Black Eyed Boy", released in July 1997, peaked at No. 5, and "Put Your Arms Around Me", released in November 1997, also peaked at No. 10. In 1998, the song was featured in the film Ever After: A Cinderella Story, starring Drew Barrymore. The band then released a double A-sided single of "Insane" along with "Say What You Want (All Day, Every Day)"—a new version of the first hit from the album but now

This is a document about David Stone (keyboardist)
 Everytime (1976)

This is a document about N-Tyce
 All Day Every Day (1998) - UK #44

This is a document about List of non-televised First Doctor stories
 Every Day

This is a document about Michael Winterbottom
  Known during its lengthy production variously as Seven Days and then Here and There, the film stars John Simm as a man imprisoned for drug-smuggling and charts his relationship with his wife, played by Shirley Henderson. Written by Winterbottom and Laurence Coriat, the film was shot a few weeks at a time over a five-year period from 2007–2012 to reflect the protagonist's time in prison and achieve an authentic aging process. Everyday premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on 3 September 2012, and then screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 8 September 2012. The film was produced by Britain's Channel 4 and premiered in the UK on television on 15 November 2012, later released theatrically on 18 January 2013. At the Stockholm International Film Festival in November, the film was awarded the FIPRESCI-Award.

This is a document about Ninja Tune
  a screening of the visionary 1929 Russian silent feature, Man with a Movie Camera, for the 2000 Portuguese Film Festival Fantasporto. The following year it was performed at the opening gala of Portugal's year as European Capital of Culture in Porto in front of 3000 people. The material written for this film score laid the groundwork for what would be The Cinematic Orchestra's second full-length, Every Day, released in May 2002, and one of Ninja's best-selling albums. Roots Manuva featured on the track "All Things to All Men", which later soundtracked the final scenes of 2006 movie Kidulthood. The Cinematic

This is a document about Every Day (2018 film)
  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on  reviews with an average rating of. The website's critical consensus reads, "Every Day wastes its metaphysical premise on shallow storytelling, though its diverse young cast adds flavor to an otherwise bland teen-romance." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave the film a 64 percent overall positive score and a 39 percent "definite recommend". Film critic Peter Bradshaw called the film "the quirky film overlooked by the complacent MSM gatekeeper-establishment which might be a future cult classic".

This is a document about Everyday (video)
  Kalina began taking a photo of himself every day starting on January 11, 2000, at age 19. The video Everyday shows the photos chronologically, six per second, with an original piano score by Kalina's former girlfriend Carly Comando. Throughout the compilation, Kalina's face remains emotionless in the center of the frame. Kalina uploaded the video to Vimeo on August 8, 2006, and YouTube on August 27, 2006. Kalina had originally intended Everyday to be a photo project, but was encouraged to make a film after seeing a video by Ahree Lee, which consisted of time lapse portraits of the artist. He compiled his photographs into a video.

This is a document about Every Single Day (band)
  Every Single Day (에브리싱글데이), is a South Korean rock band formed in 1997. The group debuted as a trio with Moon Sung-nam (vocals, bass), Jung Jae-oo (guitar), and Gang Moon-chul (drums).

The 2018 film "Every Day" was released on February 23, 2018.


Question: where does china girl top of the lake take place

Answer: Sydney , Australia

This is a document about Top of the Lake
 had been renewed for a second season. "China Girl" began shooting on location in Sydney, Australia in December 2015. Campion returned as co-writer and co-director. Gerard Lee returned as co-writer. The original co-director, Garth Davis, was replaced by Ariel Kleiman due to scheduling conflicts. Philippa Campbell returned as producer. Actress Nicole Kidman joined the cast for "China Girl", which is the second time she has worked with Campion. Kidman "plays an Australian mother, Julia, whose story dovetails with that of Detective Robin Griffin", played by Elisabeth Moss. Christie, a fan of Campion's "The Piano", joined the cast after sending a

This is a document about Top of the Lake
  Top of the Lake screened in its entirety at the January 2013 Sundance Film Festival, in a single seven-hour session with one intermission and a break for lunch. This was the first such screening in the history of the festival. Top of the Lake was additionally shown at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival. The US premiere was on the Sundance Channel on 18 March 2013, in Australia on BBC UKTV on 24 March 2013, and in New Zealand on 25 March, also on BBC UKTV. China Girl was screened in its entirety at the May 2017 Cannes Film Festival. In the UK, it premiered on BBC Two on 27 July 2017. In the US, it premiered in September 2017, on Sundance TV, and each episode will be available on Hulu the day after its screening on SundanceTV. In Canada, China Girl premiered on 25 October 2017, on CBC Television.

This is a document about Gerard Lee
 Top of the Lake (2013), a seven-hour drama serial, set in the South Island of New Zealand, co-created and co-written with Jane Campion. ; Top of the Lake: China Girl (20xx) a seven-hour drama set in Sydney, Australia co-written with Jane Campion.

This is a document about Top of the Lake
  In early 2013, co-creator Jane Campion said that Top of the Lake comes to a distinct ending, and there would be no additional series. Despite this, it was announced in October 2014 that the series had been renewed for a second season. China Girl began shooting on location in Sydney, Australia in December 2015. Campion returned as co-writer and co-director. Gerard Lee returned as co-writer. The original co-director, Garth Davis, was replaced by Ariel Kleiman due to scheduling conflicts. Philippa Campbell returned as producer. Actress Nicole Kidman joined the cast for China Girl, which is the second time she has worked with Campion. Kidman "plays an Australian mother, Julia, whose story dovetails with that of Detective Robin Griffin", played by Elisabeth Moss. Gwendoline Christie, a fan of Campion's The Piano, joined the cast in a role written especially for her after sending a letter through a mutual friend.

This is a document about Jane Campion
  titled Top of the Lake: China Girl was released in 2017. Shot and set in Sydney, Top of the Lake: China Girl features Alice Englert, Campion's daughter, in a lead role as Robin's biological daughter. The series also features Ewen Leslie, David Dencik and Nicole Kidman. In 2019 it was announced her first film in a decade, the adaptation of Thomas Savage's novel The Power of the Dog. The film was released in 2021, premiering at the 78th Venice International Film Festival where Campion was awarded the Silver Lion for Best Direction. She also won the Best Director award from the New York Film Critic's Circle.

This is a document about Top of the Lake
  Top of the Lake is a mystery drama television series created and written by Jane Campion and Gerard Lee, and directed by Campion and Garth Davis. It aired in 2013, and the sequel, entitled Top of the Lake: China Girl, in 2017. It marks Campion's first work for television since An Angel at My Table in 1990. Series 1 follows Detective Robin Griffin (Elisabeth Moss) and deals with her investigation of the disappearance of a pregnant 12-year-old girl in New Zealand. Series 2, China Girl, is set in Sydney five years later, as Detective Griffin investigates the death of an unidentified Asian girl found at Bondi Beach. Top of the Lake was co-produced for BBC Two in the UK, BBC UKTV in Australia and New Zealand, and Sundance Channel in the United States. It has been generally very well received.

This is a document about Two Stage Sisters
  courtroom, Yuehong faints. The film ends in 1950, one year after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. Chunhua prepares to perform The White-Haired Girl for country folks at Zhejiang. Tang has run off to Taiwan with the KMT cohort and Yuehong is quietly abandoned at Shaoxing province. Although Yuehong witnesses Chunhua’s drama, she is too ashamed to face her sworn sister again. Near a quay later the day, however, the sisters manage a tearful reunion. On the boat the following day, Yuehong vows to learn her lesson and walk the "correct" path while Chunhua dedicates her entire life to performing revolutionary operas.

This is a document about China Dolls (novel)
  China Dolls centers on three young women who are attracted to the San Francisco nightclub scene right before American involvement in World War II. At first Grace Lee, Helen Fong, and Ruby Tom seem the unlikeliest of friends. Grace is a seventeen-year-old Chinese American from Plain City, Ohio. She escapes to San Francisco to get away from an abusive father but is also driven by dreams of stardom based on her dancing skills. Where Grace has been completely cut off by her family from her Chinese heritage, Helen is a virtual prisoner in the wealthy family compound of her father, forced to play a subservient role in a Chinese world that denies her freedom. Ruby

This is a document about Top of the Lake
  Reviews of the first series of Top of the Lake have been positive, referring to it as "masterfully made", "beautiful", "mysterious", "riveting", and "a masterpiece". It received a score of 87 out of 100 from Metacritic and a score of 95% from Rotten Tomatoes. There were also some less positive reviews. Mike Hale of The New York Times criticized the "elaborately introduced plotlines" and described Tui's disappearance as "less a story element than a metaphor for the kind of armed resistance to male hegemony that constitutes the central idea of Ms Campion’s body of work." Top of the Lake was praised for exploring rape culture, gender dynamics and the experiences of single women. China Girl received more mixed reviews, with a score of 73 from Metacritic and 71% from Rotten Tomatoes.

This is a document about See-Saw Films
  Top Of The Lake directed by Jane Campion and starring Elisabeth Moss and Holly Hunter was nominated for eight Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. Top Of The Lake: China Girl, also directed by Campion, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival 2017. Starring Elisabeth Moss who reprises her role as Detective Robin Griffin, Top Of The Lake: China Girl also stars Nicole Kidman and Gwendoline Christie. 2018 saw the release of live action television series The New Legends of Monkey for Netflix, ABC Australia and TVNZ. Previous TV projects include Love, Nina written by Nick Hornby, directed by S.J. Clarkson and starring Helena Bonham Carter and Banished, a series for BBC written by Jimmy McGovern. On

This is a document about Shanghai Girls
  Shanghai Girls is divided into three parts: Fate, Fortune, and Destiny. Here See treats Chinese immigration from a personal view through Pearl's narration. In On Gold Mountain she objectively placed 100 years of her Chinese family history in the context of the daunting challenges Chinese immigrants faced in coming to America in search of Gold Mountain. America's mistreatment of Chinese immigrants is stressed in both memoir and novel. The sisters' story is interrelated with critical historical events, famous people, and important places—the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Battle of Shanghai, internment at Angel Island, Los Angeles Chinatown, Hollywood, World War II, the Chinese Exclusion Act, McCarthyism, etc. Historically significant people appearing in the novel include Madame Chiang Kai-shek, actress Anna May

This is a document about Lisa See
  China. Her 2019 novel The Island of Sea Women is a story about female friendship and family secrets on Jeju Island before, during and in the aftermath of the Korean War. Flower Net, The Interior, and Dragon Bones make up the Red Princess mystery series. Snow Flower and the Secret Fan and Peony in Love focus on the lives of Chinese women in the 19th and 17th centuries respectively. Shanghai Girls (2009) chronicles the lives of two sisters who come to Los Angeles in arranged marriages and face, among other things, the pressures put on Chinese-Americans during the anti-Communist mania of the 1950s. See completed a sequel titled Dreams

This is a document about Seventeen Years (film)
  The film takes place in and around the city of Tianjin, in northeastern China. Two divorced singles (Liang Song and Le Yeping), marry, each bringing a daughter into their new home. Xiaolan (Li Jun), short haired is fiercely independent and wishes to work in a factory after she graduates from high school. Her stepsister, Xiaoqin (Liu Lin), is more intellectual, and wishes to enter a university. After a dispute over a mere 5 yuan that Xiaoqin accuses Xiaolan of stealing, Xiaolan hits her stepsister over the head. To the surprise of everyone, Xiaoqin succumbs to the injury and dies and Xiaolan is led to jail. The film then cuts seventeen years into the future. Xiaolan has been selected as one of the lucky inmates allowed a furlough

This is a document about The Sino-Japanese War at Sea 1894
  the characters. The parts in the film about the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands is based on research done by Qi over many years. The shooting locations included Liugong Island in Shandong and Changshou Lake in Chongqing. The naval battle scenes were shot at Hulun Lake in Inner Mongolia. Feng said that his intended target audience for the film is actually youths in China. He felt that they are lacking in moral values and self-awareness, so he wanted to portray Deng Shichang as an incorruptible and righteous hero in the late Qing dynasty – a period when Chinese society was in decline due to opium addiction and political corruption – and make him a role model for Chinese youths to emulate.

This is a document about Heaven Lake (novel)
  The story begins in Douliu City, Taiwan where Christian volunteer and recent college graduate Vincent Saunders from Red Bud, Illinois, fluent in Mandarin, arrives to teach English and to share his faith. Soon after opening a ministry school, he meets wealthy businessman Mr. Gwa, who explains that he has fallen in love with a girl in mainland China but is unable to marry her due to the political situation between Taiwan and China. He offers Vincent $10,000 to travel to Urumchi in the far northwest of China near the eponymous Heaven Lake and marry the girl, bringing her back to Taiwan where she would be free to marry Mr. Gwa. Vincent refuses but later develops a relationship with one of his young students, which causes him to abandon his faith and to reconsider the offer.

This is a document about Red Sorghum (film)
  The film takes place in a rural village in China's eastern province of Shandong during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It is narrated from the point of view of the protagonist’s grandson, who reminisces about his grandmother, Jiu'er. She was a poor girl who was sent by her parents into a pre-arranged marriage with an old man, Li Datou, who owned a sorghum wine distillery and who had leprosy. As Jiu'er's wedding party crosses a field of sorghum, they are attacked by a bandit. One of the men hired to carry Jiu'er's sedan chair manages to fight off the assailant. After Jiu'er safely reaches the distillery, her rescuer, whom she

This is a document about No Regrets (TV series)
  the People's Republic of China which brings the drama to a climax as the leads who share a romantic relationship are split apart in 1949. Miss Kau, a former notorious drug dealer and "traitor" to the country, flies to Honolulu via Hong Kong, and Lau Sing, who, after a twist of fate, remains in Mainland China with amnesia, joins the Korean War of the early 1950s, restores his memory and attempts unsuccessfully to swim to Hong Kong and leave for Honolulu to seek his beloved Miss Kau after the gates were closed between Mainland China and Hong Kong. The drama concludes with Miss Kau and Lau Sing reuniting in 1979 in Canton, and living life together in the early 1980s in Hong Kong and travelling around the world.

This is a document about Up the Yangtze
  The setting of the film is a riverboat cruise ship floating up the Yangtze river. Two young people are the focus of the film as they work aboard the ship. One is a sixteen-year-old girl from a particularly poor family living on the banks of the Yangtze near Fengdu, named "Cindy" Yu Shui. She is followed as she leaves her family to work on one of the cruise ships serving wealthy western tourists at the same time as her family is being forced from their home due to the flooding that accompanied the building of the dam. The film shows her acclimatization to the consumer economy of tourism

This is a document about Ordinary World (novel)
  The story begins in the autumn of 1975, a year before the end of the Cultural Revolution in Shaanxi province in China (the author’s hometown). An ordinary teenager going into adulthood from a distant village located on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi, northwestern China, Shaoping Sun goes to the county of YuanXi to complete his high school. His humble descent makes him shy and diffident. He and his classmate Hongmei Hao, a girl of upper-class descent, fall in love; which is problematic during the Cultural Revolution. However, this relationship is revealed by their classmate Yuying Hou, and the abashed Hao has no choice but to end the relationship. Hao then quickly begins another relationship with her monitor, Yangmin Gu, a young man whose family is relatively better-off than Sun's. After Sun's graduation from high school, he went

China Girl, Top of the Lake takes place in Sydney, Australia.


Question: panama papers and paradise papers have been released by which organisation

Answer: Süddeutsche Zeitung

This is a document about Paradise Papers
 documents were acquired by the German newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung", which had also obtained the Panama Papers in 2016. According to the BBC, the name "Paradise Papers" reflects "the idyllic profiles of many of the offshore jurisdictions whose workings are unveiled", so-called tax havens, or "tax paradises". The data breach comprises some 13.4 million documents—totaling about 1.4 terabytes—from two offshore service providers, Appleby and Asiaciti Trust, and from the company registers of 19 tax havens. "Süddeutsche Zeitung" journalists contacted the ICIJ, which has been investigating the documents with 100 media partners. The consortium made the data available to these media partners

This is a document about Bastian Obermayer
 Bastian Obermayer Bastian Obermayer (born 1977 in Rosenheim) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning German investigative journalist with the Munich-based newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" (SZ) and the reporter who received the Panama Papers from an anonymous source as well as later on the Paradise Papers, together with his colleague Frederik Obermaier. Obermayer is also author of several books, among them the best selling account of the Panama Papers: "The Panama Papers: Breaking the Story of How the Rich and Powerful Hide Their Money" - co-authored by his colleague Frederik Obermaier. After the Knight-Wallace Fellowship in Ann Arbor, MI, Obermayer, in 2017, helped found

This is a document about Paradise Papers
 Paradise Papers The Paradise Papers are a set of 13.4 million confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investments that were leaked to the German reporters Frederik Obermaier and Bastian Obermayer from the newspaper" Süddeutsche Zeitung". The newspaper shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, and a network of more than 380 journalists. Some of the details were made public on 5 November 2017 and stories are still being released. The documents originate from legal firm Appleby, the corporate services providers Estera and Asiaciti Trust, and business registries in 19 tax jurisdictions. They contain the names of more than

This is a document about Reactions to the Panama Papers
 Simmons, the London-based legal firm whose clients included the Panama-registered fund created by David Cameron's father, Blairmore Holdings. Papers obtained by the "Süddeutsche Zeitung" and ICIJ reveal Simmons & Simmons' close relationship with running offshore companies and major overseas property owners, including an investment company run on behalf of Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani, while Troup was its senior tax partner. By November 2016 it was reported that a total of 22 people had been subjected to investigation by HMRC relating to potential tax evasion as a result of the Panama Papers, with a further 43 "under review". Ian

This is a document about Paradise Papers
  professional hacker". The documents were acquired by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, which had also obtained the Panama Papers in 2016. According to the BBC, the name "Paradise Papers" reflects "the idyllic profiles of many of the offshore jurisdictions whose workings are unveiled", so-called tax havens, or "tax paradises". The data breach comprises some 13.4 million documents—totaling about 1.4 terabytes—from two offshore service providers, Appleby and Asiaciti Trust, and from the company registers of 19 tax havens. Süddeutsche Zeitung journalists contacted the ICIJ, which has been investigating the documents with 100 media partners. The consortium made the data available to these media partners using Neo4j, a graph-database platform made for connected data, and Linkurious, graph-visualization software. This allowed journalists across the globe to undertake collaborative investigative work. The documents were released by the consortium on 5 November 2017.

This is a document about Paradise Papers
   The Paradise Papers are a set of over 13.4 million confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investments that were leaked to the German reporters Frederik Obermaier and Bastian Obermayer, from the newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung. The newspaper shared them with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, and a network of more than 380 journalists. Some of the details were made public on 5 November 2017 and stories are still being released. The documents originate from the legal firm Appleby, the corporate services providers Estera and Asiaciti Trust, and business registries in 19 tax jurisdictions. They contain the names of more than 120,000 people and companies. Among those whose financial affairs are mentioned are, separately, AIG, Prince Charles and Queen Elizabeth II, President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos, and U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross. The released information resulted in scandal, litigation, and loss of position for some of the named, as well as litigation against the media and journalists who published the papers.

This is a document about Center for Public Integrity
  In April 2016, the ICIJ made headlines worldwide with the announcement that it and the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung had received a leaked set of 11.5 million confidential documents from a secret source, created by the Panamanian corporate service provider Mossack Fonseca. The Panama Papers provided detailed information on more than 214,000 offshore companies, including the identities of shareholders and directors. The documents named the leaders of five countries — Argentina, Iceland, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine and the United Arab Emirates — as well as government officials, close relatives and close associates of various heads of government of more than 40 other countries, including Brazil, China, France, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Malta, Pakistan, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Syria and the United Kingdom. The ICIJ and Süddeutsche Zeitung received the Panama Papers in 2015 and distributed them to about 400 journalists at 107 media organizations in more than 80 countries. The first news reports based on the set, along with 149 of the documents themselves, were published on April 3, 2016. Among other planned disclosures, the full list of companies is to be released in early May 2016.

This is a document about Panama Papers
   The Panama Papers (Papeles de Panamá) are 11.5 million leaked documents (or 2.6 terabytes of data) that were published beginning on April 3, 2016. The papers detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities. The documents, some dating back to the 1970s, were created by, and taken from, former Panamanian offshore law firm and corporate service provider Mossack Fonseca. The documents contain personal financial information about wealthy individuals and public officials that had previously been kept private. The publication of these documents made it possible to establish the prosecution of Jan Marsalek, who is still a person of interest to a number of European governments due to his revealed links with Russian intelligence, and

This is a document about History of Panama (1977–present)
  arena, the Panamanian Government has been very successful in the enforcement of intellectual property rights and has concluded with the U.S. a very important Bilateral Investment Treaty Amendment and an agreement with the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC). The Moscoso administration was very supportive of the United States in combating international terrorism. In 2004, Martín Torrijos again ran for president but this time won handily. In 2016, the Panama Papers, which is not to be confused with the 2017 public release of the Paradise Papers, were released. The Panamanian law firm of Mossack Fonseca (MossFon) was cited numerous times in these documents and later dissolved on March 14, 2018.

This is a document about International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
  and the accountability of power." The ICIJ has exposed smuggling and tax evasion by multinational tobacco companies (2000), "by organized crime syndicates; investigated private military cartels, asbestos companies, and climate change lobbyists; and broke new ground by publicizing details of Iraq and Afghanistan war contracts." The Panama Papers were the result of a collaboration consisting of more than 100 media partners, including members of the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, with journalists who worked on the data, culminating in a partial release on 3 April 2016, garnering global media attention. The set of 11.5 million confidential financial and legal documents from the Panama-based law firm Mossack

This is a document about Joint Chiefs of Global Tax Enforcement
  Following the 2016 Panama Papers and 2017 Paradise Papers data leaks, taxation and law enforcement agencies in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands formed the Ottawa Group, to share information and coordinate response actions. In 2018, the Ottawa Group was re-organized as the J5, consisting of criminal intelligence communities from Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States who are committed to collaboration in the fight against international and transnational tax crime and money laundering. The J5 was formed in response to a call to action from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for countries to do more to tackle the enablers of tax crimes.

This is a document about Bahamas Leaks
 Distributed Denial of Secrets ; International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ; Offshore Leaks ; Panama Papers ; Paradise Papers

This is a document about Panama Papers (Europe)
  The Panama Papers are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities. The documents, some dating back to the 1970s, were created by, and taken from, Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider Mossack Fonseca, and were leaked in 2015 by an anonymous source. This page details related allegations, reactions, and investigations, in Europe.

This is a document about Süddeutsche Zeitung
  a 1.4-terabyte data set to be known as the Paradise Papers containing about 13.4 million documents, throwing light on the financial offshore jurisdictions, whose workings are unveiled, including Bermuda, the HQ of the main company involved, Appleby, corporate services provider Estera, corporate registries in Caribbean and Singapore-based international trust and corporate services provider, Asiaciti Trust. It contains the names of more than 120,000 people and companies. The newspaper called in the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists to oversee the investigation. BBC Panorama and The Guardian are among the nearly 100 media groups investigating the papers. The leaked data covers seven decades, from 1950 to 2016.

This is a document about Panama Papers (Asia)
  The Panama Papers are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities. The documents, some dating back to the 1970s, were created by, and taken from, Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider Mossack Fonseca, and were leaked in 2015 by an anonymous source. This page details related allegations, reactions, and investigations, in Asia.

This is a document about Panama Papers (South America)
  The Panama Papers are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney-client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities. The documents, some dating back to the 1970s, were created by and taken from, Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider Mossack Fonseca, and were leaked in 2015 by an anonymous source. This page details related allegations, reactions, and investigations, in South America.

This is a document about Panama Papers (North America)
  The Panama Papers are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities. The documents, some dating back to the 1970s, were created by, and taken from, Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider Mossack Fonseca, and were leaked in 2015 by an anonymous source. This page details related allegations, reactions, and investigations, in North America.

This is a document about Indian black money
  The 2016 Panama Papers scandal is the largest-ever leak of information on black money in history. International Consortium of Investigative Journalists first obtained the leaked information, revealing over 11 million documents. These documents pertain to 214,000 offshore entities and span almost 40 years. The papers originated from Mossack Fonseca, a Panama-based law firm with offices in more than 35 countries. The list of names exposed in the scandal includes 500 Indians who flouted rules and regulations, such as Amitabh Bachchan, Aishwarya Rai, Niira Radia, KP Singh, Garware family, Harish Salve, and others.

This is a document about News leak
 The Panama Papers, confidential documents leaked on 3 April 2016 regarding [[offshore financial centre| The Paradise Papers, confidential documents leaked on 5 November 2017 regarding offshore tax havens. ; The FinCEN Files collection of FinCEN documents brought to the public's attention in September 2020. ; The Pandora Papers, confidential documents leaked on 3 October 2021 regarding offshore tax havens. offshore tax havens]].

The Panama Papers and Paradise Papers were released by the "Süddeutsche Zeitung" newspaper in Germany, in collaboration with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ).


Question: when was the first national draft used in the united states

Answer: American Civil War

This is a document about Conscription in the United States
 Conscription in the United States Conscription in the United States, commonly known as the draft, has been employed by the federal government of the United States in five conflicts: the American Revolution, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the Cold War (including both the Korean War and the Vietnam War). The third incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act. It was the country's first peacetime draft. From 1940 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United

This is a document about National service in the United States
 1805, Jefferson attempted to improve the system as President, but his efforts did not gain the support of Congress. In many states, the militias gradually devolved until existing almost exclusively on paper by the 1840s. During the War of 1812, President James Madison and United States Secretary of War James Monroe sought a military draft, but Congress vehemently opposed it. Conscription continued to remain the domain of the States through levies to form militias. The federal draft was first applied in the American Civil War, though on a very limited basis with only 2% of the Union Army being draftees.

This is a document about Conscription in the United States
 the clauses:". . .that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by law..." Conscription in the United States Conscription in the United States, commonly known as the draft, has been employed by the federal government of the United States in five conflicts: the American Revolution, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the Cold War (including both the Korean War and the Vietnam War). The third incarnation of the draft came into being

This is a document about Military service
  The United States first introduced conscription during the American Civil War. With insufficient volunteers coming in by 1863, the Lincoln Administration was forced to begin drafting despite widespread complaints that it was unconstitutional and undermined states' rights (some states had conscripted men up to this point, but not the federal government). In July 1863, New York City erupted in the draft riots over the draft. However, anyone could get out by paying a $300 fee or hiring a substitute. Many conscripts and substitutes were criminals or men with debilitating health problems, and thus largely useless. The Confederate government had begun drafting men in early 1862. Conscription was next used after the United States entered World War I in 1917. The

This is a document about Conscription in the United States
    Conscription in the United States, commonly known as the draft, has been employed by the federal government of the United States in six conflicts: the American Revolutionary War, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The fourth incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act. It was the country's first peacetime draft. From 1940 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means. Active conscription came

This is a document about Draft evasion
  The United States has employed a draft several times, usually during war but also during the Cold War. Each time the draft has been met with at least some resistance. In Sketches of America (1818) British author Henry Bradshaw Fearon, who visited the young United States on a fact-finding mission to inform Britons considering emigration, described the New York Guard—although he did not name it—as he found it in New York City in August 1817: Every male inhabitant can be called out, from the age of 18 to 45, on actual military duty. During a state of peace, there are seven musters annually: the fine for non-attendance is, each time, five dollars. Commanding officers have discretionary power to receive substitutes. An instance of their easiness to be pleased was related to

This is a document about Conscription in the United States
  The United States first employed national conscription during the American Civil War. The vast majority of troops were volunteers; of the 2,200,000 Union soldiers, about 2% were draftees, and another 6% were substitutes paid by draftees. The Confederacy had far fewer inhabitants than the Union, and Confederate President Jefferson Davis proposed the first conscription act on March 28, 1862; it was passed into law the next month. Resistance was both widespread and violent, with comparisons made between conscription and slavery. Both sides permitted conscripts to hire substitutes to serve in their place. In the Union, many states and cities offered bounties and bonuses for

This is a document about Confederate States Congress
  the law be repealed. Following the recommendation of President Davis on March 28, Congress enacted its Conscription Act on April 16, the first military draft on the North American continent. It required three years' military service of all white males from eighteen to thirty-five. Substitutes were allowed. All volunteers, a majority of the army, had their terms of service extended, although they were granted a sixty-day furlough and the privilege of electing their own company-grade officers, captain and below. In addition to its "class-exemption system" deferring school teachers, river pilots and iron foundry workers, Congress in October 1862 exempted owners or overseers of twenty or

This is a document about 11th New York Infantry Regiment
  war dragged on, a military manpower shortage occurred in the Union and Congress passed the first conscription act in United States history on March 3, 1863, authorizing the President to draft male citizens between the ages of 18 and 35 for a three-year term of military service. Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests deteriorated into "a virtual racial pogrom, with uncounted numbers of blacks murdered on the streets". The conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool stated on July 16, "Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it". States' militias and Federal troops attached to the Army of the Potomac, including the newly reorganized 11th New York, were dispatched to quell

This is a document about Confederate States of America
  The Confederacy passed the first American law of national conscription on April 16, 1862. The white males of the Confederate States from 18 to 35 were declared members of the Confederate army for three years, and all men then enlisted were extended to a three-year term. They would serve only in units and under officers of their state. Those under 18 and over 35 could substitute for conscripts, in September those from 35 to 45 became conscripts. The cry of "rich man's war and a poor man's fight" led Congress to abolish the substitute system altogether in December 1863. All principals benefiting earlier were

This is a document about Selective Training and Service Act of 1940
  The draft began in October 1940, with the first men entering military service on November 18. By the early summer of 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked the U.S. Congress to extend the term of duty for the draftees beyond twelve months to a total of thirty months, plus any additional time that he could deem necessary for national security. On August 12, the United States House of Representatives approved the extension by a single vote; Roosevelt's former Secretary of War Harry Woodring was among those opposed, writing to Senator Arthur Vandenberg that voluntary enlistment had not been fully tried. As Under Secretary of the Army Karl R. Bendetsen said in an oral history interview, "Mr. Rayburn banged the gavel

This is a document about Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
   The first draft lottery since World War II in the United States was held on December 1, 1969 and was met with large protests and a great deal of controversy; statistical analysis indicated that the methodology of the lotteries unintentionally disadvantaged men with late year birthdays. This issue was treated at length in a January 4, 1970 New York Times article titled "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random". Various antiwar groups, such as Another Mother for Peace, WILPF, and WSP, had free draft counseling centers, where they gave young American men advice for legally and illegally evading the draft. Over 30,000 people left the country and went

This is a document about National service in the United States
  During the War of 1812, President James Madison and United States Secretary of War James Monroe sought a military draft, but Congress vehemently opposed it. Conscription continued to remain the domain of the States through levies to form militias. The federal draft was first applied in the American Civil War, though on a very limited basis with only 2% of the Union Army being draftees. It was reinstated again for World War I with the Selective Service Act of 1917.

This is a document about The Old Man's Draft
  The first peacetime conscription in American history was authorized under the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 in September 1940. This was well in advance of the country's actual entry into World War II, but in clear anticipation of the likelihood of involvement. Registration began with those aged between 21 and 35, and gradually broadened to men aged between 18 to 64 as needs increased after the country entered the war in December 1941. On April 27, 1942, the fourth registration was held nationwide, which encompassed men from the ages of 45 to 64 (i.e., born between April 27, 1877, and February 16, 1897), earning it the nickname of "The Old Man's Draft." Unlike the earlier registrations, its purpose was indirect; the individuals were not actually liable for military service. This registration was essentially a very broad inventory of manpower and skills useful to the war

This is a document about Militia Act of 1903
  National Guardsmen overseas by stipulating that they would be discharged as members of the militia and then drafted into federal service, thus removing the National Guard from its status as the militia of the states when operating under federal authority. This provision was employed to call up the National Guard during the Pancho Villa Expedition, and again during World War I. Other amendments were the National Defense Act of 1920, and the National Defense Act Amendments of 1933. The 1933 Act amended the National Defense Act of 1916 to create a separate reserve component of the United States Army called the National Guard of the United States. Since then, all National Guardsmen have been members of both their State National Guard and the National Guard of the United States.

This is a document about History of U.S. foreign policy, 1913–1933
  With the U.S. entrance into the war, Wilson and Secretary of War Baker launched an expansion of the army, with the goal of creating a 300,000-member Regular Army, a 440,000-member National Guard, and a 500,000-member conscripted force known as the "National Army." Despite some resistance to conscription and to the commitment of American soldiers abroad, large majorities of both houses of Congress voted to impose conscription with the Selective Service Act of 1917. Seeking to avoid the draft riots of the Civil War, the bill established local draft boards that were charged with determining who should be drafted. By the end of the war, nearly 3

This is a document about Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
  With the U.S. entrance into the war, Wilson and Secretary of War Baker launched an expansion of the army, with the goal of creating a 300,000-member Regular Army, a 440,000-member National Guard, and a 500,000-member conscripted force known as the "National Army." Despite some resistance to conscription and to the commitment of American soldiers abroad, large majorities of both houses of Congress voted to impose conscription with the Selective Service Act of 1917. Seeking to avoid the draft riots of the Civil War, the bill established local draft boards that were charged with determining who should be drafted. By the end of the war, nearly 3

This is a document about 119th Field Artillery Regiment
  The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917, and the United States Congress passed the Selective Service Act on 18 May of that year to allow the United States to raise an army through the draft. The 1st Battalion, Field Artillery was officially reorganized as part of the Michigan National Guard on 26 June 1917 with its headquarters federally recognized at Lansing, Michigan on 5 July 1917.  The National Guard of Michigan and Wisconsin were called into federal service on 15 July 1917. The United States War Department designated the National Guard troops of Michigan and Wisconsin to form the 32nd Infantry Division on 18 July 1917 with Camp MacArthur

This is a document about December 1969
 The first draft lottery in the United States since 1942 (and the first in peacetime) was held, and September 14 was the first of the 366 days of the year selected, with Congressman Alexander Pirnie of New York making the first selection. The significance was that the persons to be given highest priority by their local draft boards were men born on September 14, 1950, and those born on September 14 from 1943 to 1949.  The drawing took place at the Selective Service headquarters in Washington, DC, starting at 8:00 in the evening and concluded 87 minutes later. The random drawing was made from 366 plastic capsules, each one containing a piece of paper with one of the dates of the year.  The remaining nine days picked were April 24, December 30, February 14, October 18, September 6, October 26, September 7, November 22 and December 6, while the 366th and last selection was June 8.  On January 4, 1970, The New York Times would run a long article, "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random". ; Died: "Magic Sam" (stage name for Samuel Gene Maghett), 32, American blues musician; of a heart attack

The first national draft was used in the United States during the American Civil War in 1863. However, it was applied on a very limited basis, with only 2% of the Union Army being draftees. The first peacetime draft was implemented in 1940 with the Selective Training and Service Act.


Question: who developed an effective method for measuring attachment

Answer: Mary Ainsworth

This is a document about Attachment measures
 procedure was formulated to observe attachment relationships between a caregiver and children between the age of nine and 18 months. It was developed by Mary Ainsworth, a developmental psychologist Originally it was devised to enable children to be classified into the attachment styles known as "secure", "anxious-avoidant" and "anxious-ambivalent". As research accumulated and atypical patterns of attachment became more apparent it was further developed by Main and Solomon in 1986 and 1990 to include the new category of disorganized/disoriented attachment. In this procedure the child is observed playing for 20 minutes while caregivers and strangers enter and leave the room,

This is a document about Attachment in children
 method for assessing attachment in infants (12 months – 20 months) is the Strange Situation Protocol, developed by Mary Ainsworth as a result of her careful in-depth observations of infants with their mothers in Uganda(see below). The Strange Situation Protocol is a research, not a diagnostic, tool and the resulting attachment classifications are not 'clinical diagnoses.' While the procedure may be used to supplement clinical impressions, the resulting classifications should not be confused with the clinically diagnosed 'Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD).' The clinical concept of RAD differs in a number of fundamental ways from the theory and research driven attachment

This is a document about Separation anxiety disorder
 in capturing a multi-dimensional view of the child's life. Additionally, while much research has been done in efforts to further understand separation anxiety in regards to the relationship between infants’ and their caregivers, it was behavioral psychologist, Mary Ainsworth, who devised a behavioral evaluation method, The Strange Situation (1969), which, at the time, was considered to be the most valuable and famous body of research in the study of separation anxiety. The Strange Situation process assisted in evaluating and measuring the individual attachment styles of infants between the ages of 9 and 18 months. In this observational study, which can

This is a document about Attachment theory
 attachments predict later social and cognitive competence. The most common and empirically supported method for assessing attachment in infants (11 months–17 months) is the Strange Situation Protocol, developed by Mary Ainsworth as a result of her careful in-depth observations of infants with their mothers in Baltimore, USA (see below). The Strange Situation Protocol is a research tool that was not intended for diagnostic purposes. While the procedure may be used to supplement clinical impressions, the resulting classifications should not be confused with the psychiatric diagnosis 'Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)'. The clinical concept of RAD differs in a number of fundamental

This is a document about Secure attachment
 and they were not accounted for. Secure attachment Secure attachment is classified by children who show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves knowing that their caregiver will return. Children with secure attachment feel protected by their caregivers, and they know that they can depend on them to return. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth developed a theory known as attachment theory after inadvertently studying children who were patients in a hospital at which they were working. Attachment theory explains how the parent-child relationship emerges and provides influence on subsequent behaviors and relationships. Stemming from this

This is a document about Developmental psychology
 factors (i.e., why development happens), which are the focus of mainstream evolutionary psychology. Attachment theory, originally developed by John Bowlby, focuses on the importance of open, intimate, emotionally meaningful relationships. Attachment is described as a biological system or powerful survival impulse that evolved to ensure the survival of the infant. A child who is threatened or stressed will move toward caregivers who create a sense of physical, emotional and psychological safety for the individual. Attachment feeds on body contact and familiarity. Later Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation protocol and the concept of the secure base. Theorists have proposed four

This is a document about Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
  Out of the development of attachment theory, British psychiatrist John Bowlby coalesced a coherent theory and is generally credited with creating the foundation for modern attachment theory. Mary Ainsworth, an American-Canadian psychologist, started working with Bowlby in 1950. Ainsworth completed her doctoral thesis in 1940 under William Blatz, who had developed security theory, a precursor to attachment theory. Blatz believed the core nature of the relationship between a (to use his colloquial terms) mother and child involved the development of a trusted and secure relationship to function as a safe base for a child's need to explore. This set an initial foundation for

This is a document about Attachment parenting
  Attachment parenting (AP) is a parenting philosophy that proposes methods aiming to promote the attachment of parent and infant not only by maximal parental empathy and responsiveness but also by continuous bodily closeness and touch. The term attachment parenting was coined by the American pediatrician William Sears. There is no conclusive body of research that shows Sears’ approach to be superior to "mainstream parenting".

This is a document about Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
  The AAI is considered one of the most comprehensive attachment assessments, and is well validated. It was initially created by Nancy George and Carol Kaplan in, and later developed with Mary Main in 1985. Crittenden and Landini slightly modified it with DMM theory in 2011. It assesses self-protective attachment strategies, patterns of information processing, a possible unresolved trauma and loss which distort behavior and information processing, an over-riding condition which causes information distortion such as depression and triangulation in childhood, memory system usage, and reflective function. The assessment involves asking a person a series of structured questions, transcribing the audio recording, and applying a complex set of discourse analysis techniques. The interview takes 60–90 minutes, and it can take hours or days to analyze. Learning to code reliably generally takes several years. The coding manual for the DMM-AAI is Assessing Adult Attachment: A Dynamic-Maturational Approach to Discourse Analysis (2011) and is publicly available.

This is a document about Attachment measures
  This method, devised by Waters and Deane in 1985, utilizes Q-Sort methodology. It is based on a set period of observation of children aged 1 – 5 in a number of environments. It consists of nearly 100 items intended to cover the spectrum of attachment related behaviors including secure base and exploratory behaviors, affective response and social cognition. The observer sorts the cards corresponding to the degree to which the child exhibits the item, which is then scored. The overall score for each child will result in a variable ranging from +1.0 (i.e., very secure) to -1.0 (i.e., very insecure). Despite its ability to classify secure attachment, the score derived from the Q-set measure does not classify the type of insecure attachment.

This is a document about Attachment measures
  Existing measures have not necessarily been developed to a useful level. "Behavioral observation is a natural starting point for assessing attachment disorders because behavioral descriptions... have been central to the development of the concept... despite the fact that observations have figured prominently... no established observational protocol has been established". Also, questionable measures of attachment in school-age children have been presented. For example, a protocol for establishing attachment status was described by Sheperis and his colleagues. Unfortunately, this protocol was validated against another technique, the Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire, that was itself poorly validated and that is based on a nonconventional view of attachment.

This is a document about Attachment and Health
  In the late 1980s Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver applied attachment theory to adult romantic relationships based on observations of the interactions between adult romantic partners.☃☃ They noticed that romantic partners often prefer to be physically close, become anxious when they are separated and that stressful situations can be buffered by the presence of a romantic partner. Three main methods of measuring adult attachment have been developed (see attachment measures), with slightly different purposes and variable amounts of concordance between them. Some aim to categorize attachment style while others rate degrees of attachment anxiety and avoidance.

This is a document about Patricia McKinsey Crittenden
  Patricia McKinsey Crittenden (born 1945) is an American psychologist known for her work in the development of attachment theory and science, her work in the field of developmental psychopathology, and for creation of the Dynamic-Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation (DMM). Compared to other work in attachment, the DMM emphasizes the organized self-protective function of attachment strategies (rather than disorganization) and the advantages of adaptation to dangerous circumstances (rather than security). The DMM describes self-protective strategies and patterns of information processing in greater detail than any other attachment-informed model. Crittenden developed an interlocking set of scientific assessments of attachment across the

This is a document about Attachment theory and psychology of religion
  Attachment theory began with evolutionary psychologist John Bowlby in 1969. Attachment theory was initially grounded in the observation that human beings appear to be born with an innate psychobiological system (the "attachment behavioral system") that motivates them to seek proximity to significant others (attachment figures). This revolutionary theory has found application in topics such as friendships, romantic relationships, coping with stress, loneliness and grief. Bowlby described an attachment system as an evolved behavioral system in humans and other primates, which was designed by natural selection to maintain proximity between people and their attachment figures. He postulated that the attachment system is

This is a document about Parenting styles
 Secure attachment is when the child feels comfortable exploring their environment when their caregiver is not there, but uses them as a base for comfort and security if they become frightened. ; Insecure attachment is when the child is hesitant to explore the environment on their own, and display reluctance in accepting comfort from their parent. Attachment theory was created by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. This theory focuses on the attachment of parents and children (specifically through infancy), and the aspect of children staying in close distance with their caregiver who will protect them from the outside world. This theory includes the possible types of attachment:

This is a document about Attachment disorder
  Recognised assessment methods of attachment styles, difficulties or disorders include the Strange Situation procedure (Mary Ainsworth),  the separation and reunion procedure and the Preschool Assessment of Attachment ("PAA"), the Observational Record of the Caregiving Environment ("ORCE") and the Attachment Q-sort ("AQ-sort"). More recent research also uses the Disturbances of Attachment Interview or "DAI" developed by Smyke and Zeanah, (1999). This is a semi-structured interview designed to be administered by clinicians to caregivers. It covers 12 items, namely having a discriminated, preferred adult, seeking comfort when distressed, responding to comfort when offered, social and emotional reciprocity, emotional regulation, checking back after venturing away from the care giver, reticence with unfamiliar adults, willingness to go off with relative strangers, self endangering behavior, excessive clinging, vigilance/hypercompliance and role reversal.

This is a document about Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
  The DMM theory and assessment methods are useful for conducting attachment assessments. Because there are DMM assessments to cover the lifespan, they can be used to assess an individual and a family system. The DMM approach appears to provide more precise results with populations of people whose childhood involved adverse childhood experiences or parents who consistently used cold, inconsistent, harsh or controlling parenting techniques or engaged in parental conflict or failed to protect or comfort their children. It appears that between the DMM and Berkeley assessment methods, the DMM method can better delineate between secure and insecure attachment classifications, and also the quantity of A, C, and mixed AC patterns. This is likely because the DMM is focused on a person's response to danger and fear, and describes the attachment system's primary purpose as being to organize self-protective responses.

This is a document about Attachment in adults
  different kinds of attachments depending on the expectations and beliefs they have about their relationships. These expectations and beliefs constitute internal "working models" used to guide relationship behaviors. ; Internal "working models" are relatively stable even though they can be influenced by experience. ; Individual differences in attachment can contribute positively or negatively to mental health and to the quality of relationships with others. Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby founded modern attachment theory on studies of children and their caregivers. Children and caregivers remained the primary focus of attachment theory for many years. In the 1980s, Sue Johnson began using attachment theory in adult therapy. Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver

This is a document about Attachment in children
  in middle childhood. Also, despite its manifest strengths, the procedure is based on just 20 minutes of behaviour. It can be scarcely expected to tap all the relevant qualities of a child's attachment relationships. Q-sort procedures based on much longer naturalistic observations in the home, and interviews with the mothers have developed in order to extend the data base (see Vaughn & Waters, 1990). A further constraint is that the coding procedure results in discrete categories rather than continuously distributed dimensions. Not only is this likely to provide boundary problems, but also it is not at all obvious that discrete categories best represent the concepts that are inherent in attachment security. It seems much more likely that infants vary in their degree of security and there is need for a measurement systems that can quantify individual variation".

This is a document about Attachment theory
  In 1969, Gerwitz discussed how mother and child could provide each other with positive reinforcement experiences through their mutual attention, thereby learning to stay close together. This explanation would make it unnecessary to posit innate human characteristics fostering attachment. Learning theory, (behaviorism), saw attachment as a remnant of dependency with the quality of attachment being merely a response to the caregiver's cues. Behaviorists saw behaviors like crying as a random activity meaning nothing until reinforced by a caregiver's response. To behaviorists, frequent responses would result in more crying. To attachment theorists, crying is an inborn attachment behavior to which the caregiver must respond if the infant is to develop emotional security. Conscientious responses produce security which enhances autonomy and results in less crying. Ainsworth's research in Baltimore supported the attachment theorists' view. In the last decade, behavior analysts have constructed models of attachment based on the importance of contingent relationships. These behavior analytic models have received some support from research and meta-analytic reviews.

Mary Ainsworth developed an effective method for measuring attachment in children through the Strange Situation Protocol. This method is a research tool used to assess the individual attachment styles of infants between the ages of 9 and 18 months. It was first published in 1978 and has since been widely used in developmental psychology research.


Question: the fast pace growth of cities is called

Answer: Urbanization

This is a document about Urbanization
 enormous social, economic and environmental changes, which provide an opportunity for sustainability with the “potential to use resources more efficiently, to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural ecosystems.” Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture. The first major change in settlement patterns was the accumulation of hunter-gatherers into villages many thousand years ago. Village culture is characterized by common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal behavior, whereas urban culture

This is a document about Urbanization in China
 some cases to an ethnic stratification of labor and greater potential for ethnic conflict. In 2005, China had 286 cities. Most of China's cities have a population of one million and below. Shanghai is the largest city in China, with a population of 19 million, followed by Beijing with a population of 17.4 million. These are the two mega-cities in China. From 2010 to 2025, it is estimated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development that 300 million Chinese now living in rural areas will move into cities. The fast pace of urbanization will create at least one trillion

This is a document about Filadelfia, Calabria
 Polia. Population from census (see ref 1) Filadelfia has seen a large decrease in people recently. This is due to the undeveloped technology and living conditions. It is at high elevation (roughly 600 m) and is at risk of earthquakes. In the summertime, July and August, this small, inviting town receives many tourists from Switzerland. People from the United States, Germany and France are also spotted here during the summer months. Younger people are leaving the town at a fast pace to find employment. They are moving to cities in a process known as urbanization. Many homes in this small

This is a document about Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 not adopted any new urban plans for decades and now many cities are facing fast urban sprawl which is a major contributor of the deforestation in these areas (via fuelwood and charcoal collection). The city of Kinshasa, for example, is still using the physical environment created from the colonial era but it now has a population of more than 10 million people. Urbanization is typically associated with more opportunities for employment and economic growth. This is not the case in Kinshasa and other cities in the DRC which are experiencing population stress largely due to migrant refugees coming from the

This is a document about Size of groups, organizations, and communities
  As settlements grow in population they increase in density, complexity, diversity, and administrative apparatus. The character of community life is enough different at different ranges of size that distinctive terms have developed (from smaller to larger): hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis, megalopolis. There is, however, little agreement on exactly where in the growth process a place passes from one of these categories to the next. It has been observed that the population of a city is roughly inversely proportional to its rank in size among the urban areas of its economic region ( Zipf's law ).

This is a document about Kamal Uddin Siddiqui
  The term megalopolis was first used in 1940 by Lewis Mumford to refer to the great mega cities growing uncontrollably. Manuel Castells called the emergence of such mega cities of eight illion or more people a feature of 21st century urbanisation. Kamal Siddiqui, in association with Archana Ghosh, Sharit K. Bhowmik, Shahid A Siddiqi, Madhulika Mitra, Shchi Kapuria, Nilay Ranjan and Jamshed Ahmed researched the growth of mega cities in South Asia, namely Mumbai, Delhi, Dhaka, Kolkata and Karachi which will have in 2015 a population of 23 million, 21 million, 18 million, 17 million and 16 million respectively. Kamal Siddiqui and his team identified the characteristics of these mega cities, marked with corruption, poor accountability, lack of transparency and perverse prioritisation.

This is a document about Shenzhen speed
  The Shenzhen speed (simplified Chinese: 深圳速度; traditional Chinese: 深圳速度) was a term originally used during the early stages of Chinese economic reform to describe the fast construction of Guomao Building in Shenzhen, China. Being the tallest building in China at the time, Guomao Building boasts an efficient construction progress in which the completion of every storey took a mere three days. The term has been used to describe the fast growth of Shenzhen as one of the first special economic zones of China, which has been called "China's Silicon Valley" and the "Instant City". Since 1979, Shenzhen has transformed from a small fishing village to be one of the world's most important technological hubs with one of the highest per-capita income levels in mainland China. In 1984 and 1992, Deng Xiaoping, then paramount leader of China and the "Chief Architect of Reform and Opening-up", made inspection tours to Shenzhen, endorsing the "Shenzhen speed" and the development model of the special economic zones.

This is a document about Urban sprawl
  The term "urban sprawl" was first used in an article in The Times in 1955 as a negative comment on the state of London's outskirts. Definitions of sprawl vary; researchers in the field acknowledge that the term lacks precision. Batty et al. defined sprawl as "uncoordinated growth: the expansion of community without concern for its consequences, in short, unplanned, incremental urban growth which is often regarded unsustainable." Bhatta et al. wrote in 2010 that despite a dispute over the precise definition of sprawl, there is a "general consensus that urban sprawl is characterized by [an] unplanned and uneven pattern of growth, driven by a multitude of

This is a document about Urban politics in the United States
  During the westward expansion period of the 18th and 19th centuries, numerous areas were settled as trading posts along major transportation routes. Sometimes called “walking cities” because of their small size and limited mode of transportation, these areas were economic centers that had not yet experienced the influx of population that came with industrialization and immigration. As industry and transportation technologies improved, American cities became centers of production and the process of urbanization began to take place. The country became increasingly urban, and cities grew not only in terms of population but also in size, with skyscrapers pushing cities upward and new transportation systems extending them outward. Part of the urban population growth was fueled by an unprecedented mass immigration to the

This is a document about Slum upgrading
  However, by 2025 Asia alone may have eleven of these cities. The key factor in this has been that the cities that have grown most rapidly have been cities in the developing world. For example, the cities of Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Lagos, Nigeria, are forty times larger than they were in 1950. While much of this growth has come as a result of population explosion, mass migration from rural areas to the cities has accounted for a huge portion of this worldwide urbanization. The great increase in population has had tremendous implications in the urban ecology in the developing world. The major effect of this has been the rise of the slums.

This is a document about Manhattanization
  is the high rise development in Toronto since 2007, as well as rapid development of skyscrapers in Hong Kong since the 1990s, eventually allowing the city to possess more skyscrapers than New York. The term has even been applied to many smaller US cities that have seen a large spike in downtown high rise rental buildings since the 21st century. Nonetheless, these cities would have to multiply their populations many times over to match the population density of Manhattan, though this is a biased comparison between a city and a district, as even the other four "outer boroughs" of New York City would have to nearly triple in population to match Manhattan's current density.

This is a document about Megacity
  The term "megacity" entered common use in the late 19th or early 20th centuries; one of the earliest documented uses of the term was by the University of Texas in 1904. Initially the United Nations used the term to describe cities of 8 million or more inhabitants, but now uses the threshold of 10 million. In the mid 1970s the term was coined by urbanist Janise Perlman referring to the phenomenon of very large urban agglomerations. In 1800, only 3% of the world's population lived in cities, a figure that rose to 47% by the end of the twentieth century. In 1950, there were 83 cities with

This is a document about Geoffrey West
  life in cities." Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 104(17), 7301–7306. Bettencourt, L. M., Lobo, J., Helbing, D., Kühnert, C., & West, G. B. (2007). "Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities." Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 104(17), 7301–7306. Bettencourt, L. M., Lobo, J., Helbing, D., Kühnert, C., & West, G. B. (2007). "Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities." Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 104(17), 7301–7306. Bettencourt, L. M., Lobo, J., Helbing, D., Kühnert, C., & West, G. B. (2007). "Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities." Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 104(17), 7301–7306.

This is a document about Urban renewal
  China experienced the fastest urbanization and has one of the greatest urban sprawl scale in the world from 1990. Massive real estate development and reconstruction brought economic revitalization. However, when cleaning the urban decay area, traditional and historic buildings were destroyed to different levels. In the industry, researchers and practitioners used “old town reconstruction” and “urban regeneration” to describe the changes made to the urban decay area. After having more research about urban renewal in terms of international trends and domestic development, the practitioners in the industry built consensus to use “urban renewal” to describe all the changes made to the old town area. With the rapid development pace

This is a document about Harvey Molotch
  properties gain value when growth takes place. These actors make up what Molotch termed "the local growth machine" -- a term now standard in the urban studies lexicon. From this perspective, cities need to be studied (and compared) in terms of the organization, lobbying, manipulating, and structuring carried out by these actors. The outcome—the shape of cities and the distribution of their peoples—is thus not due to an interpersonal market or geographic necessities, but to social actions, including opportunistic dealing. Urban Fortunes has influenced hundreds of national and international studies. A twentieth anniversary edition was issued by the University of California Press in 2007 with a new preface.

This is a document about Urban sprawl
   Urban sprawl (also known as suburban sprawl or urban encroachment ) is the unrestricted growth in many urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. In addition to describing a special form of urbanization, the term also relates to the social and environmental consequences associated with this development. Since the advent of the industrial era, sprawl has entailed no direct disadvantages, such as the loss of protection from medieval city walls. However, its disadvantages and costs include increased travel time, transport costs, pollution, and destruction of countryside. The cost of building the infrastructure needed for new developments is hardly ever recouped through property taxes, amounting to a huge subsidy for the developers and new residents at the expense of existing property taxpayers. In Continental Europe, the term peri-urbanisation is often

This is a document about Downtown
  suburbs, resulting in what are now known as "edge cities". One textbook, in explaining why edge cities are so popular, stated: "The big central city comes with dirt, crime, subways, stress, congestion, high taxes, and poor public schools. Edge cities are not immune to all of these problems (especially congestion) but for now they largely avoid most of them." Since then, between 2000 and 2010, downtown areas grew rapidly in population. In U.S. metro areas with at least five million people, the population within two miles of the city hall grew twice as fast as the overall population in the metro area.

This is a document about Affordable housing
  The majority of the more than seven billion people on earth now live in cities (UN). There are more than 500 city regions of more than one million inhabitants in the world. Cities become megacities become megalopolitan city regions and even "galaxies" of more than 60 million inhabitants. The Yangtze Delta-Greater Shanghai region now surpasses 80 million. Tokyo-Yokohama adjacent to Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto have a combined population of 100 million. Rapid population growth leads to increased need for affordable housing in most cities. The availability of affordable housing in proximity of mass transit and linked to job distribution has become severely imbalanced in this period of rapid regional urbanization and growing density convergence.

This is a document about Urban sprawl
 1) People living the closest to these business districts on average have more money to spend locally because they spend less on their cars. ; 2) Because such people rely more on bicycling, walking, and transit than on driving, they tend to focus more of their commerce on locally-owned neighborhood businesses that are convenient for them to reach.  The term 'smart growth' has been particularly used in North America. The terms 'compact city' and 'urban intensification' are often used to describe similar concepts in Europe, and particularly in the UK, where it has influenced government policy and planning practice in recent years. The state of Oregon enacted a law in

This is a document about Global city
  A global city, also called a power city, world city, alpha city or world center, is a city which is a primary node in the global economic network. The concept comes from geography and urban studies, and the idea that globalization is created and furthered in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade. The most complex node is the "global city", with links binding it to other cities having a direct and tangible effect on global socio-economic affairs. The term "megacity" entered common use in the late 19th or early 20th centuries; one of the earliest documented uses of the term was by the University of Texas in 1904. The term "global city", rather than "megacity", was popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. "World city", meaning a city heavily involved in global trade, appeared in the May 1886 description of Liverpool, by The Illustrated London News. Patrick Geddes later used the term "world city" in 1915. More recently, the term has focused on a city's financial power and high-technology infrastructure, with other factors becoming less relevant.