Question: when was the first submarine used in war

Answer: During the American Revolutionary War

This is a document about History of submarines
 with use of a compass. The gyrocompass was introduced in the early part of the 20th century and inertial navigation in the 1950s. The use of satellite navigation is of limited use to submarines, except at periscope depth or when surfaced. The first military submarine was "Turtle" in 1776. During the American Revolutionary War, "Turtle" (operated by Sgt. Ezra Lee, Continental Army) tried and failed to sink a British warship, HMS "Eagle" (flagship of the blockaders) in New York harbor on September 7, 1776. There is no record of any attack in the ships' logs. During the War of 1812,

This is a document about Submarines in the United States Navy
  The first submarine used in combat was the USS Turtle, the Turtle was built in 1775 and was made to attach explosive charges to the hulls of the ships. Several attempts were made against British Ships in American harbors in 1776, but none were successful. Other submersible projects date to the 19th century. Alligator was a US Navy submarine that was never commissioned. She was being towed to South Carolina to be used in taking Charleston, but was lost in bad weather on 2 April 1863 off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. On February 17, 1864, the H. L. Hunley (submarine) became the first submarine to sink a warship. Real progress began late in the century with the building of the USS Holland (SS-1), named after John Philip Holland. The boat was developed at Lewis Nixon's Crescent Shipyard located in Elizabeth, New Jersey. This pioneering craft was in service for 10 years and was a developmental and trials vessel for many systems on other early submarines.

This is a document about Industrial warfare
  Just as important was the development of submarines to travel underneath the sea, at first for short dives, then later to be able to spend weeks or months underwater powered by a nuclear reactor. The first successful submarine attack in wartime was in 1864 by the Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley which sank the frigate USS Housatonic (1861). In both World Wars, submarines primarily exerted their power by sinking merchant ships using torpedoes, in addition to attacks on warships. All nations practiced unrestricted submarine warfare in which submarines sank merchant ships without warning, but the only successful campaign during this period was America's submarine war against Japan during the Pacific War. In the 1950s the Cold War inspired the development of ballistic missile submarines, each one loaded with dozens of nuclear-armed missiles and with orders to launch them from sea should the other nation attack.

This is a document about Turtle (submersible)
  the first years of the nineteenth century and took it to Europe when the United States proved largely uninterested in the design. During the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America, faced with a similar situation to that of the colonies during the War of Independence, developed an operational submarine CSS H.L. Hunley, whose destruction of the USS Housatonic in Charleston Harbor in February 1864 was the first successful submarine attack in history. By the early-twentieth century, the world's navies were beginning to adopt submarines in larger numbers. Like Bushnell's design, these boats mimicked the natural forms of marine animals in their

This is a document about Anti-submarine weapon
  Prior to about 1890, naval weapons were only used against surface shipping. With the rise of the military submarine after this time, countermeasures were considered for use against them. The first submarine installation of torpedo tubes was in 1885 and the first ship was sunk by a submarine-launched torpedo in 1887. There were only two ways of countering the military submarine initially: ramming them or sinking them with gunfire. However, once they were submerged, they were largely immune until they had to surface again. By the start of the First World War there were nearly 300 submarines in service with another 80 in production.

This is a document about Military history
  port of Haiphong during the Vietnam War. The Iraqi Navy of Saddam Hussein used naval mines extensively during the Tanker War, as part of the Iran–Iraq War. The first navigable submarine was built in 1624 by Cornelius Drebbel, it could cruise at a depth of 15 feet (5 m). However, the first military submarine was constructed in 1885 by Isaac Peral. The Turtle was developed by David Bushnell during the American Revolution. Robert Fulton then improved the submarine design by creating the Nautilus. The Howitzer, a type of field artillery, was developed in the 17th century to fire high trajectory explosive shells at targets that could not

This is a document about Submarine warfare
  The age of submarine warfare began during the American Civil War. The 1860s was a time of many turning points in terms of how naval warfare was fought. Many new types of warships were being developed for use in the United States and Confederate States Navies. Submarine watercraft were among the newly created vessels. The first sinking of an enemy ship by a submarine occurred on 17 February 1864, when the Confederate submarine, a privateer, sank the sloop USS Housatonic (1861) in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Shortly afterward, however, H. L. Hunley sank, with the loss of her entire crew of eight.

This is a document about History of submarines
  The first military submarine was Turtle in 1776. During the American Revolutionary War, Turtle (operated by Sgt. Ezra Lee, Continental Army) tried and failed to sink a British warship, HMS Eagle (flagship of the blockaders) in New York harbor on September 7, 1776. There is no record of any attack in the ships' logs. During the War of 1812, in 1814 Silas Halsey lost his life while using a submarine in an unsuccessful attack on a British warship stationed in New London harbour.

This is a document about Submarine
  entirely from the US company, the actual design used was an untested improvement to the original Holland design using a new 180 hp petrol engine. These types of submarines were first used during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. Due to the blockade at Port Arthur, the Russians sent their submarines to Vladivostok, where by 1 January 1905 there were seven boats, enough to create the world's first "operational submarine fleet". The new submarine fleet began patrols on 14 February, usually lasting for about 24 hours each. The first confrontation with Japanese warships occurred on 29 April 1905 when the Russian submarine Som was fired upon by Japanese torpedo boats, but then withdrew.

This is a document about Military history of Germany
  Submarines – the U-boats- were used by the Imperial German Navy to sink merchant ships bringing supplies to England. This strategy alienated the United States, which declared war in April 1917. Shipments of food and munitions to Britain and France were increased, as the convoy system largely neutralized the U-boats. By 1917 the German army had begun employing new infiltration tactics in an effort to break the trench warfare deadlock. Units of stormtroopers, were trained and equipped for the new tactics, and were used with devastating effect along the Russian front at Riga then at the Battle of Caporetto in

This is a document about David Bushnell
  Bushnell is credited with creating the first submarine ever used in combat, while studying at Yale in 1775. He called it Turtle because of its look in the water. His idea of using water as ballast for submerging and raising his submarine is still in use, as is the screw propeller, which was used in Turtle. While at Yale, Bushnell proved that gunpowder could be exploded under water. He used this knowledge not only in construction of the underwater mine but later in creating floating torpedoes that exploded on contact. Working with the wealthy New Haven inventor, clock-maker, and brass foundry-man Isaac Doolittle, he

This is a document about Anti-submarine warfare
  The first attacks on a ship by an underwater vehicle are generally believed to have been during the American Revolutionary War, using what would now be called a naval mine but what was then referred to a torpedo. Even so, various attempts to produce submarines had been made prior to this. In 1866, British engineer Robert Whitehead invented the first effective self-propelled torpedo, the eponymous Whitehead torpedo; French and German inventions followed soon thereafter. The first submarine with a torpedo was Nordenfelt I built in 1884–1885, though it had been proposed earlier. By the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, all the large navies except the Germans had

This is a document about Nuclear marine propulsion
  The first nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus (SSN-571), put to sea in 1955 (SS was a traditional designation for US submarines, while SSN denoted the first "nuclear" submarine). The Soviet Union also developed nuclear submarines. The first types developed were the Project 627, NATO designated with two water-cooled reactors, the first of which, K-3 Leninskiy Komsomol, was underway under nuclear power in 1958. Nuclear power revolutionized the submarine, finally making it a true "underwater" vessel, rather than a "submersible" craft, which could only stay underwater for limited periods. It gave the submarine the ability to operate submerged at high speeds, comparable to those of surface vessels, for unlimited periods, dependent only on

This is a document about Frogman
  In ancient Roman and Greek times, there were instances of men swimming or diving for combat, sometimes using a hollow plant stem or a long bone as a snorkel. Diving with snorkel is mentioned by Aristotle (4th century BC). The earliest descriptions of frogmen in war are found in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. The first instance was in 425 BC, when the Athenian fleet besieged the Spartans on the small island of Sphacteria. The Spartans managed to get supplies from the mainland by underwater swimmers towing submerged sacks of supplies. In another incident of the same war, in 415 BC, the Athenians used combat

This is a document about List of warships sunk during the Russo-Japanese War
  Although submarines, torpedoes, torpedo boats, and steel battleships had existed for many years, the Russo-Japanese war was the first conflict to see mature forms of these weapon systems deployed in large numbers. Over a hundred of the newly invented torpedo boats and nearly the same number of torpedo boat destroyers were involved. The Imperial Russian Navy would become the first navy in history to possess an independent operational submarine fleet on 1 January 1905. With this submarine fleet making its first combat patrol on 14 February 1905, and its first clash with enemy surface warships on 29 April 1905, all this nearly a decade before

This is a document about Submarine
  military use. The first was Nordenfelt I, a 56-tonne, 19.5 m vessel similar to Garrett's ill-fated (1879), with a range of 240 km, armed with a single torpedo, in 1885. A reliable means of propulsion for the submerged vessel was only made possible in the 1880s with the advent of the necessary electric battery technology. The first electrically powered boats were built by Isaac Peral y Caballero in Spain (who built ), Dupuy de Lôme (who built ) and Gustave Zédé (who built Sirène) in France, and James Franklin Waddington (who built Porpoise) in England. Peral's design featured torpedoes and other systems that later became standard in submarines. Commissioned in June 1900,

This is a document about Submarine
   Military submarines first made a significant impact in World War I. Forces such as the U-boats of Germany saw action in the First Battle of the Atlantic, and were responsible for sinking, which was sunk as a result of unrestricted submarine warfare and is often cited among the reasons for the entry of the United States into the war. At the outbreak of the war, Germany had only twenty submarines immediately available for combat, although these included vessels of the diesel-engined U-19 class, which had a sufficient range of 5000 mi and speed of 8 kn to allow them to operate effectively around the entire British coast., By contrast, the Royal Navy had a total of 74 submarines, though of mixed effectiveness. In August 1914, a flotilla of ten U-boats sailed from their base in Heligoland to attack Royal

This is a document about Human torpedo
  The concept of a tiny manned submarine carrying a bomb was developed and patented by a British naval officer in 1909, but was never used during the First World War. The Italian Navy experimented with a primitive tiny sub (Mignatta) carrying two men and a limpet mine: this craft successfully sank Austro-Hungarian battleship SMS Viribus Unitis on 1 November 1918. The first truly practical human torpedo was the Italian Maiale (nicknamed the "pig" because it was difficult to steer) used in the Second World War. The Maiale was electrically propelled by a 1.6 hp motor in most of the units manufactured, with a top speed of 3 kn and often required a travel time of

This is a document about Propeller
  Saybrook, Connecticut. On the night of September 6, 1776, Sergeant Ezra Lee piloted Turtle in an attack on HMS Eagle in New York Harbor. Turtle also has the distinction of being the first submarine used in battle. Bushnell later described the propeller in an October 1787 letter to Thomas Jefferson: "An oar formed upon the principle of the screw was fixed in the forepart of the vessel its axis entered the vessel and being turned one way rowed the vessel forward but being turned the other way rowed it backward. It was made to be turned by the hand or

This is a document about Imperial Russian Navy
  Navy created the world's first operational submarine fleet at Vladivostok on 1 January 1905. On 14 February 1905 the new submarine fleet sent out its first combat patrol consisting of the vessels Som and Delfin. With patrols varying from 24 hours to a few days, the sub fleets first enemy contact occurred on 29 April 1905 when Imperial Japanese Navy torpedo boats fired upon Som, withdrawing after failing to score a hit. On 1 July the Russian submarine Keta made contact with two Japanese torpedo boats in the Tartar Strait. Keta could not submerge quick enough to obtain a firing position and both adversaries broke contact.

The first submarine used in war was the H.L. Hunley, which was used by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War in 1864.


Question: when did the eagle last win the super bowl

Answer: 2017

This is a document about Philadelphia Eagles
 Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season. The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933. From that season, through 1966, this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division. In 1967, they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years. In 1970, the Steelers (along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old-line NFL teams in the National Football

This is a document about 1995 Dallas Cowboys season
 1995 Dallas Cowboys season The 1995 Dallas Cowboys season was the franchise's 36th season in the National Football League and was the second year under head coach Barry Switzer and final of the three Super Bowl titles they would win during 1992 to 1995. Dallas would be the first team to ever win three Super Bowls in a span of four seasons. Switzer guided the Cowboys to a fifth Super Bowl victory by defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XXX. As of 2017, this is the last time the Cowboys appeared in the NFC Championship Game, and in turn,

This is a document about 1989 California Bowl
 Fresno State's fourth bowl win in eight years. Ball State wouldn't make a bowl appearance again until 1993 when they won the MAC title. As of 2017, they have never won a bowl game. As for Fresno State, they won the Big West Conference two years later in their final season with the conference, which gave them the right to play in the California Bowl once again, which turned out to be the last held, which they lost. They did not win a bowl game until 1992. 1989 California Bowl The 1989 California Bowl was an American college football bowl

This is a document about Super Bowl XXXIX
 Seahawks, 28–24, ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons, 34-28, two years later. The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams (5 by the Patriots, 3 by the Red Sox, and one each by the Celtics and Bruins) since 2002. With the Eagles’ loss, the city of Philadelphia’s sports championship drought continued (no Philly-based pro sports team since the 1983 Sixers won the NBA title) until the Phillies won the 2008 World Series. The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017, also with a

This is a document about Super Bowl XI
 the first 23 played, as well as the four worst of the first 11, when Minnesota made its last appearance. The Vikings’ loss in Super Bowl XI meant the franchise finished with a dismal 0–4 Super Bowl record under head coach Bud Grant, even though in the same eight-season span their regular season record was 87–24–1, which was the best in the NFL. Grant coached Minnesota eight more seasons, but never managed to guide the team back to a Super Bowl. In fact, as of the 2017 season this remains the Vikings’ last ever appearance in a Super Bowl, although

This is a document about 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season
  The 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 85th season in the National Football League, their 15th playing their home games at Lincoln Financial Field and the second under head coach Doug Pederson. Philadelphia won its first-ever Super Bowl title, as well as the franchise's first World Championship since 1960.They defeated Tom Brady and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII. The Eagles improved from their 7–9 record from 2016, reaching a record of 13–3, and tying their 2004 season for the most wins in a season franchise history, though the 1949 team and the 1960 team had higher winning percentages. They, along with the Minnesota Vikings, Pittsburgh Steelers, and New

This is a document about Super Bowl LII
  Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2017 season. The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots, 41–33, to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960. The game was played on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season. It was also the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold-weather city. New England finished the

This is a document about Super Bowl XXXIX
  World Series. The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017, also with a 13–3 record, when they beat the Falcons and Vikings in the reverse order that they did in the 2004–05 playoffs. They exacted revenge on New England in Super Bowl LII, defeating them 41–33 and winning their first championship since 1960. 15 years later, Andy Reid returned to the Super Bowl as head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs, who defeated the San Francisco 49ers 31–20 at Super Bowl LIV, winning the team's first title since Super Bowl IV and Reid's first as head coach. They would return to the Super Bowl in 2021, but lose to Tom Brady's second team, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 31–9. As of 2021, this is the last time that a team has won back-to-back Super Bowls.

This is a document about Lombardi curse
  the 1980 season and Super Bowl XXXIX in the 2004 season, but lost both times. In 1970, the Super Bowl trophy was officially named the Vince Lombardi trophy when the league decided to honor Lombardi by naming the trophy after him following his death in 1970. This renaming of the Super Bowl trophy combined with the Eagles inability to win the championship game has led some Eagles fans to believe that the franchise is cursed by Vince Lombardi; that beating Lombardi meant never winning the trophy named after him. The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots by a score of 41–33 in Super Bowl LII at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota on February 4, 2018, ending the alleged curse.

This is a document about Sports in Philadelphia
   The Philadelphia Eagles, founded in 1933, are members of the East Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League. They have operated continuously since then, with the partial exception of the 1943 season, when the Eagles temporarily merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers to become the Steagles. The Eagles have won three NFL titles (1948, 1949, 1960), four conference championships, and 13 division championships. They have made three Super Bowl appearances, losing in Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XXXIX, and winning Super Bowl LII. The franchise frequently finished at the bottom of the standings in the 1930s,

This is a document about Duce Staley
  Staley became a coaching intern for the Philadelphia Eagles during the 2010 offseason. On February 8, 2011, Staley was promoted to special teams quality control coach. After the departure of Andy Reid, Staley remained on the new staff with Chip Kelly and was promoted to the team's running backs coach. Kelly was fired as the team's head coach in December 2015 and Staley was interviewed for the vacant head coaching job in January 2016. Staley was retained as the team's running backs coach by new head coach Doug Pederson on January 20, 2016. On February 4, 2018, Staley won his first Super Bowl as

This is a document about 2018 Philadelphia Eagles season
  The 2018 season was the Philadelphia Eagles' 86th season in the National Football League and their third under head coach Doug Pederson. The Eagles entered the season as the defending champions of Super Bowl LII, when they defeated the previous defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots 41–33 and attempted to become the first team since the 2004 New England Patriots to repeat as Super Bowl Champions. They opened the season with the NFL Kickoff Game on September 6, beating the Atlanta Falcons 18–12. A vast majority of their Super Bowl-winning squad from the 2017 season was retained, although some notable losses included tight end

This is a document about Super Bowl XL
  Super Bowl XL was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2005 season. The Steelers defeated the Seahawks by the score of 21–10. The game was played on February 5, 2006, at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan. It is currently the most recent Super Bowl broadcast on ABC, and the first where all aspects of the game itself were aired in HD. With the win, the Steelers tied the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys with the then-record five Super Bowl victories (a record the Steelers themselves would

This is a document about Doug Pederson
  having a career year and was considered a front runner for league MVP, tore his ACL in Week 14, leaving backup Nick Foles with the starting job for the remainder of the year. Despite becoming major playoff underdogs due to the loss of Wentz, Foles filled in admirably as the starter, allowing Philadelphia to make it to Super Bowl LII, their first Super Bowl appearance since the 2004 season. Eventual Super Bowl MVP Foles led the team in a 41–33 win over the New England Patriots, giving them their first Lombardi Trophy in franchise history and their first league championship since 1960. On May 3, 2018, it was reported the Philadelphia Eagles picked

This is a document about History of the Philadelphia Eagles
  On January 23, 2005, the Eagles reached a fourth consecutive conference championship game (the first time this happened in the salary cap era of the NFL). At long last, the Eagles justified the hopes of their long-suffering fan base, defeating Michael Vick's much-hyped Atlanta Falcons, 27–10, sending them to Super Bowl XXXIX in Jacksonville, Florida, their first Super Bowl in 24 years. The victory sent the city of Philadelphia into wild celebrations.

This is a document about Eagles–Giants rivalry
  Eagles. Elliott's kick set an Eagles' franchise record for the longest field goal, tied for the 7th-longest field goal in NFL history, and was the longest since November 2015. Elliott helped the Eagles to their first Super Bowl victory later that season in Super Bowl LII. On January 3, 2021, with the Giants having won earlier in the day, they needed the Eagles, who were eliminated from playoff contention, to defeat the Washington Football Team in order to for the Giants to clinch the NFC East division. The Eagles lost to Washington; Washington rallied from down 14-10 to win 20-14 thus giving them the

This is a document about Super Bowl XXXIX
  Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2004 season. The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24–21. The game was played on February 6, 2005, at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida, the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city. The Patriots, who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14–2 regular season record, became the most recent team to win consecutive Super Bowls. New England also became the second team after the Dallas Cowboys to win three Super Bowls in four years. The Eagles were making their second Super Bowl appearance after posting a 13–3 regular season record. The game was close throughout, with the teams battling

This is a document about Sports in Philadelphia
  hired as head coach in 1999, and across 14 seasons he led the franchise to nine playoff appearances and a run to Super Bowl XXXIX. After Chip Kelly's three-year tenure as head coach, the Eagles hired Doug Pederson, a former offensive coordinator under Reid. The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII. In 1994, defensive end Reggie White, running back Steve Van Buren, and two-way players Chuck Bednarik and Pete Pihos were named to the National Football League 75th Anniversary All-Time Team. The city's first NFL team was the Frankford Yellow Jackets. Originally a community athletic-association team in

This is a document about Jason Kelce
  and was the highest rated offensive lineman by PFF. He also won Run Blocker of the Year by PFF. He won Super Bowl LII with the Eagles after they defeated the New England Patriots 41–33. During the Eagles' Super Bowl parade on February 8, 2018, Kelce garnered national attention after giving an impassioned speech where he defended his teammates, coaches, and front office and compared Eagles fans to hungry dogs who "for 52 years have been starved of this championship," while famously dressed up as a mummer. In 2018, Kelce was given his second First-Team All-Pro honor. On March 2,

This is a document about List of Phi Gamma Delta members
 Eric Bjornson (Washington, 1994): Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX (won) (1995) ; Tom Brookshier (Colorado, 1953): Philadelphia Eagles (won) (1960) (prior to AFL–NFL merger) ; Jimmy Cefalo (Penn State, 1978): Miami Dolphins Super Bowl XVII (lost) (1983) and Super Bowl XIX (lost) (1985) ; Riki Ellison (Southern California, 1982): San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XIX (won) (1985); Super Bowl XXIII (won) (1989); and, Super Bowl XXIV (won) (1990) ; Morgan Cox (University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2010): Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII (won)(2012) ; Brian Griese (Michigan, 1997): Denver Broncos Super Bowl XXXIII (won) (1999) ; E. J. Holub (Texas Tech, 1961): Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl I(lost) (1967) and Super Bowl IV (won) (in 1970) ; Tom Matte (Ohio State, 1961): Baltimore Colts Super Bowl III (lost) (1969); Super Bowl V (won) (1971) ; Robert Steele (North Alabama, 1977): Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XII (won) (1978) ; Matt Suhey (Penn State, 1980): Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX (won) (1986) ; Bake Turner (Texas Tech, 1962): New York Jets Super Bowl III (won) (1969) ; Tim Foley (Purdue 1969): Miami Dolphins Super Bowl VI (won) (1972) Super Bowl VII (won) (1973)Super Bowl V (lost)(1971)

The Philadelphia Eagles last won the Super Bowl in 2017.


Question: who plays dickens in the man who invented christmas

Answer: Dan Stevens

This is a document about The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)
 The Man Who Invented Christmas (film) The Man Who Invented Christmas is a 2017 biographical drama film directed by Bharat Nalluri and written by Susan Coyne based on the book of the same name by Les Standiford. It stars Dan Stevens, Christopher Plummer, and Jonathan Pryce. The plot follows Charles Dickens (Stevens) at the time when he wrote "A Christmas Carol", and how Dickens' fictional character Ebenezer Scrooge (Plummer) was influenced by his real-life father, John Dickens (Pryce). It was released by Bleecker Street in the United States on 22 November 2017 and in the United Kingdom on 1 December

This is a document about The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)
 2017. Two years after the success of "Oliver Twist", Charles Dickens (Dan Stevens) is suffering financial hardship from the failure of his last three books. Rejected by his publishers, he sets out to write a new book to restore his finances. Seeing inspiration around London, most notably a rich man's funeral that is largely unattended, he begins writing "A Christmas Carol", due in six weeks in order to be published by Christmas. As Charles begins to develop his story, he interacts with the characters he is writing about, most notably Ebenezer Scrooge (Christopher Plummer). Dickens is helped by one of

This is a document about Dan Stevens
 Dan Stevens Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series "Downton Abbey" (2010–12). He also starred as David in the thriller film "The Guest" (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film "" (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of "Beauty and the Beast" (2017), Lorin Willis in the biographical legal drama "Marshall" (2017), and Charles Dickens in the biographical drama "The Man Who Invented Christmas" (2017). Since 2017, he has starred as David Haller in the FX

This is a document about Susan Coyne
 Writers Guild of Canada awards, in 2006 and 2007 and 2015, and won three. She wrote the screenplay for the 2017 film,"The Man Who Invented Christmas", starring Dan Stevens and Christopher Plummer. Other television writing credits include "Mozart in the Jungle", "The Best Laid Plans", and "L.M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables". A veteran of the Toronto theatre scene, she acted for several seasons at the Stratford Festival, was one of the founding members of the Soulpepper Theatre Company and is currently a playwright-in-residence at the Tarragon Theatre. Her two best-known plays are "Kingfisher Days", an adaptation of her critically

This is a document about John Dickens
  John Dickens is played by Jonathan Pryce in the 2017 film, The Man Who Invented Christmas, which portrays the 1843 writing and production of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol.

This is a document about A Christmas Carol (1999 film)
 Patrick Stewart – Ebenezer Scrooge ; Richard E. Grant – Bob Cratchit ; Joel Grey – Spirit of Christmas Past ; Ian McNeice – Albert Fezziwig (Ian McNeice would go onto play Edward Chapman in 2017's The Man Who Invented Christmas) ; Saskia Reeves – Mrs. Cratchit ; Desmond Barrit – Spirit of Christmas Present ; Bernard Lloyd – Jacob Marley's Ghost ; Dominic West – Fred ; Trevor Peacock – Old Joe ; Liz Smith – Mrs. Dilber (Charwoman) ; Elizabeth Spriggs – Mrs. Riggs (Laundress) ; Kenny Doughty – Young Ebenezer Scrooge ; Laura Fraser – Belle ; Celia Imrie – Mrs. Bennett ; John Franklyn-Robbins – Mister Crump (Undertaker) ; Claire Slater – Martha Cratchit ; Barnaby Francis – Young Boy Cratchit ; Tabitha Francis – Young Girl Cratchit ; Tim Potter – Spirit of Christmas Future ; Jeremy Swift – Mr. Williams ; Rosie Wiggins – Fran (Scrooge's sister) ; Crispin Letts – Topper Haines ; Helen Coker – Betsy  Liz Smith had also played Mrs. Dilber in the 1984 made-for-television film.

This is a document about The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)
  The Man Who Invented Christmas is an Irish - Canadian 2017 Christmas biographical comedy drama film directed by Bharat Nalluri and written by Susan Coyne. Based on the 2008 book of the same name about Charles Dickens by Les Standiford, the joint Irish/Canadian production stars Dan Stevens, Christopher Plummer, and Jonathan Pryce, and follows Dickens (Stevens) as he conceives and writes his 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. The film was produced by Parallel Film and Rhombus Media. It was released by Bleecker Street in the United States on 22 November 2017, and by Thunderbird Releasing in the United Kingdom on 1 December 2017. It received generally positive reviews from critics.

This is a document about Edward Chapman (publisher)
  Ian McNeice portrays Chapman in the 2017 film, The Man Who Invented Christmas, which tells the story of the writing and production of Charles Dickens' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol.

This is a document about Jacob Marley
  loosen from him at the end of the film due to a loophole he exploited. ; Peter Firth in Dickensian (2015) ; Donald Sumpter in The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017) ; Alex Gaumond in the play A Christmas Carol (2017) ; Stephen Graham in the BBC miniseries A Christmas Carol (2019) - In this version, he and Scrooge were asset-strippers. After visiting him as a ghost, he interacts with each of the ghosts that visit Scrooge. After a second talk with Scrooge and wanting the ghosts to spare Tiny Tim's life, Jacob returns to his grave to rest in peace. ; Andy Serkis (voice) A Christmas Carol (2020)

This is a document about Adaptations of A Christmas Carol
  in Scotland, featuring Stuart Brennan as distillery-owner Scrooge, Bonnie Wright as Nell and Sarina Taylor as a female Bob Cratchit. Digital online release. ; The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017), a film about Charles Dickens' struggle to write the book while dealing with his personal life with his characters, especially Ebenezer Scrooge (played by Christopher Plummer), seeming to haunt him with their opinions. ; A Christmas Carol (2020), a British Christmas drama dance film directed by Jacqui Morris and David Morris. ; Marley (TBA), an upcoming musical film by Walt Disney Pictures, which will adapt A Christmas Carol through Jacob Marley's perspective. Bill Condon will write and direct the film, while Stephen Schwartz will write its songs.

This is a document about William Hall (publisher)
  by Chapman and Hall and for John Forster to become the literary advisor to the company. William Hall died suddenly at Chapman & Hall's office at 186 Strand, London in March 1847 aged 46. Charles Dickens attended his burial on the western side of Highgate Cemetery (plot no.539). On Hall's death Edward Chapman's cousin Frederic Chapman began his progress through the ranks of the company, eventually becoming a partner in 1858 and sole proprietor on Edward Chapman's retirement from Chapman & Hall in 1866. In the film The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017) Hall was played by David McSavage.

This is a document about Elizabeth Dickens
  Ger Ryan portrayed Elizabeth Dickens in the 2017 film The Man Who Invented Christmas, a story of the 1843 writing and production of her son Charles' A Christmas Carol.

This is a document about Christopher Plummer
  for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Mike Mills' independent comedy drama film Beginners (2011) starring Ewan McGregor, and Mélanie Laurent. Plummer was announced as the winner at the 84th Academy Awards. Plummer's win made him, at age 82, the oldest actor to win an Academy Award. When he accepted the award, he quipped "You're only two years older than me, darling. Where have you been all my life?".  In 2015, he starred in the Atom Egoyan directed thriller Remember starring alongside Martin Landau and Bruno Ganz. Plummer played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017), which is based on Charles Dickens' novella A Christmas Carol. In November 2017, Plummer, who was director Ridley

This is a document about Ghost of Christmas Present
 Richard L'Estrange in The Right to Be Happy (1916) ; Oscar Asche in Scrooge (1935) ; Lionel Braham in A Christmas Carol (1938) ; Francis de Wolff in Scrooge (1951) ; Kenneth More in Scrooge (1970) ; Felix Felton (voice) in A Christmas Carol (1971) ; Will Ryan in Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983) ; Carol Kane in Scrooged (1988) ; Jerry Nelson (face and voice) in The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) ; Whoopi Goldberg (voice) in A Christmas Carol (1997) ; Michael Gambon in Christmas Carol: The Movie (2001) ; Keith Wickham (voice) in A Christmas Carol (2006) ; Jim Carrey (voice) in A Christmas Carol (2009) ; Justin Edwards in The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017) ; Daniel Kaluuya in A Christmas Carol (2020) The character does not appear in Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost (1901), the first film version of the story.

This is a document about Ebenezer Scrooge
  Christmas Carol ; Robert Powell in Neil Brand's 2014 BBC Radio 4 adaptation of A Christmas Carol. ; Ned Dennehy in the BBC drama Dickensian, 2015 ; Kerry Shale as Diesel in the Thomas & Friends episode, "Diesel's Ghostly Christmas", 2015 ; Jason Graae in the musical Scrooge in Love!, 2016 ; Kelly Sheridan as Starlight Glimmer (playing Snowfall Frost) in the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episode "A Hearth's Warming Tail", 2016 ; Christopher Plummer in The Man Who Invented Christmas, 2017 ; Denny Laine in Decker, "Double Decker", 2017 ; Stuart Brennan in 2018 ; Guy Pearce in the BBC/FX miniseries, 2019

This is a document about Susan Coyne
  Fernando Meirelles adaptation of the Jose Saramago novel, Blindness. In 2006, she won two Gemini Awards for her work on Slings & Arrows, one for best performance in a supporting role and one for best writing for a dramatic series (shared with her fellow co-creators, Bob Martin and Mark McKinney). In 2007, she again won for writing, but lost to co-star Martha Burns in the acting category. She wrote the screenplay for the 2017 film, The Man Who Invented Christmas, starring Dan Stevens and Christopher Plummer. Other television writing credits include Mozart in the Jungle, The Best Laid Plans, and L.M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables.

This is a document about Catherine Dickens
  Catherine Dickens was the subject of the sixty-minute BBC Two documentary Mrs Dickens' Family Christmas, broadcast on 30 December 2011 and performed and presented by Sue Perkins, and which looked at the marriage of Charles Dickens through the eyes of Catherine. In the 1976 series Dickens of London, she was portrayed by Adrienne Burgess. In the 2013 film The Invisible Woman, she was portrayed by Joanna Scanlan. In the 2017 film The Man Who Invented Christmas, she was portrayed by Morfydd Clark.

This is a document about John Leech (caricaturist)
  Leech was played by Simon Callow in the 2017 film The Man Who Invented Christmas which depicts the 1843 writing and production of Dickens' A Christmas Carol.

This is a document about Christmas Carol: The Movie
 Simon Callow – Charles Dickens/Ebenezer Scrooge (voice) ; Kate Winslet – Belle (voice) ; Nicolas Cage – Jacob Marley (voice) ; Jane Horrocks – Ghost of Christmas Past (voice) ; Michael Gambon – Ghost of Christmas Present (voice) ; Rhys Ifans – Bob Cratchit (voice) ; Juliet Stevenson – Emily Cratchit (voice) ; Robert Llewellyn – Old Joe (voice) ; Iain Jones – Fred (voice) ; Beth Winslet – Fan (voice) ; Colin McFarlane – Albert Fezziwig (voice) ; Arthur Cox – Dr. Lambert (voice) ; Keith Wickham – Mr. Leach/Undertaker (voices) ; Joss Sanglier – Choir Master (voice) ; Sarah Annison – Mice Voice No. 1 (voice) ; Rosalie MacCraig – Mice Voice No. 2 (voice)

Dan Stevens plays Charles Dickens in the film "The Man Who Invented Christmas."


Question: the carbon carbon bond length in benzene is

Answer: 139 pm

This is a document about Bond length
 up to 290 pm is claimed in a dimer of two tetracyanoethylene dianions, although this concerns a 2-electron-4-center bond. This type of bonding has also been observed in neutral phenalenyl dimers. The bond lengths of these so-called "pancake bonds" are up to 305 pm. Shorter than average C–C bond distances are also possible: alkenes and alkynes have bond lengths of respectively 133 and 120 pm due to increased s-character of the sigma bond. In benzene all bonds have the same length: 139 pm. Carbon–carbon single bonds increased s-character is also notable in the central bond of diacetylene (137 pm) and

This is a document about Resonance (chemistry)
 the two contributing structures of benzene, all single and double bonds are interchanged. Bond lengths can be measured, for example using X-ray diffraction. The average length of a C–C single bond is 154 pm; that of a C=C double bond is 133 pm. In localized cyclohexatriene, the carbon–carbon bonds should be alternating 154 and 133 pm. Instead, all carbon–carbon bonds in benzene are found to be about 139 pm, a bond length intermediate between single and double bond. This mixed single and double bond (or triple bond) character is typical for all molecules in which bonds have a different bond

This is a document about Pyridine
 117 kJ·mol in pyridine vs. 150 kJ·mol in benzene). The electron localization in pyridine is also reflected in the shorter C–N ring bond (137 pm for the C–N bond in pyridine vs. 139 pm for C–C bond in benzene), whereas the carbon–carbon bonds in the pyridine ring have the same 139 pm length as in benzene. These bond lengths lie between the values for the single and double bonds and are typical of aromatic compounds. All the ring atoms in the pyridine molecule are sp-hybridized. The nitrogen is involved in the π-bonding aromatic system using its unhybridized p orbital. The

This is a document about Resonance (chemistry)
   Comparing the two contributing structures of benzene, all single and double bonds are interchanged. Bond lengths can be measured, for example using X-ray diffraction. The average length of a C–C single bond is 154 pm; that of a C=C double bond is 133 pm. In localized cyclohexatriene, the carbon–carbon bonds should be alternating 154 and 133 pm. Instead, all carbon–carbon bonds in benzene are found to be about 139 pm, a bond length intermediate between single and double bond. This mixed single and double bond (or triple bond) character is typical for all molecules in which bonds have a different bond order in different contributing structures. Bond lengths can be compared using bond orders. For example, in cyclohexane the bond order is 1 while that in benzene is 1 + (3 ÷ 6) = 1 1⁄2. Consequently, benzene has more double bond character and hence has a shorter bond length than cyclohexane.

This is a document about Benzene
  X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm). The C–C bond lengths are greater than a double bond (135 pm) but shorter than a single bond (147 pm). This intermediate distance is caused by electron delocalization: the electrons for C=C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms. Benzene has 6 hydrogen atoms, fewer than the corresponding parent alkane, hexane, which has 14. Benzene and cyclohexane have a similar structure, only the ring of delocalized electrons and the loss of one hydrogen per carbon distinguishes it from cyclohexane. The molecule is planar. The molecular

This is a document about Aromaticity
 [[Image:Benzene-orbitals.png|330px|Benzene electron orbitals]] [[Image:Benzene Orbitals.svg|330px|Benzene orbital delocalization]] As it is a standard for resonance diagrams, the use of a double-headed arrow indicates that two structures are not distinct entities but merely hypothetical possibilities. Neither is an accurate representation of the actual compound, which is best represented by a hybrid (average) of these structures. A C=C bond is shorter than a C−C bond. Benzene is a regular hexagon—it is planar and all six carbon–carbon bonds have the same length, which is intermediate between that of a single and that of a double bond. In a cyclic molecule with three alternating double bonds, cyclohexatriene, the bond length of the single bond

This is a document about Naphthalene
 [[Image:Naphthalene resonance structure.svg|400px|Resonance structures of naphthalene]] The molecule is planar, like benzene. Unlike benzene, the carbon–carbon bonds in naphthalene are not of the same length. The bonds C1−C2, C3−C4, C5−C6 and C7−C8 are about 1.37 Å (137 pm) in length, whereas the other carbon–carbon bonds are about 1.42 Å (142 pm) long. This difference, established by X-ray diffraction, is consistent with the valence bond model in naphthalene and in particular, with the theorem of cross-conjugation. This theorem would describe naphthalene as an aromatic benzene unit bonded to a diene but not extensively conjugated to it (at least in the ground state), which is consistent with two of its three resonance

This is a document about Bond length
  1,8-Bis(5-hydroxydibenzo[a,d]cycloheptatrien-5-yl)naphthalene, one of many molecules within a category of hexaaryl ethanes, which are derivatives based on hexaphenylethane skeleton. Bond is located between carbons C1 and C2 as depicted in a picture below.  Another notable compound with a extraordinary C-C bond length is tricyclobutabenzene, in which a bond length of 160 pm is reported. Longest C-C bond within the cyclobutabenzene category is 174 pm based on X-ray crystallography. In this type of compound the cyclobutane ring would force 90° angles on the carbon atoms connected to the benzene ring where they ordinarily have angles of 120°.  The existence of a very long C–C bond length of up to 290 pm is claimed in a dimer of

This is a document about Delocalized electron
  In the simple aromatic ring of benzene the delocalization of six π electrons over the C6 ring is often graphically indicated by a circle. The fact that the six C-C bonds are equidistant is one indication that the electrons are delocalized; if the structure were to have isolated double bonds alternating with discrete single bonds, the bond would likewise have alternating longer and shorter lengths. In valence bond theory, delocalization in benzene is represented by resonance structures.

This is a document about Bond length
  The bond length between two atoms in a molecule depends not only on the atoms but also on such factors as the orbital hybridization and the electronic and steric nature of the substituents. The carbon–carbon (C–C) bond length in diamond is 154 pm. It is generally considered the average length for a carbon–carbon single bond, but is also the largest bond length that exists for ordinary carbon covalent bonds. Since one atomic unit of length(i.e., a Bohr radius) is 52.9177 pm, the C–C bond length is 2.91 atomic units, or approximately three Bohr radii long. Unusually long bond lengths do exist. Current record holder for the longest C-C bond with a length of 186.2 pm

This is a document about Aromaticity
  be 1.54 Å and that of the double bond would be 1.34 Å. However, in a molecule of benzene, the length of each of the bonds is 1.40 Å, indicating it to be the average of single and double bond. A better representation is that of the circular π-bond (Armstrong's inner cycle), in which the electron density is evenly distributed through a π-bond above and below the ring. This model more correctly represents the location of electron density within the aromatic ring. The single bonds are formed from overlap of hybridized atomic sp2-orbitals in line between the carbon nuclei—these are called σ-bonds. Double bonds consist of a σ-bond and

This is a document about Superphane
  X-ray analysis shows D6h molecular symmetry with the aromatic planes separated by 262 pm. The sp2-sp3 carbon carbon bonds are out of planarity with the benzene rings by 20°. The strain energy is estimated at 20 kcal/mole. Proton NMR shows just one peak at 2,98 ppm and carbon NMR two at 32 ppm and 144 ppm.

This is a document about Thiobenzophenone
  The C=S bond length of thiobenzophenone is 1.63 Å, which is comparable to 1.64 Å, the C=S bond length of thioformaldehyde, measured in the gas phase. Due to steric interactions, the phenyl groups are not coplanar and the dihedral angle SC-CC is 36°. A variety of thiones with structures and stability related to thiobenzophenone have also been prepared.

This is a document about Arsabenzene
  Arsabenzene is planar. The C—C bond distances of 1.39 Å, the As—C bond has a length of 1.85 Å, this is 6.6% shorter than the normal As—C single bond. NMR spectroscopy carried out on arsabenzene indicates that it has a diamagnetic ring current.

This is a document about Benzene
  Benzene (also called Cyclohexatriene) is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. It is sometimes abbreviated PhH. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma around petrol (gasoline) stations. It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Although a major industrial chemical, benzene finds limited use in consumer items because of its toxicity.

This is a document about Thioketone
  The C=S bond length of thiobenzophenone is 1.63 Å, which is comparable to 1.64 Å, the C=S bond length of thioformaldehyde, measured in the gas phase. Due to steric interactions, the phenyl groups are not coplanar and the dihedral angle SC-CC is 36°. Consistent with the double bond rule, most alkyl thioketones are unstable with respect to dimerization. The energy difference between the p orbitals of sulfur and carbon is greater than that between oxygen and carbon in ketones. The relative difference in energy and diffusity of the atomic orbitals of sulfur compared to carbon results in poor overlap of the orbitals and the energy gap between the HOMO and LUMO is thus reduced for C=S relative to C=O. The striking blue appearance of thiobenzophenone is due to π→ π* transitions upon the absorption of light with a wavelength of 314.5 nm.

This is a document about Aniline
  the benzene ring π system). Consistent with these factors, substituted anilines with electron donating groups are more pyramidalized, while those with electron withdrawing groups are more planar. In the parent aniline, the lone pair is approximately 12% s character, corresponding to sp7.3 hybridization. (For comparison, alkylamines generally have lone pairs in orbitals that are close to sp3.) The pyramidalization angle between the C–N bond and the bisector of the H–N–H angle is 142.5°. (For comparison, in more strongly pyramidal methylamine, this value is ~125°, while a planar nitrogen like that of formamide has an angle of 180°.) The C−N distance is also correspondingly shorter. In aniline, the C−N bond length is 1.41 Å, compared to 1.47 Å for cyclohexylamine, indicating partial π-bonding between N and C.

This is a document about Carbon–fluorine bond
 {| class="wikitable" CCH2F, C2CHF || 1.399 ; C3CF || 1.428 ; C2CF2, H2CF2, CCHF2 || 1.349 ; CCF3 || 1.346 ; FCNO2 || 1.320 ; FCCF || 1.371 ; Csp2F || 1.340 ; CarF || 1.363 ; FCarCarF || 1.340 ; } FCCF || 1.371 ; Csp2F || 1.340 ; CarF || 1.363 ; FCarCarF || 1.340 ; } CarF || 1.363 ; FCarCarF || 1.340 ; } } The carbon–fluorine bond length is typically about 1.35 ångström (1.39 Å in fluoromethane). It is shorter than any other carbon–halogen bond, and shorter than single carbon–nitrogen and carbon–oxygen bonds, despite fluorine having a larger atomic

This is a document about Carbon–oxygen bond
  and many more. Internal C=O bonds are found in positively charged oxonium ions. In furans, the oxygen atom contributes to pi-electron delocalization via its filled p-orbital and hence furans are aromatic. Bond lengths of C=O bonds are around 123 pm in carbonyl compounds. The C=O bond length in carbon dioxide is 116 pm. The C=O bonds in acyl halides have partial triple bond character and are consequently very short: 117 pm. Compounds with formal C ≡O triple bonds do not exist except for carbon monoxide, which has a very short, strong bond (112.8 pm). Such triple bonds have a very high bond energy, even higher than N–N triple bonds. Oxygen can also be trivalent, for example in triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate.

The carbon-carbon bond length in benzene is 1.39 pm.


Question: when did the first amendent of the indian constitution carried out

Answer: 1951

This is a document about First Amendment of the Constitution of India
 First Amendment of the Constitution of India The First Amendment of the Constitution of India, enacted in 1951, made several changes to the Fundamental Rights provisions of the constitution. It provided against abuse of freedom of speech and expression, validation of "zamindari" abolition laws, and clarified that the right to equality does not bar the enactment of laws which provide "special consideration" for weaker sections of society. The formal title of the amendment is the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951. It was moved by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, on 10 May 1951 and enacted by Parliament

This is a document about 1946 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election
 September 1951. Some of the ministers resigned on 8 February 1952, when the results of 1952 election came out. Kumarasamy Raja, Rajan, Reddiar, Parameswaran, Sitarama Reddi, A. B. Shetty stayed on as a caretaker ministry till the next cabinet was formed on 10 April. The provincial legislatures formed by the 1946 elections elected the members (from their own members) to the Indian Constituent Assembly in December 1946. The Constituent Assembly drafted the Constitution of the Indian Republic and also served as India's first Parliament after India's independence on 15 August 1947. Since Congress had an overwhelming majority in both houses

This is a document about Krishna Ballabh Sahay
  body blow intended to wipe him out. K.B. Sahay was almost alone in his crusade for land reforms in the formative 1950s and '60s. Bihar was the first to introduce legislation to abolish zamindari. But Patna High Court struck down the Act, as did the Supreme Court. It was this that led an exasperated Jawaharlal Nehru to push the first amendment to the Constitution. The Constitution of India was amended for the first time and Article 31 (A) and Article 31 (B) were added to nullify the effect of Article 14. The legislation on land ceilings was introduced in the Assembly in 1955. A watered-down version was passed only in 1959 and got presidential

This is a document about Amendment of the Constitution of India
  held that any attempt to amend the Constitution by a Legislature other than Parliament, and in a manner different from that provided for, will be void and inoperative. The Supreme Court first struck down a constitutional amendment in 1967, ruling in the case of I.C. Golak Nath and Ors. vs. State of Punjab and Anr. An amendment was struck down on the basis that it violated Article 13: "The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by [the charter of Fundamental Rights]". The term "law" in this article was interpreted as including a constitutional amendment. Parliament responded by enacting the

This is a document about Constituent assembly
  The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of India, and served as its first Parliament as an independent nation. It was set up as a result of negotiations between the leaders of the Indian independence movement and members of the British Cabinet Mission. The constituent assembly was elected indirectly by the members of the Provincial legislative assembly, which existed under the British Raj. It first met on December 9, 1946, in Delhi. On August 15, 1947, India became an independent nation, and the Constituent Assembly started functioning as India's Parliament. B. R. Ambedkar drafted the Constitution of India in conjunction with the requisite deliberations and debates in the Constituent Assembly. The Assembly approved the Constitution on November 26, 1949 (celebrated as Constitution Day), and it took effect on January 26, 1950 — a day now commemorated as Republic Day in India. Once the Constitution took effect, the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India

This is a document about Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
  The 42nd amendment, officially known as The Constitution (Forty-second amendment) Act, 1976, was enacted during the Emergency (25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977) by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi. Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws. It laid down the Fundamental

This is a document about Amendment of the Constitution of India
  Part-xx Article 368 (1) of the Constitution of India grants constituent power to make formal amendments and empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution by way of addition, variation or repeal of any provision according to the procedure laid down therein, which is different from the procedure for ordinary legislation. Article 368 has been amended by the 24th and 42nd Amendments in 1971 and 1976 respectively. The following is the full text of Article 368 of the Constitution, which governs constitutional amendments. New clauses 368 (1) and 368 (3) were added by the 24th Amendment in 1971, which also added a

This is a document about 1951 in India
 4-11 March, First Asian Games held in Delhi. ; 18 June – First Amendment of the Constitution of India says "state can make special provisions for advancement of any backward class" ; 5 November – Central Railway is formed by the merger of several government-owned railways. ; Western Railway is formed by merging smaller railways.

This is a document about Law of India
  The Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950 is the lengthiest written constitution in the world. Although its administrative provisions are to a large extent based on the Government of India Act 1935, it also contains various other provisions that were drawn from other constitutions in the world at the time of its creation. It provides details of the administration of both the Union and the States, and codifies the relations between the Federal Government and the State Governments. Also incorporated into the text are a chapter on the fundamental rights of citizens, as well as a chapter on directive

This is a document about B. N. Rau
  B. N. Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in 1946. He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its initial draft in February 1948. This draft was debated, revised and finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949. As part of his research in drafting the Constitution of India, in 1946, Rau travelled to the US, Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, where he had personal consultations with judges, scholars, and authorities on constitutional law. Amongst others, he met Justice Felix

This is a document about Representation of the People Act, 1951
  An elected constituent assembly was set up on 9 December 1946 to frame the constitution. Most of the articles of the constitution came into force on 26 January 1950, commonly known as the Republic Day. Part XXI of the constitution contained the translational provisions. Articles 379 and 394 of Part XXI which contained provisions for provisional parliament and other articles which contained provisions like citizenship, came into force on 26 November 1949, the date on which the constitution was adopted. The provisional parliament enacted the Act vide Act No.43 of 1951 for the first general election conducted on 25 October 1951. The basic qualification to represent the people is Indian citizenship and not disqualified to vote under section 16 of the Representation of People Act, 1950 read with Part II and VII of this act.

This is a document about B. N. Rau
  the Constitution was introduced by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar on 4 November 1948 (first reading). The second reading was clause by clause consideration and took over a year. After three drafts and three readings, the constitution was declared as passed on 26 November 1949. Dr B. R. Ambedkar in his concluding speech in constituent assembly on 25 November 1949 stated that: "The credit that is given to me does not really belong to me. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly who prepared a rough draft of the Constitution for the consideration of Drafting Committee."

This is a document about Constituent Assembly of India
  At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session, with 211 members attending. By early 1947, representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined, and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect (commemorated as Republic Day), and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952).

This is a document about President of India
  India achieved independence from the British on 15 August 1947, initially as a dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as king, represented in the country by a governor-general. Still, following this, the Constituent Assembly of India, under the leadership of B.R.Ambedkar, undertook the process of drafting a completely new constitution for the country. The Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, making India a republic. The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, with Rajendra Prasad as its first incumbent. The Indian constitution accords to the president the responsibility and

This is a document about Constituent Assembly of India
  The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to frame the Constitution of India. It was elected by the 'Provincial Assembly'. Following India's independence from British Government in 1947, its members served as the nation's first Parliament. An idea for a Constituent Assembly was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of the Communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy. It became an official demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935,The Indian National Congress held its session at Lucknow on April 1936 presided by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. The official demand for Constituent Assembly was raised and Government of India Act, 1935 was rejected as it imposed the Constitution which was against the will

This is a document about Constitutional amendment
  Representation of states in Parliament, distribution of legislative powers between Union and states etc The Indian constitution can be amended in 3 ways:  Since its commencement in 1950, Indian constitution has been amended 104 times, as of May 2020. Supreme Court in Kesavananda Bharti Case held that parliament's power to amend is not unlimited, and it can't amend the basic structure of the constitution. The ‘basic structure’ includes the supremacy of the Constitution, the rule of law, Independence of the judiciary, doctrine of separation of powers, federalism, secularism, sovereign democratic republic, the parliamentary system of government, the principle of free and fair elections, welfare state, etc.

This is a document about Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019
  The Indian Constitution that was implemented in 1950 guaranteed citizenship to all of the country's residents at the commencement of the constitution, and made no distinction on the basis of religion. The Indian government passed the Citizenship Act in 1955. The Act provided two means for foreigners to acquire Indian citizenship. People from "undivided India" were given a means of registration after seven years of residency in India. Those from other countries were given a means of naturalisation after twelve years of residency in India. Political developments in the 1980s, particularly those related to the violent Assam movement against all migrants from Bangladesh, triggered revisions to the Citizenship Act of 1955. The Citizenship Act was first amended in 1985 after the Assam Accord was signed, wherein the

This is a document about Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India
 (a) entries 12 to 14, shall be re-numbered as entries 13 to 15 respectively, and ; (b) before entry "13" as so re-numbered, the entry "12. Sindhi". shall be inserted." "BE it enacted by Parliament in the Eighteenth Year of the Republic of India as follows:—1. Short title This Act may be called the Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967. 2. Amendment of Eighth Schedule In the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution—

This is a document about First Amendment of the Constitution of India
  The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, enacted in 1951, made several changes to the Fundamental Rights provisions of the Indian constitution. It provided means to restrict freedom of speech and expression, validation of zamindari abolition laws, and clarified that the right to equality does not bar the enactment of laws which provide "special consideration" for weaker sections of society. The formal title of the amendment is the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951. It was moved by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, on 10 May 1951 and enacted by Parliament on 18 June 1951. This Amendment set the precedent of amending the Constitution to overcome judicial judgements impeding fulfilment of the government's perceived responsibilities to particular policies and programmes.

This is a document about Bhim Sen Sachar
  In 1949, the Congress selected him for the office of Chief Minister of Punjab. He took oath on 13 April 1949 and served until 18 October 1949. However, bitter factional politics in the state party unit between Gopi Chand Bhargava and Sachar led to the first ever imposition of President's rule in any state in India under Article 365 of Indian Constitution. The first elections in independent India were held in 1952 and the Punjab legislative assembly was formed for the first time that year. The Congress party won the provincial elections at this time, and Sachar became chief minister again, serving from 17

The First Amendment of the Indian Constitution was carried out on 10 May 1951.


Question: who played ned pepper in the original true grit

Answer: Robert Duvall

This is a document about True Grit (1969 film)
 Robert Duvall, Dennis Hopper, Jeff Corey and Strother Martin. The title song, sung by Campbell, was also Oscar-nominated. "True Grit" was adapted again in 2010, starring Jeff Bridges, Matt Damon, and Hailee Steinfeld. Frank Ross is murdered by his hired hand, Tom Chaney. Ross's young daughter, Mattie, travels to Fort Smith, Arkansas, where she hires aging U.S. Marshal Reuben "Rooster" J. Cogburn to bring Chaney in, raising his fee by shrewdly horse trading with Colonel Stonehill. Mattie has heard that Cogburn has "true grit." She gives him a payment to track and capture Chaney, who has taken up with outlaw

This is a document about True Grit (novel)
 book was adapted as a screenplay by Marguerite Roberts for the Western film "True Grit" directed by Henry Hathaway and starring Kim Darby as Mattie Ross, Robert Duvall as "Lucky" Ned Pepper, Glen Campbell as LaBoeuf, Jeff Corey as Tom Chaney, and John Wayne as Rooster Cogburn (a role that won John Wayne Best Actor at the Academy Awards). A film sequel, "Rooster Cogburn", was produced from an original screenplay in 1975, with John Wayne reprising his role, and Katharine Hepburn as an elderly spinster, Eula Goodnight, who teams with him. The sequel was not well received, and the plot

This is a document about True Grit (2010 film)
  True Grit is a 2010 American Western film directed, written, produced, and edited by the Coen brothers. It is an adaptation of Charles Portis' 1968 novel of the same name, starring Jeff Bridges as Deputy U.S. Marshal Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn and Hailee Steinfeld as Mattie Ross. The film also stars Matt Damon, Josh Brolin, and Barry Pepper. A previous film adaptation in 1969 starred John Wayne, Kim Darby and Glen Campbell. Fourteen-year-old farm girl Mattie Ross (Steinfeld) hires Cogburn (Bridges), a boozy, trigger-happy lawman to go after an outlaw named Tom Chaney (Brolin) who has murdered her father. The bickering duo are accompanied on their quest by a Texas Ranger named LaBoeuf (Damon) who has been tracking Chaney for killing a State Senator. As the

This is a document about John McIntire
  Conners in the 1966 episode "Old Charlie". In 1967, he guest-starred in an episode of CBS's short-lived western, Dundee and the Culhane. McIntire replaced actor Charles Bickford (who had himself replaced Lee J. Cobb) on NBC's The Virginian in 1967 when Bickford died. McIntire played Clay Grainger, the brother of Bickford's character for four seasons, a major recurring leading role in a weekly 90-minute western series similar in size and scope to his earlier work on Wagon Train. He played the supporting role of Judge Parker in Rooster Cogburn (1975), the sequel to True Grit starring John Wayne and Katharine Hepburn,

This is a document about True Grit (novel)
  In 1969, the book was adapted as a screenplay by Marguerite Roberts for the Western film True Grit directed by Henry Hathaway and starring Kim Darby as Mattie Ross, Robert Duvall as "Lucky" Ned Pepper, Glen Campbell as LaBoeuf, Jeff Corey as Tom Chaney, and John Wayne as Rooster Cogburn (a role that won John Wayne Best Actor at the Academy Awards). A film sequel, Rooster Cogburn, was produced from an original screenplay in 1975, with John Wayne reprising his role, and Katharine Hepburn as an elderly spinster, Eula Goodnight, who teams with him. The sequel was not well received, and the plot was considered a needless reworking of the plot of True Grit combined with elements of The African Queen. A made-for-television sequel aired in 1978 entitled True Grit: A Further Adventure and starring Warren Oates and Lisa Pelikan. The TV-movie featured more adventures of Rooster Cogburn and

This is a document about True Grit (1969 film)
  True Grit is a 1969 American Western film starring John Wayne as U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn, Glen Campbell as La Boeuf and Kim Darby as Mattie Ross. It is the first film adaptation of Charles Portis' 1968 novel of the same name. The screenplay was written by Marguerite Roberts. Wayne won his only Oscar for his performance in the film and reprised his role for the 1975 sequel Rooster Cogburn. Historians believe Cogburn was based on Deputy U.S. Marshal Heck Thomas, who brought in some of the toughest outlaws. The cast also features Robert Duvall, Dennis Hopper, Jeff Corey and Strother Martin. The title song, sung by Campbell, was also Oscar-nominated. True Grit was adapted again in 2010, starring Jeff Bridges, Matt Damon, Hailee Steinfeld, and Josh Brolin.

This is a document about Coen brothers
  True Grit (2010) is based on the 1968 novel of the same name by Charles Portis. Filming was done in Texas and New Mexico. Hailee Steinfeld stars as Mattie Ross along with Jeff Bridges as Marshal Rooster Cogburn. Matt Damon and Josh Brolin also appear in the movie. True Grit was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture.  Ethan Coen wrote the one-act comedy Talking Cure, which was produced on Broadway in 2011 as part of Relatively Speaking, an anthology of three one-act plays by Coen, Elaine May, and Woody Allen. In 2011, the Coen brothers won the $1 million Dan David

This is a document about True Grit: A Further Adventure
  True Grit: A Further Adventure is a 1978 American Western television film directed by Richard T. Heffron. It is a sequel to True Grit (1969) and ''Rooster Cogburn (1975). While John Wayne portrays Rooster Cogburn in the first two films, Warren Oates takes over the role in this 1978 TV version. Lisa Pelikan portrays Mattie Ross, played in the first film by Kim Darby. The supporting cast features Lee Meriwether and Parley Baer.

This is a document about Barry Pepper
  Pepper is perhaps best known for his role as the sniper Private Daniel Jackson in Saving Private Ryan. He portrayed Corrections Officer Dean Stanton in The Green Mile, appeared as Frank Slaughtery in Spike Lee's 25th Hour, as journalist Joseph L. Galloway in We Were Soldiers, his role as the heroic protagonist of the film Battlefield Earth, his depiction of Roger Maris in Billy Crystal's HBO film 61*, as Dale Earnhardt in the ESPN produced film 3: The Dale Earnhardt Story, and as Dan Morris in the film Seven Pounds, with Will Smith. He recently had roles in Casino Jack and the Coen brothers' True Grit. Pepper provided the voice for Alex Mercer, the protagonist of the video game Prototype and the voice for Corporal Dunn, a character in the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. Pepper won the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for his

This is a document about List of accolades received by True Grit
  True Grit is a 2010 American Western film directed by the Coen brothers. It is the second adaptation of Charles Portis' 1968 novel of the same name, which was previously released in 1969 featuring John Wayne. The 2010 version stars Jeff Bridges, Hailee Steinfeld and Matt Damon. It was released by Paramount Pictures in the United States and Canada on December 22, 2010, grossing over USD $25.6 million at the box office, twice its pre-release projections, in its opening weekend. Since then it has made over USD $171 million domestically and USD $249 million worldwide. The film was well received by movie critics,

This is a document about Charles Portis
  adapted as movies, with fellow Arkansan Glen Campbell and Kim Darby in leading roles in the two films. Both pictures were commercially successful. John Wayne won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe for Best Actor for his performance as Rooster Cogburn in True Grit, one of the top box-office hits of 1969. True Grit was released on June 11, 1969, earning US$14.25 million at the box office. A second film version, written and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen, debuted in December 2010. Portis published several short pieces in The Atlantic Monthly, including the memoir "Combinations of Jacksons" and the story "I Don't Talk Service No More".

This is a document about True Grit (novel)
  Ross. In 2010, Joel and Ethan Coen released another film adaptation of the novel, also entitled True Grit, with thirteen-year-old actress Hailee Steinfeld as Mattie Ross, veteran actor Jeff Bridges playing Rooster Cogburn, Matt Damon as LaBoeuf, Barry Pepper as Lucky Ned, and Josh Brolin as Tom Chaney. Their version, focusing on Mattie's point of view, follows the novel more closely than the 1969 film. The Coen movie is shot in settings more typical of the novel. (The 1969 film was shot in the Colorado Rockies and the Sierra Nevada, while the 2010 film was shot in Santa Fe, New Mexico as well as Granger and Austin, Texas.) In November 2010, The Overlook Press published a movie tie-in edition of True Grit, featuring an afterword by Donna Tartt to accompany the 2010 film adaptation. It reached #1 on The New York Times's Bestseller List on January 30, 2011.

This is a document about Buckskin Joe
 Cat Ballou (1965) Jane Fonda, Lee Marvin ; True Grit (1969) John Wayne, Glen Campbell, Kim Darby ;  Barquero (1970) Lee Van Cleef, Warren Oates, Forrest Tucker ; The Cowboys (1972) John Wayne, Roscoe Lee Browne, Bruce Dern, Slim Pickens ; The Brothers O'Toole (1973) John Astin ; Mr. Majestyk (1974) Charles Bronson ; The Dutchess and the Dirtwater Fox (1976) George Segal, Goldie Hawn ; The White Buffalo (1977) Charles Bronson, Jack Warden ; How the West Was Won (1977 TV mini-series) James Arness, Eva Marie Saint ; Comes a Horseman (1978) James Caan, Jane Fonda, Jason Robards ; True Grit: A Further Adventure (1978 TV movie) Warren Oates ; Silverado (1985) Kevin Kline, Scott Glenn, Kevin Costner, Danny Glover, John Cleese ; Conagher (1991) Sam Elliott, Katharine Ross, Ken Curtis, Barry Corbin. ; The Sacketts (1991) two-part television movie, Sam Elliott, Tom Selleck ; Cannibal! The Musical (1993) Trey Parker ; Lightning Jack (1994) Paul Hogan, Cuba Gooding Jr.

This is a document about True Grit (2010 film)
  The father of fourteen-year old Mattie Ross (Hailee Steinfeld) is murdered by hired hand Tom Chaney (Josh Brolin) while on a trip to Fort Smith, Arkansas to purchase horses. While collecting her father's body, Mattie asks the local sheriff about the search for Chaney. He tells her that Chaney has likely fled with "Lucky" Ned Pepper (Barry Pepper) and his gang into Indian Territory, where the sheriff has no authority, so she inquires about hiring a Deputy U.S. Marshal. The sheriff gives three recommendations, and Mattie chooses the "meanest" of the three, Rooster Cogburn (Jeff Bridges). Cogburn initially rebuffs her offer, doubting both her

This is a document about Three Amigos
  submitted his final cut. The production went through many cast changes before filming. Since he is a co-screenwriter, Martin had been attached to the project since 1980 and he, Dan Aykroyd, and John Belushi were originally going to play the Three Amigos. At one point, Steven Spielberg was slated to direct; he wanted Martin, Bill Murray, and Robin Williams to portray Lucky, Dusty and Ned, respectively. Landis has said that Rick Moranis would have been cast as Ned, had Short been unavailable. When Aykroyd became unavailable, Chase replaced him. John Candy was set for the role originally intended for Belushi, as he did in the movie Armed and Dangerous, but he was too large to ride the horse. It was Candy

This is a document about John Pickard (American actor)
  Rookie (1959) - Military Policeman (uncredited) ; Cimarron (1960) - Ned - Cavalry Captain (uncredited) ; Gun Street (1961) - Dr. Knudson ; Dangerous Charter (1962) - Police Detective (shot in 1958) ; A Gathering of Eagles (1963) - Controller (uncredited) ; The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) - Peter's Accuser #2 (uncredited) ; Country Boy (1966) - Claude Springer ; Ride to Hangman's Tree (1967) - Pete ; Panic in the City (1968) - Williams ; Charro! (1969) - Jerome Selby ; True Grit (1969) - Frank Ross ; Chisum (1970) - Sgt. Braddock ; Rape Squad (1974) - Dr. Schetman ; The Hindenburg (1975) - Sauter (uncredited)

This is a document about Isaac Charles Parker
 Charles Portis features Parker in his novel True Grit, which has twice been adapted as films of the same name. Parker is also a featured character in the sequel to the first film. He was portrayed by James Westerfield in the 1969 movie and by John McIntire in the sequel. He was played by Jake Walker in the 2010 remake of True Grit. ; Zeke Proctor, one of Parker's deputy marshals, is featured in Larry McMurtry's 1997 novel Zeke and Ned. ; Carlyle Mitchell was cast as Judge Parker in the 1961 episode "A Bullet for the D.A." on the

This is a document about Woodrow Chambliss
 Three Strangers (1946) – man in pub (uncredited) ; 3:10 to Yuma (1957) – blacksmith (uncredited) ; Zero Hour! Wilmont's drinking buddy (uncredited) ; Invitation to a Gunfighter (1964) (uncredited) ; The Andy Griffith Show (1965) – Mr. Hendricks, egg man/Mr. Robinson, piano owner (2 episodes) ; Wild Seed (1965) – Mr. Simms ; The Circle of Time (1969) – Abner, the pie pirate. ; The Wild Country (1971) – Dakota ; Glen and Randa (1971) – Sidney Miller ; Greaser's Palace (1972) – father ; Gargoyles (1972) Uncle Willie ; Cry for Me, Billy (1972) – prospector ; Scorpio (1973) – uncredited ; The Six Million Dollar Man The Midas Touch episode (1974) – Pop ; The Devil's Rain (1975) – John ; Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978) – old Sgt. Pepper ; Cloud Dancer (1980) – Curtis Pitts ; Second-Hand Hearts (1981) deaf attendant

This is a document about Robert Duvall
  Duvall's screen debut was as Boo Radley in the critically acclaimed To Kill a Mockingbird (1962). He was cast in the film on the recommendation of screenwriter Horton Foote, who met Duvall at Neighborhood Playhouse during a 1957 production of Foote's play, The Midnight Caller. Foote, who collaborated with Duvall many more times over the course of their careers, said he believed Duvall had a particular love of common people and ability to infuse fascinating revelations into his roles. Foote has described Duvall as "our number one actor." After To Kill a Mockingbird, Duvall appeared in a number of films during the 1960s, mostly in midsized parts, but also in a few larger supporting roles. Some of his more notable appearances include the role of Capt. Paul Cabot Winston in Captain Newman, M.D. (1963), Chiz in Countdown (1968), and Gordon in The Rain People. Duvall had a small part as a cab driver who ferries McQueen around just before the chase scene in the film Bullitt (1968). He was the notorious malefactor "Lucky" Ned Pepper in True Grit (1969), in which he engaged in a climactic shootout with John Wayne's Rooster Cogburn on horseback.

Robert Duvall played Ned Pepper in the original True Grit (1969) film.


Question: who did ali fight in the rumble in the jungle

Answer: George Foreman

This is a document about The Rumble in the Jungle
 the fight. Several songs were written and released about the fight. For example: The Rumble in the Jungle The Rumble in the Jungle was a historic boxing event in Kinshasa, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) on October 30, 1974 (at 4:00 am). Held at the 20th of May Stadium (now the Stade Tata Raphaël), it pitted the undefeated world heavyweight champion George Foreman against challenger Muhammad Ali, a former heavyweight champion; the attendance was 60,000. Ali won by knockout, putting Foreman down just before the end of the eighth round. It has been called "arguably the greatest sporting

This is a document about The Rumble in the Jungle
 age 45 — at that time, the oldest man ever to win the title. Foreman and Ali became friends after the fight. Ali had trouble walking to the stage at the 1996 Oscars to be part of the group receiving the Oscar for "When We Were Kings" (1996), a documentary of the fight in Zaire, due to his Parkinson's syndrome. George Foreman helped him up the steps to receive the Oscar. Over the years, George Foreman revised his opinions on Muhammad Ali and on The Rumble in the Jungle, on several accounts. In 2012, "The Telegraph" reported Foreman's declaration: "We

This is a document about Harry Carpenter
 Richest Prize in Sport", and served as the voice of the "Hall of Fame" series, "Sports Archive" and "Great Moments in Sport". Carpenter described the end of the historic boxing fight between George Foreman and Muhammad Ali in Zaire, in 1974, a fight which became known as "The Rumble in the Jungle", as "the most extraordinary few seconds that I have ever seen in a boxing ring". While occasionally given to raising his voice, as he did when Ali knocked out Foreman or when Barry McGuigan floored Eusebio Pedroza in 1985, Carpenter was widely regarded as unflappable and a great

This is a document about Ali (film)
 rounds when Quarry gets a cut in his eye. Ali attempts to regain the Heavyweight Championship against Joe Frazier. Dubbed the Fight of the Century, Frazier has the upper hand against Ali for most of the rounds. In the fifteenth round, he defeats Ali by decision, giving Ali the first loss of his career. When Frazier loses the championship to George Foreman, Ali makes a decision to fight Foreman and become the first boxer to win his title a second time. Foreman and Ali go to Kinshasa, Zaire for the Rumble in the Jungle fight. While there, Ali meets a

This is a document about Veronica Porché Ali
 two daughters, actress and undefeated professional boxer Laila Ali and author Hana Yasmeen Ali. They were married at the Presidential Compound in N'Sele according to the Islamic tradition. Ali and Porche began a relationship in 1974 while in Kinshasa, Zaire when Porche was 18 years old. Porché was one of the four poster girls who had promoted the Rumble in the Jungle fight in Zaire versus George Foreman. Porché and Ali were then married in Los Angeles in the summer of 1977. They divorced in December 1986. She studied acting at the Beverly Hills Playhouse to overcome shyness and had

This is a document about Muhammad Ali in media and popular culture
 Ali has appeared in numerous video boxing games, some of which feature him as the title character. Examples include "Foes of Ali", "Muhammad Ali Heavyweight Boxing" and the "Knockout Kings" series and its follow-up, the "Fight Night" series. Muhammad Ali in media and popular culture This article covers the boxer Muhammad Ali's appearances in media and popular culture. Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center at the Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix, AZ—One of the world's largest dedicated Parkinson's Centers "When We Were Kings" is a 1996 Academy Award-winning documentary film about the "Rumble in the Jungle", Ali's 1974 fight against George Foreman

This is a document about Ali (film)
 Ali (film) Ali is a 2001 American biographical sports drama film written, produced and directed by Michael Mann. The film focuses on ten years in the life of the boxer Muhammad Ali, played by Will Smith, from 1964 to 1974, featuring his capture of the heavyweight title from Sonny Liston, his conversion to Islam, criticism of the Vietnam War, and banishment from boxing, his return to fight Joe Frazier in 1971, and, finally, his reclaiming the title from George Foreman in the Rumble in the Jungle fight of 1974. It also touches on the great social and political upheaval in

This is a document about The Rumble in the Jungle
 The Rumble in the Jungle The Rumble in the Jungle was a historic boxing event in Kinshasa, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) on October 30, 1974 (at 4:00 am). Held at the 20th of May Stadium (now the Stade Tata Raphaël), it pitted the undefeated world heavyweight champion George Foreman against challenger Muhammad Ali, a former heavyweight champion; the attendance was 60,000. Ali won by knockout, putting Foreman down just before the end of the eighth round. It has been called "arguably the greatest sporting event of the 20th century". It was a major upset victory, with Ali

This is a document about Joe Frazier
 Ali winning a 12-round unanimous decision. The fight was notable for the amount of clinching. Five months later, Frazier again battled Jerry Quarry in Madison Square Garden, and won the fight in the fifth round with a strong left hook to the ribs. In March 1975, Frazier fought a rematch with Jimmy Ellis in Melbourne, Australia, knocking him out in nine rounds. The win again established Frazier as the number one heavyweight challenger for the title, which Ali had won from George Foreman in the famous "Rumble in the Jungle" five months earlier. Ali and Frazier met for the third

This is a document about The Fight (book)
 The Fight (book) The Fight is a 1975 non-fiction book by Norman Mailer about the boxing title fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman at Kinshasa in Zaire in 1974, known as the "Rumble in the Jungle". The author is both the narrator and, in an example of illeism, a central figure in the story. To begin with, "Norman" goes to Ali's training camp at Deer Lake, Pennsylvania and observes his preparations. Clearly, Ali is his hero. He meets his entourage, among them Bundini, and the sparring partners such as Larry Holmes, Eddie Jones, and Roy Williams. The next scene

This is a document about Muhammad Ali
 rounds saw round-to-round shifts in momentum between the two fighters. Throughout most of the bout, however, Ali was able to circle away from Frazier's dangerous left hook and to tie Frazier up when he was cornered, the latter a tactic that Frazier's camp complained of bitterly. Judges awarded Ali a unanimous decision. The defeat of Frazier set the stage for a title fight against heavyweight champion George Foreman in Kinshasa, Zaire, on October 30, 1974—a bout nicknamed "The Rumble in the Jungle". Foreman was considered one of the hardest punchers in heavyweight history. In assessing the fight, analysts pointed out

This is a document about Mobutu Sese Seko
 Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families" (1998), wrote: Mobutu also was one of the men who was instrumental in bringing the "Rumble in the Jungle" boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman to Zaire on 30 October 1974. According to the documentary "When We Were Kings", promoter Don King promised each fighter US$5 million for the fight. Mobutu was the only one who was willing to fund such amounts. Mobutu, wanting to expand his country's image, put up the nation's money to do so. According to a quote in the film, Ali

This is a document about Leon Gast
 Bazaar". Leon Gast is best known for his documentary "When We Were Kings", for which he won an Academy Award for Documentary Feature. The film details the boxing match known as “The Rumble in the Jungle” between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. Ali defeated Foreman in the fight, for which the two split a $10 million purse. Gast was not originally supposed to film this documentary. Gast went to Kinshasa and was still a photographer who had one documentary which was on Latin music. Gast was hired to create a documentary about a three-day music festival that was happening in

This is a document about Gary Kellgren
 and Bill Szymczyk. He conceived of, and was responsible for, all the "Live at the Record Plant" recording sessions as well as the Jim Keltner Fan Club Hour; was sought out by George Harrison to record the Concert For Bangladesh which was recently ranked as being #9 of the 50 Greatest Moments at Madison Square Gardens; he also did the remote concert recording starring James Brown for the Muhammad Ali/George Foreman fight, "Rumble in the Jungle," in Zaire in 1974. Kellgren also contributed spoken dialog to The Mothers of Invention's 1968 album "We're Only in It for the Money," which

This is a document about Bob Sheridan
 in boxing history: "The Rumble in the Jungle", the heavyweight title bout between former champion/contender Muhammad Ali and Heavyweight Champion George Foreman. The fight, in Zaire, Africa, was telecast to an audience of over 1 billion people. Sheridan was an announcer at several notable fights throughout boxing's history, some of which include the "Thrilla in Manila" between Joe Frazier and Ali (which was the first heavyweight bout hosted in the Philippines), the first heavyweight fight hosted in Japan which was between Mike Tyson and Buster Douglas, as well as the rematch between Mike Tyson and Evander Holyfield where Holyfield's ear

This is a document about Don King (boxing promoter)
 fighters in Cleveland and years of experience in boxing. In 1974, King negotiated to promote a heavyweight championship fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Zaire, popularly known as "The Rumble in the Jungle". The fight between Ali and Foreman was a much-anticipated event. King's rivals all sought to promote the bout, but King was able to secure the then-record $10 million purse through an arrangement with the government of Zaire. Don King induced a Cleveland tycoon named Carl Lombardo to underwrite the show for $1.3‐million. Video Techniques put in $200,000 and that just about took care of the

This is a document about Jimmy Young (boxer)
 March 1977, Young then fought George Foreman in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Foreman was on a five bout win streak since losing the title to Muhammad Ali in "The Rumble in the Jungle", earning victories over top contenders Ron Lyle and Joe Frazier. The Young-Foreman fight was somewhat steady until the sixth round. The early rounds were punctuated by complaints from Young and his corner about the use of elbows by Foreman, who was punished by the referee with a point deduction. For the first half of the fight, Young used his somewhat unorthodox boxing skills and good defense to

This is a document about Muhammad Ali
 several historic boxing matches. Notable among these were the Liston fights; the "Fight of the Century", "Super Fight II" and the "Thrilla in Manila" against his rival Joe Frazier; and "The Rumble in the Jungle" against George Foreman. At a time when most fighters let their managers do the talking, Ali thrived in and indeed craved the spotlight, where he was often provocative and outlandish. He was known for trash-talking, and often freestyled with rhyme schemes and spoken word poetry, both for his trash-talking in boxing and as political poetry for his activism, anticipating elements of rap and hip hop

This is a document about The Greatest (1977 film)
 The Greatest (1977 film) The Greatest is a 1977 film about the life of boxer Muhammad Ali, in which Ali plays himself. It was directed by Tom Gries and Monte Hellman. The film follows Ali's life from the 1960 Olympics to his regaining the heavyweight crown from George Foreman in their famous "Rumble in the Jungle" fight in 1974. The footage of the boxing matches themselves are largely the actual footage from the time involved. The movie is based on the book "" written by Muhammad Ali and Richard Durham and edited by Toni Morrison. The song "The Greatest Love

Muhammad Ali fought George Foreman in the Rumble in the Jungle.