Question: when was the post 911 gi bill passed

Answer: June 30 , 2008

This is a document about Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008
 Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 The Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 is Title V of the Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2008, , , an Act of Congress which became law on June 30, 2008. The act amended Part III of Title 38, United States Code to include a new Chapter 33, which expands the educational benefits for military veterans who have served since September 11, 2001. At various times the new education benefits have been referred to as the Post-9/11 GI Bill, the 21st Century G.I. Bill of Rights, or the Webb G.I. Bill, with many

This is a document about Chapter 33 (G.I. Bill of Rights)
  In July 2008 the Post-9/11 GI Bill was signed into law, creating a new robust education benefits program rivaling the WWII Era GI Bill of Rights. The new Post 9/11 GI Bill, which went into effect on August 1, 2009, provides education benefits for service members who served on active duty for 90 or more days since September 10, 2001. These benefits are tiered based on the number of days served on active duty, creating a benefit package that gives current and previously activated National Guard and Reserve members the same benefits as active duty servicemembers. The Department of Veterans Affairs is currently accepting applications for the Post-9/11 GI Bill. Once the VA receives applications, applicants' eligibility for the Post-9/11 GI Bill is determined and applicants are issued a Certificate of Eligibility. Veterans must apply using the VA Form 22-1990, which includes the instructions needed to begin the application process. Post-9/11 benefits are not available to cover training or education programs completed before July 31, 2009.

This is a document about Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008
  provisions of the act include funding 100% of a public four-year undergraduate education to a veteran who has served three years on active duty since September 11, 2001. The act also provides the ability for the veteran to transfer benefits to a spouse or children after serving (or agreeing to serve) ten years. This bill was written, introduced and guided to passage by Senator Jim Webb of Virginia, who introduced it on his first day in the Senate in January 2007. Webb's hope was that these benefits would help current veterans as much as the original G.I. Bill helped the Greatest Generation in shaping America. The original Post-9/11 GI Bill's provisions went into effect on August 1, 2009. In 2017, according to CBS News, approximately 40 percent of all GI Bill funds were distributed to for-profit colleges.

This is a document about Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008
  The Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 is Title V of the Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2008,, , an Act of Congress which became law on June 30, 2008. The act amended Part III of Title 38, United States Code to include a new Chapter 33, which expands the educational benefits for military veterans who have served since September 11, 2001. At various times the new education benefits have been referred to as the Post-9/11 GI Bill, the 21st Century G.I. Bill of Rights, or the Webb G.I. Bill, with many current references calling it simply the new G.I. Bill. President George W. Bush signed into law on June 30, 2008. The law is an effort to pay for veterans' college expenses to a similar extent that the original G.I. Bill did after World War II. The

This is a document about Chapter 33 (G.I. Bill of Rights)
  Level or Skills Training time) ; 50% - Requires at least 6 cumulative months (Cannot include Entry Level or Skills Training time) ; 40% - Requires 90 aggregate days (Cannot include Entry Level or Skills Training time) All Post 9/11 GI Bill benefit payments are based on the amount of creditable active-duty service each veteran has since Sept. 10, 2001. If a service member is an active-duty, National Guard, Selected Reserve member, or veterans who has served on active-duty for 90 or more days since Sept. 10, 2001 the following percentage of benefits apply based on their Post-9/11 Active-duty service:

This is a document about Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America
  Veterans Educational Assistance Act (S. 1598/H.R. 3218) which expanded benefits under the Post-9/11 GI Bill. Signed into law on August 16, 2017 (Public Law No: 115-48).  IAVA spent much of the year successfully turning back an attempt to pay for the new legislation through the establishment of a $2,400 fee levied on new servicemembers. IAVA launched a campaign to turn back a 2018 decision by the Department of Defense to limit the ability to transfer unused portions of the Post-9/11 GI Bill to family members to those servicemembers with less than 16 years of service. A petition with more than 50,000

This is a document about G.I. Bill
  it was "unfortunate that we will not have the technical expertise from the private sector," the VA "can and will deliver the benefits program on time." President Obama Launches Post-9/11 GI Bill August 3, 2009 | 12:01 President Obama marks the launch of the Post-9/11 GI Bill, which will provide comprehensive education benefits to our veterans. The bill will provide our veterans the skills and trainings they need to be successful in the future, and is part of the Presidents plan to build a new foundation for the 21st century. August 3, 2009. In December 2010 Congress passed the Post-9/11 Veterans Education Assistance Improvements Act of 2010. The new law, often referred to as

This is a document about Veterans Benefits Administration
  died with a 100 percent service-connected condition has 10 years to use this benefit. ; A surviving spouse of a Veteran who died on active duty has 20 years to use this benefit. ; Post-9/11 Educational Assistance Program (Post 9/11-GI Bill) is a new education assistance program for certain individuals with a qualifying period of active duty service after September 10, 2001.  Individuals will be eligible for educational assistance in the form of tuition and fees, a monthly housing allowance, and a books and supplies stipend.  The new program also provides certain individuals the opportunity to transfer unused educational benefits to their spouses and children.  The new

This is a document about United States Department of Veterans Affairs
  visits, and decreased staffing by 12%. By 2000, the VHA had 10,000 fewer employees than in 1995 and a 104% increase in patients treated since 1995, and had managed to maintain the same cost per patient-day, while all other facilities' costs had risen over 30% to 40% during the same period. The 2008 "New GI Bill" (Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008) authored by Sen. Jim Webb (D-VA) doubled GI Bill college benefits while providing a 13-week extension to federal unemployment benefits. The new GI Bill more than doubled the value of the benefit to roughly $90,000 up from $40,000. In-state public universities essentially are

This is a document about Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America
  the Yellow Ribbon Program. These new provisions benefitted almost 400,000 veterans in their first year. ; Mandatory Mental Health Screening (2009): IAVA successfully advocated to pass this bill which mandates that every returning service member is screened for mental health injuries, helping remove the stigma of seeking help and catching mental health injuries early. Post-9/11 "New" GI Bill (2008): IAVA played the lead role in passing the Post-9/11 GI Bill, considered by many to be the most important veterans' benefit for the generation of post-9/11 veterans. This landmark legislation has sent more than one million veterans to college. ; Joshua

This is a document about G.I. Bill
  Act of 2007, introduced by Sen. Hillary Clinton, Entitles basic educational assistance to Armed Forces or reserves who, after September 11, 2001: (1) are deployed overseas; or (2) serve for an aggregate of at least two years or, before such period, are discharged due to a service-connected disability, hardship, or certain medical conditions. Entitles such individuals to 36 months of educational assistance. Rep. Jeff Miller (R-Florida) got the house to pass easier access to the GI Bill by "verifying honorable service as a coast-wise merchant seaman between December 7, 1941, and December 31, 1946, for purposes of eligibility for veterans' benefits under the GI Bill Improvement Act of 1977." It passed the House and went no further.

This is a document about Chapter 33 (G.I. Bill of Rights)
  have served a minimum of 90 days on active duty after September 10, 2001. This covers active duty served as a member of the Armed Forces or as a result of a call or order to active duty from a reserve component (National Guard and Reserve) under certain sections of title 10. However, some periods of active duty service are excluded. Periods of service under the following do not count toward qualification for the Post 9/11 GI Bill:  Selected reserve service used to establish eligibility under the Montgomery GI Bill (MGIB chapter 30), MGIB for Selected Reserve (MGIB-SR Chapter 1606), or the Reserve Education Assistance Program (REAP chapter 1607).

This is a document about Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008
  serve an additional four years, may transfer benefits to their spouse. ; Servicemembers with over ten years of service may transfer benefits to a child. In December 2010 Congress passed the Post-9/11 Veterans Education Assistance Improvements Act of 2010. The new law, often referred to as GI Bill 2.0, expands eligibility for members of the National Guard to include time served on Title 32 or in the full-time Active Guard and Reserve (AGR). The new law also includes a new (reduced) housing stipend for online (distance) learners; enables active-duty servicemembers and their GI Bill eligible spouses to receive the annual $1,000 book stipend; adds several vocational, certification and OJT options

This is a document about Forever GI Bill
  The Harry W. Colmery Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2017 (Public Law 115-48), commonly known as the “Forever GI Bill”, eliminated the 15-year use-it-or-lose-it constraint associated with the Post 9/11 GI Bill education benefit. The updated bill was created with the intent of improving previous versions of the bill and the Reserve Educational Assistance Program (REAP) which is now defunct. The bill, called the Harry W. Colmery Veterans Education Assistance Act of 2017, flew through both the House of Representatives and the Senate in the span of three weeks, passing both by unanimous votes. After the Senate's vote, the bill was signed into law by President Donald Trump. The official name of the bill is for Harry W. Colmery who is credited with being the author of the original GI Bill (Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944).

This is a document about James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act
  December 22, 2010, Congress approved the final bill, which allocated $4.2 billion towards the program, and President Barack Obama signed the Zadroga Act into law on January 2, 2011. This act created the World Trade Center Health Program, which replaced earlier programs (Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program). The World Trade Center Health Program provides treatment services and medical benefits for people who worked in response and recovery operations as well as for survivors of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. On October 1, 2015, the Zadroga Act expired. Jon Stewart went to Congress with first responders

This is a document about Chuck Hagel
  In 2007, Hagel introduced Senate Amendment 2032, amending the Defense Authorization bill limiting the deployment of U.S. service members serving in Iraq 12 months. The amendment needed 60 votes in the Senate to pass, but was ultimately defeated in a 52–45 vote. In 2008, Hagel was a principal co-sponsor with two other veterans in the Senate of Senator Jim Webb's "21st Century GI Bill" which passed Congress as the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008, expanding education assistance to veterans who served after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. During his tenure in the Senate, Hagel supported the military's "Don't ask, don't tell" policy, barring openly LGBT members of the armed forces from serving, but was later described as "pro-ending don't ask, don't tell."

This is a document about James Wright (historian)
  In 2005, Wright began a series of visits to U.S. military medical facilities in Washington, D.C., where he met Marines and other U.S. military personnel who had been wounded in the course of service in Iraq and Afghanistan. In over thirty visits since then, he has encouraged the injured servicemen and women to continue their education. President Wright worked with Senators Jim Webb, John Warner, and Chuck Hagel on language for the GI Bill that was passed by Congress and signed by President Bush in June 2008, to provide a means for private institutions to partner with Veterans Affairs in supporting veterans who matriculated at these institutions (the "Yellow Ribbon Program"). He also worked

This is a document about World Trade Center Health Program
  The World Trade Center Health Program (WTC Health Program) provides medical benefits to specific groups of individuals affected by the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States. The WTC Health Program was established by Title I of the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act (Zadroga Act), P.L. 111-347, which amended the Public Health Service Act. The United States Congress passed the bill in December 2010 and United States President Barack Obama signed it into law on January 2, 2011. The Zadroga Act required the WTC Health Program to begin administering medical benefits on July 1, 2011. On December 18, 2015, the Zadroga Act was reauthorized to provide medical benefits to affected individuals until 2090. The National Institute

This is a document about Chapter 33 (G.I. Bill of Rights)
  The New Post-9/11 GI Bill offers a new set of benefits for service members and veterans attending education and training programs taken at an accredited college or university. The new benefits include up to 100% tuition and fees (paid directly to the school) for public in-state institutions and, for the 2012-2013 academic year, up to $18,077.50 for private/foreign institutions (paid directly to the school), a monthly living/housing stipend, up to $1,000 a year for books and supplies, and more. These new Post-9/11 GI Bill benefit payments are tiered based on the amount creditable active-duty service a veteran has since Sept. 10, 2001.

The Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance and Transition Improvements Act of 2008, also known as the Post-9/11 GI Bill, was passed on June 30, 2008.


Question: who was the mexican president who distributed land to the peasants in the 1930s

Answer: President Lázaro Cárdenas

This is a document about Land reform in Mexico
 towards land concentration and set in motion a long process of agrarian mobilization. The power and legitimacy of the landlord class, which had underpinned Porfirian rule, never recovered. The radical and egalitarian sentiments produced by the revolution had made landlord rule of the old kind impossible. President Lázaro Cárdenas passed the 1934 Agrarian Code and accelerated the pace of land reform. He helped redistribute of land, of which were expropriated from American owned agricultural property. This caused conflict between Mexico and the United States. Cárdenas employed tactics of noncompliance and deception to gain leverage in this international dispute. Agrarian reform

This is a document about Land reforms by country
 estates. After the war, the principles of the Ley Lerdo were perverted by President Porfirio Diaz, which caused land concentration and contributed to causing the Mexican Revolution in 1910. A certain degree of land reform was introduced, albeit unevenly, as part of the Mexican Revolution. In 1934, president Lázaro Cárdenas passed the 1934 Agrarian Code and accelerated the pace of land reform. He helped redistribute of land, of which were expropriated from American owned agricultural property. This caused conflict between Mexico and the United States. Agrarian reform had come close to extinction in the early 1930s. The first few years

This is a document about Gold shirts
 Gold shirts The Revolutionary Mexicanist Action (), better known as the Gold shirts (), was a Mexican fascist paramilitary organization in the 1930s. The group was founded by general Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco in 1933 with the official title of "Acción Revolucionaria Mexicana" (Mexican Revolutionary Action). Carrasco, who had been a supporter of Pancho Villa until he deserted in 1918, named the group after the "dorados", Villa's "golden" group of elite soldiers. The Gold shirts opposed the reforms of president Lázaro Cárdenas and were protected by former president Plutarco Elías Calles, who had become an enemy of Cárdenas. The Gold Shirts

This is a document about History of the United States (1918–1945)
 which had long dominated bilateral economic ties. President Álvaro Obregón assured Americans that they would be protected in Mexico, and Mexico was granted recognition in 1923. A major crisis erupted in the mid-1930s when the Mexican government expropriated millions of acres of land from hundreds of American property owners as part of President Lázaro Cárdenas's land redistribution program. No compensation was provided to the American owners. The emerging threat of the Second World War forced the United States to agree to a compromise solution. The US negotiated an agreement with President Manuel Avila Camacho that amounted to a military alliance.

This is a document about History of United States foreign policy
 in the mid-1930s when the Mexican government expropriated millions of acres of land from hundreds of American property owners as part of President Lázaro Cárdenas's land redistribution program. No compensation was provided to the American owners. The emerging threat of the Second World War forced the United States to agree to a compromise solution. The US negotiated an agreement with President Manuel Avila Camacho that amounted to a military alliance. Small-scale military interventions continued after 1921 as the Banana Wars tapered off. The Hoover administration began a goodwill policy and withdrew all military forces. President Roosevelt announced the "Good Neighbor

This is a document about Agriculture in Mexico
 succeeded in growing the economy, they benefited only the elite, making life for the common rural worker worse. The result was the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920. The result afterwards was the breakup of most large private landholdings to be redistributed, especially under a system of common tenancy called ejidos. The lands could be worked individually or collectively by members of the ejido but the land could not be leased or sold. The process of dividing lands and developing ejido organizations continued into the 1930s under President Lázaro Cárdenas . By the end of the 1930s, haciendas almost entirely

This is a document about Land reform in Mexico
  However, in order to maintain the social peace with the peasantry, he began land reform in earnest. As president, Obregón distributed 1.7 million hectares, which was 1.3Ò% of agricultural land. The land distributed was mostly not existing cultivated lands, consisting of forests, pastures, mountainous land, and other uncultivable land (ranging from 51%-64.6%). Rain-fed land was the next largest category (ranging from 31.2% to 41.4%). The smallest amount of land distributed was irrigable land, ranging from a high of 8.2% in 1920 to just 4.2% in 1924. When Obregón sought to ensure his fellow Sonoran revolutionary general Plutarco Elías Calles was his successor, Obregón and Calles promised land reform to mobilize peasants against their rival Adolfo de la Huerta. Their faction prevailed and when Calles became president in 1924, he did increase distribution of land.

This is a document about Land reform in Mexico
  President Lázaro Cárdenas is credited with revitalizing land reform, along with other measures in keeping with the rhetoric of the Revolution. Although he was from the southern state of Michoacan, Cárdenas was part of the northern Constitutionalist revolutionary forces that emerged victorious during the Revolution. He did not join with the forces of Emiliano Zapata or Pancho Villa, who advocated sweeping land reform. Cárdenas distributed most land between 1936 and 1938, after he had ousted Calles and took full control of the government and before his expropriation of foreign oil companies in 1938. He was determined to distribute land to the peasantry, but also keep control

This is a document about Indigenismo in Mexico
  in 1919. Obregón and Calles both distributed land under the tenets of Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917, allowing the Mexican state to expropriate property. Calles distributed 3,045,802 hectares to over 300,000 people living in rural areas, many of them indigenous. Much of this land was ill-suited for agriculture or even barren. It is debated whether Calles's land redistribution was done for concern for the well-being of rural citizens or used as a tool to gain political support from rural areas. When Lázaro Cárdenas of the southern Mexican state of Michoacan became president in 1934, land reform in Mexico again became a high priority.

This is a document about Land reform in Mexico
   During the Mexican Revolution, two leaders stand out as carrying out immediate land reform without formal state intervention, Emiliano Zapata in the state of Morelos and Pancho Villa in northern Mexico. Although the political program of wealthy northern landowner Francisco I. Madero, the Plan of San Luis Potosí, promised the return of village lands unlawfully confiscated by large estate owners, when the Díaz regime fell and Madero was elected president of Mexico, he took little action on land reform. Zapata led peasants in the central state of Morelos, who divided up large sugar haciendas into plots for subsistence agriculture; in northern Mexico, Zapata and others in Morelos drafted the Plan of Ayala, which called

This is a document about Land reform in Mexico
  by colonizing areas not previously cultivated or existing lands that were deemed inefficiently used. Extending credit to agricultural enterprises benefited large land owners rather than the peasantry. State-constructed Irrigation projects to increase production likewise benefited them. Since many revolutionary leaders, including Obregón and Calles, were recipients of large tracts of land, they were direct beneficiaries of state-directed agricultural infrastructure and credit. During Calles's presidency (1924–28), 3.2 million hectares of agricultural land were distributed, 2.4% of all agricultural land. The largest category of land distributed was non-agricultural land ranging from forests, pastures, mountainous, and other uncultivable lands, ranging from 60% to nearly 80% in 1928. Rainfed land was the next largest category, ranging from 35% to 20%. The smallest amount was irrigable land, just 3-4%.

This is a document about Land reforms by country
  individual small holders. After the war, the role of the state in land policy expanded during the presidency of Porfirio Diaz. The aim was to extinguish traditional subsistence farming and make agriculture in Mexico a dynamic commercial sector as part of Mexico's modernization. Land was concentrated in the hands of large-scale owners, a great many of them foreigners, leaving peasantry, the largest sector of the Mexican population, landless. Peasant unrest was a major cause of the Mexican Revolution 1910–20. A certain degree of land reform was introduced, albeit unevenly, as part of the Mexican Revolution. In 1934, president Lázaro Cárdenas passed the 1934 Agrarian Code and accelerated the pace of land reform. He helped redistribute

This is a document about Land reform in Mexico
  of the hacienda system. Cárdenas distributed more land than all his revolutionary predecessors put together, a 400% increase. Cárdenas wanted the peasantry tied to the Mexican state and did so by organizing peasant leagues that collectively represented the peasantry, the National Confederation of Peasants (CNC), within the new, sectoral party structure that Cárdenas created within the Party of the Mexican Revolution. During his administration, he redistributed 45000000 acre of land, 4000000 acre of which were expropriated from U.S. nationals who owned agricultural property. This caused conflict between Mexico and the United States. Cárdenas employed tactics of noncompliance and deception to gain leverage in this international dispute.

This is a document about Green Revolution
  use of machinery for cultivation and harvest, on large-scale agricultural enterprises with access to credit (often from foreign investors), government-supported infrastructure projects, and access to low-wage agricultural workers. Mexico was the recipient of knowledge and technology of the Green Revolution, and it was an active participant with financial supports from the government for agriculture and Mexican agronomists. In the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution, the government had redistributed land to peasants in some parts of the country which had broken the back of the hacienda system. During the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940), land reform in Mexico reached its apex in the center and south of

This is a document about History of social democracy
  by president Lázaro Cárdenas and the Party of the Mexican Revolution, whose government initiated agrarian reform that broke up vast aristocratic estates and redistributed property to peasants. While deeply committed to social democracy, Cardenas was criticized by his left-wing opponents for being pro-capitalist due to his personal association with a wealthy family and for being corrupt due to his government's exemption from agrarian reform of the estate held by former Mexican president Álvaro Obregón. Political violence in Mexico escalated in the 1920s after the outbreak of the Cristero War in which far-right reactionary clerics staged a violent insurgency against

This is a document about Land reform in Mexico
  was assassinated by an agent of Carranza's in 1919, land reform there could not be reversed. When Alvaro Obregón became president in 1920, he recognized the land reform in Morelos and Zapatistas were given control of Morelos. The situation in northern Mexico was different from the Zapatista area of central Mexico, with few subsistence peasants, a tradition of military colonies to fight indigenous groups such as the Apaches, the development of large cattle haciendas and small ranchos. During the Porfiriato, the central Mexican state gained more control over the region, and hacienda owners who had previously not encroached on small holders' lands or limited access to large expanses of public lands began consolidating their

This is a document about Francisco I. Madero
  Francisco Ignacio Madero González (30 October 1873 – 22 February 1913), better known as Francisco I. Madero, was a Mexican businessman, landowner, reformist, writer and statesman, who became the 37th president of Mexico from 1911 until he was forced to resign in a rightwing coup d'etat in February 1913, during which he was assassinated. A member of a large and extremely wealthy landowning family in the northern state of Coahuila. Despite his wealth, he was an advocate for social justice and democracy. Madero was notable for challenging long-time President Porfirio Díaz for the presidency in 1910 and being instrumental in sparking the Mexican Revolution. Following his being jailed before fraudulent elections in

This is a document about Land reform in Mexico
  Land reform was an important issue in the Mexican Revolution, but the leader of the winning faction, wealthy landowner Venustiano Carranza was disinclined to pursue land reform. But in 1914 the two important Constitutionalist generals, Alvaro Obregón and Pancho Villa, called on him to articulate a policy of land distribution. One of Carranza's principal aides, Luis Cabrera, the law partner of Andrés Molina Enríquez, drafted the Agrarian Decree of January 6, 1915, promising to provide land for those in need of it. The driving idea behind the law was to blunt the appeal of Zapatismo and to give peasants access to land to supplement income during periods when they were not employed as day laborers on

This is a document about Álvaro Obregón
  Land reform was far more extensive under Obregón than it had been under Carranza. Obregón enforced the constitutional land redistribution provisions, and in total, 921,627 hectares of land were distributed during his presidency. However, Obregón was a successful commercial chickpea farmer in Sonora, and "did not believe in socialism or in land reform" and was in agreement with Madero and Carranza that "radical land reform might very well destroy the Mexican economy and lead to a return to subsistence agriculture."

This is a document about Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration
  expelling Mexicans from the U.S. in what was known as Mexican Repatriation. Under President Lázaro Cárdenas Mexico in 1934-40 expropriated three million acres of agricultural land owned by 300 Americans. Its worth was a matter of debate: between $19 million and $102 million, but nothing was paid. Roosevelt settled the matter in 1938 quietly. He refused to aggressively intervene in Mexican agrarian disputes in order not to disrupt trade. He was sympathetic to Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas's agrarian reform program, as was ambassador Josephus Daniels. On the other hand Secretary Hull was antagonistic. American Catholics – a major component of the New Deal coalition – were outraged at anti-Catholicism in Mexico. Ambassador Daniels worked quietly to convince the Mexican government it was essential that they minimize

Lázaro Cárdenas was the Mexican president who distributed land to the peasants in the 1930s as part of the agrarian reform.


Question: who is the chairman of 7th pay commission

Answer: Justice A.K Mathur

This is a document about Pay Commission
 various pay scales and mainly focused on reducing number of pay scales and bring the idea of pay bands. It recommended for removal of Group-D cadre. The Government of India has initiated the process to constitute the 7th Central Pay Commission along with finalisation of its Terms of Reference, the composition and the possible timeframe for submission of its Report. On 25 September 2013 then Finance Minister P Chidambaram announced that Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has approved the constitution of the 7th Pay Commission. Its recommendations are likely to be implemented with effect from 1 January 2016. Justice A.K Mathur

This is a document about Pay Commission
  The Government of India has initiated the process to constitute the 7th Central Pay Commission along with finalisation of its Terms of Reference, the composition and the possible timeframe for submission of its Report. On 25 September 2013 then Finance Minister P Chidambaram announced that Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has approved the constitution of the 7th Pay Commission. Its recommendations are likely to be implemented with effect from 1 January 2016. Justice A.K Mathur will be heading the Seventh Pay Commission, announcement of which was done on 4 February 2014 . On 29 June 2016, Government accepted the recommendation of 7th Pay Commission Report with meager increase in salary of 14% after six months of intense evaluation and successive discussion.

This is a document about 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces
  the 7th Pay Commission report and the OROP". '' "We have been stabbed in the back", a senior officer told the Hindustan Times. Serving officer in the army headquarters, complained that according to equation in the memo (No A/24577/CAO/CP) "a captain is equivalent to a civilian Group B section officer. This isn't mischief, but mischief-plus by bureaucrats.'" They alleged that memo is "an attempt to reverse clearly established protocols established by successive pay panel reports and court rulings"; is against the spirit of recommendations made by a Committee headed by Pranab Mukherjee after the 6th Pay Commission report; and

This is a document about Ashok Kumar Mathur
  Ashok Kumar Mathur (born 7 August 1943) the former Chief justice of Calcutta High Court, Justice of the Supreme Court of India. He was appointed as the Chairman of 7th Pay Commission.

This is a document about D Murugesan
  Justice D. Murugesan was appointed by the Supreme Court of India on 28.11.2019, in Civil Appeal No. 10029 of 2017 as the Chairman of the One Man Commission to fix the Pay differences of the Government Servants. Supreme Court  of  India  has  also  ordered  that,  the  affected Employees  shall  not  be permitted to get the 7th Central Pay Commission scales on the basis of the higher scales till such time as a final decision is taken. Accordingly, Pay Grievance Redress Committee was constituted under the Chairmanship of Justice D.Murugesan. The Committee consists, apart from the Chairman, two official  Administrative  Members  and

This is a document about 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces
  7th CPC award in abeyance in view of the anomalies which need to be resolved". On 14 September 2016 the headquarters of the three services, following assurances at the highest level that anomalies affecting armed forces pay, pension, allowances, rank parity, and status would be addressed, issued instructions to their commands to implement the government decision. On 30 January 2018, President Ram Nath Kovind gave his nod to The 7th Pay Commission's suggestion of increasing the monthly salary of Chief Justice of India (CJI) to Rs 2.80 lakh per month from the present Rs 1 lakh per month, besides recommending a salary hike of the judges of the Supreme Court and the 24 High Courts.

This is a document about 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces
  their lives. Besides, the highest levels of proficiency, commitment and sense of sacrifice are demanded of them."  Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha, Chairman Chief of Staff Committee (CoSC), in an official statement released by the MOD, said, "The 7th Pay Commission anomalies in respect of the Armed Forces were discussed with the Hon'ble Raksha Mantri in detail by the Service Chiefs and the members of the Armed Forces Pay Commission Cell. The Hon'ble Raksha Mantri is seized of all the issues and has assured to resolve them at the earliest. The Services are satisfied with the response."  A large

This is a document about Pay Commission
  On 19 November 2015, the 7th Central Pay Commission recommended 23.55% hike in pay and allowances which will be implemented from 1 January 2016. The full report is available on the website of Ministry of Finance, Government of India The Union Cabinet approves 7th Pay panel recommendations on 29 June 2016. The recommendations will be effected from 1 January 2016 with arrears to be paid in the financial year 2016-17 itself unlike previously, when arrears were paid in the following financial year. Also this time, employees will had to wait only 6 months for the CPC's recommendations to be implemented as compared to 19 months for the 5th CPC and 32 months for the 6th except for autonomous organizations like CSIR, ICAR, ICMR etc. under various ministries.

This is a document about 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces
  The 7th Central Pay Commission (7CPC), constituted in February 2014 the principles and structure of emoluments of all central government civilian employees including defence forces in India, submitted its report on 19 November 2015. 7CPC's recommendations affects the organization, rank structure, pay, allowances and pension, of 13,86,171 armed forces personnel. page 105, para 6.2.2[3] Following the submission of the 7CPC report, the Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces in a submission to the Government stated that the recommendations of 7th CPC are anomalous, discriminatory, and at variance with historical parities. The anomalies identified by the armed forces are about use of different principles, policy, and formula by the 7CPC for determining armed forces pay,

This is a document about One Rank, One Pension
  Indian Ex-Servicemen Movement, Hon Lt K Pande Member and Wing Commander CK Sharma, met Manohar Parrikar, Defence Minister, to urge him to ensure that the 'four deviations in the implementation order' on OROP are addressed. Mr Parrikar, according to media reports, assured the veteran delegation that their concerns will be addressed; and that the recommendations of seventh pay commission would be applicable to all ex-servicemen 3 August 2016 Maj. Gen. Satbir Singh (retd), Chairman of the Indian Ex-Servicemen Movement, on 3 August, wrote to Mr. Parrikar and Justice L. Narasimha Reddy, former Chief Justice of the Patna High Court, and head

This is a document about One Rank, One Pension
  ₹ 1500 crore earmarked in the budget. The letter recalls that in a meeting chaired by Mr. AK Antony, former Defence Minister on 26 Feb 2014, OROP definition was approved and OROP was to be implemented with effect from 1 Apr 2014. The letter reminds the PM that "It has been six months since the OROP was approved". 20 August 2014 Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha, Admiral Robin Dhowan and General Dalbir Singh Suhag, briefed A K Mathur, Justice (retd), the chairman 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC), on the pay and pension "anomalies" caused by the 6 CPC. 23 October 2014 Narendra Modi, on Diwali Day, during

This is a document about 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces
  3rd Pay Commission(1500 pages, April 1973), the mandate of all pay commissions has included all central government civilian employees, including defence forces. All pay commissions, including 3CPC, 4CPC, 5CPC, and 6CPC, have had no military member. Following the protest after the government decision to implement 6CPC, Manmohan Singh, in 2008, assured the armed forces that there will be a separate commission for the armed forces with appropriate armed forces participation. Eventually, there was no separate commission, or military representation, including in the secretariat, and among consultants hired by the 7CPC. Neither did any of the 7CPC member, consultants or secretariat staff, have any background or direct knowledge of its organizational culture or work.

This is a document about One Rank, One Pension
  not widen and lead to.. chaotic situation; [b] Pay- disparity be removed altogether; and [c] the "Committee of Secretaries" to examine the report of the 7th CPC, be reconstituted to "represent all different sections of stakeholders" so that it may function with "neutrality" 29 March Parrikar, tells India Today, that "The Seventh Pay Commission are in the form of recommendations. I do not think they (recommendations) will remain. I do not consider them as finalities. I have flagged them and will flag them properly at the right level". 3 April At Jantar Mantar, on 3 April, at a well attended gathering

This is a document about 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces
  instructions that "In future, pay revision of the armed forces should be de-linked from that of civilians and separate board or commission should be set up for pay revision of the armed forces."  India Today, cites a MOD letter leaked to it by a Joint Secretary in the MOD, titled 'Common VII Central Pay Commission' purportedly written by Air Chief Marshal NAK Browne, the Chairman Chief of Staff Committee (COSC), to AK Antony, Defence Minister. According to the 'letter' the government is in favour of a separate pay commission for the armed forces, but the armed forces would rather be

This is a document about Pay Commission
  The second pay commission was set up in August 1957, 10 years after independence and it gave its report after two years. The recommendations of the second pay commission had a financial impact of ₹ 39.6 crore. The chairman of the second pay commission was Jagannath Das. Raghuramiah Committee The Departmental Pay Committee, set up after the 2nd pay Commission, was called, the Raghuramiah Committee(1960), which had service representatives. It examined armed forces emoluments and made recommendations.

This is a document about Kalmanje Jagannatha Shetty
  Kalmanje Jagannatha Shetty (15 December 1926 – 7 April 2015) was a former judge of Supreme Court of India and retired Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court who also served as acting chief justice of the Karnataka High Court. He was also the first Chairman of the National Pay Commission.

This is a document about Civil Services of India
 UPSC Union Public Service Commission, India ; 7th Pay Commission chief recommends 'One Rank, One Pension' for Govt employees by The Indian Express ; Prime Minister instructs DoPT for speedy empanelment of officers from all central services by The Times of India

This is a document about Pay Commission
  The notification for setting up the Fifth CPC was issued on 9 April 1994, but started functioning only on 2 May 1994, with the assumption of charge by the Member Secretary. The chairman of fifth pay commission was Justice S. Ratnavel Pandian. the members were: Suresh Tendulkar, Professor Delhi School of Economics; and M.K Kaw, IAS. In comparison, First CPC had nine members including military members, the second had six members including a military member, the 3 CPC and 4 CPC had five, but no military member. The fifth had three members, but no military member. The first had no member secretary, just a secretary. After the 1 CPC all pay commissions

This is a document about B. N. Srikrishna
  The Sixth central pay commission was set up by Union Cabinet of India on 5 October 2006.Justice Srikrishna to head 6th pay panel– Rediff.com Business The commission, was headed by Srikrishna.

Justice A.K Mathur is the chairman of the 7th Pay Commission.


Question: the habanera and the toreador song are two famous arias from which opera

Answer: Carmen

This is a document about Carmen
 Carmen Carmen (; ) is an opera in four acts by French composer Georges Bizet. The libretto was written by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, based on a novella of the same title by Prosper Mérimée. The opera was first performed by the Opéra-Comique in Paris on 3 March 1875, where its breaking of conventions shocked and scandalized its first audiences. Bizet died suddenly after the 33rd performance, unaware that the work would achieve international acclaim within the following ten years. "Carmen" has since become one of the most popular and frequently performed operas in the classical canon; the "Habanera"

This is a document about Darius Campbell
 UK's ITV1 talent show "Popstar to Operastar", in which eight pop stars were trained to perform famous opera arias. He was mentored by tenor Rolando Villazón, with whom he went on to duet with on the song "The Impossible Dream". In May 2010 he appeared as toreador Escamillo in Bizet's opera "Carmen" at The O Arena in London. At age 29, he assumed the lead role of Carmen's lover. Also in 2010 he starred in "The History of the Big Bands" tour – a show about the Big Band and Swing Era, featuring the songs of Frank Sinatra and the

This is a document about Music of the African diaspora
 Habanera, the first written music to be rhythmically based on an African rhythm pattern, gained international fame in the 19th century. The habanera "El Arreglito" composed by the Spanish musician Sebastian Yradier, was adapted to become one of the most famous arias in George Bizet's 1875 opera "Carmen", "L'amour est un oiseau rebelle". Bachata is a popular guitar music that originated in the Dominican Republic. Having strong African and Spanish influences, it is therefore also considered to be music of Latin America. The subjects of bachata are often romantic with tales of heartbreak and sadness. The original term used to

This is a document about Carmen
 from act 1 and the "Toreador Song" from act 2 are among the best known of all operatic arias. The opera is written in the genre of "opéra comique" with musical numbers separated by dialogue. It is set in southern Spain and tells the story of the downfall of Don José, a naïve soldier who is seduced by the wiles of the fiery gypsy Carmen. José abandons his childhood sweetheart and deserts from his military duties, yet loses Carmen's love to the glamorous matador Escamillo, after which José kills her in a jealous rage. The depictions of proletarian life, immorality,

This is a document about Aria Tesolin
 Aria Tesolin Aria Tesolin (born August 20, 1993 in Mississauga, Ontario) is a Canadian mezzo-soprano, pop classical, classical crossover and contemporary pop singer, songwriter and poet known for her operatic vocals and genre defying original style of classically infused pop music. As a child singer, Tesolin began singing opera arias in concert with Canada's 3 Tenors at the age of eight, singing the "Habanera" from Bizet's opera "Carmen", the brindisi "Libiamo ne' lieti calici" from Verdis's opera "La traviata", "Belle nuit" from Offenbach's "The Tales of Hoffmann", "Largo al factotum", the famous baritone aria from Rossini's "The Barber of Seville"

This is a document about Toreador Song
 Ah! Toreador, on guard! Toreador! Toreador! And think well , yes think as you are fighting that a dark eye is watching you, and that love is waiting for you, Toreador, love, love is waiting for you! Love! Love! Love! Toreador, Toreador, Toreador!</poem> Toreador Song The Toreador Song is the popular name for the aria "" ("Your toast, I can return it to you"), from the opera "Carmen", composed by Georges Bizet to a libretto by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy. It is sung by the bullfighter (French: "toréador") Escamillo as he enters in act 2 and describes various situations

This is a document about Woonona Shamrocks RUFC
 and other military units and organizations and is known as their “fight” song. The second verse of the Shamrocks song was suggested by Mickey Roneys and is a different tune of the Toreador song from Georges Bizet's famous opera Carmen. Again, the need to ‘Fight’ is highlighted and has become an intrinsic part of the Shamrock RUFC ethos. Woonona Shamrocks RUFC Woonona Shamrocks Rugby Union Football Club is an Australian rugby union club which competes in the Illawarra District Rugby Union competition. The home ground is located at Ocean Park Woonona and is the only rugby club in the northern

This is a document about Toreador Song
 Toreador Song The Toreador Song is the popular name for the aria "" ("Your toast, I can return it to you"), from the opera "Carmen", composed by Georges Bizet to a libretto by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy. It is sung by the bullfighter (French: "toréador") Escamillo as he enters in act 2 and describes various situations in the bullring, the cheering of the crowds and the fame that comes with victory. The refrain, "", forms the middle part of the of "Carmen". The bass-baritone couplet has a vocal range from B to F and a tessitura from C to

This is a document about Tresillo (rhythm)
 salsa, and Latin jazz. The example below shows a tresillo-based tumbao from "Alza los pies Congo" by Septeto Habanero (1925). </score> Because of the popularity of the Cuban contradanza (habanera), the tresillo variant known as the "habanera rhythm" was adopted into European art music. For example, Georges Bizet's opera "Carmen" (1874) has a famous aria, "L'amour est un oiseau rebelle" based on a habanera pattern. The first seven measures are shown below. \header { \score { </score> In addition, Louis Moreau Gottschalk's first symphony, "La nuit des tropiques" (lit. "Night of the Tropics") (1860) was influenced by the composer's studies

This is a document about Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song
 the 1987 film "Full Metal Jacket". Skinner tells Apu Nahasapeemapetilon of his plan to write a novel about an amusement park with dinosaurs called "Billy and the Cloneasaurus", which Apu rightfully condemns as a concept of plagiarism; the book is a reference to the Michael Crichton novel "Jurassic Park". When Martin is in a cage, he is singing the Toreador Song from the opera "Carmen". In describing the relationship of Bart and Skinner, Lisa Simpson compares them to Sherlock Holmes and Professor Moriarty, the famous characters from the Sir Arthur Conan Doyle detective stories; she also compares them to Mountain

This is a document about Carmen Get It!
 the singer playing Carmen walks onto the stage. She is just about to begin singing "Habanera", when she suddenly screams because she sees Jerry dressed like a toreador and dancing at the front of the stage. But Tom took the stage and caught Jerry, but the conductor thinking that Tom had ruined the opera suspiciously. This is the final straw for the conductor and he goes on the stage and blocks Tom's way, indicating that he has had enough of Tom's shenanigans and wants to harm him. Jerry gave a terrified Tom a red blanket, and the conductor goes wild

This is a document about The Cocoanuts
 Potter and Harvey Yates (the necklace thief) make formal speeches. Harpo repeatedly walks off, with a grimace on his face, to the punch bowl. (His staggering implies that the fruit punch has been spiked with alcohol.) Another highlight is when the cast, already dressed in traditional Spanish garb for a theme party, erupts into an operatic treatment about a lost shirt to music from "Carmen" (specifically, Habanera and the song of the Toreador). An earlier scene shows Harpo and Chico abusing a cash register while whistling the Anvil Chorus from "Il trovatore", a piece also referenced in several other Marx

This is a document about The Cocoanuts (musical)
 Harvey that they elope at midnight at Cocoanut Manor, and Harvey agrees. But since Polly doesn't know where it is, she gets Harvey to draw a map of how to get there. She thanks him, takes the map, and leaves. As more guests enter for dinner, Hennessey laments his lost shirt ("The Tale of a Shirt"; the melody combines the Habanera and Toreador song from "Carmen"). As master of ceremonies, Schlemmer makes a speech concerning the engagement of Harvey to Polly. He then introduces Mrs. Potter, who makes a few short remarks interrupted by constant interjections by Schlemmer, Willie and

This is a document about Sebastián Iradier
 are more than one thousand versions of "La Paloma", and said that, together with "Yesterday" by The Beatles, it is one of the most recorded songs in the history of music. Another of Iradier's compositions is "El Arreglito", a habanera used by Georges Bizet in his opera "Carmen". Bizet, thinking it was a folk song, was inspired by the melody, and recomposed it as the aria "L'amour est un oiseau rebelle", also known as the "Habanera". When he discovered his mistake, Bizet added a note to the vocal score of the opera, acknowledging its source. Iradier died in obscurity in

This is a document about Bart the Genius
 opera attended by the family is "Carmen", by French composer Georges Bizet; the song that Bart mocks is a famous aria called the Toreador Song. Students at the gifted school have lunchboxes that feature images of the 1945 novel "Brideshead Revisited" and chess grandmaster Anatoly Karpov. In its original American broadcast, "Bart the Genius" finished 47th place in the weekly ratings for the week of January 8–14, 1990 with a Nielsen rating of 12.7. It was the second highest rated show on the Fox network that week. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. Warren

This is a document about America (West Side Story song)
 bars of (six eighth-notes in two groups of three) with (three quarter-notes) (similar to a guajira) is a distinctive characteristic of the song. This rhythm has been called both a hemiola and a habanera but is not really either. The two bar-types alternate and are not superposed, as in a hemiola. The alternation is comparable with the “Habanera” from “Carmen”, but “America” lacks the distinctive characteristic underlying rhythm of the habanera form. The composer’s tempo instruction is “Tempo di Huapango”. An instrumental version, with the signature rhythm reduced to a uniform , was released in 1963 by Herb Alpert's Tijuana

This is a document about Lee de Forest
 City were conducted to determine whether it was practical to broadcast opera performances live from the stage. "Tosca" was performed on January 12, 1910, and the next day's test included Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. On February 24, the Manhattan Opera Company's Mme. Mariette Mazarin sang "La Habanera" from "Carmen" over a transmitter located in De Forest's lab. But these tests showed that the idea was not yet technically feasible, and de Forest would not make any additional entertainment broadcasts until late 1916, when more capable vacuum-tube equipment became available. De Forest's most famous invention was the "grid Audion", which was

This is a document about Jacques Bouhy
 Jacques Bouhy Jacques-Joseph-André Bouhy (18 June 1848 – 24 January 1929) was a Belgian baritone, most famous for being the first to sing the "Toreador Song" in the role of Escamillo in the opera "Carmen". Bouhy was born in Pepinster. After studying at the Liège Conservatory of Music, he made his début at the Paris Opéra as Méphistophélès ("Faust") in 1871. He performed at the Opéra-Comique as Figaro ("Le Nozze di Figaro"), Escamillo ("Carmen") in 1875. At the Comique he also created the role of "Don César de Bazan" in 1872. In 1882 he appeared at Covent Garden singing in

This is a document about Vasyl Slipak
 his education at the Lviv Conservatory. During his education, Slipak participated in a vocal contest in the French city of Clermont, winning the contest. In 1996, Slipak received an invitation to perform at Opéra Bastille in Paris. In 1997 Slipak graduated from the Lysenko Music Academy in Lviv and then was invited to the Paris Opera where he became an opera singer. By 2011, he was at the top of his field, winning the prize for best male performer at the Armel Opera Competition and Festival in Szeged, Hungary, for his rendering of the Toreador Song from the opera "Carmen".

This is a document about Carmen
 "Lillas Pastia's Inn" Two months have passed. Carmen and her friends Frasquita and Mercédès are entertaining Zuniga and other officers ("Les tringles des sistres tintaient") in Pastia's inn. Carmen is delighted to learn of José's release from two months' detention. Outside, a chorus and procession announces the arrival of the toreador Escamillo ("Vivat, vivat le Toréro"). Invited inside, he introduces himself with the "Toreador Song" ("Votre toast, je peux vous le rendre") and sets his sights on Carmen, who brushes him aside. Lillas Pastia hustles the crowds and the soldiers away. When only Carmen, Frasquita and Mercédès remain, the smugglers

The Habanera and the Toreador song are two famous arias from Georges Bizet's opera "Carmen."


Question: what area of london is the tower of london in

Answer: central London

This is a document about Tower of London
 Tower of London The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078

This is a document about EC postcode area
 within St. James's ward in Westminster. EC postcode area The EC (Eastern Central) postcode area, also known as the London EC postal area, is a group of postcode districts in central London, England. It includes almost all of the City of London and parts of the London Boroughs of Islington, Camden, Hackney, Tower Hamlets and Westminster. The area covered is of very high density development. Deliveries for the EC postcode area are made from Mount Pleasant Mail Centre. The current postcode districts are relatively-recent divisions of the EC1, EC2, EC3 and EC4 districts, which were established in 1917. When the

This is a document about EC postcode area
 EC postcode area The EC (Eastern Central) postcode area, also known as the London EC postal area, is a group of postcode districts in central London, England. It includes almost all of the City of London and parts of the London Boroughs of Islington, Camden, Hackney, Tower Hamlets and Westminster. The area covered is of very high density development. Deliveries for the EC postcode area are made from Mount Pleasant Mail Centre. The current postcode districts are relatively-recent divisions of the EC1, EC2, EC3 and EC4 districts, which were established in 1917. When the districts are used for purposes other

This is a document about London Gateway services
 roads. On 6 September 1997, large numbers of people came to the service station to witness the passing of the funeral hearse of Diana, Princess of Wales on its way along the M1 from central London to her burial place in Althorp, Northamptonshire. A reserved section of current service area is a major long-distance coach service interchange. The guns in both forward turrets on the museum ship , moored between Tower Bridge and London Bridge some 11.7 miles away in the centre of London, are trained and elevated on the London Gateway Motorway Services Area. London Gateway services London Gateway

This is a document about Fenchurch Street railway station
 is in the central London Travelcard zone 1 like other terminal stations in the city, but it does not have a direct link to the London Underground. The nearest is Tower Hill about to the southeast and Aldgate around to the northeast. London Buses route 40 passes the station. The area around Fenchurch Street is one of the oldest inhabited parts of London; the name "Fenchurch" derives from the Latin "faenum" (hay) and refers to hay markets in the area. The station was the first to be granted permission by the Corporation of London to be constructed inside the City

This is a document about London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
 stations; Dagenham is the busier, attending over 2,000 incidents in 2006/2007. The coat of arms of the borough displays the Curfew tower of Barking Abbey in its crest. London Borough of Barking and Dagenham The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham () is a London borough in East London, England. It lies around 9 miles (14.4 km) east of Central London. It is an Outer London borough and the south is within the London Riverside section of the Thames Gateway; an area designated as a national priority for urban regeneration. At the 2011 census it had a population of 187,000,

This is a document about Santander Cycles
 specification: The success of the scheme has led to its expansion into other areas of London. As of August 2018, the coverage area is roughly bounded by: The following boroughs are partly or fully covered: Hammersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea, Westminster, Camden, Islington, the City, Hackney, Tower Hamlets, Southwark, Lambeth and Wandsworth. However, despite calls from other Londoners, the scheme has yet to expand into many areas close to central London, including central and north Islington. Coverage is noticeably poor in south-east London, an area that has a limited overall Tube network. Coverage is exceptionally poor in Outer London,

This is a document about Tower of London
  The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic  castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, which is separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by

This is a document about London Borough of Tower Hamlets
  The London Borough of Tower Hamlets is a London borough covering much of the traditional East End. It was formed in 1965 from the merger of the former metropolitan boroughs of Stepney, Poplar, and Bethnal Green. The new authority's historical name refers to an alternative title for the Tower Division; the area of south-east Middlesex, focused on (but not limited to) the area of the modern borough, which owed military service to the Tower of London. The borough lies adjacent to the east side of the City of London and on the north bank of the River Thames. It includes much of the redeveloped Docklands region of London, including West India Docks and Canary Wharf. Many of the tallest buildings in London occupy the centre of the Isle of Dogs in the south of the borough. A part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park

This is a document about East End of London
  End as a distinct entity, rather than a collection of parishes, when he describes London as consisting of four parts: the City of London, Westminster, Southwark, and "That Part beyond the Tower". The relevance of Strype's reference to the Tower was more than geographical. The East End (including the Tower and its Liberties) was the urbanised part of an administrative area called the Tower Division, which had owed military service to the Constable of the Tower (in his ex-officio role as Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets) for time immemorial, having its roots in the Bishop of London's historic Manor of Stepney. This

This is a document about East End of London
  first known written record of the East End as a distinct entity, as opposed to its component parts, comes from John Strype's 1720 Survey of London, which describes London as consisting of four parts: the City of London, Westminster, Southwark, and "That Part beyond the Tower". The relevance of Strype's reference to the Tower was more than geographical. The East End was the urbanised part of an administrative area called the Tower Division, which had owed military service to the Tower of London since time immemorial. Later, as London grew further, the fully urbanised Tower Division became a byword for wider East London, before East London grew further still, east of the River Lea and into Essex. The area was notorious for its deep poverty, overcrowding and associated social problems.

This is a document about East London
  parts, comes from John Strype's 1720 'Survey of London', where he describes London as consisting of four parts: the City of London, Westminster, Southwark, and That Part beyond the Tower. The relevance of Strype's reference to the Tower was more than geographical. The East End was the urbanised part of an area called the Tower Division, which had owed military service to the Tower of London since time immemorial. Later, as London grew further, the fully urbanised Tower Division became a byword for wider East London, before East London grew further still, east of the Lea and into Essex. The westernmost component of the Tower Division was the ancient parish of Shoreditch, which would become fully

This is a document about Tower (ward)
  Tower is one of the 25 wards of the City of London and takes its name from its proximity to the Tower of London. The ward covers the area of the City that is closest to the Tower.

This is a document about List of districts in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
  A list of the Districts of London located within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The borough is located east of the City of London and north of the River Thames.

This is a document about Liberties of the Tower of London
  The Liberties of the Tower, or the Tower Liberty is a small neighbourhood in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, East London, which includes both Tower Hill and the Tower of London. The area was defined sometime after 1200 to provide an open area around the Tower to ensure its defensibility. The Liberty was an independent administrative unit from then until 1900, when it joined the former Metropolitan Borough of Stepney. The district maintains a ceremonial existence, with its custom of beating the bounds being a particularly well known example of the tradition.

This is a document about London Borough of Tower Hamlets
   Tower Hamlets is located north of the River Thames in East London. Water features form the boundary on two sides; the River Lea to the east and the River Thames, whose influence has done so much to shape the history of the borough, to the south. The borough's Thames frontage extends from what remains of the Tower Dock inlet (mostly infilled in the 1950s), immediately west of the Tower of London, through several miles of former docklands, including the Isle of Dogs peninsula, to the confluence of the Thames and Lea at Blackwall. The City of London lies to the west, the London Borough of Hackney to the north, while the River Lea forms the boundary with the London Borough of Newham in the east. The River Lea also forms the boundary between those parts

This is a document about Tower Hill
   Tower Hill is infamous for the public execution of high status prisoners from the late 14th to the mid 18th century. The execution site on the higher ground north-west of the Tower of London moat is now occupied by Trinity Square Gardens. Tower Hill also covers a wider area surrounding the Tower of London in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, rising from the north bank of the River Thames to reach a maximum height of 14.5 metres (48 ft) Ordnance Datum. The land was historically part of the Liberties of the Tower of London, an area the Tower authorities controlled to keep clear of any development which would reduce the defensibility of the Tower. Building has encroached to a degree, but a legacy of this control is that much of the hill is still open. The hill includes land on either side of the London Wall, a large remnant of which is visible.

This is a document about Tower division
  The Tower Division was a liberty in the ancient county of Middlesex, England. It was also known as the Tower Hamlets, and took its name from the military obligations owed to the Constable of the Tower of London. The term ‘Hamlets’ probably referred to territorial sub-divisions of the parish of Stepney – and its daughter parishes – rather than to the usual meaning of a small village. In contemporary terms, the Liberty covered inner East London, the area now administered by the eponymous modern London Borough of Tower Hamlets together with most of the modern London Borough of Hackney (Shoreditch and Hackney proper). The Liberty was seen as synonymous with East London until East London extended further, east of the Lea and into Essex. The Tower Division was formed sometime in the 17th century but the much older administrative units comprising the area were united in shared military obligations long before this time. The Liberty had judicial and some local government responsibilities, and its military function was unique.

This is a document about East End of London
  itself. Apart from parts of Shoreditch, the rest of the area was part of the Bishop of London's Manor of Stepney. The Manor's lands were the basis of a later unit called the Tower Division, or Tower Hamlets which extended as far north as Stamford Hill. It is thought that the manor was held by the Bishop of London, in compensation for his duties in maintaining and garrisoning the Tower of London. The oldest recorded reference to this obligation is from 1554, but it is thought to pre-date that by centuries. These landholdings would become the basis of the Ancient Parishes and City Wards which,

The Tower of London is located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in central London. It is situated on the north bank of the River Thames, within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The postal code for the area is EC3N.


Question: where is the national ffa convention held each year

Answer: Indianapolis

This is a document about National FFA Organization
 Collegiate chapters exist as well. Most states hold FFA conventions at least once annually, where members gather to compete, be recognized for awards, attend leadership workshops, debate organizational issues in a delegate process, and more. Nationally, the National FFA Convention & Expo is held once a year in the fall. It was held in Kansas City, Missouri, from 1928 to 1998. The convention moved to Louisville, Kentucky, in 1999 before moving again in 2006 to Indianapolis, Indiana. Louisville again hosted the national convention from 2013 to 2015. FFA announced in July 2015 that the national convention would be hosted in

This is a document about Millennium High School (Arizona)
 Association FFA under the National FFA Organization. Before the establishment of the Millennium FFA chapter, it was known as the Agua Fria FFA chapter before moving the program to Millennium High School in 1999. In 2008 Millennium's Parliamentary Procedure team won the national championship in Indianapolis, Indiana at the National FFA Convention, making them the top ranked team in the nation for that year. In 2012, Millennium took six Career Development Event teams to the national convention, the most ever by a single chapter in the history of the Arizona FFA: Parliamentary Procedure; Conduct of Meetings; Forestry Management; Agricultural Issues;

This is a document about National FFA Organization
 Indianapolis each year from 2016 to 2024. As the FFA is a member-led organization intended to serve youth around the nation, it elects officers from its own diverse membership to certain levels of FFA. With these basic constitutional officers a basis of parliamentary procedure is completed during meetings and banquets; each officer during these procedures will stand and recite their office level and what it is stationed by, and why the particular position is stationed as so.Typical officer roles are: Each officer is an agricultural student and holds responsibilities needed to serve, and are elected each year by members at

This is a document about Mary Birdsall
 partnership with Dr. Mary F. Thomas, who would also share in Mary's next political undertaking. The First Indiana Women's Rights Convention was scheduled to take place on October 15, 1852 in Richmond, Indiana. Birdsall was elected to be Secretary of the convention, and the second convention held the next year in Richmond. Next she served as the Vice President of the 4th National Women's Rights Convention that was held in Cleveland, Ohio in which Lucretia Mott was present. The 1854 Woman's Rights Convention moved from Richmond to the capital city Indianapolis, Indiana and was held in Masonic Hall, where it

This is a document about National FFA Organization
  age 12, allowing members to become active earlier and stay active longer. Each chapter is chartered as part of the state association and national organization. Collegiate chapters exist as well. Most states hold FFA conventions at least once annually, where members gather to compete, be recognized for awards, attend leadership workshops, debate organizational issues in a delegate process, and more. Nationally, the National FFA Convention & Expo is held once a year in the fall. It was held in Kansas City, Missouri, from 1928 to 1998. The convention moved to Louisville, Kentucky, in 1999 before moving again in 2006 to Indianapolis, Indiana. Louisville again hosted the national convention from 2013 to 2015. FFA announced in July 2015 that the national convention would be hosted in Indianapolis each year from 2016 to 2024.

This is a document about The Kentucky FFA Association
  There are few events put on at the state level each year by the Kentucky FFA Association. These include the Annual Kentucky FFA State Convention (held at Rupp Arena each June in Lexington, Kentucky), Kentucky FFA Camp (which runs five weeks out of the summer and is held at the Kentucky FFA Leadership Training Center in Hardinsburg, Kentucky), The Rising Sun Conference (held in July at the Kentucky FFA Leadership Training Center in Hardinsburg, Kentucky), and the Blue and Gold Gala (held in various locations across Kentucky). The Annual Kentucky FFA State Convention is where students who have won competitions on the regional level come to compete at the state level. It is also where the State FFA Degree is awarded to members and where the State Stars in Agriculture are named.

This is a document about Millennium High School (Arizona)
  The Millennium FFA Chapter is an Estrella District chapter within the Arizona Association FFA under the National FFA Organization. Before the establishment of the Millennium FFA chapter, it was known as the Agua Fria FFA chapter before moving the program to Millennium High School in 1999. In 2008 Millennium's Parliamentary Procedure team won the national championship in Indianapolis, Indiana at the National FFA Convention, making them the top-ranked team in the nation for that year. In 2012, Millennium took six Career Development Event teams to the national convention, the most ever by a single chapter in the history of the Arizona FFA: Parliamentary Procedure; Conduct of Meetings; Forestry Management; Agricultural Issues; Dairy Evaluation and Management; and Livestock Evaluation and Management. Each of the six teams received either a bronze or silver placing. In 2013, Millennium returned to the National FFA Convention in Louisville, Kentucky, bringing two teams; Parliamentary Procedure and Agricultural Issues. Parliamentary Procedure earned a gold, placing as runner-up, and Agricultural Issues earned a silver medal, ranking them fifth in the nation. The chapter has produced multiple Arizona FFA state officers and candidates.

This is a document about Gull Wing Group International
  There have been 51 annual Conventions. The 2019 annual convention was held in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. The 2018 convention was held in Pasadena, California and past conventions were held in Santa Fe, New Mexico; Jackson Hole, Wyoming; Saratoga Springs, New York; Dearborn, Michigan; Las Vegas, Nevada; Newport, Rhode Island; Nashville, Tennessee; Victoria. British Columbia; Sun Valley, IDaho; Flagstaff, Arizona; Palm Springs, CAlifornia; Montvale, New Jersey; New Orleans, Louisiana; Homestead, Virginia and many other locations.

This is a document about Young Democrats of America
 2021: Cincinnati, OH ; 2019: Indianapolis, IN ; 2017: Dallas, TX ; 2015: Los Angeles, CA ; 2013: San Antonio, TX ; 2011: Louisville, KY ; 2009: Chicago, IL ; 2007: Dallas, TX ; 2005: San Francisco, CA ; 2003: Buffalo, NY ; 2001: Tucson, AZ ; 1999: Little Rock, AR ; 1997: Miami, FL ; 1995: New Orleans, LA ; 1993: Merrillville, IN ; 1991: St Louis, MO ; 1989: Columbus, OH ; 1987: Phoenix, AZ ; 1985: Miami, FL ; 1983: Charleston, WV ; 1981: Philadelphia, PA Past YDA National Conventions were held in the below venues:

This is a document about National FFA Organization
  National FFA Organization is an American 501(c)(3) youth organization, specifically a career and technical student organization, based on middle and high school classes that promote and support agricultural education. It was founded in 1925 at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, by agriculture teachers Henry C. Groseclose, Walter Newman, Edmund Magill, and Harry Sanders as Future Farmers of Virginia. In 1928, it became a nationwide organization known as Future Farmers of America. In 1988 the name was changed to the National FFA Organization, now commonly referred to as FFA, to recognize that the organization is for students with diverse interests in the food, fiber, and natural resource industries, encompassing science, business, and technology in addition to production agriculture. Today FFA is among the largest youth organizations in the United States, with 669,989 members in 8,630 chapters throughout all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. FFA is the largest of the career and technical student organizations in U.S. schools. The organization holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code.

This is a document about Association of Latino Professionals in Finance and Accounting
  2018, ALPFA's Convention took place in Las Vegas, Nevada. They had over 2,601 attendees, 75 workshops, 50 recruiting companies, and 43 scholarships were awarded. The National Chapter of the Year was awarded to the ALPFA Florida International University Chapter. The Regional Chapter of the Year awards were awarded to the following university chapters in the corresponding regions. Midwest Region: University of Illinois at Chicago, Northwest Region: University of Idaho, Northeast Region: Queens College - Cuny, Southeast Region: Florida International University, Central Region: University of Texas at Austin, West Region: San Francisco State University. The 2019 ALPFA Convention will take place in August 2019, in Nashville, TN.

This is a document about The Kentucky FFA Association
  The Kentucky FFA Association was founded on April 16, 1930 at The Brown Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky. In 1937, the Kentucky FFA Leadership Training Center was founded in Hardinsburg, Kentucky; where the Kentucky FFA Association archives are located and it still remains the location of Kentucky FFA Camp today. In 1957, Howard Downing (of Jessamine County) became the first National FFA President from Kentucky. Kenneth Kennedy (of Trigg County) became the next National FFA president from Kentucky in 1964. In 1977, 12 years after the New Farmers of America and the Future Farmers of America merged to create one organization, The

This is a document about National Federation of the Blind
  early in July. As of 2005, it is estimated that between 2,000 and 3,000 people attend these conventions. In 2002, 2003 and 2005 the convention was held at the Galt House Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky, but it is unusual for the conventions to be held so often in a particular city. The 2006 convention was held in Dallas, Texas, and the 2007 convention was held in Atlanta, Georgia. At the 2007 convention, on the morning of July 3, over 1000 NFB members marched two miles from the Marriott Marquis Hotel to the Olympic Park in what was known as the March for Independence.

This is a document about National Association of Teachers of Singing
 Cal-Western Region ; Central Region ; Eastern Region ; Great Lakes Region ; Intermountain Region ; Mid-Atlantic Region ; Mid-South Region ; New England Region ; North Central Region ; Northwestern Region ; Southeastern Region ; Southern Region ; Texoma Region ; West Central Region 2016, Chicago, Illinois ; 2014, Boston, Massachusetts ; 2012, Orlando, Florida ; 2010, Salt Lake City, Utah ; 2008, Nashville, Tennessee ; 2006, Minneapolis, Minnesota ; 2004, New Orleans, Louisiana ; 2002, San Diego, California The association has a national office in Jacksonville, Florida, and is governed by a national Board of Directors. Members belong to one of 14 national Regions, depending upon which state they reside in: A Regional Governor serves as the head of each national region. Individual states and localities also have independent chapters, with State Governors and chapter presidents leading them. Members are invited to attend a National Conference (convention) every two years, sponsored by a different city and Region each time. Recent conventions include:

This is a document about National Association of Health Underwriters
  NAHU sponsors two industry meetings every year. Capitol Conference is held every year in Washington, DC, while the Annual Convention and Exhibition is held in a different U.S. city each year.

This is a document about Friends General Conference
  From 1900 until 1963 FGC's annual conference was held as a biennial conference, generally in a different location each time. Between 1900 and 1922 its location changed for each Conference. The Conference was not held in 1918.

This is a document about Society of American Foresters
  State societies of SAF hold annual or semi-annual meetings to advance networking among members, review recent scientific findings, conduct continuing forestry education, and plan local outreach activities. Each year, SAF also holds a national convention—open to both non-members and members. Each convention has a specific theme, plenary sessions, and a wide variety of concurrent technical sessions, each a cluster of scientific papers focused on a specific topic. The concurrent sessions span the breadth and diversity of the ecological, economic, and social sciences related to forests. The location of the national convention rotates around the United States to make it easier for SAF members from different parts of the country to attend. Proceedings are published in a subsequent issue of the Journal of Forestry. For example, proceedings from the October 3–7, 2018 convention in Portland, OR were published in the January 2019 issue.

This is a document about Agricultural education
  members become more well rounded citizens in the agricultural field. The FFA is an integral part of the program of agricultural education in many high schools as a result of Public Law 740 in 1950 (Currently revised as Public Law 105-225 of the 105th Congress of the United States), with 649,355 FFA members (2016-2017). Local chapters participate in Career Development Events (individually and as a team), each student has a Supervised Agricultural Experience program (SAE), and participates in many conferences and conventions to develop leadership, citizenship, patriotism and excellence in agriculture. The National FFA Organization is structured from the local chapter up, including local districts, areas, regions, state associations, and the national level. The FFA Mission is to make a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth, and career success through agricultural education.

This is a document about FenCon
  FenCon I through FenCon III were held at the Holiday Inn Select North Dallas, in Farmers Branch, Texas, just north of the Dallas city limits. As the membership increased and the programming expanded each year, more and more of the hotel's function space was used. By the end of FenCon III it was clear to the organizers that for the event to continue to grow the convention would have to relocate. FenCon IV through FenCon XI were held at the Crowne Plaza North Dallas in the northern Dallas suburb of Addison, Texas. Starting with FenCon XII, the convention will be held at the Westin Dallas/Fort Worth Airport Hotel in Irving, Texas.

The National FFA Convention & Expo is held in Indianapolis, Indiana, each year.


Question: when was the first mobile cell phone invented

Answer: 1908

This is a document about History of mobile phones
 the prevalence of its use, with smartphones becoming common globally and a growing proportion of Internet access now done via mobile broadband. Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones, there were some precursors. In 1908, a Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone. They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not seem to have proceeded with production. Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and

This is a document about Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)
  car phone in St. Louis, Missouri on June 17, 1946, but the system was impractical from what is considered a portable handset today. The equipment weighed 80 lbs, and the AT&T service, basically a massive party line, cost $30 per month plus 30 to 40 cents per local call. The basic network and supporting infrastructure of hexagonal cells used to support a mobile telephony system while remaining on the same channel were devised by Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young at AT&T Bell Labs in 1947. Finally in 1973, Martin Cooper invented the first handheld cellular/mobile phone. His first

This is a document about September 1975
 U.S. Patent No. 3,906,166 was granted to Martin Cooper and others on his team at Motorola, for the first hand-held cell phone, after it had been applied for on October 17, 1973. Cooper's team worked at reducing the original 28 pound Motorola portable device to the first hand-held mobile phone, the DynaTAC, which weighed less than three pounds, and made the world's first cell phone call on April 3, 1973. ; Papua New Guinea gained its independence from Australia. ; John A. Durkin won a second election against Louis C. Wyman for one of New Hampshire's two U.S. Senate seats, filling a vacancy that had existed since January when neither candidate was seated after the

This is a document about Mobile advertising
  Martin Cooper invented a portable handset in 1973, when he was a project manager at Motorola. It was almost three decades after the idea of cellular communications was introduced by Bell Laboratories. Two decades later, cellular phones made a commercial debut in the mass market in the early 1990s. In the early days of cellular handsets, phone functionality was limited to dialing, and voice input/output. When the second generation of mobile telecoms (so-called 2G) was introduced in Finland by Radiolinja (now Elisa) on the GSM standard (now the world's most common mobile technology with over 2 billion users) in 1991, the digital technology introduced data services. SMS text messaging was the first such service. The first person-to-person SMS text message was

This is a document about History of mobile phones
  Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles. Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival. The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 2 kg and measured 23 by. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge. John F. Mitchell,  Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.

This is a document about Motorola DynaTAC
  The first cellular phone was the culmination of efforts begun at Bell Labs, which first proposed the idea of a cellular system in 1947, and continued to petition the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for channels through the 1950s and 1960s, and research conducted at Motorola. In 1960, electrical engineer John F. Mitchell  became Motorola's chief engineer for its mobile communication products. Mitchell oversaw the development and marketing of the first pager to use transistors. Motorola had long produced mobile telephones for cars that were large and heavy and consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobile's engine running. Mitchell's team, which included Martin

This is a document about Digital media
  Motorola named Martin Cooper was the first person to make a phone call on April 3, 1973. He decided the first phone call should be to a rival telecommunications company saying "I'm speaking via a mobile phone". However the first commercial mobile phone was released in 1983 by Motorola. In the early 1990s Nokia came into succession, with their Nokia 1011 being the first mass-produced mobile phone. The Nokia Communicator 9000 became the first smartphone as it was inputed with an Intel 24 MHz CPU and had 8 MB of RAM. Smartphone users have increased by a lot over the years

This is a document about History of communication
 1947 – Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young of Bell Labs propose a cell-based approach which led to "cellular phones." ; 1965 – Chandros Rypinski, Jr. patents the first multiple channel radio telephone system which was licensed to Bell Labs (patent no. US3173996A). ; 1981 – Comvik introduces the world's first automatic mobile phone service followed a week later by Nordic Mobile Telephone ; 1991 – GSM is put into operation ; 1992 – Neil Papworth sends the first SMS (or text message), on the Vodafone network. ; 1999 – 45% of Australians have a mobile phone. ; 2014 – The number of mobile connections surpasses the global population.

This is a document about Mobile phone
  were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, and were very expensive. The development of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the development of affordable mobile communications, and devices such as the car phone. The first handheld cellular mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing 2 kg. The first commercial automated cellular network (1G) analog was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone in 1979. This was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland,

This is a document about Advanced Mobile Phone System
  The first cellular network efforts began at Bell Labs and with research conducted at Motorola. In 1960, John F. Mitchell became Motorola's chief engineer for its mobile-communication products, and oversaw the development and marketing of the first pager to use transistors. Motorola had long produced mobile telephones for automobiles, but these large and heavy models consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobile's engine running. Mitchell's team, which included the gifted Dr. Martin Cooper, developed portable cellular telephony. Cooper and Mitchell were among the Motorola employees granted a patent for this work in 1973. The first call on the prototype connected, reportedly, to a wrong number. While Motorola was developing a cellular phone, from 1968 to 1983 Bell Labs worked out a system called Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), which became the first cellular network standard in the United States. The first system was successfully

This is a document about Feature phone
  The first cellular phone, the Motorola DynaTAC released in 1984, is considered a basic mobile phone due to its inability to do anything more than making voice calls. Despite the introduction of smartphones in the mid-1990s, ignited with the August 1994 release of the IBM Simon, Nokia Communicator from 1996 on, and the BlackBerry range of handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs) from Research in Motion (RiM); feature phones enjoyed unchallenged popularity into the mid 2000s. In North America, smartphones, such as Palm and BlackBerry, were still considered a niche category for enterprise use. Outside North America, Nokia's Symbian devices had captured the early smartphone market, in which price was the only barrier to entry, and

This is a document about Mobile phone
  are referred to as smartphones. The development of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the development of affordable mobile communications. The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in New York City in 1973, using a handset weighing c. 2 kilograms (4.4 lbs). In 1979, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) launched the world's first cellular network in Japan. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to over seven billion; enough to provide one for every person on Earth. In the first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone developers worldwide were Samsung, Apple and Huawei; smartphone sales represented 78 percent of total mobile phone sales. For feature phones (slang: "dumbphones"), the top-selling brands were Samsung, Nokia and Alcatel.

This is a document about History of mobile phones
  Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky, consumed large amounts of power, and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications. In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on June 17, 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and

This is a document about Mobile phone
   A handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a "pocket-size folding telephone with a very thin carbon microphone". Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships and trains. The race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. The advances in mobile telephony have been traced in successive "generations", starting with the early zeroth-generation (0G) services, such as Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service and its successor, the Improved Mobile Telephone Service. These 0G

This is a document about Millicom
  royalty from Racal-Millicom, a controlling shareholder, Stenbeck commissioned a startup with three employees, Technophone, to develop the world's first pocket-sized mobile phone. Highlighting its plans to offer the Voice and Data phone (predecessor to the smartphone), his Racal-Millicom joint-venture was renamed Vodafone. On 12 October 1983, Millicom Inc. created China Telecom Systems (HK), a joint-venture with partners China Resources Ltd. and Comvik, a Swedish mobile firm also controlled by Jan Stenbeck. China Telecom Systems (HK) held the first cellular telephone contract in China, making its service available to the public on 20 May 1985. In December 1989, Millicom set up

This is a document about Advanced Mobile Phone System
  in Chicago, Illinois, in 1979. Motorola and others designed and built the cellular phones for this and other cellular systems. Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, led a team that produced the first cellular handset in 1973 and made the first phone call from it. In 1983 Motorola introduced the DynaTAC 8000x, the first commercially available cellular phone small enough to be easily carried. He later introduced the so-called Bag Phone. In 1992, the first smartphone, called IBM Simon, used AMPS. Frank Canova led its design at IBM and it was demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer-industry trade-show. A refined version of the product was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. The Simon was the first device that can be properly referred to as a "smartphone", even though that term was not yet coined.

This is a document about 1345 Avenue of the Americas
  A base station atop the building was used on April 3, 1973, by Martin Cooper to make the world's first handheld cellular phone call in public. Cooper, a Motorola inventor, called rival Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs to tell him about the invention. Engel was staying across the street in the Hilton New York.

This is a document about History of technology
  phone in 1985, both developed by Comvik in Sweden, coupled with the first transmission of data over a cellular network by Vodafone (formerly Racal-Millicom) in 1992 were the breakthroughs that led directly to the form and function of smartphones today. By 2014, there were more cell phones in use than people on Earth and The Supreme Court has ruled that a mobile phone was a private part of a person. Providing consumers wireless access to each other and to the Internet, the mobile phone stimulated one of the most important technology revolutions in human history. The Human Genome Project sequenced and identified all three billion

This is a document about History of the Internet
  popular mobile phone application is texting, of which 2.1 trillion messages were logged in 2020. The texting phenomenon began on December 3, 1992 when Neil Papworth sent the first text message of “Merry Christmas” over a commercial cell phone network to the CEO of Vodafone. The first mobile phone with Internet connectivity was the Nokia 9000 Communicator, launched in Finland in 1996. The viability of Internet services access on mobile phones was limited until prices came down from that model, and network providers started to develop systems and services conveniently accessible on phones. NTT DoCoMo in Japan launched the first mobile Internet service, i-mode, in 1999 and this is

This is a document about Motorola DynaTAC
  developed portable cellular telephony, and Mitchell was among the Motorola employees granted a patent for this work in 1973; the first call on the prototype was completed, reportedly, to a wrong number. While Motorola was developing the cellular phone itself, during 1968–1983, Bell Labs worked on the system called AMPS, while others designed cell phones for that and other cellular systems. Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, led a team that produced the DynaTAC 8000x, the first commercially available cellular phone small enough to be easily carried, and made the first phone call from it. Martin Cooper was the first

The first mobile cell phone was invented by Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, but the first handheld cell phone was granted a patent to him and his team on September 16, 1974.