Question: who is the girl in choo choo soul train

Answer: Genevieve Goings

This is a document about Choo Choo Soul
 and Canada from 2007, and was the opening act for the Imagination Movers during their Big Warehouse Tour in 2011. They toured 56 cities. Choo Choo Soul also performed at the 2011 California State Fair in Sacramento. Choo Choo Soul read two stories at the 2016 White House Easter Egg Roll. Choo Choo Soul Choo Choo Soul is a children's entertainment act composed of Genevieve Goings and her partner Rob Cantor, a dancer and beat boxer dressed as a railroad engineer. Choo Choo Soul began as a collaboration between video game developer Greg Johnson, recording engineer and sound designer Burke

This is a document about Choo Choo Soul
 Choo Choo Soul Choo Choo Soul is a children's entertainment act composed of Genevieve Goings and her partner Rob Cantor, a dancer and beat boxer dressed as a railroad engineer. Choo Choo Soul began as a collaboration between video game developer Greg Johnson, recording engineer and sound designer Burke Trieschmann, and vocalist Genevieve Goings during dialogue recordings for "", the first Xbox installment of the "ToeJam & Earl" video game franchise. Johnson created the concept and recorded melodies and accompaniment tracks onto his cellphone and e-mailed them to Treischmann to develop. Once in the studio, Goings provided vocals. The act

This is a document about Choo Choo Soul
  Choo Choo Soul is a children's entertainment act composed of Genevieve Goings and her partner Constantine "DC" Abramson, a dancer and beat boxer dressed as a railroad conductor.

This is a document about Chattanooga Choo Choo (film)
  The Chattanooga Choo Choo Railroad has been the entire life of its current owner Alonzo Dillard (Parley Baer), who is celebrating his 75th birthday with his daughter Estelle (Bridget Hanley), his granddaughter Jennie Waters (Melissa Sue Anderson), Jennie's fiancé Paul Cartwright (Christopher McDonald), and much of the staff of the Chattanooga Choo Choo Railroad including chief porter Woodrow (Davis Roberts). Protagonist Bert Waters (George Kennedy), Estelle's husband and Jennie's father, is late because he's spending time with his "girlfriend" Maggie Jones (Barbara Eden), whom he plans to marry after divorcing Estelle. Once Bert does arrive, Alonzo refuses to talk to him, having no patience for lateness. Bert

This is a document about China Anne McClain
  China Anne McClain (born August 25, 1998) is an American actress and singer. McClain's career began when she was seven years old, portraying Alexis in the film The Gospel (2005), and then China James in Daddy's Little Girls (2007). She then received recognition for starring as Jazmine Payne in the television series Tyler Perry's House of Payne (2007–2012; 2020–present) and as Charlotte McKenzie in the film Grown Ups (2010); and became internationally known for starring as Chyna Parks in the Disney Channel television series A.N.T. Farm (2011–2014), and as Uma in the Disney Channel films Descendants 2 (2017) and Descendants 3 (2019). In 2018, McClain began starring

This is a document about Pat Monahan
  Sambora and Graham Nash. Monahan worked with Guy Chambers to co-write two songs for Tina Turner's hits album, Tina!: Her Greatest Hits. In 2009, Train returned to the studio with the album Save Me, San Francisco. That same year, Monahan and some of his fellow Train bandmates took on small acting roles in the CSI: NY episode "Second Chances". Monahan played the former homeless drug addict Sam Baker (dating Debbie Fallon (played by Kim Kardashian)) who becomes involved in a murder investigation. They performed the song "Hey, Soul Sister" from their new album, and "Calling All Angels". Despite the success of

This is a document about Whitney (2015 film)
  In 1989, Whitney Houston (Yaya DaCosta) is a worldwide phenomenon and household name with two highly successful self-titled albums under her belt. She attends the 3rd Annual Soul Train Awards with her high school friend and road manager Robyn (Yolonda Ross), who is a lesbian. During a category in which Houston's name is booed by the audience, she later performs at the ceremony. It is here that she meets fellow R&B singer Bobby Brown and they begin a courtship shortly after, due to her being impressed with Brown's performance of "Every Little Step". In August 1989, Whitney invites Bobby to her lavish

This is a document about This Is the Remix (Destiny's Child album)
  Nu Soul Mix)", and "So Good (Maurice's Soul Remix)", with the latter having re-recorded vocals. The album also contains a dance/rhythmic remix of "Dot (E-Poppi Mix)" (the original was featured on the "Charlie's Angels Soundtrack"). There is also a remix medley of "Jumpin' Jumpin'" that blends the "So So Def Remix" of the song featuring original members LeToya Luckett and LaTavia Roberson with the "Maurice's Jumpin Retro Mix", which contains vocals by Michelle Williams and Farrah Franklin. The “Refugee Camp Remix” of “Bug a Boo” is an edited version of the remix originally included on its single release, removing all references to former members Luckett and Roberson.

This is a document about The Runaways (2010 film)
  Cherie Currie is a teenager in Los Angeles, California who desperately wants to be a rock star. She idolizes David Bowie and cuts her hair and dons make-up so she will resemble Bowie's character Aladdin Sane. At her high school talent show, she lip syncs to "Lady Grinning Soul" and wins, despite some hecklers in the audience. Joan Jett is a teenager who also dreams of rock stardom. At a club one night, she meets record producer Kim Fowley and talks about starting an all-girl rock band. Kim is interested. He introduces Joan to Sandy West, a drummer. Joan and Sandy become friends and start jamming when Kim suggests

This is a document about Tinashe
  Tinashe Jorgensen Kachingwe (born February 6, 1993 ), known mononymously as Tinashe, is an American singer-songwriter, dancer, record producer, and actress. Born in Lexington, Kentucky, Tinashe moved to Los Angeles as a child to pursue a career in entertainment. Her notable roles included as a motion-capture model in the animated film The Polar Express (2004), Robin Wheeler in the Cartoon Network television series Out of Jimmy's Head (2007–2008), and a recurring role in the CBS series Two and a Half Men (2008–2009). Between 2007 and 2011, Tinashe was a member of the girl group the Stunners. Following their disbandment, she released the positively-reviewed self-recorded mixtapes

This is a document about List of train songs
  Marc Cohn (Marc Cohn), Elvis Costello (Elvis Costello), Counting Crows (Adam Duritz), Gorillaz (Ian Burden, Gorillaz, Phillip Oakey), Richard Greene (Larry Cansler, Richard Greene), Rickie Lee Jones (Rickie Lee Jones), Mary McCaslin (Mary McCaslin), Carrie Newcomer (Carrie Newcomer), Steve Roach, (Roger King, Steve Roach), Marty Robbins (Bob Nolan, Joe Babcock), Gary Stewart (Gary Stewart, Gregg Allman), The Stranglers (The Stranglers), Justin Sullivan (Justin Sullivan), Summer Camp (Summer Camp), Marion Williams (Thomas Newman), Eric Whitacre (Eric Whitacre) ; "Girl on a Train" (Scott Harris, Michael Keenan, Myles Mills, Emily Warren) by Skizzy Mars ; "Glendale Train" (John Dawson) by New

This is a document about List of train songs
  Journey)" (Herbert Distel), electro-acoustic composition incorporating tape modulations, wind machines and synthesizers ; "Different Trains" (Steve Reich) by Steve Reich ; "Dixie Flyer", separate songs, artists followed by composers: Gene Clark (Thomas Jefferson Kaye), Lester Flatt (Marty Stuart), Randy Newman (Randy Newman), Muggsy Spanier (Walter Melrose) ; "Dixie Flyer Blues" (Bessie Smith) by Bessie Smith ; "Do the Choo-Choo" (Gamble and Huff) by Archie Bell & the Drells ; "Doggone That Train" (Jimmie Davis) by Jimmie Davis (1930), Hank Snow ; "Don't Miss That Train" (Sister Wynona Carr) by Sister Wynona Carr, Edwin Hawkins, Joe Liggins, Louisiana Red ; "Don't Sleep on the Subway" by Petula Clark ; "Dorion Crossing"(Eldon Rathburn) by

This is a document about John Wicks (drummer)
  Skerik's Syncopated Taint Septet Live at The Triple Door (Royal Potato Family) 2010 ; Soundtrack to Holy Rollers First Independent Pictures 2010 ; Soundtrack to Adventures of Power 2010 ; Heather Porcaro The Heartstring Symphony produced by Tony Berg 2009 ; Henry Gummer "Stop the Train" on the soundtrack to Julie & Julia (Columbia Pictures) 2009 ; N.A.S.A. (ANTI-/Epitaph/Spectrophonic Sound) 2008 with RZA, David Byrne, Chali 2na and George Clinton ; Donavon Frankenreiter Pass It Around (Wrasse Records) 2008 ; Alana Sweetwater 2008 ; Jean Mazzei produced by Ronan Chris Murphy ; Whitton produced by Ronan Chris Murphy ; Ashton Zyer produced by David Rosa 2007 ; Soundtrack to Beautiful Losers

This is a document about List of Love & Hip Hop: New York cast members
 Bianca Bonnie (Seasons 7–8, supporting cast member in season 6), born Bianca Dupree, is a rapper. She was born in Harlem. She rose to fame at the age of 15 under the name Young B with the hit single, "Chicken Noodle Soup", which won her a Soul Train Music Award. Season six chronicles her return to the music industry after some personal struggles. She signs to Yandy's management and ends up winning Self's Gwinin Fest, beating out rapper rivals Moe and Lexxy and new ally Mariahlynn. She is promoted to main cast in season seven, where she pursues a romance with DJ Drewski, sparking a feud with his girlfriend

This is a document about Choo Choo Soul
  Beginning in May 2006, a series of Choo Choo Soul interstitial programs began airing in the United States during the Playhouse Disney programming block on the Disney Channel. The music video–style shorts feature Goings and D.C. performing Choo Choo Soul songs with a group of young children in a blend of live action and computer animation. Choo Choo Soul has including more premieres and has more dubs of the show than Hebrew, Spanish and Italian, including Hebrew dubs on Israeli Educational Television (now Kan Educational), the Spanish dub of the show between the airings on Univision blocks of Disney Junior shows and the Italian dubbed version of the show airing on Playhouse Disney (after reruns of Choo Choo Soul episodes airing on Disney Junior). In July 2011, Choo Choo Soul filmed 8 new video shorts, remaking Disney songs in their style for the new network "Disney Junior." Genevieve also sings the network's theme song "I Wanna Go" along with 16 other short songs for the network. Genevieve Goings continues to write and record songs for the Disney Junior Network, including Holiday songs and Nursery Rhymes.

This is a document about Nona Gaye
  Nona Aisha Gaye (born September 4, 1974)   is an American singer, former fashion model, and actress. The daughter of singer Marvin Gaye and granddaughter of jazz musician Slim Gaillard, Gaye began her career as a vocalist in the early 1990s. As an actress, Gaye is best known for her portrayal of Zee in the 2003 science-fiction films The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. Her only animated film role is that of the unnamed Hero Girl in 2004's The Polar Express.

This is a document about List of Empire characters
  charismatic music icon and bondafide hitmaker, who gave Lucious Lyon his first radio airplay. Maya (Rhyon Nicole Brown, 2018) ; The daughter of Poundcake, Cookie Lyon’s fellow inmate. Maya was born in prison, stolen from her mother's arms, and adopted by upper middle-class parents. A classically trained dancer, she's beautiful, graceful, and headstrong. Mercedes (Porscha Coleman, 2018) ; Porsha's sexy and ambitious cousin. She has a street-hustle mentality and looks to exploit any avenue she can to jumpstart her budding singing/rap career. Renee Holloway (Alfre Woodard, 2018) ; Cookie Lyon’s estranged mother, who returns for a turbulent reunion. She is a photographer and

This is a document about Chattanooga High School Center for Creative Arts
  railroad, and Iceland. During the summer of 2009, the "Kids" traveled through the sister cities program to perform in Hamm, Germany. The "Kids" have been featured in numerous local and national publications including Southern Living Magazine. The Choo Choo "Kids" were founded by longtime and now retired educator Mr. Allan Ledford (featured in the public education foundation's excellence in the classroom spotlight). The trains have since then been directed by Broadway pianist, composer, and director Steven Malone, vocal coach, actor and teacher Jermiah Downes, and actor and educator Jeff Parker. The trains are currently under the direction of CCA's current musical theatre teacher William Murphy.

This is a document about The Cheetah Girls (film)
  Four teen girls in Manhattan—Galleria (Raven-Symoné), Chanel (Adrienne Bailon), Aqua (Kiely Williams), and Dorinda (Sabrina Bryan)—perform at a children's birthday party as The Cheetah Girls. After the performance, Chanel rushes home to tell her mother about the show, but her mother is preoccupied preparing for a date with her new Parisian boyfriend to pay attention. Galleria comes home to her parents, who chastise her for not taking phone messages for her mother or walking their Bichon Frise dog, Toto. Meanwhile, Dorinda attends to her job, doing janitorial work at a community center. The girls hope to become the first freshmen to win the talent show in their school's history. After

Genevieve Goings is the girl in Choo Choo Soul. She is a robotic engineer and the partner of the act, dressed as a railroad engineer.


Question: in what episode do pam and jim kiss

Answer: Casino Night

This is a document about Casino Night
 is revealed she packed an overnight bag in her car, implying she had planned to spend the night with Michael. Pam returns to the office and talks to her mother over the phone about Jim's statement. Jim enters the room and approaches her as she hastily hangs up. She begins to say something but Jim kisses her, and after hesitating, she returns the kiss, with the two staring at each other in silence. "Casino Night" was the first episode of the series written by Steve Carell. Initially, Carell suggested to executive producer Greg Daniels that an episode should revolve around

This is a document about The Office (U.S. TV series)
 company booze cruise party, Jim grows depressed and considers transferring to the Stamford, Connecticut branch, but tells Pam in the season finale that he loves her. Even though Pam still insists she will marry Roy, the two kiss and Jim transfers to the Stamford branch soon after. The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well. The third season consists of 17 half-hour episodes, four 40-minute "super-sized" episodes, and two one-hour episodes. The season starts with a brief flashback to the last episode of season 2, "Casino Night", when Jim kissed Pam and confessed his feelings for her.

This is a document about Cocktails (The Office)
 Pam tells Roy she wants a fresh start in their relationship and tells him about the "Casino Night" kiss. Roy reacts by yelling at her and throwing his glass at the bar mirror. Furious, Pam calls their relationship "over" and walks out. Roy and Kenny begin destroying the bar. Kenny uses the jet ski money to pay off the bar for damages, and Roy swears vengeance against Jim. "Cocktails" was written by Paul Lieberstein, who plays Human Resources representative Toby Flenderson on the series. "Lost" series creator J. J. Abrams was hired on as episode director, his first such credit

This is a document about Casino Night
 stumble upon a Kiss tribute and Jim tells Pam that her wedding should have three stages like Lollapalooza. Kevin's band is playing a cover of "Don't Stand So Close to Me" by The Police. "Casino Night" originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 11, 2006. The episode received a 3.9 rating/10 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 3.9 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 10 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode was viewed by

This is a document about Casino Night
  Jim apologizes for misinterpreting their friendship and discreetly wipes a tear from his cheek as he walks away. Jan leaves Michael and Carol, noticeably upset from the night's events, and it is revealed she packed an overnight bag in her car, implying she had planned to spend the night with Michael. Pam returns to the office and talks to her mother over the phone about Jim's confession. Jim enters the room and approaches her as she hastily hangs up. She begins to say something but Jim kisses her, and after hesitating, she returns the kiss, ending with the two staring at each other in silence.

This is a document about Pam Beesly
  In Season 4, Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season. Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing. The office ultimately learns of their relationship after Toby catches Pam kissing Jim on the cheek. In "Chair Model", after teasing Pam about his impending proposal, Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating. In the next few episodes, Jim fake-proposes to Pam multiple times. In "Goodbye, Toby", Pam discovers she's been accepted at Pratt Institute, an art and design school in Brooklyn, and in an interview, Jim

This is a document about Pam Beesly
  Toby, the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch, has a secret crush on Pam. In "A Benihana Christmas" she gives him her Dunder Mifflin bathrobe, a display of friendly affection, after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his. In "Cocktails", while walking into Poor Richards, Pam indicates a liking to one of the toys in a claw machine, and Toby tries to win the toy for her for the rest of the night. In "Dunder Mifflin Infinity", Toby witnesses Pam kissing Jim Halpert in the break room, which prompts him to issue a memo about public displays of affection in the workplace. Later, when Jim and Pam admit they are dating and ask to fill out a disclosure form, he hesitates to give them a form, saying they should

This is a document about The Negotiation (The Office)
  asks Pam to join him for coffee. Their meeting at a local diner is awkward and ends with their relationship over; they hug, and Pam wipes a tear from her face. Roy encourages Pam to pursue her feelings for Jim but she says she will not try to get him due to him dating Karen. Roy says he does not understand Pam and leaves. Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) repeatedly gets people from the office to tell her the tale of Dwight's heroics, constantly arousing her. Believing themselves to be alone at the end of the day, the two kiss passionately. However, Jim sees them and decides that keeping their relationship secret will be his gift to Dwight to make things "even". Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) returns from anger management, and

This is a document about The Office (American TV series)
  The third season consists of 17 half-hour episodes, four 40-minute "super-sized" episodes, and two one-hour episodes. The season starts with a brief flashback to (and additional footage from) the last episode of season two, "Casino Night", when Jim kissed Pam and confessed his feelings for her. Jim briefly transfers to Dunder Mifflin's Stamford branch after Pam confirms her commitment to Roy. Corporate is later forced to merge the Stamford branch with the Scranton branch. Michael takes this merger very seriously. Transferred to the Scranton branch are saleswoman Karen Filippelli, whom Jim has begun dating, and the anger-prone preppy salesman Andy Bernard, along with other Stamford employees who all eventually quit within the first few episodes of being there. Pam is

This is a document about Back from Vacation
  because he expressed objections to the prospect of Karen moving into an apartment two blocks from his own. Pam convinces Jim that he is being unreasonable, and Jim accepts her advice and apologizes to Karen. Pam tells the documentary crew that she was glad to help Jim, but is then shown later to be crying in private, secretly in love with him and heartbroken over the fact that he is with Karen instead. Dwight walks in on her crying. He awkwardly attempts to console her, although he misunderstands: "So, you're PMSing pretty bad, huh?" During the luau/inventory, Jan arrives at the office to speak with Michael in private. Michael is terrified that Jan is there to confront him over the widely spread photo, but she appears to be unaware of it, instead confessing her attraction to him against all reason and kissing him.

This is a document about Casino Night
  and the director and the cast". Carell, Kwapis, and the actors wanted the moment when Pam and Jim kiss to "follow the characters and the emotion of the moment" by having the action captured in full by the show's cameramen. The writing staff, on the other hand, wanted Pam and Jim's moment to be private and only heard via the mics; Daniels explained, "The writing staff was itching to do something kind of weird [with the scene] and have it be a private moment that the doc crew didn't know was going to happen and so only heard on their mics and came running around the corner to film." The episode features

This is a document about Pam Beesly
  The "will they or won't they" tension between Jim and Pam is a strong story line in the early episodes of The Office, encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the finale of Season 2, "Casino Night", Jim confesses his love for Pam but she denies him. They later on kiss in the episode but Pam rejects him yet again. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating. In Season 6, Jim and Pam get married in the beginning of the season, a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture. Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long episode, "The Delivery". Pam and Jim's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job.

This is a document about Casino Night
  (Rainn Wilson) wins a game of craps and kisses Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) on the cheek, disregarding their attempts to keep their intimate relationship a secret. She slaps him and walks away, with the two quietly enjoying the experience. Jan and Carol share an awkward conversation when they realize Michael has invited them both. Jim tells Jan that he's made a decision about the transfer. After Roy leaves, Jim tells Pam that he is in love with her. After a stunned pause, she states she cannot be with him. He tells her he wants to be more than friends, but she claims he "misinterpreted things."

This is a document about The Office (American TV series)
  The second season is the series' first 22-episode season and has its first 28-minute "super-sized" episode. Many workers seen in the background of the first season are developed into secondary characters and romantic relationships begin to develop between some of them. Michael makes out with and then spends the night with his boss, Jan Levinson, but does not have sex with her. Dwight and Angela become romantically involved, but keep their relationship a secret. Kelly develops a crush on Ryan, and they start dating off and on. When Roy finally agrees to set a date for his wedding to Pam, at a company booze cruise, Jim grows depressed and considers transferring to the Stamford, Connecticut branch, but tells Pam in the season finale that he is in love with her. Even though Pam insists she is with Roy, the two kiss, and Jim transfers to the Stamford branch soon after. The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well.

This is a document about Paper Airplane (The Office)
  increasingly snarky as the day goes on. Despite this, as Jim leaves the office to return to his business, he confesses to Pam that he thinks the three habits are helping and that they should keep them up. After he leaves, Pam runs after him to give him an umbrella. Jim takes the umbrella, and then embraces his wife, who finds that she lacks the emotional conviction to hug him back. It then flashbacks to their wedding with their co-workers present, she remembers that by marrying Jim she promised to love him in spite of any hardships, and she lovingly embraces him and kisses him.

This is a document about Pam Beesly
  to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish. Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy, but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk. She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen. In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy, Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during "Casino Night". Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot. The next day, Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office and is summarily fired. Following the incident, Roy meets Pam for coffee and encourages her to pursue her feelings for Jim.

This is a document about List of The Office (American TV series) characters
  presentation, but he becomes quickly unsure whether her flirtatiousness demonstrates a genuine interest in him or merely a ploy to extract a lower price. After Donna departs the office, she leaves behind a barrette, which Michael returns to her in the parking lot. Michael apologizes for his behavior, only to find that Donna is indeed interested in him, and the two share a kiss. However, in "The Cover-Up", their relationship begins to weaken after Michael suspects that she is cheating on him. Pam later confirms this by showing him pictures that she printed off Donna's Facebook page, which show her and another man kissing. When Michael confronts Donna about this, she reveals that her relationship

This is a document about The Surplus
  to have her wedding to Andy on his farm, and she angrily storms off. Back in the office, Angela passionately kisses Andy in front of everybody and tells him that she is going into town to take care of a "legal issue." Throughout the day, Jim and Pam try to get each other to switch sides. Pam gives Jim a scare, telling him that he is on "dangerous ground". Pam is snarky towards Jim during the entire debate, which Jim seems more easygoing about. However, at the end of the episode, Jim gets back at Pam for winning the debate by reverting to his earlier practice of having Pam make copies for him.

This is a document about The Dundies
  lot, Roy and Pam argue, and Pam returns alone to the restaurant, where she begins drinking beer and margaritas. Heckled by other customers, Michael decides to end the show, but an intoxicated Pam leads the office in encouraging him to continue. Relieved upon winning the Dundie for "Whitest Sneakers" (as opposed to a demeaning and sexual award), Pam gives a drunken acceptance speech and kisses Jim on the lips. This leaves Jim surprised, but happy. As Jim recaps the Dundies for the camera, Pam stares at Jim with dazed fascination and then falls off her stool, and Dwight springs to her rescue, thinking Pam is having a seizure. He then tries to take off his dress shirt and tie, but

The episode where Pam and Jim kiss for the first time is called "Casino Night" and it is the first episode of the third season of "The Office."


Question: which mountains would you cross to travel from northern italy to switzerland

Answer: The Alps

This is a document about Alps
 Alps The Alps (; ; ; ; ; ) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at is the highest mountain in

This is a document about Cyclone Dirk
 mildest 25 December seen. Following the passage of the lows fronts a wake vortex formed over the Alps, which brought to northern Italy severe storms and heavy snowfall in the Alps (Northern Ticino, Misox to 120 cm/24 h, East Tyrol to 80 cm). In the San Bernardino, Switzerland the most intense snowfall since measurements began in 1952 was reported. On the 22 December, anticipating severe weather rail companies announced that travellers with tickets for the 23 December would be permitted to travel on the 22. Network Rail imposed speed restrictions from 16:00 23 December. Network Rail described the damage to

This is a document about Italy
 (), Slovenia () and Switzerland (). San Marino () and Vatican City (), both enclaves, account for the remainder. The Apennine Mountains form the peninsula's backbone and the Alps form most of its northern boundary, where Italy's highest point is located on Monte Bianco (). The Po, Italy's longest river (), flows from the Alps on the western border with France and crosses the Padan plain on its way to the Adriatic Sea. The five largest lakes are, in order of diminishing size: Garda (), Maggiore (, whose minor northern part is Switzerland), Como (), Trasimeno () and Bolsena ().

This is a document about Grand Tour
 the purpose of preparing the young man for a leadership position at home, often in government or diplomacy. From Paris he would typically go to urban Switzerland for a while, often to Geneva (the cradle of the Protestant Reformation) or Lausanne. ("Alpinism" or mountaineering developed in the 19th century.) From there the traveller would endure a difficult crossing over the Alps into northern Italy (such as at the Great St Bernard Pass), which included dismantling the carriage and luggage. If wealthy enough, he might be carried over the hard terrain by servants. Once in Italy, the tourist would visit Turin

This is a document about National Redoubt (Switzerland)
 destruction of a secret German radar system that had accidentally landed in Switzerland in exchange for a dozen aircraft. In their invasion plan, Operation Tannenbaum, Germany planned to capture Geneva and Lucerne while Italy would capture the Alps; the two countries would divide Switzerland. Swiss policy during the Cold War adopted a more aggressive defense of the borders, relying less on a retreat to the mountains. While Switzerland was again surrounded by an alliance, NATO was not considered a threat to Swiss national existence; however Warsaw Pact nations were considered threats. The Swiss strategy sought to exact a high price

This is a document about Bombus argillaceus
 which is black. In Turkey, it lives in the mountains, usually at heights between above sea level. It has, however, been found as high as . Its major food sources are flowering plants from the Boraginaceae (forget-me-not family), Asteraceae (aster family), Lamiaceae (mint family), and Fabaceae (pea family). "B. argillaceus" is found from the eastern Mediterranean to the Alps in France, Italy, Switzerland, and Austria, over Hungary north to Cluj in Romania. In the east, it reaches eastern Kazakhstan, and in the south and south-east the Balkans, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, the Caucasus, and northern Iran. Bombus argillaceus Bombus argillaceus is

This is a document about Gevorg Bashinjaghian
 Clodt was one of his teachers. He graduated from the Academy in 1883, also winning a silver medal for his "Birch Grove". He returned to his hometown Sighnaghi the same year and soon started to travel throughout the Caucasus: Lake Sevan, Yerevan, Ashtarak and the holy capital of the Armenian Church - Ejmiatsin, Georgia and the Northern Caucasus, which caused the artist to make a row of canvas of the local landscapes. During the next year, Bashinjaghian visited Italy and Switzerland, where he learnt about the classic European art and also saw the Alps. He later wrote that "the Alps

This is a document about John Dugmore of Swaffham
 (1799-1891), later 6th Earl of Albermarle, Viscount of Bury and Baron of Ashford, who made a brilliant military career (started at Waterloo) as well as was a memorialist, a distinguished collector and a member of the English Society of Antiquaires. They moved from Scotland to Western Bohemia, France, Switzerland and Italy. In around 20 months, Dugmore fixed on paper everything was surprising him, mostly mountains, lakes, rivers and other natural beauties. Sometimes he sketches a strange architecture or an historical place, for instance the cell in the Great St. Bernard Hospice where Napoleon slept during the cross of the Alps

This is a document about Great St Bernard Pass
 Great St Bernard Pass Great St Bernard Pass (, , ; ) is the third highest road pass in Switzerland. It connects Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland with Aosta in the region Aosta Valley in Italy. It is the lowest pass lying on the ridge between the two highest mountains of the Alps, Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa. The pass itself is located in Switzerland in the canton of Valais, very close to Italy. It is located on the main watershed that separates the basin of the Rhône from that of the Po. Great St Bernard is

This is a document about Alps
 moisture is sucked from the air as it flows over the high peaks. The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the Aosta valley in Italy, the Maurienne in France, the Valais in Switzerland, and northern Tyrol. The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff. The mean

This is a document about Northern Italy
 has the Alps as northern and western boundary and the Apennine Mountains as the southern one. In between the two mountain ranges lies a large plain made of the Venetian Plain and the valley of the Po, the largest river in Italy, which flows 652 km eastward from the Cottian Alps to the Adriatic Sea and receives all the waters that flow from the Apennines northwards, and all those that descend from the Alps towards the south. The Po Valley is the largest plain in Italy and held the vast majority of North Italian population. The Alps are home to

This is a document about Northern Italy
 and the waters from the Lago di Lei in Lombardy drain into the North Sea through the basin of the Rhine. On the foothills of the Alps there are a number of subalpine moraine-dammed lakes, the largest of which is Garda. Other well known of these subalpine lakes are Lake Maggiore, whose most northerly section is part of Switzerland, Como, Orta, Lugano, Iseo, Idro. The climate of Northern Italy is mainly humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa), especially in the plains. Winter in Northern Italy is normally long, rainy and rather cold. In addition, there is a high seasonal temperature variation between

This is a document about High-speed rail in Europe
 kilometer Nîmes–Montpellier bypass is under construction and will chop 20 minutes off travel times from Barcelona to Lyon and beyond. There is on the other hand currently no funding for the missing segment of high-speed line between Montpellier and Perpignan, which would cut journey times between the two countries by an additional hour. Another high-speed rail link connecting the two countries is planned via Irun/Hendaye, but is not currently funded. International links between Italy and France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia are underway. These links all incorporate extensive new tunnelling under the Alps. European Union funding has already been approved for

This is a document about Anna and Ellen Pigeon
 Clare Roche, "metamorphosed into experienced and dedicated mountaineers". Over ten years, they travelled to the Alps every summer to climb mountains. They embarked on their first alpine expedition in 1864, focusing on modest peaks of around , and over a five-year period they gradually gained experience on higher peaks. Their most famous expedition took place in 1869, when they traversed the Seserjoch (Sesia Joch), a pass between Zermatt in Switzerland and Alagna in Italy that had only been ascended once before and never descended. Their traverse turned out to have been a mistake: they had intended to cross a more

This is a document about Courage Mountain
 through the forest and head for the mountains to cross over into Switzerland, briefly crossing paths with soldiers who are traveling on horseback. Hillary learns of the girls' sighting through the soldiers and, knowing that Heidi would lead the girls to her grandfather, decides to go to the Alps herself. Grandfather learns of the girls' crossing through Peter, and asks him to find them and bring them safely across. The girls go through the mountains and are found by Peter, who has brought them food. He leaves them the next morning to get a sled and, while he is gone,

This is a document about Celts
 production of bronze artefacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the Tumulus culture. La Tène cultural material appeared over a large area of mainland Italy, the southernmost example being the Celtic helmet from Canosa di Puglia. Italy is home to Lepontic, the oldest attested Celtic language (from the 6th century BC). Anciently spoken in Switzerland and in Northern-Central Italy, from the Alps to Umbria. According to the "Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises", more than 760 Gaulish inscriptions have been found throughout present-day France – with the notable exception of Aquitaine – and in Italy, which testifies the importance of Celtic

This is a document about Geography of the Alps
  Bernard Pass (Switzerland / Italy, 2469 m) ; Matterhorn / Monte Cervino (Switzerland / Italy, 4478 m) ; Monte Rosa (Switzerland / Italy, 4634 m) ; Simplon Pass (Switzerland, 2005 m) ; Blinnenhorn (Switzerland / Italy, 3374 m) ; Saint Gotthard Pass (Switzerland, 2044 m) ; Rheinwaldhorn (Switzerland, 3402 m) ; Splügen Pass / Passo dello Spluga (Switzerland / Italy, 2113 m) ; Maloja Pass (Switzerland, 1809 m) ; Piz Bernina (Switzerland / Italy, 4049 m) ; Fuorn Pass (Switzerland, 2419 m) ; Piz Sesvenna (Switzerland / Italy, 3205 m) ; Reschen Pass (Austria / Italy, 1504 m) ; Weißkugel (Austria / Italy, 3738 m)

This is a document about Transport in Italy
  of ÖBB-DB Munich-Verona and Munich-Venice/Bologna, and DB CityNightLine Munich-Rome/Milan ; Italy-Austria: at 1,175 m above sea connecting San Candido/Innichen (Italy) and Lienz (Austria) ; Italy-Austria: connecting Venice and Udine (Italy) to Villach (Austria), currently EuroCity trains of ÖBB Venice-Vienna, EuroNight trains of ÖBB Vienna-Rome/Milan, and DB CityNightLine Munich-Venice ; Italy-Slovenia: Tarvisio–Ljubljana Railway  Italy has 11 rail border crossings over the Alpine mountains with her neighbouring countries: six are designated as mainline tracks and two are metre-gauge tracks. The six mainline border crossings are: two with France (one for Nice and Marseille; the other for Lyon and Dijon), two with Switzerland (one for Brig, Bern and Geneva; the other for Chiasso, Lugano, Lucerne and Zürich), and two with Austria (one

This is a document about Ticino
  Alps: Valais to the northwest, to which it is connected by the Nufenen Pass, Uri to the north, to which it is connected by the Gotthard Pass and the Grisons to the northeast, to which it is connected by the Lukmanier Pass and the Mesolcina Valley; the latter valley, a few kilometres north of Bellinzona, being the only (natural) low elevation access to another canton. Ticino shares international borders with Italy as well. To the southwest is the region of Piedmont and to the southeast is the region of Lombardy. The main border crossing between Italy and Switzerland is that of Chiasso, in the extreme south of the canton.

This is a document about List of mountain passes
 Col de l'Argentiere - France/Italy ; Arlberg Pass - Austria ; Bernina Pass - Switzerland ; Bielerhöhe Pass - Austria ; Bocchetta del Croso - Italy ; Bocchetto Sessera - Italy ; Col de la Bonette - France ; Brenner Pass - Austria/Italy ; Colle di Cadibona - Italy ; Colle della Croce - France/Italy ; Falzarego Pass - Italy ; Fern Pass - Austria ; Col Ferret - Italy/Switzerland ; Flexen Pass - Austria ; Flüela Pass - Switzerland ; Col du Fréjus - Italy/France ; Furka Pass - Switzerland ; Col du Galibier - France ; Passo Garlenda - Italy ; Gemmi Pass - Switzerland ; Grimsel Pass - Switzerland

To travel from northern Italy to Switzerland, you would cross the Alps. Specifically, you would pass through the Alpine region, which includes the highest point on the Italian peninsula, Monte Bianco (Mont Blanc), and the longest river in Italy, the Po, which flows into the Adriatic Sea. The exact route would depend on your starting point in Italy and your destination in Switzerland.


Question: when did the cleveland browns come back to the nfl

Answer: 1998

This is a document about Cleveland Browns relocation controversy
 officially regarded by the NFL as an expansion team that began play in . The city of Cleveland agreed to demolish Cleveland Stadium and build a new stadium on the same site, and the NFL agreed to reactivate the Browns by the 1999 season through either an expansion draft or a relocated franchise. The Browns were officially reactivated in 1998 through the expansion process and resumed play in 1999. The compromise between Cleveland, the NFL, and Modell was a first in North American professional sports. The compromise has been cited in franchise moves and agreements in other leagues, including those

This is a document about Barry Stokes (American football)
 squad of several teams, but did not see NFL action until the 1998 NFL season with the Miami Dolphins. He then played for the Green Bay Packers and Cleveland Browns, and was a member of the New York Giants but did not play due to back injuries. He spent time in NFL Europe, where he played for the Scottish Claymores. Barry Stokes (American football) Barry Wade Stokes (born December 20, 1973) is a former American football offensive lineman of the National Football League. He was signed by the Detroit Lions as an undrafted free agent in 1996. He played college

This is a document about Cleveland Browns
 this matchup is more bitter for Cleveland than the others due to the fact that the draft picks for 1995 to 1998 resulted in the rosters that won the Super Bowl for the Ravens in 2000. Had the Browns stayed in Cleveland, these teams (drafted by general manager Ozzie Newsome) might have given the Browns the title after a 35-year drought. This bitterness was compounded when the Ravens won their second Super Bowl in 2012. The Lions rivalry began in the 1950s, when the Browns and Lions played each other in four NFL championships. The Lions won three of those

This is a document about History of the Cleveland Browns
  sowing a mix of outrage and bitterness among Cleveland's dedicated fan base. Negotiations and legal battles led to an agreement where Modell was allowed to move the team, but Cleveland kept the Browns' name, colors and history. After three years of suspension while the old municipal stadium was demolished and Cleveland Browns Stadium took its place, the Browns started play again in 1999 under new owner Al Lerner. Since resuming operations, the Browns have made the playoffs only twice, as a wild-card team in 2002 and 2020. The Browns are only one of 12 NFL franchises to predate the 1960 launch of the American Football League, and are only one of three such teams in the AFC.

This is a document about List of Cleveland Browns head coaches
  The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football franchise based in Cleveland, Ohio. They are a member of the North Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The team began playing in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), and joined the NFL as part of the AAFC–NFL merger in 1950. The team played their home games at Cleveland Stadium from 1946 to 1995 before moving to FirstEnergy Stadium (formerly Cleveland Browns Stadium), where they have played since 1999. The Browns did not play from 1996 to 1998 when the team's owner, Art Modell, moved the team to Baltimore, Maryland and formed the Baltimore Ravens.

This is a document about List of Super Bowl champions
 Cleveland Browns – NFL champions four times in 1950, 1954, 1955, and 1964; appeared in seven other NFL Championship Games in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1965, 1968, and 1969; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in the 1986, 1987, and 1989 seasons. The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All-America Football Conference, joined the NFL in 1950, suspended operations after 1995, and resumed play in 1999. The Baltimore Ravens were established in 1996 as an expansion team with former Browns personnel, and have since won two Super Bowls as a separate franchise (XXXV and XLVII). ;

This is a document about Cleveland Browns relocation controversy
  their inaugural season in the National Football Conference) moved from the AFC West to the NFC West. Following Houston's return to the NFL, Los Angeles became the favored destination for owners threatening to move their teams until the St. Louis Rams finally returned to Los Angeles for the 2016 season, followed by the San Diego Chargers (who had previously called L.A. home in the early days of the American Football League) one year later. The reactivated Browns have had only three winning seasons since returning to the NFL in 1999, with records of 9–7 in 2002, 10–6 in 2007, and 11–5 in 2020, earning wild card

This is a document about Cleveland Browns
  Browns resumed play in 1999, thus while the 1999 Browns were not technically considered to be an expansion franchise, the club's roster was re-stocked via an expansion draft. Since resuming operations in 1999, the Browns have struggled to find success. They have had only three winning seasons (2002, 2007, and 2020), two playoff appearances (2002 and 2020), and one playoff win (2020), winning less than one third of their games in total. The franchise has also been noted for a lack of stability with head coaches (10 full time and two interim since 1999) and quarterbacks (31 different starters since 1999). From 2003 to 2019, the Browns had a 17-season playoff drought, which ended during the 2020 season.

This is a document about List of Cleveland Browns seasons
  owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland, Ohio to Baltimore, Maryland. An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the team’s history, name and colors in Cleveland, while Modell’s new team would be regarded as an expansion team. The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996, and the Browns would return to the league in. For record-keeping purposes, the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, which is reflected in this list. In 2017, the Cleveland Browns became the second team in NFL history (2008 Detroit Lions) to suffer a 0-16 record. In 2020, the Browns won their first playoff game since their reactivation in 1999, defeating the division champion Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card Round.

This is a document about 1950 Cleveland Browns season
  The Cleveland Browns were founded and started play in 1946 in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), a league formed to compete with the more established National Football League (NFL). The team was a success both financially and on the field under head coach Paul Brown, drawing large crowds and winning all four of the AAFC's championships between 1946 and 1949. In a bid to end a competition for talent that raised player salaries and ate into owners' profits at a time when attendance in many large markets was declining, the NFL and AAFC agreed to a peace deal at the end of the 1949 season. Under the deal, four of the AAFC's seven teams were to go out of business, while three of them – the Browns, Baltimore Colts and San Francisco 49ers – would play in the NFL starting

This is a document about Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis
  return, the league allowed the Browns to "suspend operations" until the 1999 season. When the Browns returned that year, they reclaimed the history and records of the 1946-95 Browns, though for all intents and purposes they were an expansion team with a roster stocked primarily via an expansion draft similar to every other North American professional sports team established in the modern era. The last NFL team to completely suspend operations temporarily, coincidentally, was also a Cleveland team at the time: the Rams, who suspended operations for one year in 1943 because of World War II before moving to Los Angeles in 1946. Modell's

This is a document about Cleveland Browns
  to take his personnel to Baltimore as an expansion franchise, called the Baltimore Ravens, but would leave Cleveland the Browns' colors, logos and heritage for a reactivated Browns franchise that would take the field no later than 1999. After three years of inactivity while Cleveland Stadium was demolished and FirstEnergy Stadium was built on its site, the Browns were reactivated and started play again in 1999 under new owner Al Lerner. The Browns struggled throughout the 2000s and 2010s, posting a record of 101–234–1 (.302) since their 1999 return. The Browns have only posted three winning seasons and two playoff appearances (2002, 2020) since returning to the

This is a document about List of Cleveland Browns starting quarterbacks
  The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team in Cleveland, Ohio. The Browns compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the American Football Conference (AFC) North division. Since joining the NFL in 1950, the Browns have had 58 quarterbacks start in at least one game for the team. Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham led the Browns to three NFL championships in their first six seasons in the league. Since resuming operations in 1999 after a three-year vacancy, the franchise had been notable for its futility at the quarterback position. From 1999 through week 4 of the 2018 season, the team had 30 players start at quarterback. Tim Couch, the Browns' first overall draft pick in 1999, was the only quarterback to start all 16 games in a season for the team during a 20-season span (1999-2018), having done so in 2001. The Browns had started more than one quarterback in 17 consecutive seasons, until Baker Mayfield started every game in 2019.

This is a document about Cleveland Stadium
  The Cleveland Browns, originally members of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), began playing at the facility in 1946, and played there through 1995. The stadium was the site of the AAFC Championship game in 1946, 1948 and 1949, all Browns wins. The Browns joined the NFL in 1950 and hosted the NFL Championship Game in 1950, 1952, 1954, 1964, and 1968, winning titles in 1950, 1954, and 1964. The first Browns game at the stadium was also the first AAFC game, when the Browns hosted the Miami Seahawks on September 6, 1946. The Browns won the game 44–0 and drew 60,135 fans, what was then a record for a professional football crowd. During the 1980s, the center field bleachers at the east end of the stadium

This is a document about Cleveland Browns relocation controversy
  expansion team that began play in. The NFL agreed to reactivate the Browns franchise no later than the 1999 season by way of expansion or moving a team from another city, provided the City of Cleveland constructed an NFL-caliber venue to replace the aging Cleveland Stadium. The city of Cleveland demolished Cleveland Stadium beginning in late 1996 and built a new stadium on the same site. In 1998, the NFL decided to re-establish the Browns by way of an expansion draft and sold the Browns franchise to a new owner for $530 million. The re-activated Browns acquired players through an expansion draft and resumed play in 1999. This compromise, which was unprecedented in North American professional sports, has since been cited in franchise moves and agreements in other leagues, including ones in Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, the National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League.

This is a document about Sports in Cleveland
  Former owner Art Modell's relocation of the Browns after the 1995 season (to Baltimore creating the Ravens), caused tremendous heartbreak and resentment among local fans. Cleveland mayor, Michael R. White, worked with the NFL and Commissioner Paul Tagliabue to bring back the Browns beginning in 1999 season, retaining all team history. In earlier NFL history, the Cleveland Bulldogs won the NFL Championship in 1924, and the Cleveland Rams won the NFL Championship in 1945 before relocating to Los Angeles. The Cleveland Indians won the World Series in 1920 and 1948. They also won the American League pennant, making the World Series in the 1954, 1995, 1997, and 2016 seasons. Between 1995 and 2001, Progressive Field (then

This is a document about Bengals–Browns rivalry
  The Browns returned to the NFL in 1999. Both teams struggled throughout the next decade. The Browns made a playoff appearance in 2002, while the Bengals made it to the playoffs in 2005 and 2009, although neither team won a playoff game during this time. Both teams had years in which they finished with the worst record in the NFL (the Browns in 1999 and the Bengals in 2002), and thus were awarded the top pick in the following year's draft. On October 10, the teams met for the first time since the Browns' return. The Bengals won the game at the

This is a document about Cleveland Browns
   The history of the Cleveland Browns American football team began in 1944 when taxi-cab magnate Arthur B. "Mickey" McBride secured a Cleveland franchise in the newly formed All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Paul Brown was the team's namesake and first coach. The Browns began play in 1946 in the AAFC. The Browns won each of the league's four championship games before the league dissolved in 1949. The team then moved to the more established National Football League (NFL), where it continued to dominate. Between 1950 and 1955, Cleveland reached the NFL championship game every year, winning three times. McBride and his partners sold the team to a group of

This is a document about List of Cleveland Browns first-round draft picks
  The Cleveland Browns joined the National Football League (NFL) in 1950 with the Baltimore Colts and San Francisco 49ers after having spent four seasons with the All-America Football Conference. The Browns' first selection as an NFL team was Ken Carpenter, a wide receiver from Oregon State. The team's most recent first round selection was Jedrick Wills, offensive tackle at Alabama. Every year during April, each NFL franchise seeks to add new players to its roster through a collegiate draft known as "the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting", which is more commonly known as the NFL Draft. Teams are ranked in inverse order based on the previous season's record, with the worst record picking first, and the second worst picking second and so

The Cleveland Browns returned to the NFL in 1999 through an expansion process.


Question: who has the right to admit new states

Answer: Congress

This is a document about Admission to the Union
 Admission to the Union The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution, often called the New States Clause, found at Article IV, Section 3, , authorizes the Congress to admit new states into the United States beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect. The Constitution went into effect on June 21, 1788, after ratification by 9 of the 13 states, and the federal government began operations under it on March 4, 1789. Since then, 37 additional states have been admitted into the Union. Each new state has been admitted on

This is a document about Passenger Cases
 discussion of Justice McLean and announced that he and the other Justices concurring in the judgment "do not think it necessary in these cases to reaffirm... what this Court has long since decided, that the constitutional power to regulate 'commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states and with the Indian tribes,' is exclusively vested in Congress, and that no part of it can be exercised by a state." He reasoned that even those who take the position that the states have the right to regulate foreign and interstate commerce in the absence of federal regulation readily admit that

This is a document about U.S. state
 authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. It also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and Congress. This caveat was designed to give Eastern states that still had Western land claims (including Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia), to have a veto over whether their western counties could become states, and has

This is a document about Nathaniel Chipman
 the colonial governors of New York and New Hampshire over the right to sell Vermont land grants. In 1790 New York agreed to give up its claim provided only that an agreement on the boundary between Vermont and New York could be concluded and that Congress would admit Vermont to the Union. Vermont's negotiators insisted on also settling the real-estate disputes rather than leaving those to be decided later in a federal court. (Before Vermont's admission, federal courts had no power in Vermont since Vermont's government held that Vermont was not a part of the United States.) Vermont paid $30,000

This is a document about Admission to the Union
 President would issue a proclamation announcing that a new state has been added to the Union. While Congress, which has ultimate authority over the admission of new states, has usually followed this procedure, there have been occasions (due to unique case-specific circumstances) where it did not. Congress is under no obligation to admit states, even in those areas whose population expresses a desire for statehood. In one instance, Mormon pioneers in Salt Lake City sought to establish the state of Deseret in 1849. It existed for slightly over two years and was never approved by the United States Congress. In

This is a document about United States v. Jordan
 law, did not become due until October 1, 1864, after the establishment of such assessment division, was not collected contrary to the provisions of those regulations, and should not be refunded. The Court of Claims held that the statute did not admit of that interpretation, nor leave open any question for the court or for the accounting officers of the Treasury, except the identity of the claimants with the persons named in it, and that its language, taken together, was too clear to admit of doubt, that Congress undertook, as it had a right to do, to determine not only

This is a document about Article Four of the United States Constitution
 Admissions Clause grants Congress the authority to admit new states, but forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of the affected states. The Supreme Court has held that the Constitution requires all states to be admitted on an equal footing, though the Admissions Clause does not expressly include this requirement. The Property Clause grants Congress the power to make laws for the territories and other federal lands. The Guarantee Clause mandates that United States guarantee that all states have a "republican form of government," though it does not define this term. Article Four

This is a document about Article Four of the United States Constitution
 law, the even more severe Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was enacted. In 1864, during the Civil War, an effort to repeal this clause of the Constitution failed. This clause was rendered mostly moot when the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. The First Clause of Section Three, also known as the Admissions Clause, grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. It also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the

This is a document about U.S. state
 nature of the states' powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government and the rights of individuals. The Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of whether states have the power to secede (withdraw) from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U.S. Supreme Court, in "Texas v. White", held that a

This is a document about Article Four of the United States Constitution
 Article Four of the United States Constitution Article Four of the United States Constitution outlines the relationship between the various states, as well as the relationship between each state and the United States federal government. It also empowers Congress to admit new states and administer the territories and other federal lands. The Full Faith and Credit Clause requires states to extend "full faith and credit" to the public acts, records and court proceedings of other states. The Supreme Court has held that this clause prevents states from reopening cases which have been conclusively decided by the courts of another state.

This is a document about Equal footing
 Equal footing The equal footing doctrine, also known as equality of the states, is the principle in United States constitutional law that all states admitted to the Union under the Constitution since 1789 enter on equal footing with the 13 states already in the Union at that time. The Constitution grants to Congress the power to admit new states in Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1, which states: Beginning with the admission of Tennessee in 1796, Congress has included in each state's act of admission a clause providing that it enters the Union "on an equal footing with the original

This is a document about Powers of the United States Congress
 about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history. Congress also has the power to establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights, fix standards of weights and measures, establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, and "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof." Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union.

This is a document about Nouvelle Droite
 European languages, although not English. Although mostly known in France, according to Minkenberg, the "Nouvelle Droite" borders to other European "New Right" movements, such as "Neue Rechte" in Germany, New Right in the United Kingdom, "Nieuw Rechts" in the Netherlands and Flanders, "Forza Nuova" in Italy, "Imperium Europa" in Malta, "Nova Hrvatska Desnica" in Croatia, "Noua Dreapta" in Romania and the "New Right" of Paul Weyrich and the Free Congress Foundation in the United States. This claim is disputed by most other scholars, who argue that the European New Right has some superficial similarities to certain sectors of the New

This is a document about Texas annexation
 southern Whig Congressmen had been bewildered by local political agitation in their home states during the 1844 presidential campaigns. Now, northern Democrats found themselves vulnerable to charges of appeasement of their southern wing if they capitulated to Tyler's slavery expansion provisions. On the other hand, Manifest Destiny enthusiasm in the north placed politicians under pressure to admit Texas immediately to the Union. Constitutional objections were raised in House debates as to whether both houses of Congress could constitutionally authorize admission of territories, rather than states. Moreover, if the Republic of Texas, a nation in its own right, were admitted as

This is a document about United States Congress
 weights and measures, establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court, and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof." Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union. One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch. Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power. Some critics have charged that Congress has in

This is a document about Southern Victory
 for $3,000,000, and admit it as the 14th Confederate State. The Democratic Party candidate (not named in the book, but believed by many readers to be Horatio Seymour) defeats Lincoln and his vice-presidential candidate Hannibal Hamlin in the 1864 election in a landslide. No Republican will become president of the United States again until 1880. The Republicans become the minority in Congress. Voters in 1880, tired of the Democrats' soft line against the Confederate States, vote Republican candidates into the U.S. Congress as a majority. In the meanwhile, the Whig Party continues as the main party of the aristocratic right

This is a document about Article Four of the United States Constitution
  "New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress." The First Clause of Section Three, also known as the Admissions Clause, grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the

This is a document about U.S. state
  federal government and the rights of individuals. The Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776 by Thirteen Colonies, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. While the Constitution does not explicitly discuss the issue of whether states have the power to secede from the Union, shortly after the Civil War, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, held that a state cannot unilaterally do so.

This is a document about Admission to the Union
  The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution, also called the New States Clause, found at Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1, authorizes the U.S. Congress to admit new states into the Union (beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect). The Constitution went into effect on June 21, 1788 in the nine states that had ratified it, and the federal government began operations under it on March 4, 1789 (by which time it was in effect in 11 of the 13 states). Since then, 37 states have been admitted into

The right to admit new states into the United States is vested in Congress, as stated in the Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution (Article IV, Section 3).


Question: who wrote the book the hitchhiker 's guide to the galaxy

Answer: Douglas Adams

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel)
 PANIC on the dashboard display and carried amongst other items a copy of the novel and a towel. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel) The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is the first of five books in the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" comedy science fiction "trilogy" by Douglas Adams. The novel is an adaptation of the first four parts of Adams' radio series of the same name. The novel was first published in London on 12 October 1979. It sold 250,000 copies in the first three months. The namesake of the novel is "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the

This is a document about And Another Thing... (novel)
 in comparison, but each part has its own short title. A full cast radio adaptation under the title "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Hexagonal Phase" and adapted from "And Another Thing... ", with unpublished Hitchhiker material by Douglas Adams, was announced in October 2017 by the BBC as the sixth series of "Hitchhiker's Guide". The first episode of the series was broadcast on March 8, 2018, and the complete series was released commercially both on CD and via audio download by Audible.com on April 19, 2018. The audio book version is read by Simon Jones, who played Arthur

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts
 contains a new introduction by Geoffrey Perkins, and newly researched material by M. J. Simpson, including a transcript of "The Lost Hitchhiker Sketch." The sketch was an interview with Simon Jones in character as Arthur Dent, conducted by Sheila Steafel on her show "Steafel Plus" in 1982, written entirely by Adams. The sketch can be heard in the "Douglas Adams at the BBC" CD collection. The book now contains transcripts of all Hitchhikers radio sketches, barring a sketch for Marvin that Adams wrote for the BBC Radio 1 show Studio B15 to promote the television version of the serial, which

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 by 2005. In 2017, BBC Radio 4 announced a 40th-anniversary celebration with Dirk Maggs, one of the original producers, in charge. This sixth series of the sci-fi spoof has been based on Eoin Colfer's book "And Another Thing", with additional unpublished material by Douglas Adams. The first of six new episodes was broadcast on 8 March 2018. The broad narrative of "Hitchhiker" follows the misadventures of the last surviving man, Arthur Dent, following the demolition of the planet Earth by a Vogon constructor fleet to make way for a hyperspace bypass. Dent is rescued from Earth's destruction by Ford Prefect,

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 the Primary Phase). Two omnibus editions were created by Douglas Adams to combine the Hitchhiker series novels and to "set the record straight". The stories came in so many different formats that Adams stated that every time he told it he would contradict himself. Therefore, he stated in the introduction of "The More Than Complete Hitchhiker's Guide" that "anything I put down wrong here is, as far as I'm concerned, wrong for good." The two omnibus editions were "The More Than Complete Hitchhiker's Guide, Complete and Unabridged" (published in 1987) and "The Ultimate Hitchhiker's Guide, Complete and Unabridged" (published in

This is a document about Douglas Adams's Guide to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 Douglas Adams's Guide to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Douglas Adams's Guide to The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a BBC Radio production sold as an audio book on two cassette tapes (later, two CDs). The programme was partially broadcast by BBC Radio 4 as a 40-minute feature titled "The Guide to 20 Years' Hitch-Hiking" on 5 March 1998, marking the 20th anniversary of the first radio programme in the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series". The first tape runs 55 minutes and is narrated by Peter Jones, who narrated the original radio series. It features comments by

This is a document about Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion
 Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion is a book by Neil Gaiman about Douglas Adams and "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". The book was originally published in 1986 in the United States and United Kingdom () by Titan Books. A second edition, retitled "Don't Panic: Douglas Adams & The Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy" was published in the United Kingdom in July 1993, containing additional material by David K. Dickson (). A third edition, with another slight title revision (now known as "Don't Panic:

This is a document about Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion
 Douglas Adams & The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy") was published in the UK by Titan Books in June 2002, and contains further additional material, this time by M. J. Simpson (). An updated edition was published by Titan Books in October 2003 (). A further edition was published by Titan Books in September 2009 (). Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion is a book by Neil Gaiman about Douglas Adams and "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". The book was originally published in 1986 in

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts
 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts is a book, published in 1985, containing the scripts for the original radio series version of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" by Douglas Adams. Text present in the original scripts but cut to meet time constraints are printed in italics. This book also includes explanatory footnotes, behind-the-scenes anecdotes, and forewords by Adams and by series producer Geoffrey Perkins. The book was reprinted in a tenth-year edition in 1995, and a twenty-fifth anniversary edition in 2003. The twenty-fifth anniversary edition

This is a document about Douglas Adams's Guide to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 on the CD boxset of the first two series: "Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy: Collector's Edition" . Douglas Adams's Guide to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Douglas Adams's Guide to The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a BBC Radio production sold as an audio book on two cassette tapes (later, two CDs). The programme was partially broadcast by BBC Radio 4 as a 40-minute feature titled "The Guide to 20 Years' Hitch-Hiking" on 5 March 1998, marking the 20th anniversary of the first radio programme in the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series". The first tape runs 55

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel)
 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel) The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is the first of five books in the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" comedy science fiction "trilogy" by Douglas Adams. The novel is an adaptation of the first four parts of Adams' radio series of the same name. The novel was first published in London on 12 October 1979. It sold 250,000 copies in the first three months. The namesake of the novel is "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", a fictional guide book for hitchhikers (inspired by the "Hitch-hiker's Guide to Europe") written in the form

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts
 was broadcast in 1982. In the first edition a page of dialogue was omitted from Fit the Twelfth. The 25th-anniversary edition reprint corrects this. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts is a book, published in 1985, containing the scripts for the original radio series version of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" by Douglas Adams. Text present in the original scripts but cut to meet time constraints are printed in italics. This book also includes explanatory footnotes, behind-the-scenes anecdotes, and forewords by Adams and by series

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (fictional)
 in the catchphrase of the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" that it was the best source of advice for those who wanted to see the universe "on less than 30 Altairian dollars a day." Douglas Adams, who was deeply involved with computer technology, founded the website h2g2 in 1999. In keeping with the "Hitchhiker's Guide"'s tradition of being edited by random people off the street, h2g2 is an encyclopedia edited by thousands of contributors. The site's creation predates Wikipedia by two years, though several commentators have noted the similarities between Wikipedia and the "Hitchhiker's Guide", particularly its wild variance in

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 edition was printed in 2003. The 2004 series was produced by Above The Title Productions and the scripts were published in July 2005, with production notes for each episode. This second radio script book is entitled "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts: The Tertiary, Quandary and Quintessential Phases". Douglas Adams gets the primary writer's credit (as he wrote the original novels), and there is a foreword by Simon Jones, introductions by the producer and the director, and other introductory notes from other members of the cast. The popularity of the radio series gave rise to a six-episode television

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (fictional)
 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (fictional) The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a fictional electronic guide book in the multimedia scifi/comedy series of the same name by Douglas Adams. The Guide serves as "the standard repository for all knowledge and wisdom" for many members of the series' galaxy-spanning civilization. Entries from the guidebook are used as comic narration to bridge events and provide background information in every version of the story. The guide is published by "Megadodo Publications", a publishing company on Ursa Minor Beta. In the original radio scripts, the Guide's voice was called the "Narrator" and

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases
 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases The terms Primary Phase and Secondary Phase describe the first two radio series of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", first broadcast in 1978. These were the first incarnations of the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" franchise. Both were written by Douglas Adams and consist of six episodes each. The series followed the aimless wanderings of Arthur Dent, Ford Prefect and his book, the eponymous "Guide". It introduced unfamiliar music, mind stretching concepts and the newest science mixed together with out of context parodies, unfeasibly rude names, "semantic and philosophical

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases
 complete episodes heard in the UK—they were edited down from their original 29+ minute running time to 25–26 minutes. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases The terms Primary Phase and Secondary Phase describe the first two radio series of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", first broadcast in 1978. These were the first incarnations of the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" franchise. Both were written by Douglas Adams and consist of six episodes each. The series followed the aimless wanderings of Arthur Dent, Ford Prefect and his book, the eponymous "Guide". It introduced unfamiliar music, mind

This is a document about Mark Carwardine
 Douglas Adams" (HarperCollins). This is a sequel to the best-selling book, "Last Chance to See", which he wrote with the late Douglas Adams (author of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy"). Other books that Carwardine has written include the award-winning "Shark Watcher's Handbook" and "Eyewitness Handbooks: Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises", which is the best-selling cetacean field guide ever published (nearly a million copies in print). Carwardine also writes a monthly column in "BBC Wildlife" magazine, and has written hundreds of articles for newspapers and magazines. In 1989 the BBC Radio 4 series "Last Chance to See" and the subsequent book

This is a document about And Another Thing... (novel)
 from Euan Ferguson of "The Observer", who wrote that "Colfer has pulled off the near-impossible." Other reviews were more negative. Charlie Jane Anders, having read the first half of the book, described it as "more of the same" but without leaving a unique impression of its own, with the humour falling "incredibly flat". "Private Eye" summed it up as a "mostly humourless ... lame re-animation". And Another Thing... (novel) And Another Thing... is the sixth and final installment of Douglas Adams' "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" "trilogy". The book, written by Eoin Colfer, author of the "Artemis Fowl" series,

This is a document about Destiny of the Daleks
 Colluphid's book "The Origins of the Universe" and says he got it wrong "on the first line". Colluphid is a character from "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" written by script editor Douglas Adams, who inserted the reference to his own work. This was Dalek creator Terry Nation's final script for "Doctor Who"; he declined several further offers due to the extensive uncredited story rewrite by script editor Douglas Adams. Ken Grieve, director of the serial, claimed on the DVD commentary that Adams wrote 98% of the script. Nation moved to the United States in 1980 and would go on

Douglas Adams wrote the book "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy."


Question: when was the first railway track built in india

Answer: 1837

This is a document about History of rail transport in India
 History of rail transport in India Rail transport in India began during the early nineteenth century. India's first railway proposals were made in Madras in 1832. The Red Hill Railway, the country's first train, ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. It was hauled by a rotary steam-engine locomotive manufactured by William Avery. Built by Arthur Cotton, the railway was primarily used to transport laterite stone for road-building work in Madras. In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry. Also built by Cotton, it supplied stone for the construction of a

This is a document about Locomotives of India
 which save nearly 88 percent on fuel when the trains are not running. Locomotives of India The Indian Railways primarily operates electric and diesel locomotives. Steam locomotives are operated on a few World Heritage sites and also run occasionally as heritage trains. A locomotive is also known as a loco or engine. The country's first steam locomotive ran on the Red Hill Railway (built by Arthur Cotton to transport granite for road-building) from Red Hills to the Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. Locomotives were classified by track gauge, motive power, function and power (or model number) in a four-

This is a document about Locomotives of India
 Locomotives of India The Indian Railways primarily operates electric and diesel locomotives. Steam locomotives are operated on a few World Heritage sites and also run occasionally as heritage trains. A locomotive is also known as a loco or engine. The country's first steam locomotive ran on the Red Hill Railway (built by Arthur Cotton to transport granite for road-building) from Red Hills to the Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. Locomotives were classified by track gauge, motive power, function and power (or model number) in a four- or five-letter code. The first letter denotes the track gauge. The second letter

This is a document about Rail transport in India
 stations. A further 500+ km of lines are under construction. Rail transport in India began in the early nineteenth century. The first proposals for railways in India were made in Madras in 1832. The first train in India ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in 1837. It was called Red Hill Railway and used a rotary steam locomotive manufactured by William Avery. The railway was built by Sir Arthur Cotton and was mainly used for transporting granite stones for road-building work in Madras. In 1845 Cotton built the Godavari Dam Construction Railway at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry, used to supply

This is a document about 5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways
 distinct gauges was a major disadvantage to the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. In 1886, when around of gauge track existed in the United States, almost all of the railroads using that gauge were converted to . The first railway built in Russia was built in 1837 to gauge for a 17 km long "experimental" line connecting the Imperial Palaces at Tsarskoye Selo and Pavlovsk; the choice of gauge was influenced by Brunel's Great Western Railway which used . While of almost no practical importance the railway did demonstrate that this gauge was viable. The second

This is a document about Indian Railways
  The first railway proposals for India were made in Madras in 1832. The country's first transport train, Red Hill Railway (built by Arthur Cotton to transport granite for road-building), ran from Red Hills to the Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built by Cotton at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry, to supply stone for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River. In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built by Proby Cautley in Roorkee to transport construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani River. These railway tracks were dismantled after these projects were

This is a document about 1859 in rail transport
 March 3 — Construction begins on the first railway in northern India as tracks are laid between the present day locations of Allahabad and Kanpur. March 15 – While under lease to Bristol and Exeter Railway, the Somerset Central Railway is extended to Wells.

This is a document about History of rail transport
   The first proposals for railways in India were made in Madras in 1832. The first train in India ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. It was called Red Hill Railway. It was hauled by a rotary steam engine locomotive manufactured by William Avery. It was built by Sir Arthur Cotton. It was primarily used for transporting granite stones for road building work in Madras. In 1845, a railway was built at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry. It was called Godavari Dam Construction Railway. It was also built by Arthur Cotton. It was used to supply stones for construction of a dam over Godavari. On 8 May 1845, Madras Railway was incorporated. In

This is a document about Royapuram railway station
  which built a 21-mile-long route from Bori Bunder (later the Victoria Terminus) in Bombay to Thane, becoming India's first railway line opened for traffic on 16 April 1853. With the Madras Railway Company reconstituting itself in 1849, the plans for a railway line in the south was revived further to the efforts by the mercantile community of Madras Presidency, which lobbied for rail connectivity. Work on the southern line began in 1853 and the railway line was extended from Royapuram (Madras) to Arcot, then titular capital of the Nawab of the Carnatic (the present day Walajapet, near Ranipet in Tamil Nadu). Royapuram was selected as the location for the

This is a document about Pune Junction railway station
  The first passenger train in India ran on 16 April 1853 on the track laid by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in Mumbai to. The GIPR line was extended to in 1854, then on the south-east side to  via Palasdari railway station at the foot of the Western Ghats in 1856. While construction work was in progress across the Bhor Ghat, GIPR opened the – track to the public in 1858. The Pune railway station opened in 1858. The Bhor Ghat incline connecting Palasdari to Khandala was completed in 1862, thereby connecting Mumbai and Pune. The

This is a document about Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line
  The first train in India traveled from Bombay to Thane on 16 April 1853. By May 1854, Great Indian Peninsula Railway's Bombay–Thane line was extended to Kalyan. It was extended to Khopoli via Palasdhari in 1855. station was set up in 1860 and Pune connected in 1863. In Eastern India, construction of the Howrah–Delhi main line was completed and through connection between Delhi and Kolkata was established in 1865. The last link was the bridge across the Yamuna at Allahabad. In 1866 Bhusawal-Khandwa section was opened and GIPR also extended its operations to Nagpur. East Indian Railway, which had established the Howrah–Allahabad–Delhi line, opened the Allahabad–Jabalpur branch line in June 1867. GIPR connection over the Thull Ghat reached Jabalpur from Itarsi on 7 March 1870, linking up with EIR track there from Allahabad, and establishing connectivity between Mumbai and Kolkata. The

This is a document about History of rail transport in India
  India's first railway proposals were made in Madras in 1832. The Red Hill Railway, the country's first train, ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. It was hauled by a rotary steam-engine locomotive manufactured by William Avery. Built by Arthur Cotton, the railway was primarily used to transport laterite stone for road-building work in Madras. In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry. Also built by Cotton, it supplied stone for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River. On 8 May 1845, the Madras Railway was incorporated, followed that year by the East India Railway. On 1 August 1849, the Great Indian Peninsular Railway was incorporated by an act of parliament. The "guarantee system", providing free land and a guaranteed five-percent rate of return to private British companies willing to build railways, was finalized on 17 August 1849. In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built in Roorkee. It was hauled by the Thomason steam locomotive, named after a British officer-in-charge of that name. The railway transported construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani River. In 1852, the Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was incorporated.

This is a document about Bilaspur–Nagpur section
  The first train in India travelled from Mumbai to Thane on 16 April 1853. By May 1854, Great Indian Peninsula Railway's Bombay–Thane line was extended to Kalyan. Bhusawal station was set up in 1860 and in 1867 the GIPR branch line was extended to Nagpur. The Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway started construction of the 240 km metre gauge (soon converted to broad gauge) Nagpur–Rajnandgaon section in 1878, after surveys were started in 1871. The Nagpur–Tumsar Road section was opened in April 1880 and the Tumsar Road–Rajnandgaon section in December 1880. The Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line, a joint effort of Great Indian Peninsula Railway and East Indian Railway

This is a document about Rail transport in India
  The first proposals for railways in India were made in Madras in 1832. The first train in India ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in 1837. It was called the Red Hill Railway and used a rotary steam locomotive manufactured by William Avery. The railway was built by Sir Arthur Cotton and was mainly used for transporting granite stones for road-building work in Madras. In 1845, Cotton built the Godavari Dam Construction Railway at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry, used to supply stone for construction of a dam on the Godavari River. On 8 May 1845, the Madras Railway was incorporated, and the East Indian Railway Company (EIR) was incorporated the same year. On 1 August 1849, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR) was incorporated by an Act of Parliament. A "guarantee system" providing free land and guaranteeing five-percent rates of return to private English companies building railways was finalised on 17 August 1849. In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built in Roorkee; freight was hauled by a steam locomotive called Thomason, after a British officer. It was used for transporting construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani river. In 1852, the Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was incorporated.

This is a document about Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line
  The first train in India travelled from in Bombay to Tannah (current Thane) on 16 April 1853. By May 1854, Great Indian Peninsula Railway's Bombay–Tannah line was extended to Callian (current Kalyan). station was set up in 1860 and in 1867 the GIPR branch line was extended to. While the entire Mumbai–Nagpur line was broad gauge, the next part from Nagpur to Rajnandgaon was metre gauge. The Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway started construction of the 240 km Nagpur–Rajnandgaon section in 1878, after surveys were started in 1871. The Nagpur–Tumsar Road section was opened in April 1880 and the Tumsar Road–Rajnandgaon section in December 1880. The GIPR and EIR, working jointly, completed the Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line thereby establishing a connection between Kolkata and Mumbai in 1870. The great famine of 1878 was an impetus for the fast

This is a document about Indian Railways
  and no longer exist. India's first passenger train, operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and hauled by three steam locomotives (Sahib, Sindh and Sultan), ran for 34 km with 400 people in 14 carriages on broad gauge track between Bori Bunder (Mumbai) and Thane on 16 April 1853. The Thane viaducts, India's first railway bridges, were built over the Thane creek when the Mumbai-Thane line was extended to Kalyan in May 1854. Eastern India's first passenger train ran 24 mi from Howrah, near Kolkata, to Hoogly on 15 August 1854. The first passenger train in South India ran 60 mi from

This is a document about Rail transport in India
  The first passenger train in India ran between Bombay (Bori Bunder) and Thane on 16 April 1853. The 14-carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives – Sahib, Sindh and Sultan; it carried 400 people and ran on a line of 34 km built and operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. This line was built in broad gauge, which became the standard for railways in the country. In May 1854, the Bombay–Thane line was extended to Kalyan by India's first railway bridges, the Thane viaducts, over Thane Creek. In Eastern India, the first passenger railway train ran from Howrah (near Calcutta) to Hoogly on 15

This is a document about Economic history of India
  regions. A series of new rail companies were established, leading to rapid expansion. In 1853, the first passenger train service was inaugurated between Bori Bunder in Bombay and Thane, covering a distance of 34 km. The route mileage of this network increased from 1349 km in 1860 to 25495 km in 1880 – mostly radiating inland from the port cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. Most of the railway construction was done by Indian companies supervised by British engineers. The system was sturdily built. Several large princely states built their own rail systems and the network spread across India. By 1900 India had a

This is a document about Transport in Chennai
  line became operational in the same year, with a written report of its functioning since January 1838, thus marking the first rail transport in the country 16 years prior to the running of the first commercial passenger service in India, the Bori Bunder–Thane train with 14 carriages hauled by three locomotives on 16 April 1853. Although the Chintadripet line was primarily intended for wagons hauled by animals, steam locomotives were also operated on the line, one of which is believed to be built in India. In 1845, Madras Railway Company was mooted, and in 1852 Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was formed. In 1852, the work for laying the first track by Madras Guaranteed Railway Company

The first railway track in India was built in 1837 for the Red Hills Railway in Madras (now Chennai).